Sam Frere, Eric Rothschild, Collin Sumpter, Joshua Werner

Beijing, China

Overview

Problem Overview Background Problem Statement Stakeholders Goal

Solutions Overview Assumptions Solutions Implementation Timeline Unintended Consequences

Beijing, China

3000 Years old2/3 Mountains, 1/3 plains16 districts, 2 rural counties16,808 km2

Semi-arid, semi-humid Continental monsoon climate

The Problem

Lack of fresh water ~148 m3 per person UN standard for water scarcity

1000 cubic meters ~6 times less

Causes Increasing Population Located in arid area of China Climate Change Polluted Reserves Economic Growth

Population Growth

Average Precipitation

Consumption by Sector

Pollution

Guanting and Miyun Reservoirs Quantity and Quality issues Guanting – Category IV Miyun – Not as polluted but contains 15% of capacity

Urban Water Use In 2000, only 16% of wastewater was treated In 2010 ~ 60% wastewater was treated

Stakeholders

Industry

Domestic Population

Agriculture

Municipal Government

Goal

Create a sustainable water supply for Beijing which approaches 1,000 m3 per person by 2050

Increase infrastructure to handle water pollution Population management Increase surface water supply to decrease

groundwater consumption Create pricing structure which matches cost of water

Solutions

Assumptions

Solutions work within the current government structure

Population increase is currently 3.8% annually Current population is 22 million

Beijing Consumption Rate = 3.25 billion m3

annually

Solutions

South-North Diversion Project (SNDP)

Population Control and Redistribution

Water Pollution Control

Desalination

Water Pricing

Population Management

Cornerstone of escalating water consumption

Current population growth rate ~ 3.8%

Current population ~ 22 million

Carrying Capacity?

Population Management: Carrying Capacity

CC ~ 8 million people…uh oh.

Population Management: SNDP

Population Management : How?

Immigration vs Natural Increases

Beijing = Economic powerhouse

Urbanize Western China Xi’an, Chengdu, Kunming, and Chongqing Subsidize living in West (housing prices) Low income tax for corporations, smart growth options

Water Pollution Control

3 pronged approach: Domestic wastewater management

Development of future water treatment plants.

Industrial pollution management Current Strategy: pay when pollutant load is greater than

standard. Proposed Strategy: pay for all pollutant generation by ton. A direct charge of 1 U.S. $ / ton may decrease pollution by

80%. Remediation of current reservoirs

Bioremediation/phytoremediation. Current surface water capacity can be doubled.

Desalination in Caofeidian

Why Desalination? Caofeidian – Coastal city located 230 km from Beijing

The Desalinization Project Price of First Stage : $67 million

Completed Oct 2011 Funded and controlled by Beijing Enterprise Water (BEW)

Current Capacity: 500,000 m3/day Short-Term Goal: 1 million m3/day (approx. $1.4 billion, 3-

5 years) Long-Term Goal: Replace coal with renewable energy

Beijing Pipeline: $700 million (1-2 years) Depends on Results of SNDP

Water Pricing

Potential Increasing Block Tarriff (IBT) High-income groups generally use more water. The proposed will incentivize conservation for those who use the

most water. Generate revenue for infrastructure development for quality and

quantity of water such as offsetting cost of S to N project, desalination, water treatment, and pollution management.

Unintended Consequences

Government participation

Completion dates for SNDP

Discontinuity of economic growth

Elasticity of water price from new technologies

Average lifetime of a dam ~ 50 Years

Questions?