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SAILING THE PLANETS 1
SAILING THE PLANETS:
PLANETARY EXPLORATION FROM GUIDED BALLOONS
7th Annual Meeting of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
DR. ALEXEY PANKINEGLOBAL AEROSPACE CORPORATION
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SAILING THE PLANETS 2
MARS ROVERS ARE A GREAT SUCCESS…
Spirit view from Husband Hill summit (NASA/JPL)
… but their range is very limited
Columbia Hills surroundings (NASA/JPL/MSSS)
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SAILING THE PLANETS 3
DARE – NEW PLATFROM FOR PLANETRAY EXPLORATION
An airplane will last for just a few hours
Airships propulsion systems make them prohibitively heavy
Ordinary balloons are at the mercy of the winds
Directed Aerial Robot Explorers (DARE) -guided long-duration balloon platforms Mars Express/ESA-GAC
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SAILING THE PLANETS 4
NEW ARCHITECTURE FOR PLANETARY EXPLORATION
KEY ELEMENTS:
Long-Duration Planetary Balloon Platforms
Balloon Flight Path Guidance
Autonomous Navigation & Control
Lightweight Power Generation & Energy Storage
Miniaturized Science Sensors
Small Deployable Science Packages
Communication Relay Orbiter (MTO)
Synergy Between Platforms Comprising Architecture
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MARS DARE PLATFORM SCHEMATICSSuperpressure balloon (Al top, white paint bottom, D=20-70 m)Gondola:
Science payload (~100 kg)Power generation & energy storageCommunicationsMicroprobesBGS deployment system (a winch)
Tether (5-11 km)Balloon Guidance System (BGS)
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SAILING THE PLANETS 6
DARE ARCHITECTURE APPLICATIONS AND EXPLORATION CAPABILITIES
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SAILING THE PLANETS 7
EXPLORATION CAPABILITIESGlobal planetary coverage
Heavy, power-intensive payloads (90 kg and 200 W in 3 to 10 years, 170 kg and 400 W >10 years)
Long flight duration: 700 days (1 Mars year)
Targeted overflight of surface sites and precise delivery of science probes
Proximity to surface enables high-resolution imaging, elemental, magnetic and gravity surveys not possible or challenging from orbit
In situ atmospheric chemistry and circulation
Landing sites reconnaissance, navigation beacon emplacement
Olivine outcrop and DS-2 landing ellipse (NASA/JPL/ASU)
Water ice lake inside a crater on Mars (ESA)
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SAILING THE PLANETS 8
FRACTIONATION OF METHANE ISOTOPES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Methane-making organisms discriminate between isotopes as they feed on a global reservoir of CO2
Measure the C12/C13 ratio in the methane.
If it is different from the isotope ratio in the CO2, it would offer strong evidence for a biological source.
DARE enables planetary-wide search for surface biological sources
Tunable Laser Spectrometer for Atmospheric and Sub-surface gas measurements on Mars (NASA JPL)
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SAILING THE PLANETS 9
SURFACE TARGETS FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING
Origins of the outflow channels
10 km
10 cm
Layers in canyon/crater walls
Very small craters
Dichotomy boundary
Boulders
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SAILING THE PLANETS 10
NetLander Surface Module (ESA)
Mars Microprobe (NASA) as an example of a mini-lab
Surface labs locations
EMPLACEMENT OF SURFACE NETWORKS ON MARS
Single DARE platform can carry tens of mini-labs
Meteorological & seismological networks
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SAILING THE PLANETS 11
MARS SAMPLE RETURN ASSIST
Multiple rovers collect samples at different sites Samples and transferred to Sample Return Vehicle by DARE platformScience results: several samples from distinct sites
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SAILING THE PLANETS 12
SAILING ACROSS MARTIAN EQUATORDARE trajectory over MOLA topography (NASA)Simulated DARE trajectory over elevation contour map
90-day late Southern spring, 1 m/s control velocityObjective: navigate from Southern to Northern midlatitudes
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SAILING THE PLANETS 13
DARE AT VENUS, TITAN, JUPITER
VENUS- Targeted overflight of surface sites and precise
delivery of geophysical probes
- Wind profiles and atmospheric composition at multiple locations
TITAN- Global measurements of winds, gas abundances,
surface chemistry with probes
JUPITER- Solar-Infrared Montgolfier balloons- Sample with probes distinct regions of the
atmosphere (Great Red Spot, belt/zone)
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SAILING THE PLANETS 14
KEY TECHNOLOGIES
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SAILING THE PLANETS 15
KEY TECHNOLOGIES
Three technological time horizons: Current (0-3 years, TRL 8-9), Near (3-10 years, TRL 3-6), Far (beyond 10, TRL 1-3)
Advanced Balloon MaterialsBalloon Guidance System (BGS)Entry, Descent and Inflation (EDI)Navigation & Guidance in Mars windsMars Balloon performance modeling
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SAILING THE PLANETS 16
MARS DARE BALLOON
Low-mass high-strength envelope material
composite material1-µm Mylar/38-Denier PBO thread/3- µm PE filmareal density of 0.012 kg/m2
Nano-tubes fabric in future?
Superpressure sphereAl top, white bottom to prevent CO2 condensation
Mars balloon concept
Composite Mars balloon material
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SAILING THE PLANETS 17
BALLOON GUIDANCE SYSTEM (BGS)BGS is an aerodynamic surface suspended on a tether several km below the balloon
Tether could be Zylon fiber, 5 to 20 times stronger than steel, by weight. 10 km long tether weighs 0.5 kg
Variation in atmospheric wind and density with altitude result in a sideways lifting force
1 m2 BGS creates sideways control velocity of 1-2 m/s in typical Martian winds and 8 km tether
BGS wing operates at low Reynolds numbers at Mars (~1000), lift coefficients of 0.6-1.4
Single-wing and Dual-wing BGS designs are being studied
Single-wing BGS
Dual-wing BGS
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SAILING THE PLANETS 18
ENTRY, DESCENT & INFLATION (EDI)
Parachute deploysInflation commencesParachute cut-offInflation equipment jettisoned
Platform ascends to floating altitude
The BGS is deployed
Altitude profile
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SAILING THE PLANETS 19
SYSTEM TRADES AND EXAMPLE DESIGN
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PAYLOAD VS. ALTITUDEHeight of atmospheric density levels lower by 4 km in dusty atmosphere
DARE to float 2-3 km above southern highlands in dust storm
6 km at τ=3
M=87 kg, R=17.2 m
Altitude of 10 km at normal conditions
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SAILING THE PLANETS 21
ALTITUDE CHANGE AFTER PROBE RELEASE
Releasing 30 kg of probes raises altitude by 3 kmIncrease in super-pressure can be relieved by venting 1 kg of gas (out of 8 kg)
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SAILING THE PLANETS 22
ENTRY VEHICLE
Delta 7326 launch rocket, 616 kg Mars injection capability340 kg Pathfinder-type entry vehicleEDI hardware 200 kg, balloon flight system 140 kg
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SAILING THE PLANETS 23
BALLOON FLIGHT SYSTEM
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SAILING THE PLANETS 24
GONDOLA DESIGN
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SAILING THE PLANETS 25
SUMMARY
DARE enables revolutionary planetary exploration capabilities at Mars and other planets
DARE addresses NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP) goals by returning unique measurements in critical science themes