saiga mortality events - cms. tw 26.10_orynbaev... · saiga mortality events betpak dala, republic...
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Saiga Mortality Events Betpak Dala, Republic of Kazakhstan
May 2015
Preliminary results of Outbreak Investigation – (field and laboratory)
(Mukhit Orynbaev, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems,
Gvardeskeiy, Kazakhstan Richard Kock, Royal Veterinary College, London [email protected])
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Photo S Zuther
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Sampling saiga on the steppe
As part of a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Agriculture
Hunting Committee, RIBSP (Kazakh), & Vet Ref Lab Astana of
Kazakhstan & ACBK (Kazakh), IOZ (Kazakh), RVC, FAO, CMS,
ICL, FFI, FZS and others;
monitoring of saiga mortality at calving using standard
protocols has been instituted routinely since 2011,
enabling more thorough ecological understanding of
disease processes in saiga.
Photo D Sa Barros Photo D Sa Barros
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2012 KAZAKHSTAN
May ~ 1000 deaths
2013
August-early September
~ 3000
2014
>1000
Mortality occurs every year but
Major die-off is relatively rare
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Background mortality includes: predation, weather stress at calving, in winter (Dzhut)
Photo R Kock
Dystocia (calving
related)
Calves die due to hypothermia
(due to fluctuating spring
temperatures), acute infections,
neglect and predation
Photo D. Sa Barros
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Death on the Steppes: Mystery Disease Kills Saigas By CARL ZIMMER MAY 29, 2015
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2015 Outbreak Betpak Dala
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Die off Betpak Dala 2015
Photo R Kock
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General Observations Outbreak May 2015
Photo Alexa Wolfs
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Plants being eaten at the time of the outbreak Tengiz
Photo R Kock
Photo R Kock
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Clinical Picture
Peracute (from first signs to death matter
of a few hours & animals not moving
much).
Grazing to inappetance, depression,
increased salivation, weakness and
staggering, collapse and respiratory
distress. Pelleting until final stages with
haemorrhagic diarrhoea.
Photo Alexa Wolfs
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“Turgai” Zholoba area near former Kaynar village Irgiz district, Kostanay
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Haemorrhagic disease - Turgai
Photo: Alexa Wolfs
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“Tengiz”, Ortakara, Zhaksy district, Akmole Oblast
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Haemorrhagic disease - Tengiz
Photo R.Kock
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Preliminary differential diagnosis from clinical picture and gross pathology
Adult - Peracute syndrome
Haemorrhagic septicaemia?
Clostridial enterotoxaemia?
Peracute toxicosis?
Calves – Peracute mostly diarrhoea some
respiratory (milk source?)
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Test results of RSE “SRIBSP” of the Committee of Science of MES RoK
Supported by Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
Pasteurella multocida isolated from 93.7% carcases
examined PCR, DNA of type B
Bacteriology
Virology & Parasitology
Unremarkable
Toxicology
Tissues and blood - alpha-toxin of Cl. perfringens was
detected
Environmental samples: Radiology, soil heavy metals, air
and water analysis from die off sites were
unremarkable
Other National laboratories also demonstrated
P.Multocida and C.perfringens
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Epidemiology
Rapid onset virulent disease in
aggregation of saiga at calving
Adult cases (majority)
opportunistic infection from
latent commensal bacteria,
calves contracted
infection/toxin from milk
Co-factors - ? Weather stress
~100% morbidity in aggregation
and ~100% fatality !!!
Photo Steffen Zuther
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Hypotheses on Disease Co-Factors or triggers
1. Climate/environmental change effect on saiga
ecology
2. Environmental temperature changes at time of
die off
3. Pasture or other environmental factor
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I would like to thank the following for their support, particularly
Dr Mukhit Orynbayev and his team from RIBSP CS ME&S RK
Ministry of Agriculture: Khairbek Musabayev; Bakytbek
Duisekeyev; Igor Koval (Hunting Committee), Gulzhan
Kalykova (Astana Veterinary Reference Centre)
Dr A. Zhakypbayev, Dr Y. Grachev, Dr A. Usenbayev for their
advice & support.
Steffen Zuther (ACBK/FZS), Dr Sarah Robinson, Dr Eric Morgan
(Bristol University), Prof E.J. Milner-Gulland (Imperial College
London), Dr Sergei Khomenkho (FAO),
Wendy Beauvais, Anthony Dancer, Daniela Sa Barros, Dr. Camilla
Benfield and Alexa Wolfs (Staff, Masters and PhD students
from Royal Veterinary College)
Aline Kuehl-Stenzel Natalya Yakusheva Convention on Migratory
Species
David Mallon IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group
Paul Hotham (FFI) Amanda Fine (WCS)
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Acknowledgements
RIBSP CS ME&S RK
MA-FHC & NRVC
Saiga Interest Group Imperial
College London
Pirbright Institute
Freidrich Loefler Institute