ISSN - 2250 - 1991Volume : 1 Issue : 5 May 2012` 200

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Journal for All Subjects

INDEXSr. No. Title Author Subject Page No.

1 Convergence of India Gaap with International GAAP / IFRS

Prof. Kalola Rimaben A. Accountancy 1-3

2 Global Scenario of Business Ethics With Corporate Governance

Prof. Dr.Kishor V. Bhesaniya

Accountancy 4-6

3 VAT & ACCOUNTING Miss. Mira J. Bhanderi Accountancy 7-8

4 Carbon Trading: An Emerging Business Dr. Basanta Khamrui, Dilip Kumar Karak

Commerce 9-11

5 Developments in Indian Non Life Insurance Industry Ms.Kiran Sood, Ms.Supriya Tandon

Commerce 12-14

6 Parameters And Costs Influencing Transportation Decisions In Small Manufacturing Firms

Vipul Chalotra,Prof Neetu Andotra

Commerce 15-17

7 Foreign Trade Policy of India (2009-14) Dr. M. K. MARU Commerce 18-20

8 “A Comparative Analysis on Profitability of Selected Petroleum Industries”

Dr. Ramesh A. Dangar Commerce 21-23

9 An Empirical study on Consumer Awareness on Internet Banking in Gujarat

Dr. Vinod K. Ramani Commerce 24-26

10 Study of Factors Affecting HNIs’ Preferences for their Banks in South Mumbai Area

Shri. Arvind A. Dhond Commerce 27-31

11 Promotion mix straregy of jammu and kashmir co-operatives supply and marketing federation limited in jammu district of J&K state

Tarsem Lal Commerce 32-35

12 Intelligent Brain Tumor Tissue Segmentation from Magnetic Resonance Image using forward and backward anisotropic diffusion

S.Nithya Roopa,P. Vasanthi Kumari

Computer Science

36-38

13 Share of Women in Total Family Income – A Two Group Discriminant Analysis

Dr.A.Shyamala Economics 39-41

14 Socio-Economic Evaluation of Shg’s in Bidar District of Karnataka

Dr.Sangappa V. Mamanshetty

Economics 42-44

15 The Development of Chemical and Petrochemicals Industry in Gujarat

Dr.D.G.Ganvit Economics 45-46

16 How Can Primary Teachers Help To Assist The Development Of Positive Self-Esteem In Students Through Their Ordinary Teaching Practice?

Jigar L. Dave Education 47-48

17 Primary Mission Of Colleges Jigar L. Dave Education 49

18 Effectiveness of Readers Theatre on English Reading Comprehension

Ramesh B. Sakhiya Education 50-51

19 The Role of a Computerized Package on EFL Students' Writing Skills

Abdallah Ahmad, Baniabdelrahman, Abdulaziz A. Abanomey

Education 52-57

20 The Use of Team Teaching and its Effect on Saudi EFL Students' English Proficiency

Abdallah Ahmad, Baniabdelrahman, Abdulaziz A. Abanomey

Education 58-63

21 Study and Development of Road Traffic Noise Model Bhavna K. SutharV. R. Gor, A. K. Patel

Engineering 64-66

22 Weather Forecast Using Artificial Neural Network Laxmikant Raskar, Rohit Waghchaure, Md. Danish Raza,Mayuresh Lande

Engineering 67-68

23 Pavement Subgrade Stabilisation with Rice Husk Ash Patil N. L.,Dr. Sanjay Sharma,Dr. Hemant Sood

Engineering 69-71

24 Study of Precipitation and Stream Flow Data- A Case Study of Kim Basin

Prashant A. Ramani Engineering 72-76

25 “Estimation of Revised Capacity for Deo Reservoir of Gujarat, India”

Hiral Shah,N. N. Borad, R. K. Jain

Engineering 77-79

26 Nanotechnology in Cellular Lightweight Concrete Mr. Nakul Shah, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda

Engineering 80-82

27 Plate Load (Model) Test for Bearing Capacity of Layered Deposite

Patel Ankit D., B.R. Dalwadi

Engineering 83-85

28 Effect of Service Bridge on natural frequency of structurally coupled multistory building

Upadhyay Nishith H., Prof. A.N. Desai

Engineering 86-88

29 “Controling the Soil & Land Pollution in Sabarkantha District by Using an App Lication of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System”

Gaurang J Patel,R.B Khasiya

Engineering 89-91

30 Control The Soil Erosion & Land Pollution By Flood Reduction in The Tapi River,Surat District, Gujarat, India.

Harshad M.Rajgor,K B Khasiya

Engineering 92-95

31 Methodology for managing irrigation canal system with optimum irrigation scheduling for Meshwo irrigation Scheme

Jitendrasinh D. Raol, Roshani A.Patel,Prof S.A.Trivedi

Engineering 96-98

32 Analyis of regional water supply scheme in rural areas (Case Study: Kutch)

Niketa Patel Engineering 99-103

33 Security For Near Field Communication in Cell Phone Biren M Patel, Vijay B Ghadhvi,Mr Ashish Kumar

Engineering 104-106

34 Heterogeneous Traffic Flow Simulation at Urban Roundabout using ‘VISSIM’

Dipti S. Thanki, Asst. Prof. Ashutosh K. Patel

Engineering 107-109

35 Planning of Facilities for Pedestrian Movement in Urban Area: A Case Study of Vadaj Circle, Ahmedabad

Hitesh A. Patel,Pinak. S. Ramanuj

Engineering 110-113

36 Planning for Non-Motorized Transportation Jignesh C.Prajapati, Prof. N.G.Raval

Engineering 114-116

37 Intersection Design for Pedestrians and Cyclist Jignesh C.Prajapati, Prof. N.G.Raval

Engineering 117-120

38 Theoretical Consideration for optimum irrigation scheduling for irrigation Scheme

Jitendrasinh D. Raol, Prof S.A.Trivedi

Engineering 121-124

39 Overall Equipment Effectiveness Measurement and Review of Total Productive Maintenance

Kadiya Pinjal, Navinchandra

Engineering 125-128

40 To Study the Effect Of Stiffness on the Expansion Joint of a Building Subjected to Earthquake Forces

M.D.SHAH, P. G. Patel Engineering 129-132

41 Side Friction and Side Friction Factor (FARIC) In Ahmedabad Road Link

Parmar Dushyant J, Asst. Prof. Ashutosh K. Patel

Engineering 133-134

42 Fiber Reinforced Selfcompacting Concrete Patel Nikunj R,Elizabeth George

Engineering 135-137

43 Modal Analysis of Helical Gear Purusharth J. Patel,D.A. Patel

Engineering 138-140

44 Impact Strength of Ternary Blended Steel fiber Reinforced concrete

Samir M. Gami., D.A.Sinha

Engineering 141-143

45 Identify issues of traffic movement at landside area & remedial measures

Samir P. Mulani,Prof- Naurdin Hajiani

Engineering 144-147

46 Identification of Truck Transportation Issues at a Junction: a case study of Sarkhej Area

Himanshu. B. Shrimali, Prof- Naurdin Hajiani

Engineering 148-152

47 Assessment of Vehicular Carbon Footprint and its Reduction Measures

Chintan Patel,Prof. H.K.Dave

Engineering 153-155

48 Study of Solar Air Heaters with Different Operating Configurations

Ajaypalsinh Gangasinh Barad

Engineering 156-158

49 Traffic Flow Characteristics on Roads of Small Urban Centre

Axay S. Shah,Dr. L.B.Zala

Engineering 159-162

50 Failure in tensile testing on single lap multi-fastener joint with bolted connection

Jagdish N.Prajapati, Dr.Rajula.k.Gujjar, Prof.M.M.Pomal

Engineering 163-167

51 Study Of Infiltration Capacity At Anjar, Kutch Ravi C Ahir, Sagar D Patel

Engineering 168-169

52 Comparison of Temperature-Base Methods For Calculating Reference Evapotranspiration With Standard Penman-Monteith Method

M.R.Popat, S.N.Chavda, B.H.Pandit

Engineering 170-172

53 Electronic customer relationship management: benefits and trend

Tanuja Nair Engineering 173-174

54 VIRTUAL CLASS ROOM USING MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORK

Gaurav Katariya, Yogesh Parkhe, Devendra Patil,Pawan Pawar

Engineering 175-176

55 PARKING EVALUATION: A CASE STUDY OF AMUL DAIRY ROAD ANAND

Jaydipsinh P. Chudasama, Dr. L.B.Zala

Engineering 177-180

56 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF SOLAR AIR HEATER BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSORBER PLATES

Vivek B. Patel,Dr. L.B.Zala

Engineering 181-183

57 Effect of Aspect Ratio W/L ,Body Bias ,and supply Voltage (vDD) for NMOS & PMOS transistor.

Rubina Siddiqui, Angeeta Hirwe, Rahul Parulkar

Engineering 184-186

58 Spider diversity of Wan Wild life Sanctuary, Vidharbha , India.

Taktode N.M. Environment 187-188

59 The Initial Human Behavioural Response to Rapid On set Natural Disaster: Earthquake

S.S. Patil, K.L. Karkare, I.B. Ghorade

Environmental Science

189-190

60 Spatio-temporal Distribution of Surface Water for Irrigation in Satara District of Maharashtra: An Analytical Study

Pawar D. H., Jadhav K.R.

Geography 191-193

61 Nagarcha wadh v kushi bhumi upyog badal nanded-vaghan ek abhyas pahani

Prof. Mane Deshmukh R. S., Dr. S. B Rathod

Geography 194-196

62 Socio-Economic and Nutritional Status of Children with Mental Retardation

Dr. S. S. Vijayanchali Home Science 197-199

63 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions Dr Alpesh B Joshi Human Resource

200-202

64 “Strategic Human Resource Management” Dr. M. Venkatasubba Reddy, B. Swetha,S. Jaya Krishna

Human Resource Management

203-204

65 Identifying Crosscutting Concerns for Software Requirement Engineering

Velayutham Pavanasam, Chandrasekaran Subramaniam

Information Technology

205-207

66 Gate pass Automation with Image,Barcode reading and Biometrics

Sumant C. Murke,Tejas N. Athavale, Sangram A. Nalawade

Information Technology

208-210

67 Plight of Rape Victims With Special Reference to India Dr. Monica Narang, Richa Sabharwal

Law 211-212

68 Libraries: An Essential Tool for the Advancement of Knowledge Resources & Research in Recent Era

Dr. Umesh Patel Library Science 213-215

69 An Analytic Study of BA/BSc/BCA/BCom Part I General English Syllabus Prescribed by the University of Jammu

Dr. Wajahat Hussain Literature 216-217

70 A Study on Quality of Work Life Dr.N.Thenpandian Management 218-219

71 Best HR Practices Kavita Trivedi Management 220-221

72 A Study on Employee Retention Practices of Automobile Industry in INDIA

Dr.K.Balanaga Gurunathan, Ms. V.Vijayalakshmi

Management 222-224

73 A Study on Innovation for Organizational Excellence in Health Care Industry in a Private Multi-Speciality Organization

Dr. C. Swarnalatha,T.S. Prasanna

Management 225-227

74 “Performance measurement of Top 10 Mutual Funds with the help of Sharpe, Treynor & Jenson Model”

Monal Patel, Dr. Deepak H. Tekwani

Management 228-230

75 Strategic Expansion for Growth A Case Study on Codescape Consultants Pvt Ltd. (Infinite Possibilities)

Akshay Arora,Abhilansh Bhargava, Preeti Sharma

Management 231-232

76 Role Of Education In Innovation For Economic Development - A Case Study

Dr. Ananthapadhmanabha Achar

Management 233-238

77 ROLE OF HR PROFESSIONAL IN DEALING DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS CONSTRUCTIVELY - AN OVERVIEW

C Santhanamani, Dr. N. Panchanatham

Management 239-241

78 Power of Advertising Supriya Tandon Management 242-244

79 Enhancing Employee Engagement: A Need of The Hour Urmila Vikas Patil Management 245-247

80 Role of E-Learning to Enhance Qualities of Physical Education Teachers and Coaches

Gohil Rajendrasinh K. Physical Education

248-250

81 “Eco – Environmental Study on Nutrient Removal Potential of Eichhornia Crassipes from Domestic Wastewater”

D. K. Patel, V. K. Kanungo

Science 251-253

82 Aphasia – a loss of linguistic faculty Dr Alpesh B Joshi Social Sciences 254-256

83 Workaholism – A Modern Day Nuisance Dr Alpesh B Joshi Social Sciences 257-258

84 Vartman me Dalit Varg ki Samasya Dr. H. L. Chavda Sociology 259-260

Volume : 1 | Issue : 5 | May 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH X 197

Research Paper

* Assistant Professor, Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed University, Gandhigram

Home Science

Socio-Economic and Nutritional Status of Children with Mental Retardation

* Dr. S. S. Vijayanchali

Keywords : Mental Retardation (MR); Socio-Economic Conditions; Nutritional Status, IQ Level; Health Problems

Mental Retardation is a state of developmental deficit beginning in childhood that results in significant limitation of intellect or cognition and poor adoption to the demands of everyday life. When a child has some developmental disorder, it affects the entire family and in turns the society. India has a very large number of disabled persons. It has been estimated that ten percent of world’s population are either physically or mentally handicapped all over the world. The developing and the under developed countries have the lion’s share of world’s handicapped population and 350 million handicapped are out of reach and out of help. In about one-third of all cases, the cause of mental retardation is not known. Therefore, it is the felt need to identify the causes for it thereby that to prevent the future generation from disabilities particularly mental retardation.

ABSTRACT

IntroductionA disability is a condition or function judged to be signifi-cantly impaired relative to the usual standard of an individual or group. The term is used to refer to individual functioning, including physical impairment, sensory impairment, cogni-tive impairment, intellectual impairment, mental illness, and various types of chronic disease. Mental handicap is a con-dition characterised by subnormal intellectual ability and arrested or delayed development. The terms ‘mental retar-dation’, ‘mental deficiency’, ‘mental handicap’ and ‘mental sub-normality’ refer to the same condition. Persons with less than average mental ability or intelligence are called ‘men-tally retarded’. It is a development disability that is marked by lower than-normal intelligence for daily living skills. Nor-mally it presents at birth or develops early in life. Cerebral palsy that is paralysed brain function may result in mental handicap. Some persons with cerebral palsy are intellec-tually normal, but have problems only with coordination of their body movements. Other causes include lack of iodine in the diet of the mother, the brain infections before and af-ter birth, inadequate antenatal care, birth injuries, low birth weight, and inadequate nutrition in the first two years of life, injuries that untreated in childhood and poisoning from lead, and pesticides.

Nutrients and Mental HealthLow energy intake often feels apathetic sad or hopeless. De-veloping fetuses and young infants are particularly suscep-tible to brain damage from malnutrition. Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together in various sequences and amounts protein intake and intake of individual amino acids can affect brain functioning and mental health. Dietary intake of fats may also play role in regulating mood and brain func-tion. Some studies suggest that reducing fat and cholesterol in the diet may deplete brain serotonin levels, causing mood changes, anger and aggressive behaviour.

Thiamine deficiency can develop “Wernicke - Korsakoft syn-drome” which is characterized by confusion, mental changes, abnormal eye movements and unsteadiness that progress to serve memory loss. Vitamin B -12 is needed to maintain the outer coating, called the myelin sheath on nerve cells. Inad-equate, myelin results in nerve damage and impaired brain function. Vitamin B – 6 deficiencies characterized by mental changes such as fatigue, nervousness, irritability, depres-sion, insomnia, dizziness and nerve changes. Vitamin B – 6 is

needed by the body to produce most of the brains neurotrans-mitters. Acute magnesium deficiency can progress to apathy, delirium, convulsions, coma and death. Zinc is very important to brain functions, and it is involved in maintaining cell mem-branes and protecting cells from damage. Zinc deficiency can cause neurological impairment, influencing appetite, taste, smell and vision and it has also been associated with apathy, irritability, jitteriness and fatigue.

India has a very large number of disabled persons. A com-prehensive country wide survey of persons with disability revealed that approximately over 90 million people are suffering from one or other kind of disability. It has been estimated that ten percent of world’s population i.e. about 500 million people are either physically or mentally handi-capped all over the world. The developing and the under developed countries have the lion’s share of world’s handi-capped population and 350 million handicapped are out of reach and out of help. In about one-thirds of all cases, the cause of mental retardation is not known. Therefore, it is the felt need to prevent the children from the disabilities particularly mental retardation in future and hence, the present study is one such modest attempt made on chil-dren with mental retardation.

Study Objectivesa. To understand the socio-economic background of the

mentally retarded (MR) children;

b. To bring out the factors responsible and the patterns of mental retardation;

c. To assess the nutritional status through height, weight, MUAC, weight for age, height for age, weight for height and nutritional requirement); and

d. To bring out the associated health problems prevalent among MR children.

Research DesignTo achieve the objectives of the study a school for MR children that located at Nilakottai in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu was selected. Of the total (119) mentally retarded children found in the school all the children who were in the age group of 6-12

Volume : 1 | Issue : 5 | May 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

198 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

years (80) were selected and their parents were interviewed. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from them. Body size and growth of MR children were assessed through the measurements like height, weight and MUAC. Anthropometric index of weight for age, height for age and weight for height were calculated as an indicator of growth status in the children. To arrive at general conclusions the col-lected data were converted in percentage and interpretations presented in summary form.

Summary of the StudyWho were being Mentally RetardedIt is found that mental retardation was found more among males than females. Of the total (119) MR children two-thirds (66.4%) of them were constituted by males and the rest (33.6%) constituted by females. The same pattern has also reflected in the present study. The mean age for them was 9.6. A large majority (95%) of them were Hindus of which 77.5% were Backward Castes followed by Scheduled Castes (22.5%). A majority of their parents were literates (65%) followed by illiterates (30%) and altogether consti-tuted 95 per cent in the total. Three-fourths (75%) of the MR children’s parents were daily wagers followed by farmers (10%), weavers (12.5%), and teachers (2.5%). About 55% of their parents earn Rs. 1,000 – 2,000/- per month whereas another 22.5% earn Rs. 2000 – 3,000/- while the remain-ing 22.5% were belong to various income categories. The average monthly income of the MR children’s family was Rs. 1,975/-. Their household includes an average of four members. More than half (52.5%) of the mentally retarded children were first born followed by second (32.5%), third (12.5%) and fourth (2.5%) birth ordered. The mean birth or-der for them was one.

What made Mental Retardation in ChildrenWhile probing the causes for mental retardation it was found that early marriage of women made them to give birth of child with mental retardation. The mother’s mean age at the time of marriage was 20.5 whereas father was at 25.5 years. Half of the total parents (50%) gave birth within two years from their marriage while after three years by another 30% of the parents. It was found that the MR children included in the study were born after an average of two years from their parental marriage and the mother’s mean age during at the time of their child birth with mental retardation was 22.3 years. It has to be noted that 82.5% of the MR children were born at hospital of which 80% of them born normally.

It was proved that early birth and low birth weight caused mental retardation in children. Their average weight at birth was 2.4 kg and the mean foetus period for them was nine months. About 77.6% of the parents noticed their child’s disability while they were at an average of 2.2 years old. The children accommodated in the school were found with several deficiencies along with mental retardation. The pattern reveals mental retardation alone (27.5%), mental retardation with hearing impairment (20%), mental retardation with speech impairment (25%), mental retardation with both speech and hearing impair-ment (25%), and mental retardation with stunting (2.5%). A large majority (80%) of the MR children were not affect-ed by any diseases after birth; 72.5% of their ancestors were not affected by any disability; and 95% of their family members were also free from mental retardation, accord-ing to the parents. About 83% of the children’s parents were not affected by any disease during their pregnancy. The fact was that 85% of the total MR children’s parents were not relatives prior to their marriage. The IQ level of the MR children shows that 60% of them were found with Moderate (40 – 60 %) mental retardation followed by an-other 27% severely (60 – 80 %) retarded whereas Mild Retardation (< 40 %) constituted 10 % in the total. Figure 1 shows the IQ level of MR children.

Figure 1IQ Level of MR Children

Nutritional AssessmentAnthropometric assessments like MUAC, weight for height, weight for age and height for age shows that Mentally Retard-ed children were malnourished according to weight for height, weight for age and height for age. Mean values of MUAC was within the normal range. Table 1 shows this.

Table 1Mean values of Anthropometric Measurements among MR Children

Anthropometric Measurements

No. of Male Mean & SD

No. of Female Mean & SD

t - test

Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)

15.5 ± 2.48 16.1 ± 2.2 1.015

Weight for age 67.0 ± 13.9 62.0 ± 13.3 1.491Height for age 85.5 ± 7.5 84.8 ± 8.01 0.360Weight for height 90.0 ± 13.6 86.9 ± 17.1 1.074

As far as associated health problems among MR children was concerned 12% were affected by Cerebral Palsy followed by Down syndrome (6%), Micro cephalous (5%) and Cretinism constituted (1%). Table 2 portrays this.

Table 2Associated Health Problems among MR Children

Associated Health Problems

No. of MR ChildrenTotal Male Female

Cerebral palsy 9 2 11 (12%)Down syndrome 5 1 6 (6%)Cretinism 1 - 1 (1%)Micro cephalous 3 1 4 (5%)None 39 19 58 (76)Total 57 (71.3%) 23 (28.7%) 80 (100%)It was found that the mean intake of energy, beta carotene, thiamin, riboflavin and iron of the mentally retarded children in the age group of 6-9 years were comparatively lesser than the RDA allowances. On the other hand the mean intake of pro-tein, calcium and fat were higher than the RDA allowances. The mean energy, protein, fat and calcium is higher than the RDA allowances in the case of male children of the 10-12 years of age and the other nutrients like beta carotene, thia-min, riboflavin and iron were taken in a lesser quantity. The female children in the age group of 10-12 years were having higher mean intake in energy, protein and fat but their mean intake of beta carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, calcium and iron were comparatively less than the RDA. Table 3 explains this.

Table 3Mean Intake of Nutrients among MR Children

Nutrients6 -9 years 10 - 12 years RDA Mean &SD Male Female

RDA Mean & SD RDA Mean & SDEnergy (kcal) 1950 1478.9 ±237.9 2190 2690.2±595.4 1970 2121.8±511.8Protein (g) 41 45.9±1.0 54 76.4±22.3 57 71.19± 15.3Fat (g) 25 27.9±7.82 22 63.34±23.8 22 42.4± 23.5

Volume : 1 | Issue : 5 | May 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH X 199

Betacarotene (µg) 2400 496.2±164.3 2400 827.3±336.4 2400 694.8± 210.8Thiamine (mg) 1.0 0.4463±0.16 1.1 0.9400±0.34 1.0 0.63± 0.32Riboflavin (mg) 1.2 0.4661±0.135 1.3 0.97±0.588 1.2 0.857±0.588Calcium (mg) 400 438.9±110.5 600 655.7±157.8 600 544.2±133.9Iron (mg) 26 13.4±2.8 34 17.6±2.3 19 15.9±2.4

Conclusion While concluding the present study on mental retardation it is important to be highlighted that educationally weaker and economically poor people’s children are vulnerable to mental

retardation. Mostly mental retardation is prevalent in small families and the first born child is prone to mental retarda-tion. Early marriage and early pregnancy, early birth and low birth weight causes mental retardation in the child. Majority of them found with moderate IQ level and malnourished ac-cording to weight for age, height for age and weight for height. The quality of their food intake is poor. Many of them were with the associated health problems like cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, Cretinism and Micro cephalous. Half of their food consumption was less than Recommended Dietary Allow-ances (RDA).

REFERENCES

1. Arumuga Gandhi, E “Socio-Economic Roots of Mental Retardation” Journal of Community Guidance and Research, Vol.28 No.1, Jan-March, 2011 (ISSN: 0970-1346): 107-115 | 2. Frazer, W.I. Mac Gillivray, R.C. and Green, A.M. Caring for People with Mental Handicaps. Oxford: Butterworth Heinmann, 1991. | 3. Madhavan, T and Kalyan, M. Mental Retardation: A Manual for Multi-Rehabilitation Workers. Secondrabad: National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, 1988. | 4. Puri, M and Sen, A.K. Mentally Retarded Children in India. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1989. | 5. Study notes on Paper I (Mental Retardation: Nature and Needs). D.S.E. (M.R.), Secondrabad: National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped. | 6. Sen, A. Mental Handicap among Rural Children. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1992.

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