SafetyNo runningNo Horseplay

Wear Safety Goggles

Wash YourHands after Every Experiment

Tie Hair Back

Equipment

Petri Dish

Florence Flask – roundErlenmeyer Flask - triangle

Test Tube and Test Tube

Holder Test Tube Rack

Beaker

GraphingPie Graph used to display Parts of a whole

Bar Graph used to display comparisons

Line Graphs used to display change over time

DRY – Dependent/Responding Variable isgraphed on the Y-Axis

MIX – Manipulated/Independent Variableis graphed on the X-Axis

Solid Liquid Gas

Tammy Crannie09/26/07

States of Matter

Changes in States of Matter

Solid

GasLiquid

Sublim

ation

Solid

ification

Mel

ting

Vaporization or

Evaporation

Free

zing

Condensation

Physical Vs. Chemical

Physical Change - Change in the appearance of the physical properties.examples – hair cut, shredding paper, chopping wood andchanges in state of matter (melting, freezing)

Physical Properties – Describe the physical appearance of a material. LikeColor, size, shape and state of matter. Example – red sock, square box

Chemical Property – A substances “ability to” react with another. examples – ability to explode (explosiveness), ability to burn (flammability)

Chemical Change – A change that cannot be undone. Results in a newsubstance with new properties. Examples – Burning wood and exploding dynamite

Gas Law – Charles LawTemperature Increases Then Volume Increases

Temperature Decreases Then Volume Decreases

Temperature Pressure Volume

Increases Constant Increases

Decreases Constant Decreases

Gas Laws – Boyles Law

Temperature Volume Pressure

Constant Increase Decrease

Constant Decrease Increase

Volume Decreases Then Pressure Increases

Volume Increases Then Pressure Decreases

MeasurementThermometerMeasures TemperatureDegrees C or Degrees F

RulerMeasures lengthMeters, Centimeters, Millimeters or inches

Volume of a solid = Length X Width x Height

BalanceMeasures MassGrams 10

20

30

40

Graduated CylinderMeasures VolumeLiters or Milliliters

Density = Mass/Volume

Volume of an Irregular SolidPut in GraduateDisplaced water = volume

Force and Motion Vocab

Unbalanced Force – Forcethat results in a change inMotion.

Force – a push or a pull exerted on an object.

Velocity – Speed in a given direction.

Reference Point – a placeor object used for comparison to see if an object is in motion.

Balanced Force – Equal forces acting on an object.

Net Force – The overallforce acting on an object.

Friction – The force that oneobject exerts on another whenthe two rub together

Acceleration - The rateat which velocity changes. can be speeding up or slowing down.

Newtons 1st Law of Motion

An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Seatbelt Law Law of Inertia

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

•An object with a larger mass will need more force to move it.

•Two objects with the same mass, the object with the smallerMass will move further if the same force is applied.

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Graphing Motion

•Flat line for charlie means he stopped•Albert won the race!

•Flat line at point C, rider stopped•Steeper line = faster speed•Speed = distance/time

Microscope

See the Names of the Parts

Eyepiece (or Ocular) (10x)Body tube

Base (Legs)

Coarse Adjustment Knob

ArmFine Adjustment Knob

Revolving NosepieceLow Power Objective

(10x)

Disc DiaphragmIn-base

illuminator Light Source (Mirror,

not lamp)

1

2

4

5

6

9

10

8

7

Stage Opening

4

12Inclination Joint

13High Power Objective (50x)

http://www3.telus.net/micron/microscope/lab

scope.jpg

3

Stage

Click to see names

11

Stage clips

Cell Parts

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Body

RibosomeLysosome

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

Plant Cell Vs. Animal Cell

Plant cells•Have a cell wall

•Look like bricks in a wall•Have a cholorplast

•Chloroplast makes chlorophyll•Have one large Vacuole

Animal cells•Have NO cell wall

•Are irregularly shaped•Have NO cholorplast

•Have many small Vacuoles

Osmosis

The movement of a substance through a selectively permeablemembrane.

In the Egg Experiment – vinegar and water moved into the eggcausing the egg to grow in size.

MitosisPhases:•Interphase•Prophase

•Metaphase•Anaphase•Telophase

•Cytokinesis

“I Paid My Aunt Ten Cents!”

Facts:•Cell Division

•Occurs in the Nucleus of the Cell•Asexual Reproduction

•One Parent•Results in two identical Daughter cells

Mitosis

Photograph taken of transparency from our textbook – Prentice Hall SCIENCE EXPLORER

“Met a face” or M=mirror(of another chromosome

By Aneela, 2004

“Telephone me”(‘cuz we’re leaving

each other)By Danielle & Stephanie, 2004

“Anti-phase” (opposite one another)

The cell is about to enter (inter) mitosis, but it’s not there yet

Pro = Best = #1 = 1st step of mitosis

Cyto = Sight the 2 cells?

Phase 1 of

Phase 4 of Mitosis/ Mitosis ends here

Phase 2 of

Phase 3 of

Cell is preparing for mitosis

Daughter cells are complete but not mature

enough to undergo mitosis.

Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Biotic Factors-All living things found in an ecosystem.-Other Organisms-Plants-Animals

Abiotic Factors-Non-living things found in an organism.-Water-Sunlight-Dirt/Rocks-Oxygen-Temperature

Food Chains and Food Webs

Third Level Consumer

Second Level Consumer

First Level Consumer

Producers

ClassificationKing = KingdomPhillip = PhylumCame = ClassOver = OrderFor = FamilyGood = GenusSpaghetti = Species

Water Cycle

Respiration

Combustion

Transpiration

Powered by the sun

Groundwater

A = Unsaturated ZoneB = Saturated ZoneC = impermeable RockD = Water Table

Layers of the

Atmosphere

Atmosphere

Air Pressure

Barometer is used to measure air pressure

Aneroid Barometer – without liquid Mercury Barometer – With liquid

Altitude – air pressure decreases as altitude increases.

Temperature – In a closed container, a decrease in temperature increases air pressure.

Heat Transfer

Warming yourself by the campfire is Radiation. TheHot sun sending heat to the Earth is called Radiation.

A room heated by a heater is called Convection. The Heat is carried by fluids (liquid and gas) to other locations.

Burning your feet on hot sand at the beachis Conduction. Touching a hot pan and Burning your hand is conduction.

D = direct contact

CloudsThree Main types:•Stratus = Flat•Cumulus = Cotton Ball•Cirrus = Ice “whispy”

Other Types:•Nimbus = Rain•Alto = Middle Level

Air Masses

Continental = From Land

Maritime = From Water

Polar = Cold

Tropical = Warm

Fronts

Warm Front – When Warm air is pushed up over the cold air. Both air masses moving in the same direction. Brings long periods of light rain.

Cold Front – When warmair collides with cold air.Warm air is pushed up. Brings heavy storms and large tall clouds.

Stationary Front – When two air massesCollide and one is notStrong enough to pushThe other one out of The way.

Occluded Front – When a warm air mass is caughtBetween two cold air masses. The warm air massIs pushed up off of the ground.

StormsHurricanes TornadosVS.•Forms over water•June – November•Low Pressure•Predictable•Winds 119 Kmh or higher•Brings flooding•Last longer

•Form anywhere•Any time of year•From cumulonimbus

clouds•Wind speeds of 480 Kmh•Unpredictable•Mostly in Tornado Alley• On ground shorter time

Weather Equipment

BarometerAir Pressure

Millibars

AnemometerWind Speed

Miles per hour

Sling PsychrometerRelative Humidity

Percent

ThermometerTemperature

Degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit

Wind VaneWind Direction

N-S-E-W

Weather Maps

Isotherms – lines on a map that connect points of equal temperature.

Isobars – lines on a mapthat connect points of equal pressure.

Circuits

Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit

Series Circuit

•Loads are wired in one continuous circuit

•When one is removed, they all go out.

Parallel Circuit

•Each load is wired in its own circuit.

•When one is removed, the others remain lit.

Types of EnergyEnergy – The ability to do work

Mechanical Energy – Energy that Is related to the motion or positionOf matter.

Thermal Energy – EnergyThat you sense as heat.

Electromagnetic Energy - A form of energy that is common to us as X-Rays, microwaves, television and radio signals and produces physical and chemical changes when it interacts with matter

Electrical Energy – Energythat is often transformed into another form of energy and is the energy that comes from a moving charge

Chemical Energy - Energy that is contained inside matter and is stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules

Energy Transformations

•Chemical Thermal = Burning Gas

•Electrical Thermal = Toaster

•Electrical Mechanical = Blender or Mixer

•Electrical Mechanical = Electric Motor

•Electrical Thermal and Electromagnetic = Microwave

Solar SystemGeocentric System – Theory of early scientists that the Earth is the

center of the solar system and the other planets revolve aroundthe Earth. Ptolemy and other Greek Astronomers believed this theory.

Heliocentric System – Theory proposed by Copernicus, that the sun is the center of the solar system and the Earth and other planetsrevolve around the sun.

Located in the MilkyWay Galaxy.

The Sun

A = Solar FlareB = ProminenceC = Sun SpotD = PhotosphereE = CoreF = Radiation

LayerG = Convection

LayerH = ChromosphereI = Corona

Inner Planets vs. Outer Planets

•Small•Rocky Planets•Solid surfaces•Terrestrial Planets•Close Together•Located inside the Asteroid Belt•0 - 2 moons•No Rings

•Large•Gaseous Planets•Gas Giants•Far Apart•Located outside the Asteroid Belt•Thick atmospheres•Strong Gravity•Many moons•Quick rotation, slow Revolution

Planetoids

Asteroids•Pieces of rock•Too small and too numerous

to be planets•Located in a belt between

Mars and Jupiter

Comets•Made of Ice and Dust•Elliptical Orbit around the sun•Tail, Nucleus and Coma•Tail points away from Sun

Meteors•Meteoroid comes from asteroid

or comet•Streak of light when it burns up

in Earth’s Atmosphere = Meteor

•Hits Earth’s surface = Meteorite

Layers of The EarthInner Core = SolidOuter Core = LiquidMantle = SolidCrust = Solid

Minerals

5 Characteristics of a Mineral1. Solid2. Naturally Occurring3. Inorganic4. Crystal Structure5. Definite Chemical Composition

Properties of a MineralColor – Minerals come in many colorsLuster – The way a mineral reflects light Hardness – Mohs Hardness Scale 1-10 Streak – The color of a minerals powderCleavage – Breakage along a plane of weaknessFracture – Minerals break along an irregular surface

Rocks

•Formed by volcanic activity.• From Magma = intrusive• From Lava = extrusive

• Formed by cementation of sediment.• Sediment from Erosion of other rock• Clastic = pieces of rock• Organic = remains of plants and animals• Chemical = dissolved material

•Formed by Heat and pressure inside Earth• Banded = Foliated• Non Banded= Non foliated

Rock Cycle

Continental Drift

Alfred Wegener Proposed the Theory of Continental Drift in 1912.

Proof :• Continents fit together like a puzzle• Plant Fossils – Glossopteris• Animal Fossils – Mesosaurus• Mountain Chain fit together• Glaciers – Found in Tropical Areas• Coal – Found in Arctic Areas

Plate TectonicsEarth Surface is broken in to large pieces

called plates.Colliding Plates (Convergent)Continent to Continent = MountainsOcean to Continent = Coastal VolcanosOcean to Ocean = Volcanic IslandsSpreading Plates (Divergent)Continent to Continent = Rift ValleyOcean to Ocean = Underwater Mountains

Stress on Rock

Faults

Normal Fault – Hanging Wall moves down relative to the Footwall

Reverse Fault – Hanging Wall moves up relative to the Footwall

Strike-Slip Fault – Rocks on both sides of the fault slide past each other

Earthquakes

A = Fault D = FocusB = Fault E = Seismic WavesC = Epicenter

VolcanoesA – CraterB – VentC – Side VentD – LavaE – Lava FlowF – PipeG – MagmaH – Magma Chamber

Types of Volcanoes

Cinder Cone Volcano – Layers of Cinders, Steep slopes, explosive eruptions andforms a cone shaped mountain

CompositeVolcano – Layers of lava alternatewith layers of ash, cinders and bombs,quiet eruptions and explosive eruptions

Shield Volcano – Repeated lava flows during quiet eruptions gradually build up abroad, gently sloping mountains

Volcanic Landforms