safety management issues in construction industry …

SAFETY MANAGEMENT ISSUES

IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF BANGLADESH

MAHBUB UL ALAM MOHAMMAD JAMAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DHAKA BANGLADESH

JANUARY 2015



A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

BY MAHBUB UL ALAM MOHAMMAD JAMAL



DHAKA BANGLADESH

JANUARY 2015

iii

The project report titled ldquoSafety Management Issues in Construction Industry of Bangladeshrdquo submitted by Mahbub Ul Alam Mohammad Jamal Student No 1009042308 (P) and Session October 2009 to the Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering ( Civil and Structural ) on 28th January 2015

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

______________________________________

Dr Syed Ishtiaq Ahmad Professor Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka

Chairman

(Supervisor)

______________________________________

Dr AFM Saiful Amin Professor Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka

Member

______________________________________

Dr Mohammad Al Amin Siddique Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka

Member

iv

DECLARATION

It is hereby declared that except where specific references are made the work embodied in this

paper (including photographs and illustrations) is the result of investigation carried out by the

author under the supervision of Dr Syed Ishtiaq Ahmad Professor Department of Civil

Engineering BUET

Neither this paper nor any part of it is concurrently submitted to any other institution in

candidature for any degree

________________________________________________

Author

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to convey my deepest gratitude to Almighty Allah (SWT) for giving me

the opportunity and allowing me to complete this study

I would wish to express my sincere appreciation and profound gratitude to my supervisor Dr Syed

Ishtiaq Ahmad Professor Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering

and Technology (BUET) for his unremitting guidance encouragement and constructive criticism

at every stage of this study

I would also wish to convey my honest gratitude to Mohammad Shahabuddin Khan Joint Police

Commissioner (Crime and Ops) DMP for his kind assistance and cooperation in providing

important data which was a great support in writing this paper

I also want to express my heartiest thanks to Mohammad Omar Faruq Program Manager OSHE

and his team for providing valuable data and information and resource material from time to time

which greatly enriched and assisted in developing this project report

And finally thanks go to all the people and personals at the construction sites both managers

engineers and workers alike for sharing their opinions and practical experiences that helped to

bring out the actual scenario in the building construction sites

vi

ABSTRACT

The construction industry undoubtedly plays a significant role in the economic development of a

country However statistics have proven this field to be highly hazardous

Construction workers are backbone of this industry as this sector is less mechanized and more

labor intensive Thus ensuring workers safety becomes a major consideration However little

research has taken place in this field and demands extensive study to realize its importance at

national level to keep on track with the international standard

This paper aimed to examine the status of safety management in the construction sites in

Bangladesh particularly focussing on Dhaka the capital city An attempt was taken to identify the

root causes of accidents explore the risk-prone activities and locate the factors affecting

construction site safety

The study involves two phases Firstly fatality data were collected from the Police authorities

(Dhaka Metropolitan Police) and OSHE (Bangladesh Occupational Safety Health and

Environment Foundation) to analyze and categorize the accidents occurring in this sector From

data analysis it was found that falling from heights and electrocution were the two prime reasons

for fatalities together accounting for 71 of the total fatality count But taking some basic safety

measures could have eliminated these casualties

Secondly thorough field survey was conducted to examine and infer on the issues of welfare

facilities safety equipments and other factors affecting construction safety along with their relative

importance For this people associated in this industry ie the workers and employersrsquo personals

were interviewed and subsequent mathematical analysis was done using rigorous statistical tools

on the basis of their responses Analysis was carried out using Chi-square and Ranking by

Importance Index method The Chi-square was used to infer whether significant differences exist

in responses from the respondents while the Ranking by Importance Index helped in establishing

their significant relative importance The Chi-square test proved that both parties (ie workers and

employers) agree that the safety and welfare facilities are not provided upto the standard whereas

the Ranking by Importance Index identified some key factors governing the safety of the workers

on a priority basis

vii

CONTENTS

Title Page

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

CONTENTS vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 General

1

12 Background of the study

1

13 Objective of the study

2

14 Scope of the study

2

15 Research methodology

3

16 Structure of the dissertation

3

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

21 Introduction

5

22 Concept of safety culture

5

23 Implementation of safety culture in construction sector

6

231 Planning

6

232 Preconstruction phase

6

233 Construction phase

7

2331 Organizational structure

7

2332 Site layout

7

2333 Construction strategy and construction sequence

7

234 Construction management 8

viii

Title Page

2341 Time management

8

2342 Quality management

8

2343 Health safety and environment

8

2344 Cost management

8

2345 Protection of public and workers

9

24 Socio - economic impact

9

25 Overview of construction industry in Bangladesh

10

251 Rajdhani Unnayan Kattripakkha (RAJUK)

11

26 Overview of construction safety in Bangladesh

11

261 Bangladesh Occupational Safety Health and Environment Foundation (OSHE)

13

27 Safety management practices in Dhaka city 14

271 Shuttering (formwork)

14

272 Scaffolds

15

273 Electric wires

15

274 Safety helmet boot and hand gloves

15

275 Safety net

16

276 Safety belt

16

277 Overhead protection

16

278 Protective fencebarricade and railings

16

279 Hoists (lift-shaft ducts chutes and other floor openings) 17

2710 Lifting and lowering of materials for construction

17

2711 Excavation and foundation work

17

2712 Piling and deep foundation 17

2713 Housekeeping

18

2714 Stair facilities

18

2715 Welding and cutting

18

28 Concluding remarks 22

ix

Title Page

Chapter 3 REVIEW OF LEGAL ISSUES 23

31 Introduction 23

32 Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 (BLA 2006) 24

321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24

323 Health and safety duties 25

324 Enforcement of the Act

25

325 Compensation

26

33 Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 (BNBC 2006)

26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27

333 Health and safety duties

27

334 Enforcement of the Code

28

335 Compensation

30

34 Regulatory authorities to ensure workersrsquo safety

31

341 Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments (DIFE) 31

342 Rajdhani Unnayan Kattripakkha (RAJUK) 33

343 Other agencies working for construction workersrsquo safety

34

35 Recent developments in the establishment of a code enforcing agency 35


Chapter 4 ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT DATA 38

41 General

38


38

43 Year wise distribution of number of fatalities

39

44 District wise distribution of fatalities in Bangladesh 40

45 Ratio of buildings constructed per fatality

42

x

Title Page

46 Area wise distribution of fatalities in Dhaka city

43

47 Distribution of fatalities based upon nature of accident

45

48 Item wise analysis of different causes of accidents

47

481 Fall from heights

47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49

483 Fall of material

51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53

488 Accident during piling work

53

49 Month wise distribution of fatalities

54

410 Time wise distribution of fatalities

55

411 Age wise distribution of fatalities

56

412 Gender ratio

57


Chapter 5 ANALYSIS OF SURVEY DATA 59

51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60

531 First phase background information collection

60

532 Second phase preparation of questionnaire

60

533 Third phase survey

61

534 Fourth phase compiling and analysis of data 62

54 The demography

62

541 The demography of the worker

62

xi

Title Page

542 The demography of the employers personnel

64

55 Reaction to the welfare and safety issues at the construction sites

65

551 Welfare facilities

65

5511 Chi-square (X2 ) test on welfare facilities

67

552 Safety equipments

70

5521 Chi-square (X2 ) test on safety equipments

72

56 Ranking by Importance Index

73

561 Ranking of welfare facilities of workers

73

562 Ranking of safety equipments used in construction sites

76

563 Ranking of factors affecting construction safety

79

57 Concluding remarks

82

Chapter 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 83

61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83

63 Recommendations 85

64 Scope of future studies 86

REFERENCES 87

APPENDIX A Survey questionnaire 90

APPENDIX B Cutoff points of the Chi-square distribution function 94

APPENDIX C Area surveyed in Dhaka city (approximate location) 95

xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BACI

Bangladesh Association of Construction Industry

BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

BILS Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies

BLA Bangladesh Labour Act

BLAST Bangladesh Legal Aid Services Trust

BNBC Bangladesh National Building Code

CCA Centre for Corporate Accountability

DIFE Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments

DMA Dhaka Metropolitan Area

DMP Dhaka Metropolitan Police

ILO

International Labour Organization

LFS Labour Force Survey

NHA National Housing Authority

OSHE

Bangladesh Occupational Safety Health and Environment Foundation

RAJUK

Rajdhani Unnayan Kattripakkha (Capital Development Authority)

REHAB Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh

SRO Safety and Rights Organization

1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General

The construction industry stands out from other employments as having one of the highest worker

injury and fatality rates Construction comprises a very small percentage of the overall workforce

Yet the incidence rate for both fatal and non-fatal accidents causing death injuries and illnesses

exceeds that of many other industries The construction industry has the most fatalities of any other

industry sector for many countries of the world and currently for Bangladesh its fatality rate is the

second largest only falling behind the garments sector Many studies have shown that a fairly large

percentage of construction accidents could have been eliminated reduced or avoided if simple

safety techniques were applied at the sites and the workers were trained and made aware of the

safety hazards present in the sites

Construction safety (the intermediate phase between a finished design and a completed building) is

largely the responsibility of the ownerdevelopercontractors and other site professionals The

success of a project depends on the intricate planning and decisions regarding safety measures that

are made on site Most construction accidents result from basic root causes such as lack of proper

training deficient enforcement of safety unsafe equipment unsafe methods or sequencing unsafe

site conditions not using the safety equipments that were provided and a poor attitude towards

safety (Toole 2002) Often times these safety measures are grossly neglected and safety laws are

violated in the sites causing undue fatalities


Construction is one of the worldrsquos biggest and fastest growing industrial sectors It is however one

of the most dangerous industries At least 108 thousand workers are killed on site every year which

represents about 30 of all occupational deaths The risks are 3 to 6 times more likely than any

other occupation (ILO 2009)

2

In Bangladesh also this industry is growing very fast It represents 9 percent of Bangladeshrsquos gross

domestic product (GDP) and employs more than 26 million people This industry in Bangladesh is

worth 900 billion Taka or US $12 billion (BBS 2013) There are more than a thousand companies in

Bangladesh who are involved in the construction business (Dewri 2012)

But the safety management issue in this sector is very poor in Bangladesh characterized by high

fatality rates Though there is extensive research in this sector around the world but in Bangladesh

studies are limited and research cannot go far due to lack of data and lack of knowledge about

safety Therefore this subject demands further study and research as its importance is being

realized at national level to keep on track with the international standard


The main objective of this study is to focus on the safety management issues in the construction

industry of Bangladesh An attempt is taken to achieve the objective through following actions

a) to collect and analyze data on construction fatalities in Bangladesh in order to identify and

categorize the root causes of construction related accidents

b) to investigate the safety measures taken by the management and the workers

c) to study the existing laws legislation and regulatory institutions in Bangladesh regarding

safety issues in the construction sites their status of implementation and effectiveness

d) to conduct field survey on the issues of welfare facilities safety equipments and other

factors affecting construction safety and perform mathematical analysis using rigorous

statistical tools such as Chi-square and Ranking by Importance Index method on the basis of

survey responses so as to infer on the safety management issues related to the construction

industry of Bangladesh


The scope of this study is somewhat limited by the fact that the construction industry do not have

any permanent setup Though the construction process is always continuing but yet it is temporary

in nature in the sense that it is project based ie when the construction of a particular structure is

completed at a designated location the concept of construction safety vanishes with it

3

This study is also limited by the fact that there is no official system for recording casualty data for

construction sector in Bangladesh This was a major obstacle in assessing the nature of accidents in

Bangladesh Only newspaper reports were relied on and police records were studied but it is true

that these data do not represent the actual scenario in the field as most of the incidents are neither

reported to the police nor they reach the journalists And also currently there exist no official agency

to enforce construction safety laws in Bangladesh


The study had been conducted through several phases namely literature review review of existing

laws accident data collection and analysis application of statistical tools for analysis of survey data

and finally drawing a conclusion with some recommendations First task was achieved through

literature review through extensive study of books articles journals and websites The safety related

laws and regulatory institutions present in Bangladesh were studied and explored to identify the

scope and limitations

The next task was achieved through the analysis of the reported accident cases from year 2008 to

2013 obtained from basically two sources that are reliable First the Police authority working in the

Dhaka metropolitan area (DMA) provided the fatality data that were reported in the various police

stations under its jurisdiction Secondly OSHE provided the fatality data in the construction sector

that are published in the various national daily newspapers in Bangladesh Then the profile of each

of the accident cases were examined and studied thoroughly and the stated causes were classified

into different categories

Then field investigation was carried out to find the existing scenario prevailing in the construction

sites Personnel at the construction sites both employers and workers were interviewed and

rigorous mathematical analysis was conducted on their responses using statistical tools to get a

picture about safety management situation in the construction sites


The dissertation report is arranged among six chapters To begin with an introduction on the subject

is given in the first chapter by giving information on the background objective research

methodology and scope of the study

4

This is followed by literature review in the second chapter giving a brief review of construction

industry and safety in the context of Bangladesh Also the different safety management practices in

Dhaka City are illustrated and presented along with their irregularities

Chapter three studies and discusses about the safety related laws and legislation present in

Bangladesh It tries to explore the scope and limitations of these laws and examine the effectiveness

of them in our countryrsquos point of view Also tries to study the various institutions and agencies

dealing with safety laws in Bangladesh and their current status

Detailed analysis of fatality data in building construction industry is presented in chapter four An

attempt has been taken to find out the main causes and factors behind these fatalities and categorize

them into specific groups so that focus and emphasis can be given on the more important safety

issues on a priority basis

Chapter 5 deals with the result of survey conducted on the workers and the employersrsquo personals on

safety and welfare related issues of the workers It was done extensively through mathematical

analysis using rigorous statistical tools such as Chi-square test and Ranking by Importance Index

method based on the responses of the participants of the survey so as to infer on safety management

issues related to the construction industry of Bangladesh

Finally chapter 6 draws out a conclusion for this study and suggest some recommendations for the

improvement of construction safety scenario in Bangladesh

5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction

Workplace safety is a significant global issue and in particular the construction industry is

overrepresented in workplace injury and death statistics Despite modernization the industry

remains labour intensive and workers are exposed to dynamic high risk environments on the various

projects and construction sites The International Labour Organisation (ILO 2009) reports that at

least 108000 fatal accidents occur each year at construction sites worldwide equivalent to one

death every ten minutes Furthermore one out of every six fatal workplace accidents takes place at a

construction site and this is increased in developing countries where construction site fatalities

account for 25-40 of all workplace fatalities

In Bangladesh there were around 190 fatalities recorded in the preliminary data for 2013 which

was the second highest number of fatalities of all industries This corresponds to a fatality rate of

735 fatalities per 100000 workers which accounts for 16 of fatalities for all industries In

addition for the last six years the construction industry accounted for about 135 deaths per year on

an average in the country This figure is one of the highest compared to other countries


Safety culture is a concept that is gaining traction within this sector as a useful concept to further

reduce fatalities injuries and incidents It has been used by organizations seeking to improve


As stated by Zohar (2003) safety climate reflects the true perceived priority of safety in an

organization Some researchers define safety climate as a current-state reflection of the underlying

safety culture

6


Safety culture should be developed in the construction sector during different phases of the

construction process which includes planning phase preconstruction phase and construction phase

It ensures proper management of health safety and environment alongside management of other

construction elements such as time quality and cost

231 Planning

Construction planning aspects aim to identify and develop various stages of project execution on site

which shall be consistent with the management considerations Planning aspects evolve out of the

objectives of a project which are related to cost considerations quality standards safety standards as

well as both environmental and health considerations Construction practices shall then have to

satisfy these objectives during construction phase of the project


Besides the design aspects preconstruction phase should also address all the issues related to the

implementation of the design at the site through suitable construction strategy The site conditions

should be fully understood with possible difficulties and avoid the risk of construction accidents and

subsequent delays after the construction has started

The selection of construction methods materials manpower equipments and techniques are best

done in the preconstruction phase Construction in busy localities of cities needs special

considerations and meticulous planning due to restricted space adjoining structures high voltage

overhead power lines underground utilities traffic restrictions noise and other environmental

pollution and other specific site constraints

Adverse weather conditions increases the risk of construction related accidents Situations such as

heavy and continuous rain fall hot or cold weather etc are common in Bangladesh As such these

conditions should also be considered during planning different construction activities beforehand

7



The site management should be carried out through suitable site organization structure with roles

and responsibilities assigned to the construction personnel for various construction related functions

Safety management is one of the important components of site management

2332 Site layout

The layout of the construction site shall be carefully planned keeping in view the various

requirements to construction activities and the specific constraints in public and workersrsquo interest

The site layout shall take into considerations the following factors

a) Easy access and exit with proper parking of vehicle and equipments during construction

b) Properly located material stores for easy handling and storage

c) Layout of temporary services (water power power suppression unit hoists cranes

elevators etc)

d) Adequate yard lighting and lighting for night shifts

e) Temporary buildings site office and shelter for workforce with use of non-combustible

materials including emergency medical aids

f) Emergency access evacuation and security measures

g) Fabrication yards for reinforcement assembly concrete casting and shattering materials

h) Fencing barricades and signage

i) During building operations free access to permanent temporary or portable first‐aid and

firefighting equipment shall be maintained at all times


Construction strategy and construction methods are to be evolved at the planning and design stage

specific to the conditions and constraints of the project site and implemented by the site

management personnel to ensure ease of construction and smooth flow of construction activities

without endangering anyonersquos life

8

234 Construction management

Employer and management authority shall be responsible for optimizing construction planning

involving optimum utilization of resources time cost while maintaining quality health safety

during implementation monitoring and control for their effectiveness Various parameters to be

managed during construction are as below


The project shall be completed in the defined time schedule But the safety of the workers shall not

be overlooked while considering time management This is the major cause of safety breach in the

construction sites ie relaxing safety measures in order to expedite construction process to complete

the work in due time The system shall include a periodic review of a project from time to time with

all parameters as well as catch up plans in case of delay


Quality of a project shall be planned for all activities from inception to completion It is desirable

that the system planned gives adequate assurance and controls that it shall meet project quality

objectives Ensuring safety in sites will surely ensure quality of work


Each project affects the safety and health of the workers during construction Various activities

having impact on health safety and environment need to be identified with their likely effect and

proposed preventive corrective actions which shall address and cover safety issues including use of

personnel protective equipments by all concerned


To keep the project under viable proposition it is desired that cost of the project during construction

are monitored and controlled Again this is another major cause for safety breach as the

ownerscontractorsdevelopers tend to maximize benefit by reducing costs incurred for setting up

9

safety equipments at the site In no way shall the value of workersrsquo lives be underestimated when

considering cost optimization


During construction suitable protection for the general public and workers employed thereon shall

be provided according to the various provisions of the Code (BNBC) All existing and adjoining

public and private property shall be protected from any damage due to construction operations All

equipment and safeguard required for the construction work such as temporary stair ladder ramp

scaffold hoist runway barricade chute lift etc shall be substantially constructed and erected so as

not to create any unsafe situation for the workers using them or the general public passing under on

or near them


The economic and social costs of workplace safety incidents are considerable In the developed

countries governments industry and academia have responded to the problem with legislative and

compliance-based responses and a focus on engineering controls and management systems but in

developing countries like Bangladesh these factors are seldom perceived

Toole (2002) has provided a useful guide to identifying safety critical positions within the

construction industry The author has proposed that ldquoaccidentsrdquo are a result of eight factors

a) Lack of proper training

b) Deficient enforcement of safety rules

c) Lack of safety equipment

d) Unsafe work methods andor sequencing

e) Unsafe site conditions

f) Failure to use provided safety equipment

g) Poor attitude held towards safety and

h) Isolated sudden unavoidable events

Therefore it should be possible to identify safety critical positions by identifying all people who

have an influence over those preventable factors

10


Construction industry plays a vital role in the Bangladesh economy With the rapid urbanization of

the country accompanied by steep increase in population comes the essential need for shelter and

housing facilities to accommodate the people This has resulted in the quick expansion of the

construction industry in the recent years

With more than 160 million people Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country And

the capital Dhaka with a population of over 16 million is the 8th largest city in the world and also

37th among the most densely populated cities in the world (Wikipedia 2014) Statistics show that

Bangladesh will need to construct approximately 4 million new houses annually to meet the future

demand of housing in the next twenty years In Bangladesh 25 of the population now lives in

urban areas this proportion will be 34 by the year 2015 Apartment construction projects took off

in the Dhaka city in the late 1970s From the early 1980s the business started to flourish and at

present more than 1000 companies are active in construction business in the country (Dewri 2012)

Table 21 Employment by major industry in Bangladesh (BBS 2013)

(Number of people expressed in millions)

Type of industry 2002-03 2005-06 2010 Agriculture forestry and fisheries 229 228 257 Trade hotel and restaurant 67 78 84 Manufacturing 43 52 67 Transport storage and communication 30 40 40 Community and personal services 27 26 34 Construction 15 15 26 Finance and business services and real estate 03 08 10 Health education public administration and defense 25 26 23 Mining and quarrying 01 01 01 Electricity gas and water 01 01 01 Total 443 474 541

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2010) reveals that construction sector in the country currently

employs around 26 million people which accounts about 44 of the total workforce in Bangladesh

Also this sector contributes to about 9 of the total economy of Bangladesh The monetary figure of

this contribution stands about 900 billion Bangladesh Taka which is equivalent to about 12 billion

US dollar This implies a consistent growth in the labour force in the construction sector which

makes this sector critical from the perspective of employment generation in Bangladesh

11

Table 22 Gross Domestic Product of Bangladesh at current prices 2008-09 to 2012-13 (BBS 2013) (Figures expressed in million Taka)

Type of industrial sector 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Manufacturing 1064453 1201081 1355505 1557497 1760300 Wholesale and retail trade 882764 1002946 1159586 1306836 1434926 Agriculture and forestry 894264 1005880 1135819 1257514 1369873 Transport storage and communication 642803 718796 854647 1018098 1187474 Community social and personal services 583643 684655 778758 914852 1041000

Construction 501253 556581 639815 766348 899848 Real estate renting and business activities 416164 456830 503373 589488 656533

Fishing 218064 242229 269962 310031 356724 Public administration and defense 163604 187569 223806 253208 284276 Education 154940 179084 213078 240584 279358 Health and social works 133908 151424 175822 205740 235800 Financial intermediations 102453 122998 144843 175759 205290 Mining and quarrying 70910 81141 90631 104455 124126 Electricity gas and water supply 65421 71945 82113 95950 111690 Hotel and restaurants 44598 51501 59975 71373 82488 GDP at current market price (Total) 6147952 6943243 7967040 9181414 1037986

7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305


The country is presently seeing a rapid expansion in the construction industry This fact is evident

from the statistics provided in a newspaper article that states that RAJUK gave approval for

construction of almost 12000 buildings during the period 2009 - 2012 (Foyez 2013) Table 23

shows that an average of about 3000 buildings were given approval for construction per year It is to

be noted here that the following estimate is only for Dhaka city which is the jurisdiction area for

RAJUK

Table 23 Number of buildings approved by RAJUK

Year Number of buildings 2009 2643 2010 3595 2011 3970 2012 1599 Total 11807


Lack of proper implementation of safety measures has resulted in poor safety situations in the

construction sites The data analysis in this study has revealed that more than 800 deaths occurred in

12

the country during the period 2008 - 2013 This means that on an average 135 people are dying in

this country Table 24 shows that the fatality figures in the construction sector is the second highest

for all the workplace accidents occurring in Bangladesh

This is because the safety issues in Bangladesh are grossly neglected especially in the construction

sector This can be seen from the following table

Table 24 Sector wise distribution of fatalities in different workplaces in Bangladesh

(For the period 2008 - 2013) (OSHE survey)

Type of industry Number of fatalities Garments 1749 Building construction 806 Agriculture 530 Service (nurse cleaner hotel salesmen) 525

Other informal industries and services 291 Domestic work 244 Poultry and fishing 242 Manufacturing (other) 169 Govt serviceother formal industries 159 Mining (coal lime stone glass sand) 138 Brick field 68 Ship buildingbreaking 66 Rice mill 59 Automobilemotor workshop 51 Steel mill and re-rolling 51 Paper millwood millfurniture 40 Jute mill 30 Tea garden 21 Leather industryshoe factory 20 Total 5259

The construction workers constitute only 44 of the total workforce (Table 21) but the number of

fatalities in the construction sector is about 16 of all the deaths in different workplaces in

Bangladesh ie four times more than the statistics

Moreover this figure for the construction sector could be the highest in the country if one deducts

the Rana Plaza event from the picture which caused more than a thousand deaths (1331 deaths) in

the year 2013 Because this has raised the figure of fatalities in the garments sector thereby making

it to the top of the list of the fatality numbers Otherwise construction sector which is now in the

second position would have been the top rank holder having the highest number of fatalities for any

workplace sector in Bangladesh This is evident from Figure 21

13

Figure 21 Sector wise distribution of fatalities in different workplaces in Bangladesh (For the period 2008 - 2013) (OSHE survey)


OSHE (Bangladesh Occupational Safety Health and Environment Foundation) is the national

collaborating center of International Safety and Health Information Center of the International

Labour Organization (CIS-ILO)

As a specialized Labor Foundation it periodically reveals a statistics on workplace accident and

workersrsquo rights violation in the form of a monthly survey report citing all the newspaper clippings

related to the workplaces accidents after monitoring fifteen national daily newspapers of the

country OSHE provided the following data by recording the events that are published in the various

national daily newspapers But OSHE says this is not the actual data as news of most of the

accidents do not reach the journalists

0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14

According to OSHE survey a total of 1211 people died and 1418 injured in Bangladesh since 2005

while involved in some type of construction activity Table 25 gives a year wise estimate of the

statistics which was provided by OSHE

Table 25 Injury and death statistics in construction sector in Bangladesh (OSHE survey)

Year Injury Death Total 2005 173 80 253 2006 385 163 548 2007 116 122 238 2008 183 136 319 2009 109 106 215 2010 108 138 246 2011 89 116 205 2012 95 175 270 2013 160 175 335 Total 1418 1211 2629

27 Safety management practices in Dhaka city

In Bangladesh the construction process is still traditional ie it is labour intensive but

mechanization has just started for instance ready mixed concrete are prepared in the cement plant

and transported by truck directly to the site for casting Production of brick aggregates are no longer

labour oriented now machines are used to crush bricks But safety measures are still neglected as in

almost every case the owners contractors and workers are reluctant to ensure safety measures due to

negligence and lack of knowledge experience and awareness While carrying out survey at various

construction sites in Dhaka city many malpractices have been found especially regarding the safety

issues On the other hand some sites did have some form of safety measures implemented Common

practices observed in various construction sites with emphasis on safety are discussed below


Analysis of accidents has shown that a good number of accidents occurred due to collapse of

formwork during placement of concrete and casting of roof slabs This is because either the

formwork provided was inadequate or the formwork structure did not have the sufficient strength to

withstand the dead and live load imposed during roof casting Often wooden planks are not properly

placed horizontal because of the inequality of supports This results in sag and deflection in the slab

In very few cases steel frames are used for shuttering but they can minimize sag and deflection

15

272 Scaffolds

In most of the cases contractors use thin bamboo poles for scaffolds without considering its load

holding capacity In most cases scaffolds have no guard rails Contractors usually use poor quality

old planks for the platforms of scaffolds and repeatedly use these poles and platforms without

changing

273 Electric wires

Use of faulty wiring inefficient machineries contacts between electrical wire and water especially

in the period of curing and rainy season improper housekeeping are the main causes of

electrocution In many sites electric wires are often found to be laid haphazardly on the floor In

many cases the wires are not of enough capacity to carry the required voltage of electricity which

may result in short circuit


In the construction sites most often contractors do not provide any safety gloves shoes or helmets

to the workers On the other hand the labours are unaware about safety they do not demand for it

Even when available the workers are not interested to wear personal safety devices due to lack of

knowledge As a result injuries to fingers palms hands feet legs eyes etc is very common in the

sites Only in few places workers are seen wearing boots but otherwise they use ordinary sandals or

slippers Workers using hand gloves are hardly found Because of not using the boots and hand

gloves the workers often suffer from skin diseases and in the long run they gradually become sick

and work life is reduced

Helmets conforming to BDS 1265 and BDS 1266 shall be worn Safety goggles of accepted

standard (BDS 1360) shall be used by individuals engaged in drilling cutting welding etc

16

275 Safety net

It is found that in many sites hessian cloths are used as safety net which may provide safety to the

passerby or the neighbors against any falling materials accidentally but this sort of safety net is not

sufficient to provide safety to any worker if heshe slips down accidentally he shall wear safety

belts But safety net should be used around the outer perimeter of the building especially when the

construction and plastering or painting works are going on exterior walls

276 Safety belt

Safety belts are used to provide safety to those workers who work at high elevation to prevent from

falling But during the survey maximum workers were found without any safety belt unknowingly

endangering their lives only because of lack of awareness Either these belts are not provided or the

workers do not make it a habit of using them Standard safety belts conforming to BDS 1359 shall

be used


Fall of construction material or waste on the workers and passer-bys below also cause fatal

accidents The contractors usually build temporary 10 ft to 20 ft wide safety ledges (shades)

projecting horizontally out of the building facades to stop workers or materials from falling directly

to the ground This ledge is usually made of corrugated iron sheet rested on truss frame of mild steel

angle which is normally welded with the steel bars of structural column and slab Protective canopy

shall have a clear height of 24 m over the walkway Every canopy shall have a fence built along its

entire length


The construction site needs to be fenced for safety The fence requires to be extended along the

street line for the entire length of the building or site and each end shall be turned and extended to

the building line But in our context generally this site-fencing is made very casually or there are no

site-fencing at all while the construction work is going on at full swing Protective railing or fence

shall also be placed adjacent to excavations All construction work within 15 m from the road shall

be enclosed with a fence not less than 24 m high from the grade

17

279 Hoists (lift-shaft ducts chutes and other floor openings)

All floor openings shall be guarded on all sides by substantial railings But the contractors are most

often reluctant regarding this type of safety precautions During casting of floor slabs the areas of

ducts cores shafts etc are kept void and no edging or temporary railing is made around them Part

7 Chapter 3 Section 365 of BNBC specifies that every open edges of floors roofs and stairways

every temporary floor opening 12 m or more above adjacent floor or ground level shall be guarded

by a railing of at least 900 mm height accompanied by a toe board at least 200 mm high


Implements used for carrying materials to the top of scaffoldings shall be of adequate strength and

shall not be overloaded during the work These practices are often neglected Where workmen have

to work below scaffoldings or ladder overhead protection against the falling materials shall be

provided Manila or sisal rope shall not be used in rainy season for hoisting of heavy materials as

they lose their strength with alternate wetting and drying


Excavating machinery and heavy tools shall be kept away from the edge of trenches Also excavated

materials shall be kept away from the edges of the trench Where excavation is going on for the

safety of public and the workmen fencing shall be erected Sufficient number of notice boards and

danger sign lights shall be provided in the area to avoid any member of public from inadvertently

falling into the excavation But in real case scenario these steps are seriously ignored at the

construction sites

2712 Piling and deep foundation

Erection of pile rig is a risky activity and proper care should be taken at the site While operation the

pile rig sheaves on pile drivers shall be guarded against workers drawn into them accidentally

Workers employed in the vicinity of pile drivers shall wear helmets because most piling accidents

occur when the casing pipe falls on head And also piling operations shall be supervised by a

competent foreman and check against electrical hazards

18

2713 Housekeeping

Stairways walkways scaffolds and floor areas shall be kept free of building material tools

accumulated rubbish and obstructions Materials or equipment stored on the street footpath and

other public places shall not interfere with vehicular traffic or pedestrians on the highway or street

Rubbish trash nuts bolts and small tools shall not be allowed to accumulate on the site The entire

premises and area adjoining and around the construction site shall be kept in a safe and sanitary

condition


Until permanent stairways are installed suitable ladders securely fastened at top and bottom need to

be provided This needs to be so built that there is no chance of skipping or slip of foot But most

often these ladders are made of bamboos with round shape which has a great chance of slip of foot

Sometimes the ladder has no hand rail even Slip from the ladder is a frequent accident in our

construction sites Overhead protection shall be provided for workers working under a ladder


Most labours often do not wear any safety gloves shoes or helmets during welding and cutting

Even sometimes they do not wear any eye protection during welding As a result injuries to fingers

palms hands feet legs eyes etc is very common For all arc welding work either a helmet or a

hand-held face shield conforming to BDS 1360 shall be used Leather gauntlet gloves with canvas or

leather cuffs shall be worn by welders And gas cylinders shall be placed away from heat and flame

oil or grease

The cables from welding equipment shall not be run over by traffic Double earthing shall be

provided to the welding machines To operate energized electrical installations insulating mats and

wearing apparel such as gloves apron shall be used

19

Figure 22 Workers setting up a bamboo scaffolding system at high elevation without any safety belt

Figure 23 Workers painting very close to high voltage power line

Figure 24 Temporary bamboo platform without any guard rail to cross between two buildings

Figure 25 Workers plastering exterior wall on bamboo scaffolding without any guardrail

Figure 26 Open staircases without any guardrail Figure 27 Main electrical switch board and wires lay hanging very close to water tank

20

Figure 28 Inadequate fencing beside excavated site Figure 29 Workers working near traffic without any safey gear and safety sign

Figure 210 Gas cylinders kept on walkway during welding Figure 211 Main electrical switch board and wires very close to water source with a wire crossing over water hose

pipe

Figure 212 Workers engaged in brick crushing work without any safety gear

Figure 213 Workers working without safety boot helmet and gloves

21

Figure 214 Workers painting while hanging at high elevation without safety belt and helmet

Figure 215 Worker engaged in rod cutting without safety helmet gloves boot and face shield

Figure 216 Workers working on wooden platforms hanging by ropes

Figure 217 Unprotected lift core

22


From the study it can be seen that safety is not adequately considered in the construction industry as

proved by the statistics Therefore proper safety management in construction is of utmost

importance The issue of safety of workers and public during building construction is a great

concern to all as it affects the human life both economically and socially In Bangladesh there is the

code of BNBC to follow but its effectiveness in the field is lagging behind due to absence of a Code

enforcing agency Therefore the building construction industry is growing without any proper

guideline The inspected companies do not follow the rules regarding the safety of workers public

property and others which are summarized in BNBC 2006

Some of the key points observed in the construction sites are highlighted below

a) Supervision of the construction process is poor Inspection is not maintained in each phase

of construction

b) Workers have very poor knowledge about safety measures and show no consciousness or

awareness about it

c) Contractordeveloper has a tendency to maximize his profit as much as possible giving the

safety measures the least importance

d) Law enforcing agencies somehow can be managed easily

e) Supervisor foreman and worker have no training about safety

f) Developer does not maintain the safety practices as included in BNBC

g) No specific obligation about workers safety is enforced in most of the contracts between

client and developer

In order to minimize the factors responsible for construction accidents the workers as well as

supervisor need to be properly trained about proper construction procedures and safety measures and

made to be aware of the dangers of using risky construction equipments In this connection the

worker safety must be included in the construction practices by allocating a special budget for this

purpose Compensation to the deceased and injured workers must be strictly implemented by the law

enforcing agencies It is expected adoption of these steps can reduce the risks in the construction

sector significantly because now there is a great scope for developing the safety related matters in

building construction sites if the related safety laws are strictly enforced

23

Chapter 3

REVIEW OF LEGAL ISSUES

31 Introduction

A safe and secure workplace is the key to achieve the goals of sustainable development in any

country Construction is a very important sector directly linked with national development activities

But it is a hazardous industry with a notorious reputation of being dirty difficult and dangerous

Improvement of occupational safety and health at the worksites of construction sector has a positive

impact on working conditions productivity and economic and social development of the country A

good working environment reduces the risks of heavy physically demanding work leads to fewer

accidents at work fewer sick days and thus shorter times and lower costs for the total construction

The rights to safe and healthy workplaces in construction sector of Bangladesh should be recognized

as fundamental human rights

At the national level the government enacted the following ActCode to ensure health and safety of

workers in construction sector and to safeguard the workerslsquo rights

a) BLA 2006 (Bangladesh Labour Act 2006)

b) BNBC 2006 (Bangladesh National Building Code 2006)

Both of these regulatory documents have provisions that are aimed to uphold the welfare of

construction workers And to ensure that the following authorities are entrusted with the duty to

protect the rights of the workers abiding by the rules set out in these documents respectively

a) The Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishment - legal authority to enforce

BLA 2006)

b) RAJUK (Rajdhani Unnayan Kattripakkha or the Capital Development Authority) - legal

authority to enforce BNBC 2006 and to take legal actions against the violators of safety

laws specifically for construction sector

Until November 2006 there was no health and safety law that literally applied to the construction

sector That was because the Factories Act 1965 ndash which was then the only legal source of health

24

and safety obligations - applied to factorieslsquo which was defined to require the carrying out of a

manufacturing processlsquo This did not include construction sites in the sense that the construction

process did not actually manufacture or produce any goods or products (OSHE 2009)

In November 2006 the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 (BLA 2006) and the Bangladesh National

Building Code 2006 (BNBC 2006) were enacted Each of these two pieces of legislation contains

health and safety obligations relevant to the construction sector

The Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 (BLA 2006) is applied in a broader sense ie it applies to all types

of labour that are involved in any type of work that adds to the GDP of the country On the other

hand the Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 (BNBC 2006) specifically deals with the safety

of labours involved in the building construction sector

32 Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 (BLA 2006)

321 Application

The BLA 2006 which replaced the Factories Act 1965 and 24 other pieces of labour legislation

(OSHE 2009) applies not only to factorieslsquo but to all establishmentslsquo An establishmentlsquo has a

wide definition and includes

―Contractors or sub-contractorlsquos establishments for the purpose of construction

reconstruction repair alteration or demolition of any building road tunnel drain canal or

bridge hellip

In effect therefore the BLA 2006 applies to construction sites

322 Duty holder

In the Factories Act 1965 health and safety duties were imposed upon the occupierlsquo of the factory

and its managerlsquo ―Occupier was defined as ―the person who has the ultimate control over the

affairs of the factory In the BLA 2006 these obligations are imposed upon the employerlsquo

25


Chapters 5-8 of the BLA 2006 set out obligations relating to health safety and welfare of workers

These provisions are almost unchanged from the obligations set out in the repealed Factories Act

1965 and as a result remain primarily relevant to risks in factories rather than construction sites

However there are a number of provisions in the BLA 2006 that are relevant to construction sites

and these are set out in Table 31 below

Table 31 Duties in the BLA 2006 relevant to the construction sector (OSHE 2009)

Section Obligation Section 57 Sufficient and suitable lighting Section 58 Sufficient supply of wholesome pure drinking water Section 59 Provision of clean and sanitary latrines Section 63 Fencing of machinery in motion or use Section 68 Maintenance of cranes Section 69 Maintenance of hoists Section 72 Secure covering and fencing of floor openingslsquo Section 74 Carrying of weights likely to cause injurylsquo prohibited Section 89 Availability of first aid boxeslsquo etc Section 90 Presence of safety record booklsquo Section 80 Notice by employer to inspector of death or bodily injury Section 91 Facilities for washing and bathinglsquo


The BLA 2006 is enforced by a group of inspectors from the Department of Inspection for

Factories and Establishment ndash who have powers to enter the site to enquire about improvements to

be made and to prosecute for failure to comply with the duties

Under the Act it is an offence punishable by up to 4 years imprisonment to cause a death through a

breach of one of the duties set out in the Act (OSHE 2009)

However there are only 84 inspectors currently to enforce health and safety obligations in all

establishments throughout Bangladesh ndash and it is not common for the Department to inspect

construction sites and enforce the law For effectiveness the Inspectorate needs to keep up with the

wider scope of the BLA 2006 and has to give inspectors the role of inspecting construction sites

26

325 Compensation

Chapter 12 of the BLA 2006 sets out the circumstances when an employer is liable to pay

compensation to an injured worker or a dependent family (following a death) An employerlsquo is

liable to pay compensation if ―personal injury is caused to a worker by accident arising out of and in

the course of his employment A worker in this context includes construction workers also (OSHE

2009)

In case of death whatever the circumstances of the death the employer must deposit 1 lakh taka in

the labour court and it is the responsibility of the labour court to distribute the money to the

dependents

Where a worker suffers permanent total disabilitylsquo ndash meaning losing the capability to work ndash the

employer must pay 125 lakh taka In relation to certain specified injuries the employer must pay a

specified percentage of 125 lakh or pay a certain number of monthlsquos salary (OSHE 2009)


The Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 (BNBC) was first drafted in 1993 by the Housing and

Building Research Institute and on 15 November 2006 it was given the force of law when it was

gazetted as a regulation under powers set out in Section 18A of the Building Construction Act 1952

It was done by amending the Act to include the new section 18 A empowering the government to

promulgate the building code as a legally binding document (Shafi 2010)

But following a High Court rule in 2008 the government in December 2009 took a two-year-long

project to revise it further Though the time is over the process is still underway The steering

committee of the BNBC said that it would be complete by the year 2013 (Mahmud 2013)

In addition the following Acts and rules are relevant and related to urban development and

especially to the BNBC 2006

a) The Building Construction Act 1952

b) The Town Improvement (TI) Act 1953

c) Land Development Rules for Private Housing 2004

d) Building Construction Rules 2008

27

331 Application

The BNBC applies to ―any construction addition alternation or repair use and occupancy location

maintenance demolition and removal of building or structure or any appurtenances connected or

attached to it

332 Duty holder

The BNBC requires the ―owner of the property which is under construction - who may be a private

person company or ―government department or agency - to comply with the obligations in the

Code The BNBC defines owner to include ―any developer who by appointment contract or lease is

or has been responsible for the construction activity The term developerlsquo alludes to someone

carrying out the construction of buildings which includes both large and small contractors who have

a direct contract with the building owner In addition engineers architects and planners have a duty

to ―ensure compliance with the Code


The duties relevant to worker health safety and welfare are contained in four chapters in Part 7 of

the BNBC The code imposes a general duty to work in a safe manner It states that

―erection alteration remodeling repairing removal or demolition of a building or structure

shall be conducted in a safe manner Suitable protection for the general public and workers

employed thereon shall be provided according to the various provisions of this Code

The main areas of safety responsibility are set out in Table 32

28

Table 32 Areas in which obligations are imposed in the BNBC (OSHE 2009)

Key area of safety responsibility Sections Storage stacking and handling of materials Chapter 2 para 221 - 2220 Loading and unloading of materials Chapter 2 para 231 ndash 232 Excavation and foundation worker Chapter 3 para 321 ndash 3212 Pile rig Chapter 3 para 331 ndash 334 Construction of walls Chapter 3 para 341 ndash 344 Construction of floors Chapter 3 para 351 ndash 356 Concrete work Chapter 3 para 361 ndash 364 Formwork and scaffold Chapter 3 para 371 ndash 376 Erection operations Chapter 3 para 381 ndash 387 Electrification equipment and operations Chapter 3 para 391 ndash 397 General construction hazards Chapter 3 para 3101 ndash 3105 Demolition Chapter 4


The Code states that the government will establish a new or designate an existing agency

responsible for enforcement of this Code with a given area of jurisdiction But the government has

not yet established such agency Enforcing bodies in Bangladesh currently responsible for the

enforcement of the Building Construction Act 1952 should apply part seven of the Code but

RAJUK which is supposed to have this responsibility indicate that its inspectors do not in fact do

so (OSHE 2009) As a result the BNBC is totally unenforced

Some of the legal issues related to the enforcement and implementation of BNBC as stated in the

Code itself are highlighted below

a) Part 2 Chapter 1 Section 11 states that ―All legal issues shall be referred to the Building

Construction Act

b) Part 2 Chapter 2 Section 21 discusses about Code enforcement agency

―The Government shall establish a new or designate an existing departmentagency

responsible for enforcement of this Code throughout Bangladesh Code enforcing agency

shall have the authority of the government and shall herein be referred to as the Building

Regulatory Authority (BRA) This authority shall work as apex body to implement the

provisions of the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) and will be administered

under the Ministry of Housing and Public Works Government of Bangladesh

29

c) Part 2 Chapter 2 Section 231 states that ―The administrative and operational chief of the

code enforcing office shall be designated as the Building Official (ie the authorised officer)

who will perform duties as laid down in the Building Construction Act

d) Part-2 Chapter-2 Section 241 states that the administrative jurisdiction of building officials

will be the areas falling under the Master Plan control of Rajdhani Unnayan Kattripakkha

(RAJUK) Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) Rajshahi Development Authority

(RDA) and other development authorities for their respective areas

e) Part 2 Chapter 2 gives an idea about the duties and powers vested on the Building Official

i Section 291states that

―The Building Official shall be authorized to enforce all the provisions of this Code

and for such purposes the Building Official shall have the power of a law enforcing

officer

ii Section 295 states that

―All necessary notices and orders to correct illegal or unsafe conditions to require the

specified safeguards during construction and to ensure compliance with all the

requirements of safety health and general welfare of the public as included in this

Code shall be issued by the Building Official

iii Section 298 states that

―The Building Official may issue an order for immediate discontinuation of a work

and cancellation of a previous permit for such work at any stage if any work is being

done contrary to the provision of this Code

f) Part-2 Chapter-3 of the code tells about duty holder

i Part-2 Chapter-3 Section 381 states that the owner of a building is the one who shall

be responsible for carrying out the work in conformity with the provisions of this

Code

ii And also in Part-2 Chapter-3 Section 2131 the term ―owner is defined as any person

firm corporation or government department or agency who as owner of the property

constructs any building or structure on that property

iii And most importantly the following statement clarifies about the duty of the

developer firms who are currently playing the major role in construction sector Part-2

Chapter-3 Section 2131 states that ―The term ―owner shall for the purpose of these

provisions include any developer who by appointment contract or lease is or has been

responsible for the actions listed above

iv And for the safety measures Part 2 Chapter 3 Section 386 states that ―The owner

shall take proper safety measures in and around the construction site

30

335 Compensation

A big question arises about who shall be responsible for violation of the Code and what actions shall

be taken against such offenders The answer to it is given in Part-2 Chapter-2 Section 2131 of the

Code which states that if the owner of the property who shall be responsible for carrying out the

work in conformity with the provisions of this Code violates any part of this Code shall be guilty of

an offence and the authority shall take legal action against such offenders

But the Code does not specify what sort of legal actions should be taken against such offenders and

what amount of money should be paid as compensation to the victims of accidents as a result of

safety negligence

But in another report it is stated that The BNBC became law when it was gazetted under the

Building Construction Act 1952 in 2006 which contains the provision of a possible punishment of

seven years of imprisonment for non-compliance (Rashid 2011) Also it is stated in the Code that

(Part 2 Chapter 1 Section 11) ―All legal issues shall be referred to the Building Construction Act

This means the Act will provide legal justifications for actions against violation but the Code itself

does not have any provisions for actions

Figure 31 Institutional arrangement for legal enforcement of construction workerslsquo safety

Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments

BLA 2006 Bangladesh Labour Act

2006

Construction workerslsquo safety

Enforcing laws

BNBC 2006 Bangladesh National Building Code 2006

Implementing authority

Inspector

Building official

Implementing personnel

RAJUK

31


A quick assessment on the authorities responsible for construction workerslsquo safety is presented

below

341 Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments (DIFE)

The Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishment under the Ministry of Labour and

Employment is tasked to enforce the law set out in the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 relating to

workplace health and safety The Department works under three wings- engineering wing medical

wing and general wing Chief Inspector is the head of the Department It has zonal and regional

offices for inspection

As per its objectives the department presently enforces as many as 46 labour laws rules and

regulations related to safety wages and welfare of labours working in factories and different

establishments in the country (Faruque 2009) Some of its functions are highlighted below

a) Inspection of factories shops commercial establishments tea plantations portsdocks

railways inland water transport and road transports for enforcement of labour laws relating

to safety health hygiene factory layout and design labour welfare payment of wages and

compensation regulation hours of work and rest conditions and terms of employment

social security etc of workers

b) Prosecution against the violations of labour laws in different courts

c) Approval of construction extension and lay-out plans of factories

d) Issue of registration and licenses of factories

e) Maintenance of liaison with different government departments employerlsquos organizations

and trade unions on enforcement of labour laws

f) Assistance to the government in formulation of policies about enforcement of labour laws

and framing labour laws including amendments

But the department had been facing neglect of the government since its inception in 1970 The

number of factories and establishments has increased over the years but the department has not

been equipped with adequate logistics and manpower to discharge its functions properly (Faruque

2009)

32

Also in one report Mr Md Habibul Islam Deputy Secretary GoB Chief Inspector Dept of

Inspection of Factories and Establishment had said that the Department is not responsible because

they are not involved in construction phase They only approve the plan RAJUK should also

approve the safety plan It is unable to perform its functions properly due to acute crisis of lack of

manpower and logistics such as vehicles (FPD 2011 Kallol 2013 Karim 2013 Liton 2013 Munni

2013)

Some of its features are

a) The Department has to look into the countrys 29000 registered factories and over 200000

unregistered factories across the country including 5000 garment plants

b) The Department has 31 offices including

i the headquarter in Dhaka

ii four divisional offices

iii four regional offices and

iv 22 district offices

c) At present there are 84 safety inspectors against the permanent posts of 103 for 29000

registered factories and over 200000 unregistered factories across the country (Kallol

2013)

Recently the ministry of labor and employment has recently chalked out a mega plan involving an

increase in the total number of employees by over nine fold to nearly 3000 and more than doubling

the number of its offices from 31 to 75 Additionally 679 inspector posts have been created under

the new plan (Hossein 2013)

The Departmentlsquos 31 offices will be increased and expanded in all the 64 districts of the country

with the implementation of the plan The plan includes increasing the number of offices to 75

including

a) one in each of the districts

b) seven in each division and

c) four special offices in Dhaka Narayanganj Gazipur and Chittagong where concentration of

industries is high

33

At the latest the Ministry of Public Administration (MoPA) has endorsed the approval of the labour

ministrylsquos proposal of upgrading the department with a 2300 strong manpower and will be sent to

the finance ministry followed by secretary level committee for approval But the procedure is being

delayed for bureaucratic tangles (Liton 2013)


As per the Town Improvement Act 1953 (TI Act 1953) Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkha (RAJUK) is

the legitimate authority under the Ministry of Housing and Public Works to prepare land use plan

and take care of plan implementation control the development and manage the growth of Dhaka

city (Mahmud 2007) RAJUK is the legitimate public issuing approval of any building construction

This agency was entrusted with the job of preparing plan for Dhaka city controlling the current and

future development

At present RAJUK has following legal machineries to control the land use and growth of the city

They are i) Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) 1995 comprising of Structure Plan

Urban Area Plan and Detailed Area Plan ii) Town Improvement Act 1953 iii) Building

Construction Rules 1996 iv) Private Residential Land Development Rules 2004 v) Wet Land

Conservation Act 2002 and recently approved vi) Mohanagar Imarat Nirman Bidhimala 2006

(Building Construction Rules 2006)

Ferdous (2012) states that Rajdhani Unnayan Kattripakkhalsquos joint secretary and member (planning)

Sheikh Abdul Mannan said that they have no wing to monitor safety measures at the construction

sites RAJUK only monitors the architectural part of a building It does not look into workerslsquo

safetylsquo But RAJUK has been ordered to establish a code enforcing agency

It is also stated that RAJUK only approves the design of a proposed building and has no legal

mandate to enforce safety measures on a construction site

In another report he also said RAJUK is monitoring whether construction is being done in

accordance with the RAJUK approved designs It does not look into workers safety (Rahman 2011)

Thus for the lack of law enforcement and strong monitoring people also violate the plans during the

construction of their building and structures including the safety issues

In another report it is also stated that the responsibility of RAJUK is only to give approval of

designs while that of monitoring and supervision lie with the local government bodies ndash city

34

corporation municipality and the union parishad Also RAJUK could not oversee the safety issue

properly due to manpower shortage (Mahmud 2013)


Apart from the legal authorities who are responsible for enforcing safety laws there are other non-

government agencies which are working for the improvement of the workplace atmosphere

especially in the construction sector

Their contribution to the upliftment of the construction workers conditions is immense as they are

pushing the government to establish a national policy for safe workplace They function as

supporting agencies to create mass awareness about construction workerslsquo safety and make it a

national issue

Following section gives a brief outline on these agencies

(a) Bangladesh Occupational Health Safety and Environment Foundation (OSHE)

OSHE is the national collaborating center of International Safety and Health Information Center of

the International Labour Organization (CIS-ILO) Its mission is to promote human rights at

workplaces with special focus on workplace safety workers health and environment

OSHE is currently initiating policy dialogues on following issues and implementing activities

accordingly

i National Labour Policy

ii National Safety Policy

iii National Health Policy focus to workers health

iv National Environment Policy focus to labour

They also try to obtain authentic information on the labour issues in right time enabling stakeholders

towards taking appropriate actions for sustainable workplace development in time

35

(b) Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS)

BILS is the only labour institute of the country As an apex organization BILS endeavors to uphold

the causes of working people and trade unions of Bangladesh Thirteen major national trade union

federations are associated with BILS

Protecting workers rights is the main objective of BILS and it strives to promote just and worker

friendly policies and laws in Bangladesh It also plays a catalyst role in bridging trade unions civil

society and the government on labour market issues

(c) Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust (BLAST)

BLAST is one of the largest legal services organizations in Bangladesh Its specific objectives are

i to provide free legal aid and to undertake public interest litigation and advocacy activities for

securing justice

ii to establish legal aidassistance and human rights protection units in the bar associations and

in different localities of the country including rural areas

(d) Safety and Rights Society (SRS)

Safety and Rights Society (SRS) a local not-for-profit organisation is concerned with improving

workplace conditions and promoting consumer and public safety in Bangladesh It also works to

promote the improvement of workplace health and safety and other working conditions in the

country by following measures

i to assist dependent families and injured workers gain compensation for workplace death and

injury according to Bangladesh law and assist in the rehabilitation of injured workers

ii to promote the enforcement securing and realization of labour rights under the laws of

Bangladesh and the international standards

35 Recent developments in the establishment of a code enforcing agency

BLAST (Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust) along with Bangladesh Occupational Safety

Health and Environment Foundation (OSHE) and Safety and Rights Society (SRS) jointly filed a

writ petition (Public Interest Litigation) in the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of

36

Bangladesh in January 2008 to secure compliance with legal provisions regarding safety and

security of construction workers as provided in the Bangladesh National Building Code 2006

(BLAST 2008) During the demolition operation of RANGS Bhaban a part of the building

collapsed resulting in the deaths of several construction workers Allegedly the company assigned

to demolish RANGS Bhaban had failed to comply with the necessary safety measures The

petitioners claimed that the concerned authoritylsquos failure to give effect to the provisions of the 2006

Code had endangered the security of construction workers exposing them to the risk of severe

injuries and death in violation of their right to life as guaranteed by Article 32 of the Constitution

The High Court directed the government to

i explain within four weeks why its failure to date to establish a government agency as

provided for under the Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 for enforcement of the

law does not constitute a breach of its statutory and constitutional duties

ii submit a statement to the Court setting out what steps it has taken to secure the safety of

construction workers since the Code became law in November 2006

Following the writ petition the High Court Division directed the Ministry of Housing and Public

Works to establish an agency or designate an existing body responsible for the enforcement of the

Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 throughout the country by 01 November 2012 (BLAST

2011)

It also ordered that within three months the ministry should designate RAJUK and the respective

Development Authorities of all other municipal corporations to undertake enforcement of the

Codelsquo They shall also secure immediate compliance with the safety and security provisions of the

Code at every level of construction or demolition of building and other structures

Later on according to a newspaper report ( Staff Correspondent - The Daily Star 2013) the High

Court on 28th May 2013 issued a contempt of court rule against four secretaries and chairman of

RAJUK for not complying with its earlier directives mentioned above for establishing a National

Building Code Enforcement authority This rule came up following a petition filed by BLAST and

Safety and Rights Society mdash on May 27 2013 saying that the officials had not implemented the

High Court directives though they were aware of those

But till today the issue of establishing a Code enforcing authority is pending and waiting to see its

implementation

37


This study indicates that a significant number of accidents occur because of lack of enforcement of

safety laws in the field

Some of the main obstacles in this sector are

a) Lack of a preventative occupational safety and health culture at construction sector at

national level

b) Lack of legal coverage and management systems

c) Absence of supervision and enforcement by the government

d) Lack of adequate research workers and employers education on occupational safety and

health issues

National laws and regulations are often based upon international conventions agreements

declarations and programmes These have been drawn up by different United Nations organizations

including the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)

In 1988 the ILO adopted the Safety and Health in Construction Convention (No167) and its

accompanying Recommendation (No175) which can provide a foundation on which safe and

healthy working conditions in Bangladesh can be built

Occupational safety and health in construction sector is a common responsibility that should be

taken on by every social player at national level rather than just by the government employers and

trade unions The prevention culture of occupational safety and health needs to be supported and

sustained by shaping and implementing national safety policies for the sector strengthening

regulatory tools strategies and national action programs fully reflecting preventive measures if

national goal is to achieve safe workplace in the country

38

Chapter 4

ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT DATA

41 General

Building construction sites being one of the most hazardous workplaces witness many accidents

causing both injury and death This has also been observed from the accident data that have been

collected under this study These data are then tabulated and organized according to different factors

that become apparent from the survey This will reflect on the characteristics of safety climate in

building construction sites in Dhaka city

The main objective of this study is to analyze the accident data to identify the major causes of

fatalities in Bangladesh This will point out and emphasize the areas which need maximum attention

during implementing safety measures in the construction sites


This study was conducted to determine the causes of construction accidents and to identify the major

areas of lack of safety measures in Bangladesh It has come from the study that identifying the

accidents would help to find out the effective and logical measure for accident prevention

To conduct this study it was first necessary to identify a data base that contained the information

about accidents in the construction industry But as a matter of fact there is no official database

system for the fatality record in the country

So data was collected from the Police and OSHE Detailed data of fatalities were collected for the

period of last six years ie from January 2008 till December 2013 These data were studied

comprehensively to bring out the picture of current safety situations prevailing in the construction

sites of Bangladesh

Initially data was taken from the Police authority (Dhaka Metropolitan Police DMP) where

construction accidents and fatalities are recorded either in the unnatural death cases (UD files) or

39

they are registered under the Penal Code 304A cases which is allocated for offences due to

negligence From their report a total of 60 cases were found to occur in the construction sites in the

last 5 years This gives a picture that majority of the accidents are not at all reported to the Police

This is mainly because it will lead to filing of criminal case which has to be solved in the court and

the related legal proceedings are a very lengthy hassling and tiring process in this country So the

ownercontractor quietly settles the situation by giving a limited amount of money as a

compensation to the victimvictims family which in most cases is inadequate And also there are

reports that no compensation is paid at all

Next data was also collected from OSHE (Bangladesh Occupational Health Safety and

Environment Foundation) which keeps a record of all the workplace fatalities occurring in

Bangladesh including construction fatalities OSHE collects these data from monitoring fifteen

national daily newspapers in the country But in actual life the total figure of fatalities are much

higher because most of the accidents are neither reported to the police nor they reach the newspaper

agencies

After data collection was completed a broad and exhaustive analysis was carried out and the data

was assessed to find out the major causes of these accidents which are presented in the following

sectons


From Figure 41 it can be seen that during the period 2008 ndash 2013 a total of 806 people died due to

failure in proper implementation of adequate safety measures This means that an average of 135

people lost their lives per year in the construction sector which is among one of the highest in the

world The figure also shows that the number of fatalities has alarmingly increased in the last two

years (2012 and 2013) reaching almost two hundred in each of the last two years This gives a clear

picture of the extremely poor safety situation in Bangladesh This also implies that the safety

situation in the building construction sites is rapidly deteriorating which has to be given special

attention so as to prevent those casualties

40

Figure 41 Year wise distribution of number of fatalities

44 District wise distribution of fatalities in Bangladesh

After collecting data and analyzing it the fatalities were arranged according to their place of

occurrence in terms of the 64 districts of Bangladesh and tabulated as shown in Table 41 From the

table it can be seen that Dhaka being the capital of Bangladesh and the main centre of the countryrsquos

social and economic growth has the maximum number of fatalities totalling to a amount of 353

which alone comprises about 44 of all the deaths It is followed by the port city of Chittagong

which comprises about 10

Narayanganj and Gazipur which are economic centres habitating a large number of factories and

industries are in the third and fourth position of the fatality list The remaining 60 districts of

Bangladesh alltogether share the remaining 36 of the fatality cases Therefore this study mainly

focussed on the safety scenario in the city of Dhaka as it accounts for nearly half the fatalities of the

total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41

Table 41 District wise distribution of fatalities in Bangladesh

District 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Bagerhat 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Bandarban 0 1 1 0 0 2 4 Barguna 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 Barisal 0 2 1 0 1 2 6 Bhola 0 1 0 0 2 0 3 Bogra 1 1 4 4 1 1 12 Brahmanbaria 1 1 0 1 0 3 6 Chandpur 0 1 1 1 2 5 10 Chittagong 9 3 12 13 22 19 78 Chuadanga 0 1 0 0 2 1 4 Comilla 3 3 5 0 3 1 15 Coxs Bazar 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Dhaka 34 24 43 64 102 86 353 Dinajpur 1 0 0 1 2 4 8 Faridpur 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 Feni 4 0 0 1 2 4 11 Gaibandha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gazipur 5 3 6 9 7 7 37 Gopalganj 0 1 1 3 2 1 8 Habiganj 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 Jamalpur 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 Jessore 4 0 4 1 5 2 16 Jhalokati 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 Jhenaidah 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 Joypurhat 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Khagrachhari 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Khulna 0 1 2 1 4 4 12 Kishoreganj 2 0 1 0 2 2 7 Kurigram 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kushtia 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Lakshmipur 0 1 5 1 1 1 9 Lalmonirhat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Madaripur 0 1 1 1 2 1 6 Magura 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Manikganj 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 Meherpur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Moulvibazar 4 0 0 1 0 0 5 Munshiganj 0 2 2 3 1 1 9 Mymensingh 2 2 2 1 3 5 15 Naogaon 0 0 7 2 0 2 11 Narail 1 2 0 0 0 1 4 Narayanganj 5 1 19 6 6 8 45 Narsingdi 0 0 0 0 5 3 8 Natore 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Nawabganj 0 2 0 0 1 0 3 Netrakona 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 Nilphamari 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Noakhali 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 Pabna 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 Panchagarh 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Patuakhali 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 Pirojpur 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Rajbari 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

42

District 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Rajshahi 0 1 3 0 2 1 7 Rangamati 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 Rangpur 2 0 2 0 2 0 6 Satkhira 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 Shariatpur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sherpur 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Sirajganj 0 2 0 1 2 2 7 Sunamganj 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 Sylhet 4 3 4 1 0 2 14 Tangail 0 1 3 0 6 0 10 Thakurgaon 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Total 85 67 142 122 196 191 803


The number of buildings given approval for construction by RAJUK during the period 2009 ndash 2012

is already given in Table 23 And the number of fatalities occurring in Dhaka during the same

period is collected from field survey (see Table 41) Now analyzing and correlating these two sets

of data give an idea about the ratio of number of buildings constructed per fatality which also gives

a rough measure of construction safety

Table 42 Ratio of buildings constructed per fatality (2009 - 2012)

Year Number of buildings

Number of fatalities

Ratio of buildings constructed per fatality

2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50

From Table 42 it can be seen that on an average one person dies out of every 50 construction sites

in Dhaka city

The above statistics also show that the number of fatalities is increasing in Dhaka Figure 42 shows

that one fatality used to occur out of 110 buildings constructed (Year 2009) But within a span of

three years (Year 2012) death figures have increased as now construction of only 16 buildings is

producing a fatality This is very alarming as the fatality figure has sharply risen in the recent years

(almost seven times) inferring that the safety situations in the construction sites has deeply

deteriorated

43

Figure 42 Ratio of buildings constructed per fatality (2009 - 2012)

The above analysis is an attempt to present a different way to measure construction safety But this

analysis can be refined more to make it more accurate All the buildings that were given approval

may not go into construction although it is assumed they did To examine this data may be collected

from RAJUK to find how many of those who did not go for construction have applied for

extension for the validity of their approval which usually expires after five years In this way the

actual number of buildings that did actually underwent construction can be obtained

Another limiation of this analysis was that there is no way to know that the fatality data which were

collected were only from RAJUK approved projects Many constructions are undergoing without

any official authorization or most often that occurs is that a building is further extended mainly

vertically for which no further approval from RAJUK is taken Though this is unauthorized

fatalities may also occur during this construction stage which were also counted during this analysis


The data for different areas of Dhaka city were obtained from the Police authority ie the Dhaka

Metropolitan Police (DMP) and also from OSHE The data is tabulated for the last six years ie for

the period 2008 - 2013 Following table shows the area - wise distribution of fatal accidents in terms

of Thanas in Dhaka city

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44

Table 43 Thana wise distribution of fatalities in Dhaka city

Thana 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Adabor 1 0 0 2 1 5 9 Agargaon 0 0 0 3 6 3 12 Badda 2 0 0 0 7 0 9 Banani 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 Bangshal 0 2 0 3 0 2 7 Bimanbandar 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Cantonment 1 0 0 1 2 0 4 Chawkbazar 0 0 1 1 1 2 5 Demra 0 2 0 0 3 1 6 Dhamrai 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Dhanmondi 1 5 3 3 3 1 16 Dohar 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Gulshan 1 1 4 3 3 3 15 Hazaribagh 1 0 0 0 2 3 6 Jatrabari 1 1 2 1 0 4 9 Kadamtali 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 Kafrul 1 1 0 0 1 2 5 Kalabagan

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Kamrangirchar

0 0 1 3 1 0 5 Keraniganj

1 0 0 4 1 3 9 Khilgaon 2 0 1 0 4 3 10 Khilkhet 0 1 1 4 6 2 14 Kotwali 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 Lalbagh 0 0 2 2 3 0 7 Mirpur 3 3 4 2 8 9 29 Mohammadpur 2 2 3 6 3 3 19 Mohakhali 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 Motijheel 2 0 2 2 0 1 7 Nawabganj 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Newmarket 2 0 1 0 0 2 5 Pallabi 2 0 0 2 4 3 11 Paltan 0 0 1 4 4 1 10 Ramna 1 0 5 1 5 1 13 Rampura 1 0 1 3 9 2 16 Sabujbagh 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 Savar 5 2 3 1 3 7 21 Shah Ali 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 Shahbag 0 0 1 0 0 3 4 Shyampur 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 Sutrapur 0 1 2 0 0 7 10 Tejgaon 0 0 2 2 7 3 14 Turag 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Uttara 1 0 2 4 4 3 14 Vatara 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Wari 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Total 34 23 44 64 102 86 353

45

Higher fatality cases are observed in the main residential areas of Dhaka city like Uttara

Dhanmondi Gulshan Mohammadpur with Mirpur recording the highest number of 29 deaths

Industrial areas like Tejgaon Savar and commercial centres like Paltan Ramna also have high

fatality rate The residential areas are having a good rate of building construction to meet the

demand of housing for the increasing population of the city especially for constructing apartment

complexes

On the other hand areas in the old town like Chawkbazar Lalbagh Wari Hazaribagh and areas in

the outskirts and suburban areas of Dhaka city like Dohar Dhamrai Demra Nawabganj have

comparatively lesser number of fatality count This does not mean that they have better safety

measures but these areas are not as developed as the main citycentres ie they have fewer number

of buildings under construction compared to the areas undergoing rapid development


By analyzing the data collected from the Police authority and OSHE a range of different types of

accidents were found resulting in fatal injuries But only a very few types account for most of the

fatalities

It is evident from the casualty data that these particular types of accidents are occurring on a regular

basis during building construction If precautions could be taken to improve the relevant safety

measures against those explicitly particular nature of accidents described in the following sections

then almost 99 of fatalities can be easily be avoided The major causes of construction accidents

are as follows

a) Fall from heights

b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material

f) Formworkshuttering failure

g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46

Table 44 Distribution of fatalities based upon nature of accident

Cause of accident 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Fall from heights 33 25 45 47 87 75 312 Electrocution 22 22 43 32 69 68 256 Suffocation 10 2 15 7 18 8 60 Wall collapse 6 8 20 8 8 11 61 Fall of material 4 2 7 18 14 10 55 Roof collapse 3 4 7 4 3 14 35 Earth collapse 5 3 5 5 0 0 18 Miscellaneous 2 1 0 1 0 5 9 Total 85 67 142 122 199 191 806

From Table 44 it can be observed that falling from heights and electrocution are the main reasons

of fatalities in the construction sites Together they contribute about 71 of all the fatalities Falling

from heights lead the fatality table with about 39 closely followed by electrocution that accounts

about 32 of the fatalities Contribution of other causes of accidents range between 1 to 8 only

So it is obvious that particularly focussing on the two major causes of fatalities and taking strict

precautionary measures to prevent them about 71 of the lives could be saved

These distinctive causes of fatalities are examined elaborately for clearer insight into these causes of

deaths in the following sections

Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7

Roof collapse4 Earth

collapse2

Miscellaneous1

Fig 43 Percentage distribution of different causes of fatalities

47

48 Itemwise analysis of different causes of accidents


Building construction is one of the most hazardous occupations in terms of safety Among all

categories of accidents death due to falling occurs for the highest number of times because fall from

high elevations lead to instant death It accounts for 39 of all accidents holding the first position in

the list of fatality factors These data are then tabulated and organized so as to identify the main

reasons for falling from heights After analyzing it becomes apparent that most workers accidentally

slip and fall while working at elevated heights

The main reasons are that most workers do not wear any safety belt and also generally no guard rail

are installed at the open edges of floors and roofs which should be put up according to the

specification in the BNBC

Fall prevention is far more effective than fall protection which often involves personal protective

equipment Some workers fell because they did not tie off their body harnesses because they felt it

troublesome to be tied off to a fixed anchorage The lack of safety training is often a contributing

factor for many falls

Study also shows that workers fall from heights due to breaking of scaffolds or tearing of ropes

holding the scaffold

In Bangladesh it is a very common practice to build bamboo scaffolding outside the building along

the periphery of the building for doing external works such as plastering and painting and also for

fitting sanitary pipes on the external portion of the building The construction workers barely use

any safety belt while working on the scaffold The scaffolds are mostly narrow (about 4 to 5 feet

wide) and most importantly they are installed without any guardrail The workers work 8-10 hours a

day and the workers can easily slip and fall when they are caught out of guard

Another prime cause of falling is due to breaking of ropes because the ropes used in the construction

sites are mostly nylon or jute ropes which are repeatedly being used for a long time without being

changed And moreover Bangladesh experiences a long monsoon period with heavy showers This

leads to the faster deterioriation of the ropes and they get easily worn out and finally snaps

48

Table 45 Distribution of fatalities based upon different causes of falls from height

Causes of fall 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Breaking scaffoldtearing ropes 2 3 7 14 9 4 39 Slip and fall (bindingcarrying rods) 1 0 1 1 5 5 13 Fall through lift core 0 0 2 7 2 1 12 Crane falling(tearing ropes) 0 2 2 0 1 4 9 Slip and fall (plastering) 1 1 0 1 1 5 9 Slip and fall (painting) 3 1 1 0 1 2 8 Fall through open stairsladders 2 0 1 1 3 1 8 Slip and fall (casting) 0 0 0 2 2 3 7 Slip and fall (removing shuttering) 0 1 1 0 2 2 6 Slip and fall (welding) 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 Slip and fall (watering columns) 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 Fall in water tank 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 Slip and fall (carrying bricks) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Slip and fall (fixing window panes) 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Fall from crane 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Fall from casing pipe (piling) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Blown away by storm 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Total 122

4811 Fall height

Most buildings constructed in Dhaka city are 6 to 8 storey high But now buildings above 15 storeys

are also common Now analysis of fall height reveal an interesting fact that more workers are dying

falling from lower elevations than labours working at higher elevations Figure 44 shows that

around 180 people or in other words about 78 of the fall fatalities fell from storeys 2-7 whereas

storeys above 8th floor account for only 20 of the fatalities This is mainly because high-rise

structure normally has better protection system against falling accidents Awareness against falling

and conciousness of possible danger is greater with higher elevations Therefore number of fatal

cases reduces with higher floors Alternatively workers tend to relax their guard and have more

confidence while working in lower elevations which ultimately makes them more prone to fatal

accidents

49

Table 46 Storey wise distribution of fatalities (fall from heights)

Storey 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 3 3 3 6 6 2 23 3 7 1 7 2 5 11 33 4 2 4 4 7 11 12 40 5 5 1 5 4 12 6 33 6 3 1 5 8 12 5 34 7 1 1 1 1 6 7 17 8 0 1 3 4 1 1 10 9 0 0 0 2 3 2 7 10 0 1 0 3 3 4 11 11 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 12 0 0 0 1 2 3 6 13 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 14 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 15 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 16 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 231

Figure 44 Storey wise distribution of fatalities (fall from heights)

482 Electrocution

Electrocution is the second largest factor for construction accidents in Bangladesh accounting upto

32 of all the fatalities Electrocution is mainly caused due to poor housekeeping in the

2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50

construction sites Electric wires mostly lie haphazardly across the construction sites and the

workers usually do not know which lines are live and have electricity passing through them

Workers also get electrocuted when handling the iron rods used for reinforcement of the building

When this rod gets connected to live wire leads to electrocution Furthermore it is a fact that

Bangladesh experiences a relatively long monsoon season with a duration from early May to late

October with recurring events of heavy showers Due to the heavy rains inundation and water

stagnation is very common in the construction sites As water is a very good conductor of electricity

this leads to electrocution especially when carrying and working with iron rods used for

construction

It is also very important to mention that in a congested city like Dhaka it is a common scene that the

the overhead power lines are very close to the buildings constructed This close proximity of the

overhead power lines is another big reason for the workers getting electrocuted Usually these lines

carry electricity at 33 kV voltage and anyone getting in touch with them results in instant death The

workers working at 2nd and 3rd storey elevation are the main victims They either get directly

connected to the powerlines or the iron rods carried by them get connected Table 47 presents a list

of factors that are primarily responsible for electrocution fatalities

Table 47 Distribution of fatalities based upon nature of electrocution

Types of electrocution 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Directly connects to live wire 11 13 18 14 36 37 129 Directly connects to roadside cable (33Kv power supply line) 1 1 1 3 7 2 15

Bindingcarrying rods connect to roadside cable (33kV power supply line) 5 3 5 4 4 8 29

Electrocution (carrying rodsbamboo) 0 2 4 4 4 4 18 Electrocution (binding rods) 0 0 1 0 2 1 4 Electrocution (painting) 2 0 0 0 1 2 5 Electrocution (welding) 2 0 2 0 4 4 12 Electrocution (setting window grill) 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Electrocution (switching ldquoOnrdquo water pump) 0 1 0 1 2 3 7

Electrocution (tileswork mosaic worksanitary work) 0 0 5 0 1 2 8

Electrocution (piling) 0 1 3 5 5 1 15 Electrocution and falling 1 0 4 1 3 4 13 Total 22 22 43 32 69 68 256

51


Fall of materials account about 7 of the total fatalities Fall of materials on head or body can be

prevented by using safety nets and overhead canopy around the periphery of the building Also

proper housekeeping and proper stacking of materials can help to avoid such accidents In these

cases the victims are totally unaware about the danger but wearing safety helmet could have

protected them from fatal injuries

Table 48 Distribution of fatalities based upon nature of fall of material

Types of fall of material 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Fall of brick 2 1 5 4 5 1 18 Fall of bambooscaffolding 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 Fall of rod 1 1 0 2 1 4 9 Fall of pipe during piling 0 0 1 4 5 1 11 Fall of lift used for carrying goods 0 0 0 2 0 2 4 Fall of crane used for carrying goods 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 Fall of machinery 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 Fall of glass window 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Fall of cement bag 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Fall of material during storm 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Total 4 2 7 18 14 10 55

484 Roof collapse

From Table 49 it is seen that majority casualty occurs when roof collapses while casting roof slab

Setting of weak shuttering and formwork and miscalculating the dead load of the roof that is

imposed after being cast are the main reasons Also proper precautions are not taken during

demolition work which also leads to roof collapse And sometimes the shuttering are opened even

before the concrete has gained sufficient strength resulting in fatalities

Table 49 Distribution of fatalities based upon nature of roof collapse

Roof collapse 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Roof collapse 1 0 3 0 3 3 10 Roof collapse (slab casting) 0 4 2 2 0 6 14 Roof collapse (demolition) 2 0 0 0 0 3 5 Roof collapse (centering) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Roof collapse (after opening shuttering) 0 0 3 0 2 0 5 Total 3 4 9 2 5 12 35

52

485 Wall collapse

Wall collapses mainly occur when excavation work is going on at the construction sites without

providing lateral braces or retaining wall or other precautionary measures thereby weakening the

foundation of the adjoining boundary wall resulting in collapse

Also demolition of existing buildings without proper precautionary measures results in unexpected

wall collapses causing fatalities

Since at present there is a rising trend of demolishing old structures and building new apartments

new focus should be given to the demolition work so that correct procedure is followed according to

BNBC and experienced workers are employed for such demolition work so that no more lives are

lost

Table 410 Distribution of fatalities based upon nature of wall collapse

Wall collapse 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Wall collapse (boundary walltop wall) 5 7 20 8 5 9 54 Wall collapse (demolition) 1 1 0 0 3 2 7

Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse

Earth collapse usually occurs when excavated earth materials are stored very close to the dug out pit

But now there is a common practice to take away the excavated earth materials to a far location

This has resulted in decrease in the number of fatalities in this sector From Table 411 it can be

seen that no fatalities were reported due to earth collapse in the last two years which is a good sign

Table 411 Distribution of fatalities based upon nature of earth collapse

Earth collapse 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Earth collapse 2 0 1 2 0 0 5 Earth collapse (digging for foundationbasement) 2 2 4 2

0 0 10

Earth collapse (piling) 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 Total 5 3 5 5 0 0 18

53

487 Suffocation

Suffocation is an intangible and silent source of death Deaths due to suffocation mainly occurs

when workers get inside the underground septic tank or reserve water tank to open the shuttering

and formwork When these structures are cast they are kept closed for a long period during which

poisonous gases develop inside the tank And when the workers get inside without knowing about

the danger they fall victim to the obnoxious gases It was evident from the data analysis that the

workers had no prior knowledge of such dangers lurking inside these type of closed structures More

than 2 to 3 people die in a single event of such accident because of the fact that when the first person

enters the tank he suffocates and becomes silent and provides no response to his co-workers So

then the other workers enter to investigate and alltogether everyone get suffocated and results in

more than one death

This situation is very dangerous because there is no visible signs of any danger to take precautions

for by the workers And hence a good number of workers die in such a manner These accidents

could be easily avoided if the workers had prior knowledge and proper safety measures were

adopted by the owner contractor subcontractors before entering the tanks A picture of the

fatalities is presented in Table 412 which shows the distribution of fatalities due to suffocation in

underground water tankseptic tank

Table 412 Distribution of fatalities due to suffocation in underground water tankseptic tank

Death due to suffocation by poisonous gas in underground reserve

water tankseptic tank

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60


From studying the accident data a reasonable number of deaths were reported while doing piling

work Main causes of piling accidents are electrocution and fall of casing pipe on body

Table 413 Distribution of fatalities based upon nature of accident during piling work

Fatalities during piling work 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Electrocution (piling) 0 1 3 5 5 1 15 Fall of casing pipe on body during piling 0 0 1 4 5 1 11 Earth collapse (piling) 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 Breaking of tristand of piling machine 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Fall from casing pipe (piling) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Total 1 2 5 10 10 4 32

54


This section examines the timing of the accidents both during the day and around the year As

shown in Figure 45 July is the month with the highest number of fatalities with 113 deaths reported

during this month while December with 33 accidents is the month with the least number of deaths

The number of fatalities is very high during the period May to October The reason behind this can

be related to the monsoon period which is prevalent during this season On the other hand

November to January constitute the winter season and February to April constitute the dry season

which have comparatively lesser number of deaths reported Though the construction activities are

higher during the winter and the dry season but majority of the accidents occur during the monsoon

period This can be linked with the heavy showers during the monsoon season

Table 414 Month wise distribution of fatalities

Month 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total January 4 2 6 9 8 14 43 February 9 2 13 8 12 18 62 March 10 4 5 10 14 14 57 April 3 4 10 14 9 16 56 May 8 5 18 10 22 10 73 June 16 7 15 4 21 15 78 July 7 12 17 17 26 34 113 August 7 10 18 16 14 17 82 September 11 9 8 13 32 20 93 October 5 7 18 12 20 16 78 November 4 3 6 3 10 12 38 December 1 2 8 6 11 5 33 Total 85 67 142 122 199 191 806

Figure 45 Month wise distribution of fatalities

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55

Due to the heavy rains inundation and water stagnation are very common in the construction sites

As water is a very good conductor of electricity this leads to quite a large number of deaths due to

electrocution especially when carrying and working with iron rods used for construction

Also the stagnating water makes roof and floor surfaces very slippery because of which the workers

tend to slip and fall from heights

Again the continuous exposure of degradable bamboo scaffolds and the ropes used for holding the

scaffolds to rains facilitates faster wear and deterioration of these materials making them weak for

carrying human load Eventually either the rope snaps or the scaffold breaks causing the workers to

fall to their death

Furthermore in our country financial year starts and ends around the period of June-July So during

this period there is a rush to complete the construction works within the deadline which creates a

huge possibility of overlooking and neglecting the required safety measures


It can be seen that most of the accidents occur during 0800 am to 0100 pm About 60 of the

fatalities are reported to occur during the day This is because that most of construction activities

take place during the early hours of the day There are also some deaths reported during the late

evening and the night which is due to lack of adequate lighting in the construction sites

Table 415 Time wise distribution of fatalities

Time Range 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Before 0800 am 1 1 2 1 2 5 14 0800 am- 1100 am 8 12 26 34 49 40 169 1101 am- 0100 pm 14 11 32 30 39 59 185 0101 pm- 0300 pm 5 5 2 5 10 9 36 0301 pm- 0500 pm 6 9 17 13 23 21 89 0501 pm- 0700 pm 6 6 6 14 11 13 56 0701 pm- 0900 pm 2 3 7 4 8 8 31 After 0900 pm 1 1 2 2 5 6 16 Total 43 48 94 103 147 161 596

56

Figure 46 Time wise distribution of fatalities


From the collected data it was observed that workers of age 20-30 are involved in majority of the

accidents when compared to the other age groups during construction Young workers who are

mostly inexperienced have greater tendency to perform risky works such as painting plastering

exterior ornamental works etc And they also tend to work without protection equipments like safety

helmet belt etc As a result higher tendency of falling accidents is linked to this group This high

frequency prevails between 20 to 30 years Also experience in construction for many years perhaps

is the main reason for lesser fatalities in the higher age group

Table 416 Age wise distribution of fatalities

Age Range 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total 0-10 0 1 3 0 0 1 5 11-20 13 11 9 16 28 31 108 21-30 35 26 56 48 89 64 318 31-40 15 10 33 19 34 35 142 41-50 8 7 15 7 11 21 69 51-60 2 2 0 5 6 5 20 61-70 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 71-80 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Total 73 57 116 96 169 153 664

14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57

Figure 47 Age wise distribution of fatalities

412 Gender ratio

Since majority of the workers are males it is understandable that most of the fatalities are male

workers But female workers also die in the sites due to lack of awareness and knowledge about

safety From data analysis it was found that around 27 female workers lost lives many of which

were due to fall of materials on body

Table 417 Gender ratio of fatalities

Sex Range 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Male 81 64 136 116 194 188 779 97 Female 4 3 6 6 5 3 27 3 Total 85 67 142 122 199 191 806 100

Figure 48 Gender ratio of fatalities

5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Age range (in years)

Male 97

Female3

58


The imporatance of safety during building construction has to be realized as construction sector

contributes a significant part to the countryrsquos economic development Proper steps should be taken

to improve safety on building construction sites Most of the accidents in building construction

industry are caused due to lack of proper knowledge and training regarding safety measures and also

because of negligence and ignorance on the part of either the worker or the management or both

In this chapter number of fatalities were tabulated according to the different causes of accidents

occurring in the construction sites In doing so the prime objective was to identify these factors

which are mainly responsible for the construction fatalities in Bangladesh

From the data analysis it can be seen that falling from heights and electrocution are the two prime

reasons for construction fatalities both together accounting for about 71 of the total fatality count

But taking some basic safety measures could have eliminated these casualties Use of safety belts

provision of 900 mm guard railing on open edges of floors and roofs providing strong and durable

scaffolds according to BNBC specifications could prevent the fall from heights casualties On the

other hand proper maintenance of electrical equipments use of insulating gloves and mats proper

housekeeping and protective measures against rains could prevent the electrocution fatalities

Therefore hazards on sites should be detected and identified beforehand through rigorous

examination of construction sites and eliminated through implementing appropriate and effective

safety measures so as not to lose any more valuable lives

59

Chapter 5

ANALYSIS OF SURVEY DATA

51 Introduction

The image of safety scenario prevailing in the construction industry of Bangladesh is tarnished with

the burden of high fatality rate of workers The industry also has a bad reputation in providing

necessary welfare services for the workers So a field survey was put in action in order to find and

analyze the current condition of welfare facilities and availability of safety equipments in the

construction sites In order to fulfill these objectives a well structured questionnaire was prepared

The survey was conducted with a view in mind to cover different parts of Dhaka city


The main objective of this study is to prevent fatal accidents in the construction sites From analysis

of fatality data it is found that there are many causes behind construction accidents like fall from

height electrocution suffocation wall collapse fall of material fall of roof or earth collapse etc

Fatality data collected represent only accident procedure not the lack of responsibility and

management issues related to the accidents

To reduce the chances of accidents it is needed to know the actual conditions of welfare facilities

and safety equipments So a survey is conducted to get response from both the workers and the

employers personnel (project managers engineers and contractors) Comparison between the data

obtained from both the parties is required to verify the actual condition and the responsibility related

to construction accidents

From literature review and initial surveys some welfare facilities safety equipments and factors

affecting construction safety are pointed out Based on these points a questionnaire is prepared to

survey both the parties - the workers and the employers The questionnaire was made in a format for

the convenience of analysis procedure

60

53 Survey procedure

The different phases for carrying out survey are

a) First phase background information collection

b) Second phase preparation of questionnaire

c) Third phase survey

d) Fourth phase compiling and analysis of data


The background information on workers was gathered from literature and the sources of the

reviewed literature were in two categories

a) Primary source

These include field survey both formal and informal face to face interviews and

discussions with contractors site engineers project managers and workers on building

construction sites

b) Secondary source

These include desk review of both published and unpublished material including policy

documents newspapers internet journals articles reports bulletins newsletters and

OSHE statistics The information gathered from the preliminary phase helped guide the

second phase of the fieldwork which is distribution of questionnaires and collection of data

from the key respondents


In order to achieve the objectives of the study well-structured close-ended questionnaires were

designed to gather information from building construction sites in Dhaka city These questions were

ethical and feasible The wordings were without bias and the questions provided multiple choice

options which gave the respondents the opportunity to present their ideas by way of selecting from

the options provided Details of questionnaire can be seen in Appendix ndash A

61

In most questions in the questionnaire the respondents (the contractor engineers and project

managers and the workers) were to use Likert scale to scale them in order of importance to assess

the various factors The conventional five-points of scaling were selected as (Danso 2010)

a) Very important or very serious effect (5 points)

b) Important or serious effect (4 points)

c) Neutral (3 points)

d) Less important or less effect (2 points)

e) Least important or least effect (1 point)


a) Classification of groups Two groups were classified to conduct the survey Group-1 covered the

workers and foremen The other group group-2 covered the employers side which constituted site

engineers project managers and contractors The classification was due to the variation (found from

earlier study in preliminary phase) of response between the workers (group-1) and the

employerspersonnel (group-2) There is also a general view in our industry that the workers are

deprived from decent working condition due to negligence of the employers and the employers

don‟t recognize these as problems So in order to find the response from both groups the

classification was done

b) Method of selecting survey sites The main emphasis was to survey sites covering different parts

of Dhaka city in order to get a general scenario of the construction sites of Dhaka city (see Appendix

- C) Around 40 sites were selected from both developed areas and sub-urban areas Also sites

developed mainly by owners himself private enterpreneurs and local contractors were selected ie

large scale construction firms that are well established in construction business are avoided as they

usually have some form of safety measures Selected sites were in different phases of construction

From each site more or less one worker and one employer personnel were interviewed thus almost

80 people were interviewed

c) Method of selecting workers and employerspersonnel In order to do survey a worker was

selected among the present workers on the sites It was tried to cover workers of different ages and

work experiences in order to get a uniform response of the whole work force As most of the

workers have no formal education the question was asked by surveyor and the questionnaire was

filled by him according to the response of the worker Depending on who is available either the site

62

engineer project manager or contractors the survey was attended by who was available from the

employer side

d) Problems faced during survey During the whole survey process various complications and

problems were encountered The main problem was unwillingness of both the parties to take part in

the survey Usually in only one out of four to five sites people were willing to take part in the

survey In many cases attempt was made mostly by the group-2 (employerspersonnel) to give false

information In most times when confronted they admitted it and corrected it For this fact it had to

be checked that the given data was in accordance with the actual evidence present in the sites

534 Fourth phase compiling and analysis of data

After the survey data for both groups are compiled and arranged in a format for analysis Then

compiling data of all factors were conducted manually and data were entered in Microsoft Excel

software and used in mathematical calculation

The next stage is to analyse and discuss the results obtained The following sections deal with the

analysis and discussion of collected data using statistical tools which were mainly Chi-square test

and Ranking by Importance Index The Chi-square test was used to infer whether differences exist

in response from the respondents (workers and employers) while the Ranking by Importance Index

helped in establishing the significant importance of various issues and parameters related to the

welfare and safety at construction sites

54 The demography


In this survey the workers are denoted by group-1 Background information of the workers such as

age education level and work experience were collected From Table 51 we can see that about 30

of the workers are between the ages of 30 to 39 years while 375 of the workers have their ages

between 18 to 29 years About 10 of the workers are below 18 years of age and 125 are in the

age group of 40 to 49 years

63

Table 51 Age distribution of workers

Age Frequency Percentage () Less than18 4 10 18-29 15 375 30-39 12 30 40-49 5 125 More than 49 4 10 Total 40 100

Table 52 Distribution of education level of workers

Education level Frequency Percentage () None 29 725 Primary (class-5) 6 15 Secondary (class-8) 3 75 SSC 2 5 Total 40 100

Table 53 Distribution of work experience of workers

Work experience Frequency Percentage () Over20 years 6 15 16-20 years 2 5 11-15 years 12 30 6-10 years 14 35 Up to 5 years 6 15 Total 40 100

The result from Table 52 shows that 725 workers have no basic education Only 275 have it out

of which 15 have only primary (class 5 pass) education This gives the idea that it will be very

difficult for them to read and understand the legislation and policies governing their employment

and occupational health safety on site

The result from Table 53 shows that the workers have moderate work experience 65 (30+35)

has 6-15 year work experience 20 have 16 years and above where 15 have less than 5 year work

experience

64


For the purpose of this analysis the employer personnel used here are defined to include contractors

project managers and site engineers who are denoted by group-2 Table 54 shows that 65 of the

personnel are above 30 years of age and 25 have experience above 15 years Table 55 shows that

90 of them have a degree education in civil engineering and have degrees (BSc or Diploma) This

background information gathered on these personnel suggests that they are competent experienced

and capable of exercising good judgment and as such the responses provided by them could be

relied upon for study

Table 54 Age distribution of employers personnel


Table 55 Distribution of education level of employers personnel

Education level Frequency Percentage () BSc in Civil Engineering 16 40 Diploma Civil Engineering 20 50 Others 4 10 Total 40 100

Table 56 Distribution of work experience of employers personnel

Work experience Frequency Percentage () Over 20 years 5 125 16-20 years 5 125 11-15 years 11 275 6-10 years 5 125 Up to 5 years 14 35 Total 40 100

65


As demonstrated in the literature review and study of fatality data the occupational health and

safety of workers on construction sites in this country have been neglected as a result of economic

factors and social behavior of both the employers personnel and workers The emphasis on this

section is to determine whether or not the employers in Dhaka city provide welfare facilities and

safety materials to workers on construction sites by analysing with mathematical statistical analysis

To this end section 551 deals with provisions of welfare facilities while section 552 deals with

provisions of safety equipments


Question There is general assertion that the employers do not provide the following welfare related

facilities at construction sites for workers Please indicate your reaction to each statement by ticking

the appropriate cell

The above question was asked to both workers (group-1) and employers (group-2) in the context of

non-provision of some key welfare facilities to the workers and for this reason they were to respond

to this assertion by ticking an appropriate cell to indicate whether they agree or disagree to that

assertion Table 57 shows the average rating to the responses from workers‟ side to the above

question

Table 57 Responses to non ndash provision of welfare facilities (workers)

Welfare facility Strongly agree ()

Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()

Strongly disagree ()

Total ()

Safe drinking water 3(75) 13(325) 19(475) 3(75) 2(5) 40(100) Means of cooking food 0(0) 13(325) 9(225) 15(375) 3(75) 40(100) Water for washing and cooking 2(5) 17(425) 7(175) 11(275) 3(75) 40(100)

Suitable accommodation to rest 4(10) 24(60) 6(15) 5(125) 1(25) 40(100)

Sanitary facilities (toilets showers changing rooms) 2(5) 8(20) 5(125) 20(50) 5(125) 40(100)

Accommodation to change and store clothing 8(20) 19(475) 7(175) 5(125) 1(25) 40(100)

First-aid equipment 32(80) 8(20) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 40(100)

Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66

From analysis of the results in Table 57 the following picture emerges

a) The workers admitted that among the issues three welfare facilities that are lacking on site

for workers are first-aid equipment accommodation to change and store clothing and

suitable accommodation to rest

b) With a response rate of 100 workers demonstrate that first-aid items as a welfare item is

lacking on construction site for workers They also agreed to the items - accommodation to

change and store clothing and suitable accommodation to rest with percentage of about

67 and 70

c) They only disagree on the case of sanitary facilities (toilets showers changing rooms) with

625

d) Mixed reaction was given in the case of safe drinking water with 40 agree with 45

being neutral Similar reactions also given for means of cooking food with 33 agree and

45 disagree with 22 being neutral and for water for washing and cooking with 47

agree and 35 disagree with 18 being neutral

e) With an average total of about 55 workers agreed to the assertion that employers do not

provide welfare related facilities for them while an average percentage of 26 workers

disagreed to that assertion

The same question was posed to the employers and the results obtained is presented in Table 58

Table 58 Responses to non - provision of welfare facilities (employers)

Welfare facility Strongly agree () Agree () Neutral

() Disagree

() Strongly

disagree () Total ()




Accommodation to change and store clothing 3(75) 13 (325) 16(40) 8(20) 0(0) 40(100)


Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67


a) The employers admitted that among other issues two welfare facilities that were lacking on

site for workers are first-aid equipment and accommodation to change and store clothing

b) With the response rate of 90 employers demonstrate that first-aid items as a welfare item

is lacking on construction site for workers

c) But they confirm that safe drinking water means of heating food water for washing and

cooking and sanitary facilities (toilets showers changing rooms) are well provided with

responses of about 72 67 52 and 87

d) Mixed reaction was given in the case of suitable accommodation to rest with 30 agree and

25 disagree with 45 being neutral

e) Taking an average of the ratings over all seven key welfare related issues of workers in

construction sites employers rated the displeasure of that assertion as 48 while 28

agreed to that assertion that welfare facilities are below par

By comparing responses from both parties we can see both agreement and differences exist between

the two focus groups They agreed on the fact there is lack of first-aid equipment and

accommodation to change and store clothing They also agreed that there is presence of sanitary

facilities in the construction sites But there were some dispute in the response on the factors like

safe drinking water means of cooking food water for washing and cooking But the percentage of

response between the two parties was close

The result from Table 57 and Table 58 also indicates high responses from both workers (55) and

employers (48) This seems to suggest that the provisions of welfare facilities in construction sites

in Dhaka city have been compromised To confirm this the Chi-square test of the contingency table

was employed to infer whether differences exist in responses between employers and workers The

next section introduces the contingency table of Chi-square test on welfare facilities


The Chi-square test of the contingency table is used to determine whether differences exist in

responses between two or more populations (Keller and Warrack 2004) In this study Chi-square

test was used where employers and workers have been identified as the population The result of

Chi-square test is achieved by stating the hypothesis computing the observed and expected values

from the responses computing X2 statistic and p-value The X2 statistic measures how far away are

the observed values from the expected ones and it is the sum of each of the contributions from each

68

variable The p-value is computed by looking under the Chi-square table with the degrees of

freedom (see Appendix - B) From this Table 59 shows the results of computed observed values

and expected values on welfare facilities from both workers (group-1) and employers (group-2) on

welfare issues

Table 59 Observed and expected proportions on welfare issues

Welfare facility Group-1 (observed)

Group-2 (observed) Total Group-1

(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2

X2 Safe drinking water 40 725 1125 60395 52105 6887 7983 Means of cooking food 325 675 100 53684 46316 8359 9689

Water for washing and cooking 475 525 100 53684 46316 0712 0826

Suitable accommodation to rest

70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205

Sanitary facilities (toilets showers changing rooms)

25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043

Accommodation to change and store clothing

675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396

First-aid equipment 100 5 105 56368 48632 33773 39146 SUM 3825 330 7125 X2 (calculated) 18681

As indicated the result of Chi-square test is achieved by

a) stating the hypothesis

b) computing the observed and expected values from the responses

c) computing X2calculated statistic and

d) p-value

Hypothesis

H0 responses from workers and employers on welfare facilities issues are independent

H1 H0 is not true (two-tail)

Where H0 denotes the null hypothesis and H1

denotes the alternative hypothesis

Significant level (120572) = 005

We reject H0 if X2 calculated

gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic

After stating the hypothesis the next step is to calculate the X2 statistic and it is computed from the

relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]

The observed and expected proportions values are obtained from the responses of the two parties

After that X2 for all variables from welfare facilities in Table 59 is calculated from the X2 equation

above

Degrees of freedom

The degrees of freedom is calculated from the equation (number of rows - 1) times (number of columns

- 1) and from Table 59 the number of rows is 7 and the number of columns is 2 Thus the degrees

of freedom is = (7-1) times (2-1) = 6 times 1 = 6

P-Value

The last part is to compute the P-value This is done by looking under the Chi-square table (see

Appendix - B) The degrees of freedom which is now 6 is read from the Chi-square table under

significant level (120572) = 005 this then give X2Table = 1259

Now X2 calculated = 18681

X2Table lt X2

calculated

So the null hypothesis can be rejected and we can accept the alternate hypothesis This means that

the responses are dependant and it can be inferred that there is enough evidence of a relationship

between responses from workers and employers on the issue of non-provision of welfare facilities

Or in other words the variation or the difference in the responses of the two groups is statistically

insignificant Therefore the Chi-square test proves the fact that welfare facilities are not well

provided in the construction sites

This finding is important as welfare facilities like first-aid equipment is not available in the

construction sites and this is certified by the response of both the parties This does not help the

70

condition of high fatality rates present in the construction industry If availability of first aid kit can

be ensured in the construction sites then the fatality rate could be controlled to some extent

Unavailability of other welfare facilities can create issues in the construction industry like raising

conflicts between workers and employers personnel


Question There is general assertion that employers do not provide the following safety related items

or equipments at construction sites for workers Please indicate your reaction to each statement by

ticking the appropriate cell

The above question is related to the responses of the workers about the safety equipments which are

important for the safety of the workers in the construction sites They were asked to indicate whether

they agree or disagree to that assertion Table 510 below shows the average rate of responses from

them to the above question

Table 510 Responses to non - provision of safety equipments (workers)

Safety equipment Strongly agree ()

Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()

Safety signs 26(65) 9(225) 0(0) 5(125) 0(0) 40(100) Hard hats or helmets 27(675) 8(20) 0(0) 5(125) 0(0) 40(100) Safety glasses goggles and face shields 28(70) 9(225) 0(0) 3(75) 0(0) 40(100)

Safety belt 28(70) 10(25) 0(0) 1(25) 1(25) 40(100) Safety boots 29(725) 8(20) 1(25) 2(5) 0(0) 40(100) Rain gear 30(75) 9(225) 1(25) 0(0) 0(0) 40(100) Hearing protection 30(75) 10(25) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 40(100) Knee pads 30(75) 9(225) 1(25) 0(0) 0(0) 40(100) Gloves 28(70) 8(20) 0(0) 3(75) 1(25) 40(100) Safety nets 30(75) 9(225) 0(0) 1(25) 0(0) 40(100) Flashlights 30(75) 9(225) 0(0) 1(25) 0(0) 40(100) Ladder scaffold platforms 30(75) 9(225) 0(0) 1(25) 0(0) 40(100) Hoisting equipment 29(725) 9(225) 1(25) 1(25) 0(0) 40(100)

Average ratings 29(725) 887

(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71

Following the results in Table 510 the following picture emerges

a) From Table 510 the average ratings indicate that almost 95 of workers agreed to the

assertion while only 5 of them disagreed

b) Among other issues the workers asserted that hearing protection rain gear and kneepads are

not provided at all

c) Percentage of disagreement was able to reach double figure only in the case of safety signs

and hard hats or helmets

The same question was posed to employers The result obtained is presented in Table 511

Table 511 Responses to non - provision of safety equipments (employers)

Safety equipment Strongly agree () Agree () Neutral

() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)


a) The employers side also admitted that there is a significant lack of provision of safety

equipments in the sites

b) About 88 of them agreed to the assertion while 7 remained neutral Only 5 of them

opposed the assertion

c) Among other issues the employers also asserted that hearing protection rain gear and knee

pads are not provided at all

72

Now from comparing responses from both parties it is clear that there is little presence of safety

equipments in our construction industry Almost for every case the employers agree with the

workers that the safety equipments are not adequately provided Only for safety nets and safety

signs the percentage of disagreement from the employers is able to reach double figure Other than

those both the parties agree on the assertion of unavailability of safety equipments in the

construction sites


Table 512 below shows the calculated observed and expected values of the responses from casual

workers and employers in relation to the provisions of safety equipments in construction sites

Table 512 Observed and expected proportions on safety equipments

Safety equipment Group-1 (observed)


(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2

X2 Safety signs 875 10 975 92776 4724 0300 5893 Hard hats or helmets 875 10 975 92776 4724 0300 5893 Safety glasses goggles and face shields

925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455

Safety belts 95 25 975 92776 4724 0053 1047 Safety boots 925 5 975 92776 4724 0001 0016 Rain gear 975 0 975 92776 4724 0241 4724 Hearing protection 100 0 100 95155 4845 0247 4845

Knee pads 975 0 975 92776 4724 0241 4724 Gloves 90 5 95 90397 4603 0002 0034 Safety nets 975 125 110 104671 5329 0491 9648 Flashlights 975 5 1025 97534 4966 0000 0000 Ladder scaffold platforms 975 25 100 95155 4845 0058 1135

Hoisting equipment 95 25 975 92776 4724 0053 1047

SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis

H0 responses from workers and employers on issues relating to safety equipments are independent


A significant level of 120572 = 005 was used

73

We reject H0 if X2calculated

gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]

From Table 512 from both observed and expected proportions

Chi-square value is calculated to be X2calculated = 42521

Degree of freedom = (number of rows - 1) times (number of columns - 1) = (13-1) times (2-1) = 12

For significant level (120572 = 005) X2Table = 2103

Therefore X2Table lt X2

calculated

So the null hypothesis (H0) can be rejected and we can accept the alternate hypthesis (H1) So

responses from group-1 and group-2 are dependent ie there are no variation in their responses or

the differences in the responses are insignificant as the Chi-square test proves this fact Likewise in

the case of welfare facilities it can also be inferred that there is enough evidence of a relationship

between responses from workers and employers on issues of non-provision of safety equipments

The result also confirms that almost all the workers in the construction sites of Dhaka are not

provided with safety equipments This gives a clear indication as to why the construction industry in

this country has a high fatality rate



Fowler et al (1995) defines ranking as a method of comparison among given options by cardinality

of importance (ie first second third and so on) or that score items one at a time using a common

scale and it also determines the importance of that factor In this section Importance Indices were

used to rank the variables The Importance Index (II) of determination of significance of factors was

adopted because Adnan et al (2007) asserted that to analyze data on ordinal scale (eg Likert scale

1-5) the application of Importance Index is suitable

74

The Importance Index is computed as in (Adnan et al 2007)

Importance Index = 51198995 + 41198994 + 31198993 + 21198992 + 1198991

5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where

n1 ndash number of respondents who answered ldquoleast importantrdquo

n2 ndash number of respondents who answered ldquoless importantrdquo

n3 ndash number of respondents who answered ldquoneutralrdquo

n4 ndash number of respondents who answered ldquoimportantrdquo

n5 ndash number of respondents who answered ldquovery importantrdquo

It is worthwhile to note that the nearer the value of importance index of the identified factor to unity

(1) or 100 the more significant it is and hence a greater impact on the health and safety issues

with respect to other parameters

Question Please rank the following provisions to indicate the extent to which they are important for

addressing the health and safety concerns of workers by ticking the appropriate cell

These data are based on the survey of group-1 (worker foreman) on what they think workers should

have from their point of view Here group-1 (worker foreman) were given some factors on a scale

of very important to least important to rank to determine how these factors influence their health and

safety issues Table 513 shows the average ratings of group-1 (worker foreman) response and also

shows the subsequent ranking by computing the Importance Index of each parameter

Table 513 Importance Index ranking of welfare facilities (workers)

Welfare facility 5 4 3 2 1 Total number of respondents

Importance Index Ranking

Safe drinking water 24 16 0 0 0 40 92 3 Means of cooking food 26 9 4 1 0 40 90 4 Water for washing and cooking 13 16 7 3 1 40 785 5

Suitable accommodation to rest 1 15 14 9 1 40 63 6

Sanitary facilities (toilets showers changing rooms) 29 11 0 0 0 40 945 2

Accommodation to change and store clothing 2 6 15 16 1 40 56 7

First-aid equipment 37 3 0 0 0 40 985 1

75


a) On the welfare related issues workers ranked first-aid equipment first (1st) as the most

important facility for addressing the health and safety issues concerning workers

b) The second (2nd) and third (3rd) important facilities are sanitary facilities (toilets showers

changing rooms) and safe drinking water

c) The least important welfare facility is suitable accommodation to rest



These data are based on the survey of group-2 (site engineer project manager and contractor) on

what they think workers should have from their point of view

Here group-2 people were given some factors on a scale of very important to least important to rank

to determine how these factors influence workers‟ health and safety issues Table 514 shows the

average ratings of response of group-2 and also shows the subsequent ranking by computing the

Importance Index of each parameter

Table 514 Importance Index ranking of welfare facilities (employers)



Safe drinking water 17 21 2 0 0 40 875 3 Means of cooking food 15 19 3 2 1 40 825 4 Water for washing and cooking

8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7



a) On the welfare related issues engineers project managers and contractors ranked (1st)

sanitary facilities (toilets showers and changing rooms) as the most important facility for

addressing the health and safety issues concerning workers

b) The second (2nd) and third (3rd) important facilities are first aid equipment and safe drinking

water

76

c) The least important facility is suitable accommodation to rest

Table 515 Comparison between responses from workers and employers

Ranking Workers (group-1) Employers (group-2)

1st First-aid equipment Sanitary facilities (toilets showers changing rooms)

2nd Sanitary facilities (toilets showers changing rooms) First aid equipment

3rd Safe drinking water Safe drinking water Least Suitable accommodation to rest Suitable accommodation to rest

For the fact that sanitary facilities and first-aid equipment emerged within the first and second

rankings of both the parties on welfare issues it is an indication of their importance in addressing

the occupational health and safety issues of workers on construction sites

In a typical Dhaka city construction site first aid equipment sanitary facilities and safe drinking

water are the most important welfare facilities according to both engineers project managers and

also workers


Similar to welfare faclities survey was also conducted to rank the importance of different safety

equipments according to the views and experiences of the workers and employers Because lack of

safety equipments or properly not using these equipments is one of the main reasons for high fatality

records in construction industry

Question Please rank the following provisions for safety equipments to indicate the extent to which

they are important for addressing the safety concerns of workers by ticking the appropriate cell


have from their point of view

Here group-1 people were given some safety equipment factors on a scale of very important to least

important to rank to determine how these factors influences their safety issues Table 516 shows the

average ratings of group-1 response and also shows the subsequent ranking by computing the


77

Table 516 Importance Index ranking of safety equipments (workers)

Safety equipment 5 4 3 2 1 Importance Index Ranking

Safety signs 12 14 4 10 0 74 4 Hard hats or helmets 32 8 0 0 0 96 2 Safety glasses goggles and face shields 13 10 8 8 1 73 5

Safety belts 33 7 0 0 0 965 1 Safety boots 0 6 13 15 6 495 9 Rain gear 0 2 11 18 9 43 13 Hearing protection 1 2 14 15 8 465 10 Knee pads 0 4 12 14 10 45 11 Gloves 8 15 7 6 4 685 6 Safety nets 21 9 6 2 2 825 3 Flashlights 1 4 9 15 11 445 12 Ladder scaffold platforms 3 4 10 16 7 50 8

Hoisting equipment 5 9 9 12 5 585 7 Following the results in Table 516 the following picture emerges

a) Workers ranked Safety belts first (1st) as the most important safety equipment for addressing

the health and safety issues concerning them

b) While hard hats or helmet and safety nets were ranked as second (2nd) and third (3rd)

important safety equipments

c) Rain gear is the least important safety equipment

d) Hard hats or helmets has importance index 96 and safety belt has 965 So both these

equipments are equally important


addressing the safety equipments of workers by ticking the appropriate cell

These data are based on the survey of group-2 (site engineers project manager and contractor) on



important to rank to determine how these factors influence workers‟ safety issues Table 517 shows

the average ratings of response of group-2 and also shows the subsequent ranking by computing the


78

Table 517 Importance Index ranking of safety equipments (employers)






a) On the issue of safety equipments engineers project managers and contractors ranked

safety belts first (1st) as the most important facility for addressing the health and safety

issues concerning workers

b) While hard hats or helmet and safety glasses goggles and face shields were ranked as

second (2nd) and third (3rd) important safety materials

c) Flash light is the least important safety equipment which is unrealistic in some sense

Because without flashlight many accidents have occurred

d) Hard hats or helmets has importance index 95 and safety belt has 955 So the importance of

both these materials are almost the same


Ranking Workers (group-1) Employers (group-2) 1st Safety belts Safety belts 2nd Hard hats or helmet Hard hats or helmet

3rd Safety nets Safety glasses goggles and face shields

Least Rain gear Flash light

On safety equipment provisions safety belts and hard hats or helmet emerged within the first and

second rankings of the employers and workers This is an indication that hard hats or helmet and

safety belts are important safety material in addressing the occupational health and safety issues of

workers on construction site

79

This means that there was consistency in agreement between the two respondent parties that safety

belts and hard hats or helmet are needed for addressing the occupational health issues concerning

workers in construction sites


In this part of survey it was attempted to find the inherent causes behind the fatal accidents related

to managerial and coordination actions taken during construction Not only provisions of safety

equipments and welfare facilities at construction sites reduce the possibility of accidents but also

proper implementation of safety management plans policies and effective communication between

workers and engineers or project manager play a vital role in creating a safe and secure atmosphere

Question On a scale of 1 to 5 please rank the following factors contributing to safety of

construction workers to indicate the extent to which they affect safety of construction workers by


The data in the following table are based on the survey of group-1 (worker foreman) on what they

think about factors affecting construction safety from their point of view

Here group-1 people were given some factors on a scale of serious effect to least effect to rank for

determining how these factors influence their safety issues Table 519 shows the average ratings of

group-1 response and also shows the subsequent ranking by computing the Importance Index of

each parameter

80

Table 519 Importance Index ranking of factors affecting construction safety (workers)

Factorcause 5 4 3 2 1 Importance Index Ranking

Project managers ignoring safety 26 6 5 3 0 875 2 Lack of emergency response plan and measures of contractor 28 5 6 1 0 90 1

Contractors ignoring safety under schedule pressure 25 3 10 1 1 85 4

Contractors poor safety management system 24 2 12 1 1 835 6 Contractors insufficient supervision toward subcontractor 23 4 11 1 1 835 6

Safety equipments not provided by the subcontractor 22 4 11 2 1 82 8

Subcontractors poor safety management system 21 5 11 2 1 815 9 Insufficient money input on safety by client contractor and subcontractor 25 3 10 1 1 85 4

Schedule pressure from client 24 4 11 1 0 855 3 Workers do not use safety equipments although they are provided and are overconfident with their safety

13 8 6 8 5 68 10

Safety equipments are not user friendly 6 9 9 8 8 585 11


a) Workers ranked bdquoLack of emergency response plan and measures of contractor‟ first (1st) as

the most contributing factor affecting construction safety

b) While bdquoProject managers ignoring safety‟ and bdquoSchedule pressure from client‟ were ranked

as second (2nd) and third (3rd) contributing factors affecting construction safety

c) bdquoSafety equipments are not user friendly‟ is the least affecting contributing factor

d) Both bdquoInsufficient money input on safety by client contractor and subcontractor‟ and

bdquoContractors ignoring safety under schedule pressure‟ have importance index 85 So the

contribution of both the factors are the same




The data in the following table are based on the survey of group-2 (site engineers project manager

and contractor) on what they think about factors affecting construction safety from their point of

view

Here group-2 people were given some factors on a scale of serious effect to least effect to rank to

determine how these factors influence their safety issues Table 520 shows the average ratings of


each parameter

81

Table 520 Importance Index ranking of factors affecting construction safety (employers)



Contractors ignoring safety under schedule pressure 5 17 10 7 1 69 8 Contractors poor safety management system 7 16 10 6 1 71 5 Contractors insufficient supervision toward subcontractor 5 18 9 7 1 695 6

Safety equipments not provided by the subcontractor 5 16 10 8 1 68 9 Subcontractors poor safety management system 8 12 13 5 2 695 6 Insufficient money input on safety by client contractor and subcontractor 23 7 3 6 1 825 3

Schedule pressure from client 23 9 4 3 1 85 2 Workers do not use safety equipments although they are provided and are overconfident with their safety 33 5 1 1 0 95 1

Safety equipments are not user friendly 11 2 4 13 10 555 11 Following the results in Table 520 the following picture emerges

a) Engineers project managers and contractors ranked bdquoWorkers do not use safety equipments

although they are provided and are overconfident with their safety‟ first (1st) as the most

contributing factor affecting construction safety

b) While bdquoSchedule pressure from client‟ and bdquoInsufficient money input on safety by client

contractor and subcontractor‟ were ranked as second (2nd) and third (3rd) contributing factors

affecting construction safety

c) Safety equipments are not user friendly is the least affecting contributing factor



1st Lack of emergency response plan and measures of contractor

Workers do not use safety equipments although they are provided and are overconfident with their safety

2nd Project managers ignoring safety Schedule pressure from client

3rd Schedule pressure from client Insufficient money input on safety by client contractor and subcontractor

Least Safety equipments are not user friendly Safety equipments are not user friendly

Table 521 shows the significant difference between response of group-1 and group-2 people where

workers think lack of emergency response plan and measures of contractor is the main factor

affecting safety On the other hand engineers and project managers think workers do not use safety

equipments although they are provided and they are overconfident with their safety Schedule

82

pressure from client emerges within the 2nd and 3rd ranking for responses of both group-1 and group-

2 Both the parties disagreed on the fact that safety equipments are not user friendly


This chapter has presented the analysis and discussions of the results obtained from the collected

data The demography of the respondents has been analysed using descriptive statistics Almost all

the respondents were experienced in their work and capable of exercising sound judgment and that

their responses could be relied on for the study

The Chi-square test was done to verify the responses between the two parties on the current situation

of availability of welfare facilities and safety equipments in the construction sites

The chapter has also reported the ranking results from Importance Index with respect to

occupational health and safety issues of workers in construction sites Based on this finding issues

such as bdquoLack of measures of contractors‟ on the employers side and bdquoWorkers do not use safety

equipments‟ on the workers side emerged as concerning and requires proper attention and should be

duly highlighted while considering safety of workers Again bdquoSchedule pressure from client‟ is the

common factor affecting safety according to both parties

83

Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

61 General

Development of a country means raising the standard of living of people And this is not possible

without building infrastructures such as modern commercial and residential centres and hence

construction industry has emerged as a very important sector Nevertheless it was seen in the study

that safety condition in the construction sites is relatively poor and this industry is characterized by

high fatality rates due to deliberate negligence of safety issues

62 Conclusion

Overall the safety related issues currently prevailing in the construction sites do not reflect a

convincing and satisfactory picture Collection and analysis of fatality data from the Police

authorities and OSHE reveal that during the last six years period 2008 ndash 2013 a total of 806 people

died in the country averaging about 135 people per year This figure puts the construction sector in

the second position right after garments industry on the list of maximum number of fatalities for

any workplace in Bangladesh This figure also accounts for a fatality rate of 765 per 100000

workers in this sector But this figure is much less than the actual count as most accidents are neither

reported to the Police nor reported in the news media

In Bangladesh around 26 million people are engaged in construction industry according to the

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics which constitutes about 44 of the total workforce but the

fatalities in this sector accounts for about 166 of the total workplace fatalities in Bangladesh

In addition it was also found that on an average one person dies out of every 50 construction sites in

Dhaka city

84

Further research revealed some more facts regarding safety management issues in Bangladesh

a) From data analysis it can be seen that falling from heights and electrocution are the two

prime reasons for construction fatalities in this country together accounting for about 71

of the total fatality count

b) Lack of enforcement of safety laws and absence of law enforcing agency in the field is the

main reason for the poor safety conditions in the construction sites Provisions of ensuring

safety in the sites are given in both Bangladesh Labour Law 2006 and Bangladesh National

Building Code 2006 but enforcement of these laws is absent

c) From field visits it was observed that the workers do not use safety gears such as safety

helmets boots belts gloves goggles etc during their work resulting in fatal accidents

Either these equipments are not provided or the workers despite their availability do not

use them due to lack in knowledge and awareness

d) From data analysis it was also seen that more accidents occur during the monsoon season

compared to the other period of the year

The rainy months of May to October witness about 65 of the fatal accidents that occur

during the whole year

On the contrary the other half of the year is responsible for the rest 35 of deaths This

includes the winter season of November to January accounting only 14 of the fatalities

And also the dry season ranging between February and April sees only 21 fatalities So it

is advisable that more precautions should be taken with the onset of rainy season in

Bangladesh

e) At the outset inadequate safety equipments weak enforcement of existing safety laws poor

labour inspections lack of awareness lack of safety training among workers absence of

safety monitoring committee at workplace level and risky nature of work were identified to

be some of the key reasons for increasing fatal accidents and workers rights violations in the

construction sites

Also mathematical analysis was conducted using rigorous statistical tools such as Chi-square test

and Ranking by Importance Index on the basis of responses of the people in the construction sites

(workers and employers)

85

Following findings and conclusions were drawn as a result of the analysis

a) On issues of welfare facilities 55 workers stated that they are not provided while on the

other hand 48 employers opposed that assertion But analysis with Chi-square test proves

that the statistic difference between the two partyrsquos responses is insignificant and implies on

a holistic nature that they are not well provided

b) On issues of safety equipments both the parties agree that the provision is very limited and

well below par Around 95 workers and 88 employers agreed to that statement that they

are insufficient Subsequently the Chi-square analysis also proves that assertion that they

are not well provided

c) Using the method of Ranking by Importance Index on issues of welfare facilities both the

parties ranked the following three items in the top three list in terms of relative importance

first-aid equipment safe drinking water and proper and hygienic sanitary facilities

d) On issues of safety equipments again both parties agreed that safety helmets and safety belts

are the two most important equipments for ensuring safety at sites

e) But when ranking was done on various lsquofactors affecting construction safetyrsquo the result was

sort of mutually imposing on each other with respect to each others interest

i Workers ranked lsquoLack of emergency response plan and measures of contractorrsquo

and lsquoProject managers ignoring safetyrsquo among the top two factors having serious

effects on their safety

ii While the employers ranked lsquoWorkers do not use safety equipments although they

are provided and are overconfident with their safetyrsquo and lsquoSchedule pressure from

clientrsquo being the top two factors for affecting construction safety

63 Recommendations

Based on the study of existing conditions at the construction sites following recommendations can

be made to improve the safety scenario

a) The government should either establish a new enforcing body or nominate an existing body

to enforce the BNBC to ensure regular inspection

86

b) Occupational safety and health laws on construction safety need to be updated This should

ensure that the responsibilities are distributed at all levels - developersmain

contractorsowners to look into the safety matters and the government shall take the

responsibility of monitoring their safety performance

c) Formal institutional training on safety precautions need to be scheduled and provided on a

regular basis to all of the concerned parties

d) Emergency response plan and project managersrsquo proper supervision should be implemented

e) Schedule pressure from client should be avoided by proper management and that should be

kept in mind as a mandatory matter during contractual procedure

f) The supervision of project manager is very much important that the workers properly use

the safety equipment Nothing but some supervision and awareness can reduce accidents to

great extent

64 Scope of future studies

Further research can be made in this area to get more comprehensive result

a) This survey was conducted in Dhaka city in around 40 construction sites The more

geographical area can be surveyed the more appropriate the result will be obtained For

more appropriate results sample size should be increased

b) More welfare facilities safety equipments and various factors affecting safety can be added

for survey and subsequent analysis The more parameters will be added the more accurate

and extensive result can be obtained

c) More rigorous statistical analysis can be done and other staistical tools can be tried for

analysis to get a comparison of the results

87

REFERENCES

Adnan E Sherif M Ziad A M and Peter EM (2007) ldquoFactors affecting labour productivity in building projects in the Gaza Striprdquo JCivEngManage 13(4) 245ndash254 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2013) Report on Labour Force Survey Dhaka Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust (BLAST) (2008) ldquoBLAST and another vs Bangladesh and others [bdquoBuilding Construction Code and Worker Safety‟ Case]rdquo lthttpwwwblast orgbdissuesworkersrights231-718of2008gt (Jul 26 2013) Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust (BLAST) (2011) ldquoLandmark judgment to ensure safety of construction workersrdquo lthttpblastorgbdcontentpressreleasepress-release-eng- 21-nov2011pdfgt (Jul 26 2013) Bangladesh Occupational Safety Health and Environment Foundation (OSHE) (2009)

Occupational Safety and Health Profile of Construction Sector Dhaka Danso FO (2010) ldquoOccupational health and safety issues involving casual workers on building construction sites in Ghana a Kumasi studyrdquo MS Thesis Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana Dewri LV (2012) ldquoA Comprehensive Study on the Real Estate Sector of Bangladeshrdquo Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh lthttpwwwrehab-bdorgComprehensive_ Study_On_The_Real_Estate_Sector_Of_Bangladeshpdfgt (Jul 22 2013) Faruque A A (2009) ldquoCurrent Status and Evolution of Industrial Relations System in Bangladeshrdquo International Labour Organization lthttpwwwoitorgwcmsp5groups public---asia---ro-bangkok---sro-new_delhidocumentspublicationwcms_123336pdfgt (Dec 10 2013) Ferdous A (2012) ldquoConstruction workers‟ safety neglectedrdquo The Daily New Age Jul 10 lthttp

newagebdcomnewspaper1archive_detailsphpdate=2011-07-21nid=27113gt (Apr18 2013)

Fowler J and Floyd J (1995) Improving Survey Questions Design And Evaluation Sage Publications Thousand Oaks CA Foyez A (2013) ldquoMost buildings since 2009 in Dhaka have no fire approvalrdquo The Daily New Age Jul 21 lthttpwwwenvnewsorgnewscategory134htmlNews_page=10gt (Dec16 2013) Forum for Physical Development of Bangladesh (FPD) (2011) ldquo2nd Round Table Discussion on Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Sectorrdquo lthttpfpd-bdcomp=1650gt (Jul 22 2013) Hossein I (2013) ldquoProposal to strengthen Dept of Factory Inspection under govt considerationrdquo The Financial Express Jul 14 lthttpwwwthefinancialexpress-bdcomoldindexphp ref=MjBfMDdfMTRfMTNfMV85MF8xNzYzNzg=gt (Dec16 2013)

88

Housing and Building Research Institute (HBRI) (2006) Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 Dhaka International Labour Organisation (ILO) (2009) ldquoConstruction a hazardous workrdquo lthttpwww

iloorgsafeworkareasofworkhazardous-workWCMS_124597lang--enindexhtmgt (Jul 22 2013)

Kallol A S (2013) ldquoFactory inspection directorate awaits massive overhaulrdquo Dhaka Tribune Nov

17 lthttpwwwdhakatribunecomlabour2013nov17factory-inspection-directorate-awaits-massive-overhaulgt (Mar 10 2014)

Karim N U (2013) ldquoBangladesh strengthens factory inspection departmentrdquo The Daily Star Jun 12 lthttparchivethedailystarnetnewDesignnews-detailsphpnid=220319gt (Mar 10 2014) Keller G and Warrack B (2004) Statistics for Management and Economics 6th Edition Thomson Learning Pacific Grove CA Liton S (2013) ldquoFactory watch just farcical - 51 inspectors for monitoring two lakh factoriesrdquo The Daily Star Apr 29 lthttparchivethedailystarnetbeta2newsfactory-watch-just-farcicalgt lrm(Jun16 2013) Mahmud A H (2013) ldquoWho are to blame for design faultsrdquo Dhaka Tribune Apr 28 lthttp

wwwdhakatribunecomlabour2013apr28who-are-to-blame-for-design-faultgt (Jun16 2013)

Mahmud MA (2007) ldquoCorruption in Plan Permission process in RAJUK a study of violations and

proposalsrdquo Transparency International Bangladesh lthttpwwwti-bangladeshorg researchES_Rajuk_Engpdfgt (Jul 18 2013)

Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE) (2006) Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 Dhaka Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE) (2013) Bangladesh Labour Act Amendment 2013 Dhaka Munni M (2013) ldquoProposal to upgrade factory inspection dept gets MoPA approvalrdquo The Financial Express Oct 3 lthttpwwwthefinancialexpress-bdcom20131003417gt (Jun16 2013) Rahman M (2011) ldquoOccupational Hazards construction sites go unwatchedrdquo The Daily Star

Apr 03 lthttparchivethedailystarnetnewDesignnews-detailsphpnid=180240gt (Jun 16 2013)

Rashid M (2011) ldquoMost construction firms flout safety rulesrdquo The Daily New Age Jul 21 lt httpnewagebdcomnewspaper1archive_detailsphpdate=2011-07-21nid=27113gt (Jun16 2013) Shafi S A (2010) ldquoNational Building Code and its implementationrdquo Round Table Discussion on Implementation of National Building Code lthttpwwwblastorgbdcontentkey- notenational-building-code-29Junepdfgt (Aug 15 2013) Staff Correspondent (2013) ldquoHC issues contempt rule against 4 secys RAJUK bossrdquo The Daily Star May 29 lthttparchivethedailystarnethc-issues-contempt-rule-against-4-secys- rajukgtlrm (Aug 22 2013)

89

Toole T (2002) ldquoConstruction site safety rolesrdquo JConstrEngManage 101061(ASCE)0733-9364(2002)1283(203)

Wikipedia (2014) ldquoDhakardquo lthttpenwikipediaorgwikiDhakagt (Mar 11 2014) Zohar D (2003) Safety climate Conceptual and measurement issues Handbook of Occupational

Health Psychology 123-142 American Psychological Association Washington DC

90

Appendix A Survey questionnaire

Survey questionnaire

(A) Personal and construction site details

1 Location of the construction site

2 Please tick (radic) to indicate your position in the company

a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker

e) If others please specifyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Please specify your education levelhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

4 Please tick (radic) to indicate your age

a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49

5 Tick to indicate how long you have been involved in the building construction industry

a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91

(B) Health and safety related issues

6 There is a general assertion that employers do not provide the following welfare related facilities in construction site for workers Please indicate your reaction (according to your own construction site) to each statement by ticking the appropriate cell

Welfare facilities Strongly agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Safe drinking water

Means of heating food

Water for washing and cooking




First-aid equipment

7 Below are a number of welfare facilities provided on sites for workers On a scale of 1 to 5 please rank these provisions to indicate the extent to which they are important for addressing the health and safety concerns of workers by ticking the appropriate cell

a) Very important = 5 b) Important = 4 c) Neutral = 3 d) Less important = 2 e) Least important = 1

Welfare facilities 5 4 3 2 1

Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92

(C) Safety equipments

8 There is a general assertion that employers do not provide the following safety equipments on construction site for workers Please indicate your reaction (according to your own construction site) to each statement by ticking the appropriate cell

Safety equipments Strongly agree


Safety signs

Hard hats or helmets

Safety glasses goggles and face shields

Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights

Ladder scaffold platforms

Hoisting equipment

9 Below are a number of safety equipments provided in sites for workers On a scale of 1 to 5 please rank these provisions to indicate the extent to which they are important for addressing the health and safety concerns of casual workers by ticking the appropriate cell


Safety equipments 5 4 3 2 1

Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment

(D) Factors affecting construction site 10 Below are a number of factors that maymay not contribute to safety of construction workers On a scale of 1 to 5 please rank these to indicate the extent to which they affect safety of construction workers by ticking the appropriate cell

a) Very serious effect = 5 b) Serious effect = 4 c) Neutral = 3 d) Less effect = 2 e) Least effect = 1

Factorscauses 5 4 3 2 1

Project managers ignoring safety

Lack of emergency response plan and measures of contractor

Contractors ignoring safety under schedule pressure

Contractors poor safety management system

Contractors insufficient supervision toward subcontractor

Safety equipment not provided by the subcontractor

Subcontractors poor safety management system Insufficient money input on safety by client contractor and subcontractor

Schedule pressure from client Workers do not use safety equipment although they are provided and are overconfident with their safety

Safety equipment are not user friendly

94

Appendix B Cutoff points of the Chi-square distribution function

95

Appendix C Area surveyed in Dhaka city (approximate location)

Source Rajdhani Unnayan Kattripakkha (RAJUK)

(Black dots indicate the approximate location of the survey sites)



A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

BY MAHBUB UL ALAM MOHAMMAD JAMAL



DHAKA BANGLADESH

JANUARY 2015

iii


BOARD OF EXAMINERS

______________________________________


Chairman

(Supervisor)

______________________________________


Member

______________________________________


Member

iv

DECLARATION




Engineering BUET



________________________________________________

Author

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
















vi

ABSTRACT



























on a priority basis

vii

CONTENTS

Title Page

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

CONTENTS vii



11 General

1


1


2


2


3


3


21 Introduction

5


5


6

231 Planning

6


6


7


7

2332 Site layout

7


7


viii

Title Page


8


8


8


8


9


9


10


11


11


13



14

272 Scaffolds

15

273 Electric wires

15


15

275 Safety net

16

276 Safety belt

16


16


16



17


17


2713 Housekeeping

18


18


18


ix

Title Page


31 Introduction 23


321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24



25

325 Compensation

26


26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27


27


28

335 Compensation

30


31




34




41 General

38


38


39



42

x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




iii


BOARD OF EXAMINERS

______________________________________


Chairman

(Supervisor)

______________________________________


Member

______________________________________


Member

iv

DECLARATION




Engineering BUET



________________________________________________

Author

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
















vi

ABSTRACT



























on a priority basis

vii

CONTENTS

Title Page

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

CONTENTS vii



11 General

1


1


2


2


3


3


21 Introduction

5


5


6

231 Planning

6


6


7


7

2332 Site layout

7


7


viii

Title Page


8


8


8


8


9


9


10


11


11


13



14

272 Scaffolds

15

273 Electric wires

15


15

275 Safety net

16

276 Safety belt

16


16


16



17


17


2713 Housekeeping

18


18


18


ix

Title Page


31 Introduction 23


321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24



25

325 Compensation

26


26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27


27


28

335 Compensation

30


31




34




41 General

38


38


39



42

x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




iv

DECLARATION




Engineering BUET



________________________________________________

Author

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
















vi

ABSTRACT



























on a priority basis

vii

CONTENTS

Title Page

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

CONTENTS vii



11 General

1


1


2


2


3


3


21 Introduction

5


5


6

231 Planning

6


6


7


7

2332 Site layout

7


7


viii

Title Page


8


8


8


8


9


9


10


11


11


13



14

272 Scaffolds

15

273 Electric wires

15


15

275 Safety net

16

276 Safety belt

16


16


16



17


17


2713 Housekeeping

18


18


18


ix

Title Page


31 Introduction 23


321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24



25

325 Compensation

26


26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27


27


28

335 Compensation

30


31




34




41 General

38


38


39



42

x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
















vi

ABSTRACT



























on a priority basis

vii

CONTENTS

Title Page

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

CONTENTS vii



11 General

1


1


2


2


3


3


21 Introduction

5


5


6

231 Planning

6


6


7


7

2332 Site layout

7


7


viii

Title Page


8


8


8


8


9


9


10


11


11


13



14

272 Scaffolds

15

273 Electric wires

15


15

275 Safety net

16

276 Safety belt

16


16


16



17


17


2713 Housekeeping

18


18


18


ix

Title Page


31 Introduction 23


321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24



25

325 Compensation

26


26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27


27


28

335 Compensation

30


31




34




41 General

38


38


39



42

x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




vi

ABSTRACT



























on a priority basis

vii

CONTENTS

Title Page

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

CONTENTS vii



11 General

1


1


2


2


3


3


21 Introduction

5


5


6

231 Planning

6


6


7


7

2332 Site layout

7


7


viii

Title Page


8


8


8


8


9


9


10


11


11


13



14

272 Scaffolds

15

273 Electric wires

15


15

275 Safety net

16

276 Safety belt

16


16


16



17


17


2713 Housekeeping

18


18


18


ix

Title Page


31 Introduction 23


321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24



25

325 Compensation

26


26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27


27


28

335 Compensation

30


31




34




41 General

38


38


39



42

x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




vii

CONTENTS

Title Page

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

CONTENTS vii



11 General

1


1


2


2


3


3


21 Introduction

5


5


6

231 Planning

6


6


7


7

2332 Site layout

7


7


viii

Title Page


8


8


8


8


9


9


10


11


11


13



14

272 Scaffolds

15

273 Electric wires

15


15

275 Safety net

16

276 Safety belt

16


16


16



17


17


2713 Housekeeping

18


18


18


ix

Title Page


31 Introduction 23


321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24



25

325 Compensation

26


26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27


27


28

335 Compensation

30


31




34




41 General

38


38


39



42

x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




viii

Title Page


8


8


8


8


9


9


10


11


11


13



14

272 Scaffolds

15

273 Electric wires

15


15

275 Safety net

16

276 Safety belt

16


16


16



17


17


2713 Housekeeping

18


18


18


ix

Title Page


31 Introduction 23


321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24



25

325 Compensation

26


26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27


27


28

335 Compensation

30


31




34




41 General

38


38


39



42

x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




ix

Title Page


31 Introduction 23


321 Application 24

322 Duty holder

24



25

325 Compensation

26


26

331 Application

27

332 Duty holder

27


27


28

335 Compensation

30


31




34




41 General

38


38


39



42

x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




x

Title Page


43


45


47


47

4811 Fall height

48

482 Electrocution

49


51

484 Roof collapse

51

485 Wall collapse

52

486 Earth collapse

52

487 Suffocation

53


53


54


55


56

412 Gender ratio

57



51 Introduction

59


59

53 Survey procedure

60


60


60


61


54 The demography

62


62

xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




xi

Title Page


64


65


65


67


70


72


73


73


76


79


82


61 General 83

62 Conclusion 83



REFERENCES 87




xii


BACI











ILO




OSHE


RAJUK




1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General























2




























3





























4



















5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction




















safety culture

6






231 Planning



















7






2332 Site layout







elevators etc)














8

























9










or near them


















10























11





7 Growth rate 1264 1294 1475 1524 1305







RAJUK






12



















13












0200400600800

10001200140016001800 1749

806

530 525

291 244 242 169 159 138 68 66 59 51 51 40 30 21 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Type of industry

14























15

272 Scaffolds




changing

273 Electric wires

















16

275 Safety net






276 Safety belt





be used








entire length








17




















construction sites







18

2713 Housekeeping






condition













oil or grease




19






20



pipe



21





22












of construction


awareness about it
















23

Chapter 3


31 Introduction


















BLA 2006)






24












321 Application






bridge hellip


322 Duty holder




25



















26

325 Compensation





2009)



dependents



















27

331 Application



attached to it

332 Duty holder















28













Construction Act








29












officer













Code











30

335 Compensation








safety negligence










2006


Enforcing laws



Inspector

Building official


RAJUK

31



below

























2009)

32






2013)











2013)







including




industries is high

33











future development



















34










national issue







accordingly







35











securing justice
















36


















2011)












implementation

37






national level




health issues













38

Chapter 4


41 General



















sites of Bangladesh



39














agencies



sectons










40













total figure

8567

142122

199 191

0

50

100

150

200

250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Year

41



42












2009 2643 24 110 2010 3595 43 83 2011 3970 64 62 2012 1599 102 16 Total 11807 233 50


in Dhaka city






deteriorated

43


















0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2009 2010 2011 2012

110

83

62

16N

umbe

r of b

uild

ings

con

stru

cted

per

fata

lity

Year

44






45






complexes









fatalities





are as follows


b) Electrocution

c) Suffocation

d) Wall collapse

e) Fall of material


g) Roof collapse

h) Earth collapse

i) Scaffold failure

j) Miscellaneous

46











Fall from heights39

Electrocution32

Wall collapse

8

Suffocation7

Fall of material7


collapse2

Miscellaneous1


47




























48



4811 Fall height










accidents

49




482 Electrocution



2

23

33

40

33 34

17

107

11

36

1 24 3

1 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Storey number

50









construction














51









484 Roof collapse








52

485 Wall collapse









lost



Total 6 8 20 8 8 11 61

486 Earth collapse







0 0 10


53

487 Suffocation










more than one death










2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

10 2 15 7 18 8 60






54














0

20

40

60

80

100

120

43

62 57 56

73 78

113

8293

78

38 33

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Month of the year

55









fall to their death











56












14

169185

36

89

56

3116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Before 0800 am

0800 am-1100 am

1101 am-0100 pm

0101 pm-0300 pm

0301 pm-0500 pm

0501 pm-0700 pm

0701 pm-0900 pm

After 0900 pm

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es

Time of the day

57


412 Gender ratio








5

108

318

142

69

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Num

ber o

f fat

aliti

es


Male 97

Female3

58




















59

Chapter 5


51 Introduction






















60

53 Survey procedure









a) Primary source



construction sites

b) Secondary source












61































62


employer side

















54 The demography







63













experience

64















65

















question



Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()






Average ratings 73(1825) 146 (365) 76(19) 84(21) 21(525) 40(100)

219(5475) 76(19) 105(2625) 40(100)

66








67 and 70


625











() Disagree

() Strongly







Average ratings 44(11) 71(1775) 96(24) 172(43) 17(425) 40(100)

115(2875) 96(24) 189(4725) 40(100)

67
































68




welfare issues




(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2




70 25 95 51000 44000 7078 8205


25 875 1125 60395 52105 20743 24043


675 20 875 46974 40526 8969 10396






d) p-value

Hypothesis







gt X2005 - Table

69

X2 Statistic


relation

(X2) = [119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]



above

Degrees of freedom




P-Value





X2Table lt X2

calculated









70















Agree ()

Neutral ()

Disagree ()


Total ()




(2218) 031

(078) 167(416) 015(038) 40(100)

3787 (9468) 031 (078) 182 (454) 40(100)

71





not provided at all






() Disagree

() Strongly




Average ratings 167

(4173) 1885

(4712) 254

(635) 085 (21)

106 (27)

40(100)

3555 (8885) 254(635) 191 (48) 40(100)








72






construction sites







(expected) Group-2

(expected) Group-1

X2 Group-2


925 75 100 95155 4845 0074 1455




SUM 12275 625 1290 X2(calculated) 42521

Hypothesis




73


gt X2005 - Table

(X2calculated) =

[119874119887119904119890119903119907119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 minus119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]2119899119894=1

[119864119909119901119890119888119905119890119889 119901119903119900119901119900119903119905119894119900119899119904 ]






calculated

















74



5(1198991+ 1198992 + 1198993+ 1198994 + 1198995) times 100

Where
























75



















8 15 13 2 2 40 725 5


1 7 20 10 2 40 575 6


27 11 2 0 0 40 925 1


1 8 13 15 3 40 545 7







water

76












also workers














77





















78
























79


















each parameter

80









13 8 6 8 5 68 10
















view




each parameter

81


























82
















83

Chapter 6


61 General






62 Conclusion













Dhaka city

84





















Bangladesh





construction sites




85























63 Recommendations





86












great extent











87

REFERENCES





88












89




90






a) Contractor

b) Project manager

c) Site engineer

d) Worker




a) Less than18

b) 18-29

c) 30-39

d) 40-49

e) More than 49


a) Over20 years

b) 16-20 years

c) 11-15 years

d) 6-10 years

e) Up to 5 years

91





Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment




Safe drinking water






First-aid equipment

92





Safety signs



Safety belt

Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment




Safety signs



Safety belt

93


Safety boots

Rain gear

Hearing protection

Knee pads

Gloves

Safety nets

Flashlights


Hoisting equipment













94


95




safety management issues in construction industry …

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