safety aspect of food irradiation
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
1/37
Click to edit Master subtitle style
4/20/12
SAFETY ASPECTS OF
FOOD IRRADIATION
Submitted To:-
Dr. H.K. SharmaHOD. Food Deptt.
Submitted By:-
Jayanta PalGFT/095234.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
2/37
4/20/12
CONTENT
Introduction
Sources Of Radiation Applied In Food
Dose And Effect Of RadiationRadiation Safety System
Effect Of Irradiation On Nutrition &
Taste Of Food Safety Of Irradiated Food
Safety Of Irradiation Process
Labelling & Regulatory
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
3/37
4/20/12
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS RADIATION?
Radiation is energy that comesfrom a source and travelsthrough space and may be able
to penetrate various materials.
Light, radio, and microwaves aret es of radiation that are called
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
4/37
4/20/12
WHAT IS IRRADIATION?
Irradiation is the process by which an objectis exposed to radiation. The exposure can
originate from various sources, includingnatural sources
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
5/37
4/20/12
WHAT IS FOOD IRRADIATION ?
Food irradiation is the process ofexposing food to controlled levels of
ionizing radiation to kill harmful bacteria,pests, or to preserve its freshness.
The process of food irradiation is often
called cold pasteurization, because it killsharmful bacteria without heat.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
6/37
4/20/12
RADIATION APPLIED
IN FOODGamma Rays
Electron Beams
X-rays
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
7/374/20/12
DOSE AND EFFECT OF
RADIATION
Under exposure a givenmaterial has an ability to
absorb radiation. Thisdiffers with certainmaterials (think lead versuswater) and some willabsorb more or less as
radiation passes through.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
8/374/20/12
The dose is the amount of radiationused to expose food.
The dose is controlled by the intensityof the radiation and the length of timethe food is exposed to the source.
The dose permitted for use in foodvaries according to the type of foodand the desired action. Treatmentlevels have been approved by FDA as
follows:
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
9/374/20/12
Low doses, < 1 kGy
Control insects in grains and fruits
Inhibit sprouting in tubers
Delay the ripening of some fruits/vegetables
Reduce the problems of parasites inproducts of animal origin, (e.g., trichinella
spiralis in pork)
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
10/37
4/20/12
Medium doses, (1-10 kGy)
Control Salmonella, Shigella, ampylobacter,Listeria and E. coliin meat, poultry, and fish
Delay mold growth on strawberries and otherfruits
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
11/37
4/20/12
High doses, (> than 10 kGy)
Kill microorganisms and insects in spices
Commercially sterilize foods, destroying allmicroorganisms of public health concern (i.e.,special diets for people with weakenedimmune systems)
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
12/37
4/20/12
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
13/37
4/20/12
RADIATION SAFFETY
SYSTEM
Figure 1: Components of the Radiation Safety System
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
14/37
4/20/12
IRRADIATION ON
NUTRITION & TASTE
OF FOODIrradiated foods are wholesome andnutritious. At low doses of radiation,nutrient losses are either not
measurable or, if they can be measured,are not significant.
Food properly irradiated according to avalidated protocol shows little if anychange in taste. Most people can'tdetect any change.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
15/37
4/20/12
SAFETY OF
IRRADIATED FOOD
Does the irradiation process makefood radioactive?
Absolutely not, regardless of how highthe radiation dose. As the energy passesthrough, it only kills the bacteria, leaving
no residue.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
16/37
4/20/12
Is irradiated food safe?
Yes. In fact foods pasteurized byirradiation are safer, because the processdestroys harmful bacteria that may bepresent. This is why such organizationsas the American Medical Association andthe World Health Organization endorse it.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
17/37
4/20/12
Does eating irradiated food presentlong-term health risks?
No. Medical professionals, scientistsand health organizations around theworld have studied food irradiation for
over 50 years and determined that it isperfectly safe and will save lives.There is no reproducible evidence thatconsumption of irradiated food poses
any risk to long term health.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
18/37
4/20/12
Are the chemical changes inirradiated foods harmful?
No. In fact the effect of irradiation is lessthan the changes that take place in foodfrom cooking, canning or freezing.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
19/37
4/20/12
Does irradiation create any uniquechemical changes in the food?
After over 50 years of study, one potentiallyunique compound has been identified inirradiated food; 2-alkylcyclobutanone. TheFDA has concluded that there is no adverse
effect from eating irradiated foods that maycontain 2-alkylcyclobutanone.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
20/37
4/20/12
Does irradiation create carcinogenslike benzene in food?
Yes, but the levels produced are muchless than those found naturally in manyother non-irradiated food products. For
example the amount of benzene in anordinary egg is a thousand times higherthan that found in an irradiatedhamburger.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
21/37
4/20/12
Do the free radicals producedduring irradiation affect the safety offood?
No. Free radicals can be formed when foodis irradiated, as with other food processingmethods, and even the normal oxidationprocess in food.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
22/37
4/20/12
Does eating irradiated food causegenetic damage?
The claim of abnormal chromosomesresulting from eating irradiated food hasbeen sensationalized as a result of a very
small study done in the 1970's in India.The study reported increases in thefrequency of polyploid cells in animalsand malnourished children.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
23/37
4/20/12
Are radiation pasteurized foodssterile?
No. Only a lower dose of irradiation is usedto eliminate harmful bacteria in meat andpoultry products, similar to pasteurizing milk.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
24/37
4/20/12
IRRADIATION
PROCESS
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
25/37
4/20/12
Is there a risk of radiation exposure ifyou live next to an irradiation facility?
No. Commercial irradiators are equipped withsafety systems designed to prevent radiationexposure to the public.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
26/37
4/20/12
Do workers at irradiation facilitiesface dangers from radiation?
Danger to the workers is minimal. Strictsafety features and procedures preventworker exposure and the workers wear
monitors to verify the effectiveness ofthose safeguards.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
27/37
4/20/12
Is there a risk from transportation ofradioactive materials for irradiators?
No. In North America, in over 40 years oftransporting radioactive isotopes in speciallydesigned and rigorously tested shippingcontainers, there has never been an accident
that caused a radiation exposure problem. E-beam and x-ray irradiators do not useradioactive material.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
28/37
4/20/12
Can an irradiation facility have a"melt down"?
No. As the source (cobalt-60) gives offradiation, it also produces heat. The heatgenerated is simply not sufficient to melt thesource material.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
29/37
4/20/12
What happens to the used cobalt-60from a gamma irradiation facility?
When the cobalt-60 sources no longerhave sufficient strength, they are returnedto the manufacturer who either re-usesthem or stores them until they arecompletely depleted.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
30/37
4/20/12
Who makes sure irradiation facilitiesare operated safely?
In the United States, the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission and their designated stateauthorities license gamma irradiators. TheFDA and state authorities monitor electron
beam and x-ray facilities. Other countrieshave similar regulatory authorities.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
31/37
4/20/12
Have there been fatal radiationaccidents at irradiation facilities?
Irradiation facilities have been operating inthe United States for over 40 years without asingle fatal radiation accident.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
32/37
4/20/12
LABELLING &
REGULATORY
What foods can be irradiated in theUnited States?
The FDA has approved irradiation offlour, potatoes, fruits, vegetables, herbs,spices, shell eggs, poultry, molluscanshellfish and meat as safe. Petitions arecurrently pending for Ready-To-Eatproducts and certain other seafoodproducts.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
33/37
4/20/12
Do irradiated foods require specialpackaging in the United States?
The FDA must approve packagingmaterials that are in contact with the foodduring the irradiation process. Manycommon materials such as polyethylenefilm, paper and cardboard have alreadybeen approved.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
34/37
4/20/12
Do irradiated foodsrequire special labellingin the United States?
Irradiated foods destined forretail market shelves mustcontain an internationallyrecognized symbol called a"radura" and have the words:treated with radiation ortreated by irradiation.
RADURA
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
35/37
4/20/12
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
36/37
4/20/12
CONCLUTION
"If you have a choice, select fresh orfrozen poultry treated with ionizingirradiation."
World Health Organization.
-
8/2/2019 Safety Aspect of Food Irradiation
37/37
4/20/12