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Air Emission Accounts

Energy first approach

Sacha Baud Directorate Spatial

Statistics

Vienna 6-7 September 2012

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Energy first approach

Who applies the energy first approach when compiling Air Emission Accounts?

Methodology - overview

• Energy statistics/energy balances are based on territory principle.

• Adjustment to Energy Accounts (residence principle, industry break down etc.).

• Calculation of air emissions using emission factors.

• Addition of further emissions from non-energy sources.

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Energy first approach

1. From energy statistics/energy balances to Energy Accounts

Energy statistics/energy balances are based on the territory principle, i.e. they comprise all energy carriers used on the national territory, without taking into account the origin of the user (resident or non-resident unit).

In contrast, Energy Accounts comprise the energy carriers used by resident units, irrespective the geographic region of the use.

(a) For adjusting to the system boundaries of Energy Accounts the consumption of energy carriers by non-residents units on the national territory has to be removed whereas the fuel consumption of resident units abroad has to be added (usually fuels for transport purposes), e.g. tourists, freight carriers.

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Energy first approach

1. From energy statistics/energy balances to Energy Accounts (cont.)

(b) It is necessary to allocate fuels to industries and households.

In energy balances only the final energy consumption is allocated to NACE categories (groups of NACE 2-digits) and households.

Fuels used for transport issues and the so called „transformation input“ is not allocated to NACE categories and households.

Further data sources are necessary for this allocation step.

E.g. in Austria we have three sample surveys on fuel consumption (manufacturing industry, service industries, households).

Collaboration with energy statistics experts is important!

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Energy first approach

1. From energy statistics/energy balances to Energy Accounts (cont.)

How to split groups of NACE 2-digits (examples):

• CRF 1A4a, SNAP 020103: Combustion plants < 50 MW in service industries

Space heating in service industries; breakdown by means of Useful Energy Analysis and distribution of labour force.

• CRF 1A2f, SNAP 03010F: Combustion plants < 50 MW in other industry

Unspecific combustion processes; some industries like iron and steel production, chemical and petrochemical, paper, food have specific CRF codes (1A2a – 1A2e), information comes from air emissions inventory experts or energy statistics experts.

This code encompasses the other manufacturing industries; breakdown using Useful Energy Analysis, Transformation Input and Energy Accounts.

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Energy first approach

2. Calculating air emissions using emission factors

After the first step of reorganisation the following data are available:

Energy consumption

• by energy carrier and

• by NACE category and households

For the calculation of emissions the technical sources are necessary.

Examples are:

• Type of vehicle (passenger car, light duty truck, moped etc.)

• Gas turbines, boilers, small stoves etc.

• Type of aircrafts, ships etc.

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Energy first approach

2. Calculating air emissions using emission factors (cont.)

In an ideal world you would have an own emission factor per pollutant or greenhouse gas for each combination of energy carrier, industry/household and technical source.

In practice an emission factor is often used in more than one combination.

IPCC and EMEP/CORINAIR guidelines provide emission factors, but most countries have developed specific factors. So it is crucial to contact your national air emissions inventory experts to ensure the use of coherent factors.

Example: CO2 emissions from air transport

Emissions (t) = kerosene (t) x 3.153

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Energy first approach

2. Calculating air emissions using emission factors (cont.)

Example: Combination of fuels, industry and technical sources

010101 Combustion plants >= 300 MW (boilers)

Hard coal, wood waste, sewerage sludge, light fuel oil,

heavy fuel oil, gasoil, diesel, natural gas

010102 Combustion plants >= 50 and < 300 MW (boilers)

Municipal solid waste, natural gas

010103 Combustion plants < 50 MW (boilers)

Hard coal, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, gasoil, natural gas

010104 Gas turbines

not occuring

010105 Stationary engines

Diesel

Combustion in energy and transformation industries

SNAP Code 0101 public power

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Energy first approach

2. Calculating air emissions using emission factors (cont.)

Discussion of national experiences/approaches!

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Energy first approach

3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion

These emissions are not covered by Energy Accounts because they are not energy-related.

For a full description of air emissions according to AEA these emissions have to be added from air emissions inventories.

They are estimated or directly measured.

For AEA purposes they have to be rearranged to fit into the accounting scheme. So a close cooperation with the producers of air emission inventories is highly recommended.

In general they are calculated like emissions from combustion, i.e. based on activities/technical sources and specific emission factors.

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Energy first approach

3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.)

Most of these emissions can directly be allocated to specific industries and households because of the underlying activity.

Examples for industrial processes:

• Cement production (decarbonizing): CRF 2A1 or SNAP 040612

• Lime production (decarbonizing): CRF 2A2 or SNAP 040614

• Processes in petroleum industries (fugitive emissions from fuels, refining, storage): CRF 1B2a4 or SNAP 0401

• Processes in metal production like blast furnace charging (CRF 2C1b /SNAP 040202), electric furnace steel plant (CRF 2C1e3/ SNAP 040207, aluminium production (CRF 2C3, SNAP 040301)

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Energy first approach

3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.)

Examples for industrial processes (cont):

• Products of chemical industry like sulfuric acid (CRF 2B5f, SNAP 040401), ammonium nitrate (CRF 2B5f, SNAP 040405), calcium carbide (CRF 2B4b, SNAP 040412); Please note: SNAP is more detailed than CRF.

• Products of food and beverages industry like bread (CRF 2D2, SNAP 040605), wine (CRF 2D2, SNAP 040606) or beer (CRF 2D2, SNAP 040607); again SNAP is more detailed than CRF.

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Energy first approach

3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.)

Agriculture:

For agriculture there are specific codes of CRF and SNAP so an allocation of the respective emissions is relatively easy.

Only if a country has important own-use production by households it is necessary to divide these emissions between agriculture and households.

Air emission inventory experts should have the necessary information for their calculation and allocation to agriculture and households.

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Energy first approach

3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.)

Besides direct allocation of emissions to specific industries or to households there are also cases where emissions can only be allocated indirectly .

In these cases one need further information and keys for the assignment, e.g. from air emission inventory experts.

Examples for solvent and other volatile organic product use:

• CRF 3A, SNAP 060108: Other industrial paint application

CRF 3A covers total paint application, whereas in SNAP serveral applications are differentiated. A key for disaggregation could be IO-tables on use of these products, sales data.

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Energy first approach

3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.)

Examples for solvent and other volatile organic product use:

• CRF 3A, SNAP 060108: Other industrial paint application (cont.)

In Austria we can allocate some of the applications, e.g. manufacture of automobiles, construction and buildings, coil coating or wood.

SNAP 060108: Allocation to those NACE 2 digits, in which typically also paint is used: 13-15, 17-18, 20-24, 26-28, 30-32 using distribution of labour force.

• SNAP 0604: Fireworks (no GHG, therefore no CRF reporting)

No information av.; 50/50 to households and 97 (pyrotechnicians)

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Energy first approach

3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.)

• CRF 6B1, SNAP 091001: Waste water treatment in industry

Allocation to NACE 2 digits 10, 16 and 17 (most important industries), using information from air emission inventory experts

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Energy first approach

3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.)

There are a lot of non-energy related emissions that need to be added to the emissions from combustion. This work has to be done in cooperation with the national air emission inventory experts. On the one hand to benefit from their knowledge and on the other hand to assure that air emission accounts are compatible with air emission inventories.

Discussion of national experiences/approaches!

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Energy first approach

Summary of workflow

1. Adjustment of system boundaries, i.e. from territorial data of energy statistics/energy balances to residence data of energy accounts (according to National Accounts definition)

2. Allocate energy use to industries and households (according to

National Accounts definitions); supporting information can be used

3. Calculation of emissions, using specific emission factors (for

each combination of energy carrier, industry and technological source)

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Energy first approach

Summary of workflow

4. Calculation of non-energy emissions, using support from air emission inventory experts.

5. Aggregation of emissions from combustion and non-combustion

sources for each industry and households for each air pollutant and greenhouse gas

6. Check differences between air emission accounts and air

emission inventories. They have to be consistent.

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Mixed approach

Depending on your national circumstances it is also possible to apply a mixed approach, i.e. using information from energy statistics/energy balances and from air emission inventories or vice versa.

E.g. in Austria we compile energy use in air transport directly from airlines because they buy most of their kerosene abroad and this information is not available from other sources.

The amount of used kerosene is transformed into emissions using a specific factor.

The other transport emissions stem from the air emission inventory.