saars2013 abstract proceeding-june2013
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2013 by UTM Razak School, All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any
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write to the publisher, addressed Attention: Permissions Coordinator, at the address below.
Dean
UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala LumpurLevel 7, Razak TowerJalan Semarak
54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
www.razakschool.utm.my
June 2013
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Contents
L iDAR data Validation and Quali ty Assurance
Nathan Quadros
6
Biomass of Forests in Peninsular M alaysia f rom L-Band ALOS PALSAR
Hamdan Omar, Khali Aziz Hamzah, Mohd Hasmadi Ismail
7
Urban Features Extr action f rom L iDAR and Hyperspectral data fusion: A
Comparison of Dempster-Shafer Theory and Hue, Saturation, I ntensity (HSI )
Technique
Vahideh Saeidi, Mohammed O. Idrees, Biswajeet Pradhan, Helmi Zulhaidi M.
Shafri
8
Oil Spil l Automatic Detection f rom Envisat Satell ite Data using Generic Algori thm
Maged Marfghany
9
Towards Understanding of the Seismo-Tectoni c Processes from Space
Rabieahtul Abu Bakar, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, Khamarrul A. Razak
10
Estimation of Composite Hydrodynamic Roughness Over land in Tropical
Envir onment using Ai rborne L iDAR; A Case Study in H utan Rekreasi Ayer Keroh
Melaka
Siti Idayu Mohamad Aseham, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Abd
Wahid Rasib and Azman Ariffin
11
Detection of Tropical L andsli des using Airborne L iDAR Data and Mul ti -Imagery:A Case Study in Genting H igh lands, Pahang
Irhamilla Khamsim, Muhammad Zulkarnain, Khamarrul A. Razak
12
Mapping Coastal Area Based on Simulation Model Using Calibrated H igh
Resolu tion Digi tal Camera and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System
Othman Zainon, Nurul Farhah Abdul Hamid, NorHadija Darwin, Anuar
Ahmad
13
Phase Unwrapping of I nter ferometry Synthetic Apertu re Radar (inSAR) using
Thr ee-Dimensional Sorti ng Reli abili ty Algorithm
Maged Marghany
14
Buil ding Roof Top Segmentation of L iDAR Data Based Upon Slope and Aspect
Analysis
Noraain Mohamed Saraf, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Mohammad Halmi
Kamaruddin
15
Sustainable City Compactness Assessment using ALOS PALSAR I magery
Saleh Abdullahi, Biswajeet Pradhan, Mustafa Naemah Jebur
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I ncoming Solar Radiation Map on 3D L iDAR Model
Nurhafiza Md Saad, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Azman Mohd Suldi
17
Land Use Forecasting Impact to Hydrological Responses in a Monsoon Catchment
Area
Noor Syafiqah Che Omar, Nor Aizam Adnan
18
Estimation of Timber Volume in Tropical Rainforest using Airborne L iDAR
Fatehah Abdul Latip, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Wan Hazli Wan
Kadir, Shahabuddin Amerudin, Ab Latif Ibrahim
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The Use of Radar ALOS PALSAR and the Prospective Use of Air borne L iDAR for
Studying the Age of Oi l Palm Trees
Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Kian Pang Tan and Arthur Philip Cracknell
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Crop Surveil lance with On Board Processing Capabil i ties using DSP Techn iques on
FPGA PlatformZainab Rasol, Mohd Fauzi Othman
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The Problem and Potential of SAR Data for F orest Biomass Estimation
Md Latifur Rahman Sarker
22
Extracting Topographic I nformation in Tropical Rain F orest Using I fSAR
Suraya Jamaluddin, Abd Wahid Rasib, Wan Hazli Wan Kadir, Abdul Razak
Abdul Yusuf
23
Digital Elevation Model (DEM ) and Orthophoto Production of Coastal Area for 3D
Moni tori ng Using Close Range Photogrammetry Approach
NorHadija Darwin, Othman Zainon, Anuar Ahmad
24
Landscape Mapping of Golf Course using L iDAR and mul tispectral I magery
Zulkiflee Abd Latif, Siti Nor Hikmiah Bahari, Siti Nur Afiqah, Biswajeet
Pradhan
25
H igh Defini tion Survey (HDS)New Tools for Tangible Asset Data Capture
Lee Szue Yann, Mohd Azwan Abbas, Zulkepli Majid, Halim Setan and Albert
Chong
26
Long Range Terrestr ial Laser Scann ing of Complex Landsli des I nvestigation: A
Technological Perspective
Anomath, Khamarrul A. Razak, C S Lim, Rozaimi Che Hasan, Othman
Zainon, Wan Abdul Aziz Wan Mohd Akib
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LiDAR DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Nathan Quadros
Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information CRCSI, Australia
AbstractValidation is vital in ensuring that LiDAR data meets the requirements of its intended application. It
is especially important to perform the validation, or obtain a validation report, before using the data.
Discovering short comings in the data during later analysis can cause significant setbacks for projects.
The most thorough checks must be performed directly post-acquisition, or on receiving a dataset
from the acquisition provider. If the end user is the first person to analyse the LiDAR data there is a
great risk of discovering an error which will cause significant setbacks. If obtaining data from a
second party who has already performed some validation steps, users should only have to performadditional checks within the context of the experience and thoroughness of the previous validation.
The LiDAR validation concepts presented cover the most important compliance and quality
assurance checks. These validation checks are performed against an expected standard. The checks in
this presentation are in response to the Australian standards. More application specific checks maybe
performed above the standard depending upon the data use. Towards the end of 2013, the validation
steps outlined in this presentation are to be included in a publicly available, automated LiDAR
compliance and quality assurance tool developed in Australia. This tool is currently being developed
by the Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information (CRCSI), with the support of State and
Commonwealth Governments. The software tool is aimed at providing an easy to use mechanism for
contracting authorities, and data users to perform standard independent compliance testing on their
LiDAR data. LiDAR providers can also use the tool and supply the output report to users. The output
report will provide transparency to the end user on the quality of the LiDAR data.
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BIOMASS OF FORESTS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA FROM L-BAND ALOS PALSAR
Hamdan Omara Khali Aziz Hamzaha and Mohd Hasmadi Ismailb
a Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 FRIM, Kepong, Selangor,b
Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, [email protected]
AbstractTropical forest biomass is one of the key parameters in addressing issues on carbon cycle related to
the climate change. Retrieving forest biomass over the large area has been challenging since decades
due to the limited data resource, accessibility, complex forest ecosystem and many technical issues.
Remote sensing has been used actively for forest biomass estimation since the last three decades and
it is proven to be effective, especially for large area coverage. Although there are issues and
arguments raised on the estimation accuracies and limitations, research are still continuously being
carried out. Recently, with enhanced methods and machinery applications, L-band synthetic apertureradar (SAR) systems revealed broader opportunities in estimating forest biomass as it has the
capability to interpret forests better than the other space borne radar systems. This study -which was
implemented under JAXAs Kyoto & Carbon (K&C) Initiative- is carried out to retrieve biomass of
forests in Peninsular Malaysia by using L-band SAR satellite data. Dual-polarization 25 m resolution
data acquired in 2010 from Phase Array Type L-Band SAR (Palsar) onboard Japanese Advanced
Land Observing Satellite (Alos) was used in the study. Lowland (
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URBAN FEATURES EXTRACTION FROM LIDAR AND HYPERSPECTRAL DATA
FUSION: A COMPARISON OF DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY AND HUE SATURATION
INTENSITY (HSI) TECHNIQUE
Vahideh Saeidi, Mohammed O. Idrees, Biswajeet Pradhan, Helmi Zulhaidi M. Shafri
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM,
Serdang, Selangor Darul-Ehsan, Malaysia
[email protected],[email protected]
AbstractThis paper compares two multi-sensor data fusion techniques Dempster-Sharfer Theory (DST) and
Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI). The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods interm
in space and time and quality of information extraction. LiDAR and hyperspectral data were fused
using the two methods to extract urban land scape features. First, digital surface model (DSM),
LiDAR intensity and hyperspectral image were fused with HSI. Then the result was classified intofive classes (metal roof building, non-metal roof building, tree, grass and road) using supervised
classification (minimum distance) and the classification accuracy assessment was done. Second,
Dempster Shafer Theory (DST) utilized the evidences available to fuse normalized DSM, LiDAR
intensity and hyperspectral derivatives to classify the surface materials into five classes as before. It
was found out that DST perform well in the ability to discriminate different classes without expert
information from the scene. Overal accuracy of 87% achieved using DST. While in HSI technique,
the overal accuracy obtained was 74.3%. Also, metal and non-metal roof types were clearly
classified with DST which, does not have a good result with HSI. A fundamental setback of HSI is
its limitation to fusion of only two sensor data at a time whereas we could integrate different sensor
data with DST. Besides, the time required to select trainimg site for supervised classificition, the
accuracy of feature classification with HSI fused data is dependent on the knowledge of the analyst
about the scene with the other one. This study shows DST to be an accurate and fast method to
extract urban features and roof types. It is hoped that the increasing number of remote sensing
technology transforming to era of redundant data will make DST a desired technique available in
most commercial image processing software packages.
Keywords: Data fusion, Feature extraction, Urban mapping, Rroof type, Hyperspectral, LiDAR,
Dempster Shafer Theory, HSI, Remote Sensing
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OIL SPILL AUTOMATIC DETECTION FROM ENVISAT SATELLITEDATA USING
GENETIC ALGORITHM
Maged Marghany
Institute of Geospatial Science and Technology (INSTeG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
AbstractThe main objective of this work is to design automatic detection procedures for oil spill in synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) satellite data. In doing so the genetic algorithm tool was designed to investigate
the occurrence of oil spill in Malaysian coastal waters using ENVISAT ASAR satellite data. The
study shows that crossover process, and the fitness function generated accurate pattern of oil slick in
SAR data. This shown by 85% for oil spill, 5% lookalike and 10% for sea roughness using the
receiveroperational characteristics (ROC) curve. It can therefore be concludedcrossover process,and the fitness function have the main role in genetic algorithm achievement for oil spill automatic
detection in ENVISAT ASAR data.
Keywords: Oil spill, ENVISAT ASAR data, Crossover process, Fitness Function Genetic
algorithm
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UNDERSTANDING THE SEISMOTECTONIC PROCESSES FROM THE SPACE
Rabieahtul Abu Bakar1, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin2 Khamarrul Azahari Razak3
1Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia2Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia3Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
AbstractGeophysical related natural disaster in particular the seismic activity has affected about 174 million
people globally in the last 113 years. Despite remarkable efforts of mapping, monitoring and
modelling of such great events at the regional, national or global scale, the understanding of theprocesses in the Earths dynamic system remains a subject of research particularly in the equatorial
regions. Although the degree of risks to seismically-induced disasters (earthquake and tsunamis) is
relatively low in Malaysia, recent geodynamic activity indicates the need of advanced mapping and
monitoring to continuously provide reliable spatial and temporal information of the events. The
reliability of the space-based dataset for quantifying the geodynamic activities in the tropics is not
fully investigated. In this paper, we provide an overview of past and current research on seismo-
tectonic activity as revealed from the space. Integral modern space borne remote sensing data
coupled to historical or archived images are used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate
landforms-related to geodynamics activity. Satellite positioning and Earth observation data acquired
from passive and active sensor images are intensively used to retrieve geo- and seismo-indicators.
The Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared (AVNIR-2) ALOS images coupled to historical images (e.g.
ASTER, SPOT, IKONOS, QUICKBIRD, LANDSAT and LAGEOS) are analyzed to identify the
coastal and landform changes and quantify them as part of the large scale mapping and monitoring of
landforms induced by geodynamic activities. Small and large scales of terrain data, e.g.
ASTERGDEM, photogrammetry-derived map and LiDAR become such important and valuable to
support the aforementioned research activity. This exploratory research also aims to outline the
standard operating procedures (SOP) for disaster and mitigation purpose in Malaysia. In this study,
seismo-tectonic database (STDB) is intensively updated from historical records, USGS archives and
recent occurrences of geophysical-related disasters (e.g., earthquake and tsunami) that effect
Malaysia directly or indirectly. The density and frequency analyses of these events are among the
quantitative way of abstracting the data. Expert knowledge in particular the result interpretation onthe Earths processes seeing the event as a whole and complex system, has play crucial role in
bridging the knowledge gaps between the geomorphology, geophysical and geomatics fields. As a
conclusion, we carefully addressed the status and future use of advanced geoinformation tools for
mapping and monitoring geodynamic activity in Malaysia. We highlight the spatiotemporal analyses
of geodynamic events are of pivotal importance in assessing the Earth surface and tectonic processes
particularly in the regions with high anthropogenic activities and susceptible to the hazard and risk
related to seismotectonic-catastrophic events. Also the limitation of the current methods is
accordingly discussed and followed with some practical recommendations in Malaysia.
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ESTIMATION OF COMPOSITE HYDRODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS OVERLAND IN
TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT USING AIRBORNE LIDAR; A CASE STUDY IN HUTAN
REKREASI AYER KEROH MELAKA
Siti Idayu Mohamad Aseham, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Abd Wahid Rasib and Azman
Ariffin
Tropical MAP RESEARCH GROUP, Department of Geoinformation
Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Real Estate,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Johor, Malaysia,
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
AbstractParameterization of flood modeling overland has benefited from Airborne LiDAR technologies in
many ways and one of the prominent examples is the estimation of hydrodynamic roughness. Low
density airborne LiDAR with relatively low penetration over vegetation canopy under leaf-oncondition further complicate the estimation of hydrodynamic roughness in tropical zone. This paper
will present a detail investigation on the capability of airborne LiDAR data for hydrodynamic
roughness estimation over tropical region in Air Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. The study area is divided
into four landcover classes i.e. building, forest, grassland and paved road. The airborne LiDAR data
was obtained using the Optech ALTM 3100 in 2009 with a posting density of about 0.69 point per
meter squared. The estimation of composite hydrodynamic roughness consists of four processing
stages namely 1) landcover classification, 2) estimation of parameters as required by the
hydrodynamic roughness, 3) estimation of hydrodynamic roughness of individual landcover class
and 4) estimation of composite hydrodynamic roughness with different spatial resolutions. In the first
stage, the landcover classification is performed by using Support Vector Machine (SVM) on the
aerial photo of the study area obtained simultaneously with the airborne LiDAR. Estimation of
hydrodynamic value for each landcover class requires different hydrodynamic models expressed by
Mannings (n), Chezy (c), and Darcy (f) coefficients. The calculation of hydrodynamic roughness for
each landcover class should be done separately, in which finally will be merged at specific spatial
resolution to produce composite hydrodynamic roughness map represented by the Mannings n
coefficient. In the stage of hydrodynamic roughness estimation building, forest, grassland and paved
road require estimation of momentum absorption area, tree density, height of grass and area
classified as road respectively. These parameters will be estimated by using airborne LiDAR data
and aerial photograph. Estimation of tree density requires delineation of individual trees in forest
area. Tree density and diameter at breast height (DBH) of individual tree is then estimated for each
tree based on allometric equation. The overall accuracy for landcover classification is 96% with userand producer accuracies more than 80%. The results show that based on the airborne LiDAR data,
the height of grass and tree DBH can be estimated with about 0.33m and 0.22m RMSE respectively.
Finally, the composite hydrodynamic roughness is calculated based on the conventional averaging
concept, which integrates different landcover types in a specific piece of land (spatial resolution).
Keyword: Composite hydrodynamic roughness, Airborne LiDAR, Allometric, Tropical environment
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DETECTION OF TROPICAL LANDSLIDE USING AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA AND
MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE: A CASE STUDY IN GENTING HIGHLAND, PAHANG
Irhamillah Khamsin1, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman1, Khamarrul Azahari Razak2, Shahrul
Rizal Abd Rahman3
1Fakulti Geoinformasi dan Harta Tanah, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor,2UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur3RS & GIS Consultancy Sdn Bhd, A4-2-3A Solaris Dutamas, Jalan Dutamas, 50480 Kuala Lumpur
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
AbstractLandslide geomorphology system in a tropical region remained complex, and its understanding often depends
on the completeness and correctness of landslide inventorization. In mountainous regions, landslides pose a
significant impact and known as an important geomorphic process in shaping major landscape in the tropics.
Modern remote sensing based approach has revolutionized the landslide investigation in a forested terrain.
Optical satellite imagery, aerial photographs and synthetic aperture radar images are less effective to create
reliable tropical DTMs for landslide recognition, and even so in the forested equatorial regions. Airborne laser
scanning (ALS) data have been used to construct the digital terrain model (DTM) under dense vegetation, but
its reliability for landslide recognition in the tropics remains surprisingly unknown. The present study aims at
providing better insight into the use of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data: i) to investigate qualitatively the
performance the performance of different LiDAR filtering approaches in removing non-ground point clouds,
ii) to generate different parameters layers suitable for landslide recognition in tropical region, iii) to evaluate
the capability of object-oriented approach to detect different types of landslides in a lowland evergreen
rainforest region. The methodology was developed over the forested landslides characterized by tropicalregime in Genting Highlands, Pahang and supported by field evidences. By using the Optech ALTM 3100
sensor flying on 3rd of August 2007, 728 412 million points with a mean density of 0.66 points per meter
squared is obtained. For the bare-earth extraction, the qualitative evaluation of several prominent filtering
algorithms and surface interpolation methods are used: i) progressive TIN densification, ii) morphological,
and iii) command prompt from Lastool with aims in removing non-ground points while preserving important
landslide features. For automatically identification of landslides, a series of topographic-, hidro-topographic-,
geological structures-, and antropogenic factor maps were used which is purely derived from ALS data as
input dataset for object-oriented landslide detection. Qualitative assessment is illustratively presented and
critically discussed. As a result, progressive TIN densification filter algorithms able to extract ground points
and Kriging surface interpolation method had a better strategy of producing reliable terrain models for tropicallandslides. Derivative of DTM production: flow accumulation and hill shading are the best layer to classify
the landslide in tropical region. By using OOA, three out of five landslides are correctly classified; debris
flow; debris slide and rotational landslides, however small landslide remains unrecognized. The results are
promising given the complexity of the terrain and difficulty of generating precise terrain information in the
tropics. This paper also addresses the limitation of the methods and highlights the research challenges in
making reliable landslide inventory maps and subsequently used for assessing landslide hazard and risks in
such environment. The method of the present study is recommended for all forested mountainous terrain
affected by landslides in the tropics.
Keywords: Landslide, Airborne LiDAR, Tropical, Object oriented classification
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MAPPING COASTAL AREA BASED ON SIMULATION MODEL USING CALIBRATED
HIGH RESOLUTION DIGITAL CAMERA AND UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
SYSTEM
1Othman Zainon, 2Nurul Farhah Abdul Hamid, 2Norhadija Darwin & 2Anuar Ahmad
1UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus
54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur2Institute for Science and Technology Geospatial (INSTEG), Faculty of Geoinformation Science &
Real Estate Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor
Abstract
This paper aims to demonstrate the potential use of a high resolution digital camera and unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV) system for mapping coastal area based on a simulation model. In this study, a
strip of serial images of a simulation model of coastal area were captured using a calibrated high
resolution compact digital camera known as Canon Power Shot SX230 HS and it has 12 megapixelimage resolution. The digital camera was calibrated in the laboratory and field. For laboratory
calibration, a 3D test field in form of calibration plate was used. The dimension of the calibration
plate is 0.4m x o.4m and consists of 36 grid targets at different height. For field calibration, a 3D test
field was constructed which comprise of 81 target points at different heights and located on a flat
ground with dimension of 9m x 9m. In the laboratory calibration, a scale bar was placed in the test
field for scaling the image and approximate coordinates were used for calibration process. Similar
method was utilized in the field calibration. For both test fields, the digital images were acquired
using convergent configuration. For the field calibration, additional aerial digital images were
acquired using a UAV system. Different calibration results were obtained for both laboratory and
field calibrations. For laboratory calibration, the achievable accuracy is 0.000m while for field
calibration the achievable accuracy is 0.000m. The best result is from the field calibration method.
For most photogrammetric and non-photogrammetric applications, the digital camera must be
calibrated in the field or on site. In this study, after the digital camera was calibrated using field
calibration method, it was attached to a rotary wing UAV to acquire a strip of aerial images of a
simulation model of coastal area for the purpose of mapping. In the simulation model, ground control
points (GCP) and check points (CP) were established using total station for the purpose of processing
the digital aerial images. Results showed that the digital terrain model (DTM) and orthophoto were
successfully produced using a digital photogrammetric software. In conclusion, accurate mapping
results could be obtained using a calibrated high resolution compact digital camera attached to the
UAV and it has great potential to be used in various applications.
Keywords: Mapping, Coastal Area, Digital Camera, Calibration, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
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PHASE UNWRAPPING OF INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
(INSAR) USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SORTING RELIABILITIES ALGORITHM
Maged Marghany
Institute of Geospatial Science and Technology (INSTeG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia,
AbstractThe paper is focused on three-dimensional (3-D) coastline deformation from interferometry
synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). In doing so, conventional InSAR procedures are implemented to
three repeat passes of ENVISAT ASAR data. Further, three-dimensional sorting reliabilities
algorithm (3D-SRA) is implemented with phase unwrapping technique. Consequently, the 3D-SRA
is used to eliminate the phase decorrelation impact from the interferograms. The study shows the
performance of InSAR method using the 3D-SRA is better than InSAR procedure which is validatedby a lower range of error (0.060.32 m) with 90% confidence intervals. In conclusion, integration of
the 3D-SRA with phase unwrapping produce accurate 3-D coastline deformation.
Keywords: InSAR, Fringe, Interferogram, Three-dimensional sorting reliabilities algorithm (3D-
SRA), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Coastline deformation, ENVISAT ASAR
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BUILDING ROOF TOP SEGMENTATION OF LiDAR DATA BASED UPON SLOPE AND
ASPECT ANALYSIS
Noraain Mohamed Saraf, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Mohammad Halmi Kamaruddin
Centre for Geospatial Technology (CGT)Centre of Studies for Surveying Science & Geomatics
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,
Selangor, MALAYSIA
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
Abstract
Building segmentation and 3-D models of LiDAR data have been tremendously useful especially in
3-D city mapping, 3-D simulation, urban planning, infrastructure development and disaster
monitoring. In order to increase the 3-D model accuracy, providing precise building information
such as building roof top segmentation is vital for 3D modelling and city mapping.This paper aims tosegment the roof top of the building based on the slope and aspect analysis of the urban study site in
Ampang, Kuala Lumpur. LiDAR data were used for that purpose. The data were initially checked
and verified accordingly. Digital models (DEM and DSM) were generated based on this LiDAR
data involving classification, filtering and masking. A normalised DSM was generated to separate
the buildings from other spatial features. The height of the building is that height taken without the
roof top. Those LiDAR points that are representative of the height of building were removed leaving
only the points representing the roof top. Slope and aspect analysis were conducted based upon
segmentation on the roof top. Hence, an error assessment was done and findings were highlighted
and documented. 3-D building reconstruction can be carried out using the analysis clarified in this
paper. The result of LiDAR verification certifies that the data is reliable and useable where the Root
Mean Square (RMS) error obtained is within the tolerance value of vertical accuracy (z) with 0.091m.
Roof top segmentation based on slope and aspect analyses indicate that the approach can derive the
reliable and accurate 3-D building roof top. The finding from this study demonstrates the capability
and the effectiveness of LiDAR data.
Keywords: 3-D LiDAR, Building segmentation, Building roof top, Slope, Aspect
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SUSTAINABLE CITY COMPACTNESS ASSESSMENT USING ALOS PALSAR IMAGERY
Saleh Abdullahi, Biswajeet Pradhan, Mustafa Neamah Jebuv
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, [email protected];[email protected];[email protected]
AbstractIn recent decades, attaining urban sustainability is one of the primary goals in urban development
processes. Current urban development patterns such as urban sprawl in which, plenty of lands are left
abandoned inside the cities and subsequent conversion of valuable agricultural lands into built-up
area is against the concept of urban sustainability. These kinds of dispersion urban development
cause various environmental, economical and social issues. In this context, compact development,
smart city and or TOD (Transit Oriented Development) are recognized as best type of urban form to
achieve urban sustainability. The rationale behind the compact development is, to protect naturalenvironment, decrease car dependency, support public transportation and existing community
facilities, increase walking and cycling behavior etc. Kajang city (Malaysia) in recent years has faced
large urban sprawl development due to its proximity to three main cities of this country. This paper,
analyzed urban sustainability of Kajang city through city compactness assessment. Generally in
traditional mapping, city compactness are studied more qualitatively, however, this research tried to
investigate this theory in quantitative manner. Urban density, mixed development and intensification
processes were the main indicators to evaluate the city compactness. Various parameters such as
population, landuse, land-cover, road network and other information regarding city planning were
collected from local planning authority. However, for extraction of the built up areas density, SAR
(Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery was used. Subsequently, built-up areas were extracted using
both pixel based supervised classification (Decision Tree) as well as object oriented classification of
ALOS PALSAR image (2010) with 12.5 m spatial resolution. Overall results of object-oriented
classification had higher accuracy than DT, however, both outputs were used for built-up density
indicator. For compactness assessment, the study area was divided into cells according to districts
defined by local government. Each cell was then evaluated based on the predefined compactness
indicators. For the final judgment and overlay analysis, multicriteria decision analysis and statistical
approaches were utilized. The results demonstrated that, urban densities and existence of public
transportation and community facilities are the key factors to develop the city in more compact and
sustainable manner. Furthermore, southeastern zones of Kajang city that are more intensified with
higher density are determined as compact zones. The results obtained in this paper can be helpful for
town planning in order to design in a compact form and sustainable manner. The local government ofKajang city also can take advantage of this research, to improve the most compact zones and plan
new developments for least compact zones to make Kajang city more sustainable.
Keywords: Sustainable development, City compactness, SAR imagery, Urban density, Mixed
development
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INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION MAP ON 3D LiDAR MODEL
Nurhafiza Md Saad, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Azman Mohd Suldi
Centre of Studies Surveying Sciences & Geomatics
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,Universiti Teknologi MARA,40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
AbstractA proper planning, design and development of built structures towards sustainable practices of green
building technology, for instance, is a key for todays built environment practice. The Suns radiated
energy is an important source in realizing this green technology concept in building reconstruction.
The incoming solar radiation (insolation) when interact with the atmosphere and objects on the
Earths surface would create some insolation pattern that are ambiguous and as result need to be
investigated further. This paper explores on the insolation pattern and ambiguities towards the 3Dreconstructed building and topographic surfaces in urban area in the context of direct, diffuse, and
reflectance irradiance. Within this context, this research focuses on several issues including the
selection of appropriate algorithm to generate the insolation map on Digital Elevation Model and
Digital Surface Model. The Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model generated by points
cloud data from LiDAR images and the information of coordinates and heights of the points cloud
enable triangular irregular network to be generated in ArcGIS environment. From the TIN produced,
the pattern of incoming solar radiation can be visualized using area insolation map which indicates
the maximum and minimum solar irradiance on the surfaces. The final product is area insolation map
on polyhedral surface which consist of topographic and buildings 3D model. The significance of
this study are, the result in insolation pattern for difference surface would hold opposing views on
the subject of 3D reconstructed buildings. The optimum direction of buildings allocation can be
predicted to assist passive solar design strategies which used broadly in energy efficiency to increase
occupant comfort.
Keywords: Insolation, 3D Building reconstruction, Solar radiation
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LAND USE FORECASTING IMPACT TO HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSES IN A
MONSOON CATCHMENT AREA
Noor Syafiqah Che Omar and Nor Aizam Adnan
Centre of Study Surveying Science & Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture,Planning and Surveying,UiTM, Shah Alam, Malaysia
[email protected],[email protected]
AbstractThe increases of urban development drastically affect the nature of land sustainability, thus, in order
to sustain the development of land, the development planning should follow the guideline derived by
authority. Any land area left behind can be modeled its future development based on previous years
data (i.e. population, employment and etc.) and factors of development (i.e. soil condition, terrain,
river, road, urban growth pattern and etc.) in systematic planning. As urban land development
increase, the condition of land surface may changes. This research is carried out in order to projectfuture land use development of Kelantan with the aid of the GIS planning support system software
(i.e. What if? 2.0) and its effect on hydrologic responses (i.e. runoff volume & peak discharge). The
expected outputs of this research is to apply that remote sensing and GIS provide a means for
performing land use land cover development assessment and its effect on hydrological responses in
Kelantan. As a result, a map of future land development planning and its effect on hydrological
responses in Kelantan can be established.
Keyword: Urban, Land use, Land cover, Land development, Land surface, Remote sensing,
Geographical information system (GIS), Hydrological responses
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ESTIMATION OF TIMBER VOLUME IN TROPICAL RAINFOREST USING AIRBORNE
LiDAR
Fatehah Abdul Latip, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Wan Hazli Wan Kadir, Shahabuddin
Amerudin & Ab Latif Ibrahim
TropicalMAP RESEARCH GROUP, Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation
Science & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA.
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],
Abstract
Airborne Laser Detention and Ranging (LiDAR) has been used extensively for timber volume
estimation especially in temperate region. Application of such technology in tropical region
specifically in developing countries faces several challenges due to low penetration of laser pulses
over tree canopy and relatively low density of point clouds due to the cost constraint. This paperpresents a thorough investigation on the capability of ALS data in estimating density of vegetation
over Ayer Keroh recreational forest, Melaka, Malaysia. The study area covers about 2 hectare and
consists of more than 30 tree species, which dominated by Merawan Siput Jantan (Hopea odorata).
The airborne LiDAR data was obtained using the Optech ALTM 3100 in 2009 with a posting density
of about 0.69 point per meter squared. The estimation of forest timber volume involves five main
processing stages, i.e. 1) delineation of individual trees, 2) estimation of individual tree diameterat
breast height (DBH) based on allometric equation, 3) estimation of crown diameter, 4) estimation of
tree height and 5) estimation of timber volume. Individual tree crown segmentation is based on the
inverse watershed (IW) segmentation routine and local maximum (LM) filtering in TreeVaw. Tree
height and crown diameter of individual trees are calculated by using canopy height model (CHM)
and crown segments. These parameters will be used as input in the allometric equation that is
specially developed over tropical region to estimate tree DBH. Based on the estimated DBH, tree
height and crown diameter, the timber volume will be calculated at a certain unit area by using a
multiplicative method. The final timber volume map is validated using field collected data. In this
study, the results are presented as a map of average of timber volume for every one acre in the study
area. Correlation between field collected tree height, DBH, crown diameter and timber volume with
values extracted based on the ML individual tree delineation are 0.59, 0.72, 0.72 and 0.79
respectively. On the other hand for IW segmentation, the correlation values for tree height, DBH,
crown diameter and timber volume are lower than the ML approach with 0.26, 0.03, 0.16 and 0.05
respectively. The root mean square (RMSE) value for timber volume estimation by using IW
segmentation capable of producing timber volume map with the accuracy about 111.31m
3
/acre.Whereas for LM filtering capable of estimating timber volume with RMSE of 73.62m3/acre.
Keyword: Timber volume, airborne LiDAR, allometric, tropical rainforest.
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THE USE OF RADAR ALOS PALSAR AND THE PROSPECTIVE USE OF AIRBORNE
LIDAR FOR STUDYING THE AGE OF OIL PALM TREES
Kasturi Devi Kanniah1, Kian Pang Tan1 and Arthur Philip Cracknell2
1
Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti TeknologiMalaysia, UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia.
2Division of Electronic Engineering and Physics, University of Dundee, Dundee DDI 4HN, Scotland,
UK.
AbstractIt is important to study the age of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) which is one of the
important factors influencing oil palm productivity, biomass, the production of fruit bunches, and the
age information is useful for the application such as precision farming. Oil palms age mapping using
remote sensing would be useful for inferring old oil palm trees (above or at 25 years old) that are
likely to need to be replanted and this kind of mapping is also valuable in monitoring productivity orbiomass of oil palm trees at a regional scale. This paper investigated the age of oil palm trees using
Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS
PALSAR) radar remote sensing data at a private oil palm estate in southern Peninsular Malaysia. The
correlation of the polarisations i.e. horizontal transmitting and horizontal receiving (termed HH
polarisation), horizontal transmitting and vertical receiving (termed HV polarisation), and the ratio of
these polarisations with the age of oil palm trees were investigated. The results showed that the
backscatter coefficient of HH polarisation and the age of oil palm correlate moderately strongly
(R2=0.49) while HV polarisation has weak correlation (R2=0.27). The ratio of the polarisations does
not show any improvement on the correlation with the age of oil palm trees. The ratio of HH over
HV demonstrated R2=0.26. This study classified the age of oil palm trees by using HH polarisation
with the Random Forest classification. The accuracy of the age classification was moderate, the
overall accuracy and kappa coefficient obtained were 49.4% and 0.48 respectively. It is suggested in
future study that one should focus on monitoring changes in height as the canopy level monitoring
efforts will be limited for oil palm trees of after 10 years old. Mapping the age of oil palm trees at a
regional scale has become possible with the existing of airborne LiDAR. Apart from the fact that the
costing of airborne LiDAR data is rather expensive, it is generally difficult to map the height of oil
palm trees at a very large scale like Malaysia as the absence of routine airborne LiDAR data
collection.
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CROP SURVAILLANCE WITH ON BOARD PROCESSING CAPABILITIES USING DSP
TECHNIQUES ON FPGA PLATFORM
1Zainab Rasol and 2Mohd Fauzi Othman
1
UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus,54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur
2Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIRO),Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan
Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur
AbstractThe utilization of UAV for various applications such as crop surveillance, mapping, military, etc.
purposes is getting more popularity since it offers simplicity in terms of operational. As the
technology for UAV and image scanning advances more images could be produced in a single flight.The next step is, how to process these data in a more intelligent and competent manners. In this
paper a cheaper on board data processing method using DSP techniques on FPGA platform is
proposed so that the diseased palm oil crops could be isolated from the rest. The main aim is to
process these data in real time scale and the position of the diseased crops could be reported back to
the base via GPS facilities. This would allow the diseased crops to be treated accordingly as soon as
possible in order to avoid further damage to the plants.
Keywords: FPGA, DSP, Crop surveillance, UAV, Data processing technique
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THE PROBLEM AND POTENTIAL OF SAR DATA FOR FOREST BIOMASS
ESTIMATION
Md. Latifur Rahman Sarker
Department of Geoinformation, Uinversiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Johor,Malaysia
[email protected]/[email protected]
AbstractSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is still one of the best choices for the estimation of forest biomass
but the accuracy of the biomass estimation is low especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions due
to the saturation problem of SAR data. However, the saturation problem of SAR can be minimized
by using spatial image processing techniques of recent high resolution and dual polarization SAR
data. Therefore, this research investigated the potential of recent SAR data (C-band Radarsat and L-band PALSAR) for the estimation of forest biomass using spatial image processing techniques i.e.
texture processing and texture polarization indices along with original backscattering data. Results
indicate that raw backscattering data , whether it is C-band or L-band, is unable to provide a better
forest biomass estimation accuracy because of the saturation problems. However, texture processing
of SAR data provides a better estimation accuracy although it varied based on the polarization and
spatial resolution of the SAR data. This research found that further improvement of the forest
biomass estimation can be achieved using texture polarization indices of both SAR data. The
accuracy of 0.02 (r2) was obtained from the raw backscattering data, while the accuracies (r2) of 0.85
and 0.90 were obtained from the texture parameters and texture polarization ratio respectively for the
biomass level up to 500t/ha. This research also found that the performance of C-band SAR texture is
better than the L-band SAR probably because of the higher spatial resolution of C-band SAR which
has the ability to provide a better texture on the SAR image. However, the accuracy of the L-band
SAR can supersede the accuracy of the C-band SAR if multi-data can be used in the processing
algorithm.
Keywords: Forest biomass; SAR; Saturation; Texture polarization indices
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EXTRACTING TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
USING IfSAR
Suraya Jamaluddin, Abd Wahid Rasib, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman,
Wan Hazli Wan Kadir and Abdul Razak Mohd Yusuf
Tropical MapResearch Group, Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real
Estate, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor Malaysia.
AbstractRecently, low-cost information from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) is widely
used for the purpose of creating topographic information such as landforms map. Theoretically, the
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with 32-bit floating number are using a different phase of
waves so that the deformation of surface (digital elevation) can be generated. However over high
density vegetation coverage, this data has limitation to produce a better accuracy of terrain elevationsuch as in Tropical Rain Forest. Thus, this study is attempted to analyze the topographic information
at Pasoh Forest Reserve such as contour extraction and tree height from correlation of two IfSAR
products namely digital surface model (DSM) and digital terrain model (DTM). Tree height patterns
which calculated from isometric allometric equation is also been used to gain the digital elevation
accuracy of the study. The outcomes of the study is then can be used in enhancing further analysis in
forest ecosystem conservation studies such as extraction of tree biomass from remote sensing
satellite data.
Keywords: Topographic, Tropical Rain Forest, IfSAR
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DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL AND ORTHOPHOTO PRODUCTION OF COASTAL
AREA FOR EROSION MONITORING USING CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
APPROACH
Norhadija Darwin1, Anuar Ahmad1 & Othman Zainon2
1Institute for Science and Technology Geospatial (INSTEG), Faculty of Geoinformation & Real
Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor2 UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus, 54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala
Lumpur
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
AbstractClose range photogrammetry technique can be employed to achieve high accuracy measurement for
topographic applications where images are taken close to the object within the range of 300 meters.
Compact digital camera has the potential for acquiring high resolution digital images forenvironmental hazards such as coastal erosion, landslide, and others. By using the Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle (UAV) platform, coastal evolution and digital elevation model (DEM) production for 3D
monitoring of coastal morphology can be done. This paper highlights the study carried out using
UAV system and close range photogrammetry technique for the production of DEM and orthophoto.
The first objective is to investigate the use of digital aerial images captured using fixed wing UAV
for DEM and orthophoto production of simulated coastal area for 3D monitoring. The second
objective is to evaluate the accuracy of the DEM. A fixed wing UAV was used to acquire the digital
aerial images of the coastal area at low altitude. A compact digital camera was attached to the UAV
for acquiring a strip of digital aerial images. In digital image processing, minimum of two digital
aerial images of the simulated coastal area are required. For accurate measurement, the high
resolution digital camera was calibrated and output of the camera parameters were used for interior
orientation in digital image processing. The ground control points (GCPs) and check points (CPs)
were established using total station. The results comprised of DEM and orthophoto of the simulated
coastal area. The digital aerial images of the simulated coastal area were acquired at two epochs for
the purpose of erosion monitoring. As conclusion, the study carried out proved that UAV can be used
for production of photogrammetric output and environmental modeling and has great potential for
implementation of real coastal area. It also has great potential to be used for diversified applications.
Keywords: UAV, Close range photogrammetry, DEM, Coastal area
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LANDSCAPE MAPPING OF GOLF COURSE USING LiDAR AND MULTISPECTRAL
IMAGERY
Zulkiflee Abd Latif, Siti Nor Hikmiah Bahari, Siti Nur Afiqah, Biswajeet Pradhan
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HIGH DEFINITION SURVEY (HDS) NEW TOOLS FOR TANGIBLE
ASSET DATA CAPTURE
Lee Szue Yann, Mohd Azwan Abbas, Zulkepli Majid, Halim Setan and Albert Chong
Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning Research GroupINFOCOMM Research Alliance, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
AbstractHigh Definition Survey (HDS) is a new era in the field of measurement requires a fast data capture
and high level of resolution and accuracy. Currently, HDS-based measurement technology was
incorporated in the laser-based measurement equipments that can provide high resolution
measurement and accuracy up to millimeter level in a short measurement time. This paper shows the
use of HDS technology as a new approach for collecting spatial data of tangible assets in the building.Terrestrial laser scanner Leica C10 was placed at several scanning stations to collect point cloud data
of tangible assets. The collected point cloud data was then registered, merged and modeled by using
Cyclone and Sketch-up software. The 3D model of each tangible asset was then classified as
individual entity and exported to GIS software for asset management application development. The
findings in this research show that the HDS technology is suitable for collecting indoor asset data
due to advantages of the technology which offers fast, high resolution, high accuracy and safety in
capturing the data. This technology is less work when confronted with the assets that made using
glass and dark material. However, this technology is founded to be very effectively used in dark
situations.
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LONG RANGE TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING OF COMPLEX LANDSLIDES
INVESTIGATION: A TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Khamarrul Azahari Razak1, C S Lim2, Anomaht Aitin2, Rozaimi Che Hasan1, Othman Zainon3, Wan
Abdul Aziz Wan Mohd Akib4
1UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2GPS Lands (M) Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Selangor
3UTM SPACE, Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur4Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
AbstractDespite tremendous capability of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been used in Earth system
sciences, few studies have been carried out to investigate its potential in characterizing the complex
landslides in a tropical environment. This paper provides an overview of modern terrestrial laserscanning covering the planning, data collection and post-processing stages to investigate the complex
landslides in the Gunung Pass, Cameron Highlands. Some functionalities of long range RIEGL
product are critically discussed. Remarkably, this mapping system is superior to the existing
mapping technique implemented in the susceptible areas. We performed an experimental assessment
of terrain data collected by TLS system and reflectorless Total Station at particular location to
quantitatively evaluate the reliability of topographic data across the landslides with an active rate of
activity. As a result, we listed out some recommendations of TLS campaign for tropical landslide
mapping and extended it into a standard operation procedure of ground-based laser scanning system
for acquiring high, accurate and reliable TLS data across the complex tropical landscape in particular
in the rugged mountainous region. We also highlighted the potential of TLS system to be utilized as
major source of geospatial data for mapping, monitoring and modeling of complex tropical
landslides in the near-future.
Keywords: TLS system, SOP TLS campaign, tropical landslides, Gunung Pass
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