SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 1

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 2

March 2017

This document should be cited as:

South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board, 2017. Regional Action Plan: A guide to natural

resource management priorities in the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin, Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion summary.

URL: www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/samurraydarlingbasin-rap

For more information about this plan please contact:

South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board

PO Box 2343

Murray Bridge SA 5253

Phone: (08) 8532 9100

Email: SAMDBEnquiries@sa.gov.au

Website: www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/samurraydarlingbasin-rap

The South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board and the Government of South Australia, their

employees and their servants do not warrant, or make any representation, regarding the use or results of the information

contain herein as to its correctness, accuracy, currency or otherwise. The South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural

Resources Management Board and the Government of South Australia, their employees and their servants expressly disclaim all

liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice herein.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 3

The diverse soils, water resources, biodiversity and landscapes of the SA Murray-

Darling Basin (SAMDB) are the foundation of many of the things we value; our

livelihoods, lifestyles and our wellbeing.

We all play a role in managing these natural resources.

About this document

This document is a summary of the Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion of the Regional Action Plan for the

South Australia Murray Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Region. The document contains a general

overview of the subregion and what’s valued about it, a detailed profile of the subregion, a list of the natural

resource management issues, their impacts and their priority status. For more detail on specific issues or to find

out the suggested actions to address them please follow the links in this document or visit the Regional Action

Plan online at www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/samurraydarlingbasin-rap.

Figure 1: Location of the Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 4

Socio-economic drivers of change

Rapid urban growth and development

Increasing value of land for 'lifestyle' properties and

decreasing property size

Market diversification - increase in tourism, boutique food

and wine

Climate change.

Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion Overview

The Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges (EMLR) subregion is

the fastest growing area of the SA MDB region. It

contains the high growth areas of Mount Barker,

Littlehampton, Strathalbyn and Meadows. There are a

high proportion of city commuters in these towns due

to transport linkages such as the South-eastern Freeway.

The EMLR subregion includes the traditional lands of a

number of Aboriginal groups. The area includes part of

the traditional land of the Peramangk, a section of the

Ngarrindjeri and Others Native Title Claim area, and part

of the Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim.114,125

The area supports a diverse mix of land uses including viticulture, horticulture, livestock grazing, horse agistment

and biodiversity conservation with a growing number of lifestyle properties. This diversity of land use contributes

to its cultural, aesthetic, tourism and development values. The landscape is characterised by hills, valleys and

rocky outcrops of the Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges, whose vegetation has been subject to extensive clearing for

agricultural and urban development. Where they remain, grassy woodlands, forests with grassy and shrubby

understorey and temperate grassy ecosystems provide habitat for native plants and animals, including a number

of threatened species. Water resources of this subregion have been extensively developed.

Values and identity

‘Lifestyle’ values; semi-rural living with high level of services and within close proximity to Adelaide 40

Cultural, social and economic values of the Traditional Owners124,113

Natural beauty; landscape aesthetic associated with patchwork of land uses40,59 including patches of

bush

High rainfall, high productivity farming area with high production from irrigated horticulture and

grazing40

Diversity of farming40

Tourism associated with food, wine and European settler and cultural heritage values40

Biodiversity conservation; in a recognised biodiversity hotspot for the nation.40,59

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 5

© SATC, Shopping in Strathalbyn. Photographer: Mike Annese

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 6

Profile of the Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion

Landscapes The EMLR subregion is a modified production

landscape characterised by fertile hills and valleys,

and granite rocky outcrops of the Eastern Mount

Lofty Ranges. It has moderate to high rainfall

(600-900 mm), the highest of the SAMDB region.

Most of the rainfall occurs in winter and early spring

and there is a strong declining east-to-west

gradient.40, 50,59

The diversity of land uses and relatively smaller

property sizes in the EMLR subregion is a key part

of its identity. It contains growing urban centres and

numerous small towns, conservation areas on

private and public lands (numerous, but small in

size compared to other subregions), grazing

properties (native and improved pastures), horse

properties, lifestyle blocks (bush blocks and hobby

farms), irrigated horticulture, viticulture and niche

industries. These vary in their level of native

vegetation cover and type, and in intensity of land

use.

The native vegetation the Mount Lofty Ranges

represents an ‘island’ of temperate forest and

woodland ecosystems within the semi-arid mallee

and dry woodlands of the surrounding plains, and is

considered a biodiversity hotspot of Australia.

Vegetation of the Mount Lofty Ranges has been

subject to widespread clearing since European

settlement to increase the land’s livestock carrying

capacity, and current native vegetation cover is

around 12 per cent of its former extent. Native

vegetation now occurs as fragmented patches

within a mosaic of agricultural, lifestyle property

and urban land uses, or as open woodlands on

grazing land with a highly modified understorey,

commonly dominated by exotic annual grasses.

Conservation assets in this subregion include grassy

woodlands (drooping sheoak, red gum, blue gum,

pink gum, mallee box) and three nationally listed

threatened ecological communities; Swamps of the

Fleurieu Peninsula, Peppermint Box Grassy

Woodland of South Australia and Iron Grass Natural

Temperate Grassland of South Australia.40,88,91 The

EMLR subregion provides habitat for 180 state-

listed flora species and 101 state-listed fauna

species. Of these, 24 flora and 32 fauna species are

also listed nationally under the Environment

Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act

1999. These include a number of species not found

elsewhere in the state.90,106 A full list of threatened

species found in the subregion can be downloaded

here.

Many plants, animals and sites are culturally

significant and these are affected by a range of

NRM issues.120,124 Aboriginal creation ancestor

stories (sometimes called Dreamtime or Dreaming

Stories) explain how natural elements in the

landscape were formed or how certain species came

to be. The stories describe how creation ancestors

shaped and shifted the landscape, how they crafted

its beauty and natural resources and then gifted

these places to specific groups of people across

South Australia’.116

Aboriginal Heritage is an important part of the

landscape. The Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988

protects Aboriginal sites, objects and remains in all

areas of South Australia.117 The Kungun Ngarrindjeri

Yunnan Agreement (2009) establishes proper

consideration by State Government Departments of

Aboriginal Heritage matters and protection of

Aboriginal Heritage is a key concern for local

Traditional Owners.124 Protecting natural resources

and playing an active role in their management is a

key priority for the Traditional Owners of this

area.113,124

Water resources of the EMLR are managed under

the Water Allocation Plan for the Eastern Mount

Lofty Ranges Prescribed Water Resources.50 A series

of intermittent streams flow from the hills into the

Ramsar listed Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and

Albert Wetland. The streams of the EMLR subregion

gain water from run-off in the hills and groundwater

discharge where the groundwater level is higher

than the stream bed for at least some of the time.

These streams also lose water to groundwater in the

foothills and on the plains.

The surface water resources of this subregion have

been extensively developed the through installation

of dams and watercourse diversion infrastructure.

Farm dam development is particularly significant in

the hills, resulting in less water for watercourses.

Aerial surveys show that there are around 7,000

farm dams (approx. 18,285 ML storage) in the whole

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 7

EMLR water allocation planning area, which extends

north into the Central Ranges subregion.50 Unlike

the Western Mount Lofty Ranges there are few

public supply water reservoirs, with operation of the

Strathalbyn Reservoir superseded by supplying the

town directly from the River Murray.

The hills of the EMLR are underlain by consolidated

basement rock, which form fractured rock aquifers.

Groundwater is also held in sedimentary Permian

Sands and Quaternary alluvium in highland valleys

and adjacent to drainage lines. Consequently,

groundwater has variable yield and quality and is

often fresher under and around the watercourses

(e.g. Angas Bremer Prescribed Wells Area).

Sedimentary aquifers on the plains and abutting

Lake Alexandrina support water dependent

ecosystems of national and state significance.

Groundwater resource development is centred on

Mount Compass, Ashbourne, Currency Creek and

Langhorne Creek with patchy nature of fractured

rock aquifers limiting groundwater resource

development in other areas. Water is used mostly

for viticulture, horticulture, stock and domestic

purposes.50

There are wetlands of national significance within

this subregion, and the confluences of the Finniss

River and Currency Creek with Lake Alexandrina are

part of the internationally listed Coorong and Lakes

Alexandrina and Albert Ramsar Wetland. Numerous

rivers and streams drain from the ranges into Lake

Alexandrina and the River Murray but there is no

direct drainage to the Coorong. Flows from the

EMLR are a small part of the overall water budget

for the Coorong and Lakes subregion but they can

be significant in terms of providing seasonal

freshening cues and during times of sustained low

River Murray inflows.62,64

The Swamps of the Fleurieu Peninsula are located in

the Currency Creek, Tookayerta Creek and Finniss

River catchments. These swamps are a critically

endangered ecological community under the

Commonwealth Environment Protection and

Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and

are home to listed endangered species such as

southern brown bandicoot and southern emu wren.

The numerous permanent pools and springs in the

EMLR subregion are critical refugia for water-

dependent species, including native fish species

protected under the State’s Fisheries Management

Act 2007, such as southern pygmy perch and river

blackfish. The Red Gums on the Angas and Bremer

River plains are excellent examples of remnant,

stands along unregulated rivers.

Soils of the region are variable, but are typically

shallow to moderately soils on rock, which have a

relative high inherent fertility. These soils are often

associated with acidic sandy loams over clay on rock

which can readily acidify and are susceptible to

water and wind erosion.40,69 Combined with the hilly

topography, this limits cropping in this subregion.

Livelihoods With the highest rainfall in the region (close to the

highest in the state), the EMLR subregion supports

highly productive agricultural industries, and a

diversity of land uses. Mount Barker is the regional

centre for business and industry. Other towns

include Nairne, Strathalbyn and Meadows. Land

value is high relative to other parts of the SAMDB,

reflecting its proximity to Adelaide and competition

for land from residential and lifestyle property

owners. The dominant land uses in the EMLR

subregion (around 170,000 ha) are: grazing

modified pastures (89,000 ha); cropping on the

plains (30,000 ha); irrigated crops, pastures,

perennial and annual horticulture (16,700 ha)81 and

small-farm animal husbandry, including a significant

number of horse properties.

Property sizes are small compared to other more

remote subregions. Many of the agricultural and

horticultural land uses in the area rely on

supplementary water from dams, watercourse

diversions and bores.50 Only 3,000 ha are protected

for nature conservation.81

The EMLR subregion includes the traditional lands

of a number of Aboriginal groups. The area includes

part of the traditional land of the Peramangk, a

section of the Ngarrindjeri and Others Native Title

Claim area, and part of the Kaurna Peoples Native

Title Claim.114,125 Traditional owners have used and

actively managed the natural resources of this

subregion for many thousands of years. The Kungun

Ngarrindjeri Yunnan Agreement (2009)

acknowledges the importance of Ngarrindjeri

gaining economic benefit from the management of

protected areas and there is an interest in natural

and cultural resource based economic opportunities

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 8

for Traditional Owners in this subregion, including

management, monitoring and tourism.124

A number of Aboriginal people are employed in

natural resources management roles within the

SAMDB NRM region although most of this work has

focused on the Lower Lakes and Coorong area.

Significant capacity has been built within the

Aboriginal community to continue playing a key

role in natural resources management into the

future119 and employment in natural resources

management has significant economic and social

outcomes, not just for the employees but for their

families and wider communities.126

The EMLR subregion has a higher socio-economic

status than other more remote parts of SAMDB and

a high proportion of city commuters.40 Due to its

large commuting population (focused mainly in the

growth centre of Mount Barker and nearby towns),

high levels of ‘off-farm’ income and high property

turnover132, many residents of lifestyle properties

are likely to have a lower knowledge of NRM issues

relative to other subregions.

Tourism (wine, food and heritage) contributes to the

local economy of many hills towns, with 1,100

people directly employed by the tourism industry.

Tourism is, however, relatively less important in this

subregion than to other areas of regional South

Australia.133

Lifestyles This is the most populated and fastest growing area

of the SA Murray-Darling Basin region. Population

growth was 32 per cent in the decade to 2011,

when the population reached 45,762.61,78 It has

highly sought after lifestyle values associated with

semi-rural living and a high of services within close

proximity to Adelaide. It contains the high growth

areas of Mount Barker, Littlehampton, Strathalbyn

and Meadows, and has a high proportion of city

commuters.

Distinguishing features of this subregion include a

high diversity of industries, its ‘clean green’ local

food production, cottage and niche industries and

its country lifestyle within the bounds of Greater

Adelaide.

Local government responsibilities are shared

between District Council of Mount Barker,

Alexandrina Council, Adelaide Hills Council and the

City of Onkaparinga. The District Council of Mount

Barker is proactively developing its Biodiversity

Management Plan to influence development and

enhance biodiversity assets and wildlife corridors,

where possible, in its rapidly expanding urban

environs. The local governments are represented

through the Southern and Hills Local Government

Association.

Traditional Owners consider the protection and

maintenance of their culture and cultural sites

central in every respect to their community

wellbeing and existence and they have on-going

rights, interests and obligations to speak and care

for their traditional country, lands and waters in

accordance with their laws, customs, beliefs and

traditions.113 Cultural practices such as camping,

hunting and gathering continue to be important to

Traditional Owners, and the ability to continue these

practices is directly linked to natural resources and

their condition.124

This subregion has been assessed as having a

relatively high adaptive capacity compared to other

areas of the SA Murray-Darling Basin. Indicators

such as average internet access (79 per cent

households in 2011), a relatively low unemployment

rate, a high number of graduates and women in

non-traditional occupations and an above average

number of people who have completed high school

for the SAMDB region, place this community in

good stead to respond to changing conditions and

circumstances. This subregion also has a

substantially higher median household income than

most other areas in the SAMDB region, though this

is balanced somewhat by being a relatively

expensive place to live.61

The level of volunteering in this community is high,

as compared to other parts of the state, reflecting a

good degree of social connectedness. This extends

to volunteering in NRM and a recognised strength

of the area is the social networks that support

knowledge sharing in NRM. A large number of

‘Friends of…’ and other NRM volunteer groups, are

actively involved in management of watercourses

(e.g. Bremer Barker Catchment Group), local

bushland reserves and constructed habitats such as

Laratinga Wetlands in Mount Barker.40 These groups

are serviced and supported by the Goolwa to

Wellington Local Action Planning Association.

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 9

What do we need to work on? The following table describes the natural resources management issues and their impacts on the values of the

Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion, presented in order of decreasing priority. Detailed actions can be found

within the RAP online by clicking on the relevant issue within this table.

Key to values

NRM issue What impacts are these having on our natural resources?

Priority Values affected

Working together Community awareness, knowledge and participation in natural resource management

Foundational

Climate change adaptation

Building resilience to a changing climate Foundational

Sustainable water resource management

Increasing pressure on water resources and change in hydrology associated with development, population growth and climate change.

Reduced streamflow (volume and seasonality) and increased nutrient loading in aquatic systems affects habitat condition and breeding cycles of aquatic species; reducing biodiversity and aesthetic values of water-dependent ecosystems, including swamps. Changes in hydrology also affect water availability for consumptive uses, and storm water management needs.

High

Managing risks to biodiversity from wildfire

Catastrophic loss of biodiversity due to wildfire.

Loss of significant populations of plants and animals and potentially species due to a wildfire burning through large or particularly significant areas.

High

Protecting and restoring habitat

Loss and fragmentation of habitat - from past and current clearing, associated with development, sub-division of properties and urban encroachment.

Loss of habitat for native species; reduction in size and isolation of plant and animal populations; increased vulnerability to other threats (such as climate change, pests, weeds). Decline of woodland birds is on-going due to lag in response to past clearing. 'Increaser' species (such as Little Corella) affect the condition of remaining habitat.

High

Containing new aquatic pests

Emerging aquatic pests i.e. trout, redfin, gambusia and released pets.

Impacts regarding competition with native species.

High

Addressing soil acidity Increasing soil acidity. Reduced profitability of farming enterprises due to less pasture production, increased weeds, and increased soil erosion.

High

Containing new environmental weeds

New and emerging weeds. Competition with native flora; resulting in declines in biodiversity and production values; reduction in quality of appropriate habitat for native species.

High

Reducing the impacts of pest animals

Over-grazing/damage by kangaroos, rabbits and/or deer (unmanaged)

Decline in condition of native vegetation; change in vegetation composition; replacement of natives with disturbance tolerant exotic species and increase in shrubs in some grassy ecosystems; high grazing pressures is a barrier to recruitment for many native plant species.

High

Containing new aquatic weeds

New and emerging weeds (such as Spiny Rush, Rhodes Grass) affecting aquatic habitat including swamps.

Competition with native flora; decline in the condition of remnant habitat, including threatened species habitat.

High

Threatened species recovery

Threatened species habitat decline and species-specific threats resulting in the decline of threatened fauna and flora.

Risk of extinction to threatened fauna and flora. High

Controlling environmental weeds

Environmental weeds (particularly blackberry, willows and ash trees) affecting aquatic habitat including swamps.

Competition with native flora; decline in the condition of remnant habitat, including threatened species habitat.

Med

Water Sustainable Production

Biodiversity People Atmosphere

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 10

(cont.) NRM issue What impacts are these having on our natural resources?

Priority Values affected

Natural regeneration of trees

Lack of tree recruitment due to high grazing pressures.

Loss of habitat for woodland birds and other fauna species; decline in connectivity of existing patches of remnant vegetation. Also affects production values due to the loss of shelter for livestock.

Med

Reducing the impacts of pest animals

Over-grazing/damage by kangaroos, rabbits and/or deer (unmanaged)

Pest herbivores reduce pasture availability and can damage crops. Affecting production and profitability of farming.

Med

Controlling environmental weeds

Environmental weeds (such as blackberry, gorse, broom, bulbous weeds, and grass weeds in grazed areas).

Competition with native flora and fauna species, resulting in declines in biodiversity and production values; reduction in quality of appropriate habitat for native species.

Med

Sustainable water resource management

Increasing pressure on water resources -affecting run-off, water quality, and storm water management needs -associated with development, population growth, and climate change.

Reduction in surface water flows and water quality affecting the availability and suitability of water for consumptive uses, include irrigated horticulture, stock and domestic uses and industry, and for water for the environment.

Med

Sustainable livestock grazing

Over-grazing - managed grazing (by livestock, incl. horses).

Decline in condition of native vegetation; change in vegetation composition; replacement of natives with disturbance tolerant exotic species and increase in shrubs in some grassy ecosystems; high grazing pressures is a barrier to recruitment for many native plant species.

Med

Protecting and restoring habitat

Loss and fragmentation of habitat, and isolation of pools due to structural impediments to flow, affecting aquatic habitat including swamps.

Decline in the extent, condition and connectivity of habitat; reduction in size and isolation of plant and animal populations; increased vulnerability to other threats (such as climate change, pests, weeds).

Med

Sustainable livestock grazing

Over-grazing and pugging - by livestock (managed grazing) affecting aquatic habitat including swamps.

Decline in condition of swamp and aquatic habitats. Risk of erosion and weed invasion. Decline in condition water quality.

Med

Controlling agricultural weeds

Agricultural (grass and broadleaf) pasture weeds.

Competition with crop and pasture plants reduces production and profitability. Annual weeds also increase the risk of soil erosion due to reduced summer ground cover.

Med

Land use planning Loss of productive land due to development and sub-division of properties.

Reduced area for productive agriculture. Med

Soil health for sustainable production

Management of soil health (i.e. nutrition, fertility, biology) affecting production capacity and susceptibility to additional soil degradation processes.

Affects the profitability and sustainability of production. Poor soil health can lead to on site degradative processes such as soil acidity, erosion, compaction, and sodicity as well as off-site impacts on adjacent lands, watercourses and groundwater systems

Med

Managing fire regimes for biodiversity

Inappropriate fire regime, including fire suppression near built-up areas.

Lack of recruitment of fire-dependent species; decline in condition of native vegetation if fires too frequent or absent.

Med

Water quality for consumption

Water quality issues- particularly Cryptosporidium, Giardia.

Impacts on human health and suitability of water source for consumptive use.

Med

Managing new pest animal and disease risk

New and emerging pests and diseases.

Decline in ecosystem health or potential loss of significant populations of native species due to competition or disease. Potential threat to crop/stock health, affecting the productivity and profitability of primary industries.

Med

Reducing bore water salinity

Increasing salinity in bores affecting irrigated land use.

Declining stock and crop health. Low

Reducing predation of native fauna

Predation of native fauna (by foxes, cats).

Predation of native animals by pest species result in population declines, particularly of small-weight range species. In urban areas, feral and domesticated cats and foxes have a significant impact on birds and small mammals.

Low

Preventing the spread of Phytopthora

Phytopthora. Loss or decline in condition of native vegetation. Low

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 11

(cont.) NRM issue What impacts are these having on our natural resources?

Priority Values affected

Reducing the impacts of pest animals

Over-grazing and pugging - by other animals (unmanaged grazing - by pigs, deer and goats) affecting aquatic habitat including swamps.

Decline and loss of palatable and grazing-sensitive species; increased risk of erosion and weed invasion. Decline in condition of native vegetation and suitability of habitat for native species.

Low

Aquifer health Decline in aquifer health due to extraction, particularly in the Finniss Permian 1 Management Zone.

Decline in groundwater flows into springs, soaks and creeks; decline in native vegetation health, particularly large trees.

Low

Managing over-abundant native fauna

Over-abundant native fauna, koalas; current and potential impacts) due to natural increases, immigration and paucity of control options.

Over-grazing; decline in condition of native vegetation (including decline in tree health due to Corellas and koalas) where populations increase to unsustainable levels.

Low

Reducing soil erosion risk

Soil erosion (by water); watercourse, gully, sheet and rill erosion associated with steep terrain, high rainfall events and lack of soil cover (likely to be exacerbated under climate change).

Increased nutrient loads and turbidity in streams, affecting water quality and condition of aquatic habitats, including Fleurieu swamps.

Low

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges subregion 12

References

40 Ranges to River Connection to Country Workshop 29 November 2012 - Mapping Landscape Values

50 SA MDB NRM Board, 2013. Water Allocation Plan for the Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges Prescribed Water Resources

Area.

59 Mapping Landscape Values - On-line mapping tool

61 Econsearch, 2015. Community Adaptive Capacity Index for the SAMDB NRM Region.

62 Muller, K.L., 2012. Learning from lakeshore graziers. A report for the Goolwa to Wellington Local Action Planning

Association, Strathalbyn, South Australia.

64 Phillips, B., and Muller, K.L., 2006. Ecological Character of the Coorong, Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland of

International Importance. South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage.

81 NR SAMDB, 2015. Analysis of Land use data from 2008. Summary data only.

90 Rogers, D., 2010. A landscape assessment for the Southern Mt Lofty Ranges landscape. Version 2. Part 1 Summary

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Status Assessments, Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Region. Department of Environment, Water and

Natural Resources, South Australia.

113 KNYA, 2009. Kungun Ngarrindjeri Yunnan Agreement.

http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/sharedassets/public/cllmm/cllmm-gen-

kungunngarrindjeriyunnanagreement.pdf

114 National Native Title Tribunal, 2016. Native title Applications and Determination Areas. As per the Federal Court

(30 June 2016) – Commonwealth of Australia MAP

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http://www.statedevelopment.sa.gov.au/aboriginal-affairs/aboriginal-affairs-and-reconciliation/aboriginal-

heritage. [Accessed: Sept, 2016].

117 DSD 2015. Aboriginal Heritage Guideline 10 – Risk Management, Department of State Development, Aboriginal

Affairs and Reconciliation, South Australia.

http://www.statedevelopment.sa.gov.au/upload/aard/heritage/Risk_Management.pdf?t=1474958967890

[Accessed: Sept, 2016].

118 DEWNR & NRA 2015. KNYA Listening to Ngarrindjeri People talking Report 2014 and 2015.

119 NRC 2016. Capability Statement. Ngarrindjeri Ruwe Contracting Pty Ltd.

120 DEWNR 2016. SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Planning workshop with First Peoples of the River Murray

and Mallee Region, Berri, 4th February 2016. Internal document.

124 DEWNR 2016. SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Planning workshop with Mannum Aboriginal Community

Association Incorporated (MACAI), Mannum, 27th January 2016. Internal document.

125 Coles, R., and Hunter, R., 2010, The Ochre Warriors – Peramangk culture and rock art in the Mount Lofty Ranges,

Axiom Publishing, Stepney.

126 SA MDB NRM Board 2015, Riverland Working on Country Project: Most significant change evaluation report. SA

Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board, June 2015.

132 Randall, T., 2013. Goolwa to Wellington Local Action Planning Association Strategic Plan 2013 - 2018. Goolwa to

Wellington Local Action Planning Association Board of Management, Strathalbyn, South Australia.

133 Tourism Research Australia, 2015. South Australia Regional Tourism Satellite Accounts 2013-14. Prepared by

Deloitte Access Economics.