sa garwin epithermal vein presentation april2011
TRANSCRIPT
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Characteristics, Processes, Products,Characteristics, Processes, Products,and Interpretationand Interpretation
Noel C. WhiteNoel C. White
Modified by Steveodified by Steve Garwinarwin for Southern Arc Mineralsor Southern Arc Mineralsodified by Steveodified by Steve Garwinarwin for Southern Arc Mineralsor Southern Arc Minerals
Selodongelodong Camp SW Lombok Indonesiaamp SW Lombok Indonesia
155 thh April 2011pril 2011
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A ver im ortant st le of old de osit
Can be very big: Lihir PNG 170 Mt 3.5 /t Au
Porgera, PNG 85 Mt @ 5.8 g/t Au, 33 g/t Ag
Can be ver rich: Cripple Creek, USA 630 t Au in veins grading 15 - 30 g/t
Hishikari, Japan 220 t Au, Honko veins 70 g/t Au, 49 g/t Ag
p erma go epos s arevery important economically
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Epithermal Gold Deposits: Production + Reserves (~2000)
.
Alkalic LS subt e
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Total Au and Agin Low and IntermediateSulfidation Epithermal
Deposits
(n=58)
LS
LS (alkalic)
IS
Au AgGemmell, 2004
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Value of Epithermal Deposits (Au and Ag)
16Ag $ LS (alkalic)Au $390 US/oz
Low and Intermediate SulfidationEpithermal Deposits on ly
14
u N=4
10 Low sulfidationIntermediate
sulfidationn$(US)
6
8
Billio
N=12
4
~5 Moz Au eq.
0
2
sslias
kari
areede
uro
roraataimb
oriakorah
nillolianbaldecasnaovotitauio
atoe
al
ideilos
lloncow
nceacikkemaareng
aimaesdieinoanelsrogper
mai
onab
lic
ngoidashlinu
el
onrdia
ihi
Mtnleyeroreraeeklam
GoldenCr
ProfitisIl
Hishi
BaiaCre
MtA
uAra
SacaVict
GunungPong
TonaFresK
SanCrist
Coms
tockL
Zacate
RosiaMont
Bereg
TayBa
G
uanaj
Pac
ucha-
SunnyM
MogoCra
ElBroOv
Kar
angah
Takata
BaiaM
Gosow
LebongTanPer
ThaB
Kushi
Oat
Montan
aTunBull
Sle
Kono
ElLi
Misi
RepPajiM
M
cLaugEs
ElPe
CerroV
anguaW
RoundB
Emp
Por
CrippleCr
Lado
Gemmell, 2004
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Location of Principal Epithermal Gold Deposits
of epithermal deposits
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Refers to deposits formed at low temperature.
The term Epithermal was coined by
.
Lindgren in 1933 based on
observations ofmineralogy of ores and alteration
textures of ores and alteration
an n erences a outtemperature of deposition
depth of formation
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Their characteristic minerals and textures
mineralogy and zoning
Formed at low temperatureso o o o- , -
Developed at shallow crustal levelst icall
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p erma epos s s ow a var e y odeposit styles they are not all the same!
characterized nor fully understood weare stil l learnin !
Not all epithermal deposits contain gold
some are dominated by other metals,notably Ag, Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn
Some are closely related to intrusions,
some are not. The related intrusions neednot be porphyry copper-related intrusions
erm no ogy s very con use
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Origins of Deposits
If we consider the origins of epithermaldeposits we can distinguish three classes
deposits: two formed dominantly from
end-member fluids, and one from acombination:
Magmatic
Magmatic-meteoricMeteoric
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MAGMATIC-METEORICMAGMATIC METEORIC
111 1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
4
km
4
km4
km
4
km ?
Textures: restricted Textures: diverse, modest Textures: diverse,
spec acu ar
LOW SULFIDATIONHIGH SULFIDATIONINTERMEDIATE
SULFIDATION
Au-Ag-Cu Au-AgWhat I will describe
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Fluids: magmatic dominant in coremixed with meteoric on marginsMetal Associations:1 I-type: a) Cu-Au-Ag
- -2 S-type: Sn-Ag-(Zn-Pb)3 A-type: Au-Ag
Alteration:
1
a, an : prox ma very ac3 proximal not seen; distal neutralExamples:1a Le anto, Phili ines
2
Summitville, USAChelopech, SlovakiaEl Indio, Chile4 ,San Gregorio, Peru
2 Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia3 Emperor, Fiji
m
Porgera, PNG
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Fluids: dominantl meteoric, withhigh salinity magmatic fluids at depthMetal Associations:
Ag-Zn-Pb-(Au)- - - -
Alteration:mostly neutral pHExamples:
1
Fresnillo, MexicoComstock, USA
Thames, New Zealand
2
,
4
m
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u s: me eor c magma cMetal Associations:
Au-Ag (very minor Zn, Pb)Alteration: hypogene neutral pH;
gas condensates acid
Examples:McLaughlin, USA
1
,Waihi, New ZealandGunung Pongkor, Indonesia
2
4
m
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Where do they occur?
- ,
Low- Sulfidation
- ,
High-Sulfidation
Calc-alkaline to alkalinevolcanic arcs (tholeiitic rare)
Subaerial environments
Calc-alkaline volcanic arcs
Mostl subaerial environments,
Mostly intermediate to distalvolcanic settings
rarely submarine
Proximal volcanic settings
In volcanic rocks or basement In volcanic rocks, rarely inbasement
White and Hedenquist, 1995
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Form of Deposits
Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation
Open-space veinsdominant
Veins subordinate, locallydominant
Disseminated ore mostlyminor
Disseminated oredominant
ep acement ore m nor ep acement ore common
White and Hedenquist, 1995
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Stockwork, Golden Cross Vein, La Guitarra
Vein, Golden CrossVein, Hishikari
FORM
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Chinkuashih La Coipa
Akeshi Sul fide vein, El Indio
FORM
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Characteristic Textures
Neutral-pH, meteoricLow-Sulfidation
Acid-pH, magmaticHigh-Sulfidation
banded veins
breccia veins
vuggy quartz
massive quartzdrusy cavities
crustification
massive sulfide veins
crudely banded veins
White and Hedenquist, 1995
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La Guitarra Golden Cross
TEXTURES Dealul Crucii, Baia Mare Aginsky
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Vuggy quartz
TEXTURES
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Ore Minerals in Au-rich Oresrequency o occurrence a un ance
Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation
Pyrite ubiquitous (abundant) ubiquitous (abundant)
Sphalerite common (variable) common (very minor)
Galena common (variable) common (very minor)
Chalco rite common ver minor common minor
Enargite-Luzonite rare (very minor) ubiquitous (variable)
Tennantite-Tetrahedrite common (very minor) common (variable)
Covellite uncommon ver minor common minor
Stibnite uncommon (very minor) rare (very minor)
Orpiment rare (very minor) rare (very minor)
Arsenopyrite common (minor) rare (very minor)
Cinnabar uncommon (minor) rare (very minor)
Native Gold common (very minor common (minor)
Tellurides-Selenides common (very minor uncommon (variable)
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Min r l f nfrequency of occurrence (abundance)Low-Sulfidation Hi h-Sulf idation
Quartz ubiquitous (abundant) ubiquitous (abundant)Chalcedony common (variable) uncommon (minor)
Adularia common (variable) absent
Illite common (abundant) uncommon (minor)
Pyrophyllite-Diaspore absent (except overprint) common (variable)
Alunite absent (except overprint) common (minor)
ar e common very m nor common m nor
White and Hedenquist, 1995
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Hydrothermal Alteration
Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation
Associated with near-neutral H acid H 3ores
Mineral illite sericite alunite, kaolinite,assemblage interstratified clays
(illite-smectite)
zoned higher T
pyrophyll ite, diaspore,zoned acid neutral pH
White and Hedenquist, 1995
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Geochemical Associations
Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation
High Au, Ag,As, Sb,
Au, Ag,
As, Sb, Bi,
, , ,
Se, K, Ag/Au
, , ,
Te, Sn, Mo,
Low Cu, Te/Se (unless alkaline) K, Zn, Ag/Au
White and Hedenquist, 1995
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Noel C. White
SEGEG-MGEI WorkshopGEI Workshop Mataramataram IndonesiaIndonesia
November 2010ovember 2010
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Boilin of H drothermal FluidsSinterlithostatic
200
400
th
,m more
gasmoresalt
600
De
hydrostatic+
800
Hedenquist et al., 1998
100 200 300
Temperature, oC
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Boiling of Hydrothermal FluidsBoiling is a powerful and complexmechanism. It is associated with
Lowering of temperature and pressure
Loss of gases (mostly H2O, CO2, H2S)
Increase in oxidation state (slight)
Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New Zealand
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yAu(HS)2
- + 2H+ + e- Auo + 2H2Sreduction
Porgera, Zone 7Papua New Guinea
Sleeper, Nevada
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Adularia de osition b boilinHS- + H+ H2S
HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O
Adularia crystals, Mexico
Hedenquist et al., 1998
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Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Lattice textureHedenquist et al., 1998
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Silica de osition b coolin
Hedenquist et al., 1998
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Silica depositionis affected by pH
Neutral pHQuartz, chalcedony
and amorphous sil icadeposit
Acid pH
suppressed
No siliceous veins
Low sulfidation vein texture, McLaughlin, California, USA
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Manganese Minerals in
Epithermal Veins Some epithermal veins contain manganese
minerals, mainly rhodochrosite, manganoancalcite or rhodonite (look for pink colour)
s s a yp ca ea ure o n erme a esulfidation deposits (discussed more later)
base metals and commonly have high Ag
Mn minerals weather to black oxides that
cause hydrogen peroxide solution to fizz
Rhodochrosite, Capillitas, Argentina
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Significance of Alunite
1. Acid conditions.
3. Available alkalis
These conditions can occur from1. magmatic gases (HS)
2. near-surface condensation of boiled offgases (HS, IS, LS)
.
rich rock)
LS settings onlyLithocap ( HS) settings only( )
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g y(steam-heated blanket possible) H2S + 2O2 H2SO4
Steam-heated waters,LS, IS, HS possible
2. STEAM-HEATED
(HCl, SO2)1. MAGMATIC
Any sulfide-rich setting
Sill itoe, 1993
.
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Significance of Pyrophyllite
BUT , ~
If supersaturated w.r.t. quartz, T low
In practice
Pyrophyll ite + chalcedony or amorphoussilica means T low
Temperature oC
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Alunite
Mineral 100 200 300
pH
Temperature oC
MineralStabilityJarositeHalloysite
Kaolinite
Dickite
Pyrophylliteidic
StabilityDiaspore
Zunyite, topaz
Anatase
Rutile
Ac
Mineral assemblagesallow us to estimate
Quartz
Pyrite
Marcasite
Smectitetral
temperature and acidity
Sinter
lithostatic
Chlorite/smectite
Illite
Chlorite
Epidote
Ne
400
200
th,m
Biotite
Adularia
Calcite
Mordenitelkaline
800
600
De
hydrostatic(water + 1 wt% CO )22
Hedenquist et al., 1998after Reyes, 1990
Wairakite
Epithermal ore deposition
100 200 300Temperature, oC
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Structure and Epithermal Deposits
y ro erma epos s are con ro e yhydrology (i.e., permeability)
os ep erma epos s are nocontrolled by major faults
Most attempts to relate epithermal deposits
Think about permeability and fluid flow
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Low- and Intermediate-Sulfidation
oe . e
SEGEG-MGEI WorkshopGEI Workshop Mataramataram IndonesiaIndonesia
November 2010ovember 2010
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Form of Deposits
Low-Sulfidation Intermediate-Sulfidation
High-Sulfidation
pen-space ve nsdominant
pen-space ve nsdominant
e ns su or na e,locally dominant
Stockwork ore Stockwork ore Stockwork orecommon common minor
Disseminated ore Disseminated ore Disseminated ore
Replacement ore Replacement ore Replacement ore
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Veins are the commonest form for
There are many variations, including oc wor s comp ex ve n arrays Vein breccias breccia zones with
the form of veins Most veins show complex histories
re-opening, more deposition, etc
Cl i l
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Classical
Model
Buchanan, 1981
This enduring model wasproduced before thedistinction between
different deposit typeswas recognised.
Low sulf idation schematic
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Low-sulf idation schematicmodel
Silicified blanket
Illite adularia
Hedenquist et al., 2000
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Central Taupo Volcanic Zone New Zealand
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Taupo Volcanic Zone
Meteoric water
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Meteoric water
Water table
Silica sinter
Ore body
argillic alteration
200
2
00
2
50
asement
30
Intrusion1 km
1 km
New Zealand low sulfidation model
Silli toe and Hedenquist, 2003Geothermal (and LS) setting
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Geothermal (and LS) setting
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Low-Sulfidation epithermal gold deposits
fluids Fluids dominantl near-neutral Hmeteoric water (possible small magmatic component)
Deposits occur in zones of highpermea y (mostly open fractures) Characteristic vertical and lateral
Characteristic textures
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Vent area enriched- - -
Steam-heated alt'n(HgAu-Ag) Overprint
uartz-illite adularia
- Au A As Sb Tl H
Brecciazones
chlorite
Berger and Eimon, 1983
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Depth Tempo Alteration Vein textures/Mineralo
100
1000
150Smectite
Illite-chalcedonymassive
banded
200200
smectite quartz-
chalcedony
300 225
gold
400 Illitequartz
600 calcite
att ce
700
250
adularia
OhaakiN Z l d
Early Carboniferous sinterN th Q l d
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New Zealand North Queensland
Rotorua
New Zealand
Modern and Ancient
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sinter
El Salvador
sinter
Lattice textureLattice texture
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Calcite scale, geothermal bore, New Zealand
Quartz after lattice calcite, Bimurra, Queensland
Lattice calci te, Martha, New Zealand
Golden Cross, New Zealand
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Sleeper USA
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Sleeper, USA
Gold/electrumlattice texture
colloform-crustiform banding
Hishikari, Southern Kyushu5 5 MT @ 55 g/t Au (1996)
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500 m5.5 MT @ 55 g/t Au (1996)
IlIl--SmSmQzQz--SmSm
rr-- mm
AndesiteAndesite
AndesiticAndesitic PyroclasticsPyroclastics
DaciteDaciteMine Section
NW SERegional Section
Izawa et al., 1990
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Cross-Section B-BW SE
Gravity High
AndesiteAndesite
--
QzQz--SmSmrr-- mm ac teac te
ChCh--SeSe
Izawa et al. 1990
BasementBasement SiliciclasticSiliciclastic RocksRocks
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Honko
vein
systemGreywacke
basement
High > 100 g/t Au
Medium / Low =
confidential
Hishikari, Japan
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Intermediate-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposits
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Intermediate Sulfidation Epithermal Deposits
Silver-Gold-Base metals e.g., Fresnillo, Pachuca, Comstock Lode, Creede
Ag or Au dominant economic metal; Au minor in
some. Ag/Au commonly X000-X0000 Zn and Pb typically ~1%; Cu and minor Sn may
increase at depth
Veins typically quartz and calcite with minor
chalcedony; some adularia, Mn carbonate, fluorite,gypsum, anhydrite
Textures diverse, may not be so well developed
Vein strike len th variable can be ver lon >20 km
Not likely to have formed in geothermal systems liketodays
Vein rhodochrosite, Capillitas, Argentina
These can be Giant deposits!
Acupan, Baguio, Philippines
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~ 8 Moz Au mined from Acupan veinsbetween 1931 and 1993
~ 3 Moz bulk minable resource defined inmid 1990s
Diatreme volcanism around 1 Ma >460 IS epithermal Au-Ag-(Te) veins
formed after 0.7 Ma (av. 1 m width)
Quartz-carbonate-base metal veins hostedin granodiorite, diatreme and andesite
Modified from Cooke and Bloom(1990)
Modif ied from Cooke et al (1996)
Balatoc Diatreme
Virac Granodiorite
Ampucao Dacite Porphyry
Zig-Zag Formation
Baguio, Philippines
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Weak surface ex ression of
veins mined below in Acupanmine. Outcrop 200 m belowsurrounding hills, 200 m
.
Acupan Epithermal Au Veins
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p p
Colloform bands of quartz, calcite, rhodochrosite and base metal sulfidesClast of Au-rich grey quartz breccia overgrown by colloform calcite
Potassic and propylitic-altered Virac GranodioriteBrecciated qz-pyrite vein
Fresnillo, Mexico
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Santo Nio vein
425 m Level
Siliceous veinZacatecas, Mexico
Rhodochrosite vein with sphaleriteCapill itas, Argentina
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LS IS
Creede IS
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Creede IS
10 km
HS IS
Simmons et al., 2005
HS w/ IS to NIS w/ lithocap HS
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.,
w adv arg
LSa, VIILS
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p t erma e n epos t eometry
and Mineralization Styles
- Ex loration Im lications
Fresnillo, MexicoMajor IS deposit, Ag-Au veins 3,600 t Ag, 22 t Au
Ore outcro s onl at Co. Proao
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Ore outcro s onl at Co. Proao
Co. ProaoSan Luis shaft
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Fresnillo, Mexico
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Surface expression of major veins at depth
Fresnillo, Mexico
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Santo Nio vein
425 m Level
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Gosowong Kencana Vein System
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Gosowong Kencana Vein System
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Kencana Longitudinal Section
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Kencana Deposit
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Kencana Mineralization Stages
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Kencana Mineralization Stages
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Kencana: Vein Types and Zoning
-
1000 - 3000100 - 1000
Au (g x m)
0 -1010 - 50
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Kencana: Distal Calcite Veins
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Kencana: Distal Quartz Veins
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Stockworks and Breccia
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and Sheeted Veins
Way Lingo Longitudinal Section
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N40oWS40oE
Augxm:
20
50
1001065mRL
VeinA
Dacite
Andesite
200
Predicted
oreshoot
1020mRL70o
?45o
??
VeinB?
100m
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N40oWS40oE
1065mRL
VeinA
Ag/Au:
20
15
10Dacite
Andesite
1020mRL
5
?
open
?open
VeinB?
100m
open
Ag/Au~1500(valuesupto3390Agand2.0AuinDDHLL05)
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