s9 039 sh setting out

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January 2004

FCinBCO - Section 9 - Setting Out Student Handbook 1

FOUNDATION CERTIFICATEIN

BUILDING CRAFT OCCUPATIONS

UNIT FCA 039(01/00)

SETTING OUT

STUDENT HANDBOOK

Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _



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January 2004


Foundation CertificateIn

Building Craft Occupations

Unit 039 Setting Out

This handbook is to remind you of what you have learned aboutthis unit. It will help you to carry out practical activities andassignments.

There are exercises for you to complete. An Assessor will checkyour answers.

In this unit you will learn how to:

1. Read and interpret construction drawings.

2. Use a scale rule.

3. Recognise symbols and abbreviations used in constructiondrawings.

4. Use measuring equipment.

5. Set out right angles.

6. Mark out the outline of simple buildings.

7. Obtain horizontal levels and vertical lines.

8. Obtain centres when marking out.



January 2004


Health and Safety Guide

The following safety rules should apply:

1. Before, during and after carrying out any work, the workplace

must be clean and tidy to prevent tripping and falling.2. Organise the work and set up tools and equipment.

3. Check all equipment is in good working order. Setting up tocarry out your work effectively and efficiently can save timeand risk of injury to yourself and others.

4. Always wear protective clothing:

Gloves when handling materials and componentsSafety footwear in case of impact injury

Mask in dusty atmospheresEar defenders in noisy conditionsGoggles to protect eyes from flying debrisHelmets at all times when on a building site

5. Be aware of emergency procedures in the event of anaccident:

Who the first aider isWhere the first aid box is locatedHow to fill in the accident book

Report accidents to the person in charge6. In the event of fire:

Carry out the correct emergency procedures for callingfor help and evacuate the building.



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Work Activity 1

Exercise 1

Complete the sentences by filling in the blank spaces with thecorrect words from the following list.

buildings, detail, drawing, foundations, materials, mistakes, scaled,section, shape, site, size, symbols, words

Drawings used in construction

Workers in the construction industry need drawings and sketchesto help them to know what needs to be done. Drawings showwhere _______________ are positioned on site, the size, ________________ and structure of the buildings. It is important

that you can look at a _______________ and read and understandthe _______________ and abbreviations that are used on it.Measurements on site should be checked in case _______________ have been made on the drawings.

Drawing to scale

Because of the size of sites, buildings and components it isimpossible to draw them to actual _______________. Instead, thesizes are _______________ down, e.g. on a scale of 1 to 100,

shown 1:100, 1 mm on the drawing would be 100 mm actual size.

Different scales are used to suit the amount of _______________.A _______________ drawing could be 1:2500, a plan of a house1: 100 and larger details 1:50 or 1:20.



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Symbols

Various symbols are used on drawings to identify the different ________________ or components that are being used.Examples of these are shown below in a _______________ through the _______________ of a house.

Section through foundation

Abbreviations

To save room on the drawings various common ____________orphrases are abbreviated. Examples are:

dpc - damp proof courseconc. - concrete

bwk - brickworkfnd - foundationrwg - rainwater gutter

Sectional detail of typical foundationCavity wall tiles

Block inner wallBrick outer wall

100mmconcrete

150mm hardcore

Scale 1:20

Soil

Concrete strip foundation525mm x 225mm

Concrete fill to cavity to 2courses below dpc

Damp proof course - DPC

Damp proofmembrane



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Work Activity 2

Setting out buildings

A block plan will show where a building will be positioned on siteand the shape and size of the building on plan. Measurements are

marked on the plan to show distances of the building from theboundaries or other fixed points and the measurements of thebuilding itself. These are used when setting out the perimeter wall.

To mark out the site wooden pegs are driven into the ground atcorners. Nails are fixed on the tops of the pegs and a builder’s linepulled taut from nail to nail to show the position of the wall.

The tops of the pegs must be level for accurate measurements tobe obtained. This is achieved by making the first peg (usually onthe front line of the building) a datum peg. It is from this peg thatall the other pegs are levelled. Levelling is done by putting astraight-edge and spirit level across two pegs and hammering thesecond peg down until the bubble in the spirit level is level.

Spirit level

Corner peg

Temporaryintermediate

peg

5

43

TemporaryPeg formarking3:4:5 ratio

Straight edge



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Distances between corners are often more than the length of thestraight-edge and so temporary, intermediate pegs are used totransfer the level across to the next corner. Reverse the spiritlevel to check if it is accurate.

Pegs are often positioned beyond corners so that the line crossesat the exact corner.

Line

NailPegs

Datum Peg – set in concrete

Spirit Level

Straightedge

Corner peg – needs to belevelled off intermediate peg

Intermediate leglevelled off datumpeg



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Right angles

Most buildings are based on squares or rectangles. This meansthat corners will be right angles – 90º. To make sure that lines areat right angles to each other, corners can be set out using the3:4:5 method. This will always give a perfect right angle of

measurement accurately.

Checking for square

An easy way of checking if a square or rectangle has been set outcorrectly, with all corners at 90º, is to check the diagonals acrosscorners. If they are exactly the same length the setting out iscorrect.

90°

5 units

4 units3 units

The 3:4:5 method of setting out a right angle

Diagonals

90°

90°

90°

90°

Diagonals equal length



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Work Activity 2

Exercise 1

Complete the following by ticking the appropriate true or falsebox.

True False

1. A block plan is a detailed drawing of a sectionthrough a building.

2. An easy way to check that all four corners of asquare are at 90º is to measure the perimeter.

3. When setting out levels, the first peg to beknocked in is the datum.

4. Setting out pegs can be levelled by stretching aline taut between the pegs and checking the stringwith a spirit level.

5. Pegs are often positioned past the corners sothat the line crosses at the exact corner.



January 2004


Work Activity 3

Horizontal and vertical lines

Horizontal lines

Horizontal lines are needed when carrying out most constructionskills, e.g. courses of brickwork, wall tiles, work tops etc. A spiritlevel, sometimes with a straight-edge, is used to obtain the truelevel.

The bubble should be between the two lines on the glass tube ofthe level when it is perfectly flat. The accuracy of the level can bechecked, by turning it end to end, to see that the bubble is stillbetween the lines. If not, the level itself needs adjusting.

Vertical lines

Vertical lines are needed for most construction activities, e.g.corners of brickwork, vertical lines of wall tiles, window and dooropenings etc. A spirit level, usually 600 m/m to 1200 m/m is used.The bubble is the opposite way to that for making horizontal lines.

Quoin checked for plumb



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A plumb bob is also used for drawing vertical lines or transferringpoints vertically. It is made from a heavy piece of metal, usuallyturned brass, hung from a piece of line. When drawing lines onwalls, e.g. for wallpapering, the weight must hang clear of the wallto get a correct marking.

Centre lines

Centre lines are used, for example, when holes have to be boredin brickwork or other materials. In these cases vertical andhorizontal lines cross and the hole is bored at the cross point.

Sometimes the centre of a wall or other area is needed for settingout items such as wall tiles or decorative coverings. The ability tomeasure and mark centres is very important.

Centre lines set out on block wallto show centres of holes

Vertical line

Plumb bob perfectlystill



January 2004


Work Activity 3

Exercise 1

Describe briefly the meaning of each of the following terms:

Term Meaning

1. Scale drawing

2. Sectional drawing

3. Abbreviations

4. Perimeter

5. Taut

6. Temporary

7. Transfer

8. A right angle

9. Setting out

10. Plumb



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s9 039 sh setting out

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