s3 making sanitation happen through information, institutions and incentives by dr. bindeshwar...

8/6/2019 S3 Making Sanitation Happen through Information, Institutions and Incentives by Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak

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by:by:

Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak,Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, Ph. D., D. Litt.Ph. D., D. Litt.

FounderFounderSulabh Sanitation and Social Reform Movement Sulabh Sanitation and Social Reform Movement

Organised by:

Asian Development Bank (ADB) Asian Development Bank (ADB)At

Manila, PhilippinesManila, Philippines2323--25 May, 201125 May, 2011

On

Making Sanitation Happen throughMaking Sanitation Happen throughInformation, Institutions and IncentivesInformation, Institutions and Incentives

22ndnd ADB ADB--DevelopingDeveloping Member CountriesMember Countries

and Partners Sanitation Dialogue: Makingand Partners Sanitation Dialogue: MakingSanitation a Sustainable BusinessSanitation a Sustainable Business



INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

In 60s, the sanitation situation was dismal, bothin urban and rural India. A few towns had partialsewerage system and a small population wereconnected to septic tanks.

Defecation in the open and manual cleaning of

human excreta by the class of people calledµscavengers¶ were prevalent. Rural areas hardlyhad any toilet.

Provision of sanitation in India is decentralizedand primarily rests with local government bodies.The State and Central governments havefacilitating role: framing policies/guidelines,financing, capacity-building and monitoring.

NGO¶s did not play any major role.



SANITATION SCENARIOSANITATION SCENARIO

Asia, Africa & Latin America lagged in adopting thetechnologies of septic tank & sewerage system as thesewere not economically affordable.

Just for example, the sewers were laid in Kolkata, India in

1870 and after 140 years only 269 towns/cities out of 5161towns are sewer based and that too partially. At this rate,without further growth of towns and cities, it will take 3000years to provide sewerage system in urban India.

Women, the worst sufferers, had to go out for opendefecation in the dark ± before sunrise or after sunset. Their dignity was at risk, subjected to criminal assaults andoccasionally suffer from snake bites.



SANITATION AND HEALTH SCENARIOSANITATION AND HEALTH SCENARIO

Child Mortality Rate & girls drop-out from schoolswere very high.

Open defecation helped increase in diseaseburden from 50 diseases.

Public places like railway stations, bus stops,religious and tourist places, lack public toilets.

British Medical Journal surveyed amongst expertsand medical professionals to identify the bestmedical breakthroughs and scientific advancessince 1840 - Sanitation Voted the Greatest

Advance.

As per WHO-UNICEF JMP 2010 report globallyover 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitationworldwide- of which 650 million people reside inIndia.



SANITATIONSANITATION PRESENT SITUATIONPRESENT SITUATION

According to WHO-UNICEF Joint monitoring programme(2008 Status), 54% of urban household use latrine andanother 21% use shared latrine. For rural areas thefigures are 21% and 4% respectively. However, as per Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, GOI, thedistricts were reporting rural Sanitation coverage of 68%in 2010.

It has been observed in India (Total Sanitation Campaign)and in Countries like Combodia (CITS), that sanitationprog. that neglect sustainable technology and adopt

cheap, unscientific and environmentally unsustainablesanitation facilities, achieve Hygiene Behaviour Change inshort term but face revarsal of behavior in the long term.(Reverting back to open defecation).



DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF SULABH TWODIFFERENT DESIGNS OF SULABH TWO--PIT,PIT,

POURPOUR -- FLUSH, COMPOST TOILETFLUSH, COMPOST TOILET

Sulabh technology has demonstrated that scientific innovation for Appropriate Technology is a key factor for Sustainable SanitationPromotion. In the long run Sustainable Technology helps insupporting Hygiene Behavior Change in the Community.

The Sulabh toilet has been designed so that people of all economicstatus can opt for it as the cost vary from US$ 25 to US$ 1100.

The technology remains the same, only the building materials and theperiod of cleaning of the pits defer. The cleaning period varies from 2to 40 years. The pitwalls in Sulabh toilets have holes for absorbinggases in the soil. This helps reduce global warming and the climate

change. Sulabh toilet is eco-friendly, cost- effective, technically appropriate,

indigenous socio-culturally acceptable and fulfills all the sevenconditions of a sanitary latrine laid down by WHO.



7

The Sulabh toilet can be constructed in the minimum

possible space ±courtyard of a house or in the bedroom.

Designs are available for narrow lanes, waterlogged

areas, upper floors of buildings etc.



Unlined and Direct Single-Pit latrines are not Sustainable andneed to be avoided. Twin Pit Pour Flush Compost toiletdeveloped by Sulabh has been globally accepted as sustainableand affordable model of sanitation. Govt. of India, after the failureof earlier efforts is now promoting this model.

The Sulabh two-pit toilet is free from all health hazards and doesnot pollute ground water sources if proper precautions aretaken during construction.

A Sulabh toilet can be constructed at a distance of 30 feet from awell or a 15 feet from a hand-pump and by the side of pipedwater supply.

If there is a space constraint, then the well nearby should beplastered from inside up to 30 feet, so that there is less chanceof pollution.

8

SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGYSUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY



Sulabh StrategySulabh Strategy

In trying to address affordability we should not compromise onsustainability. Sanitation Technology option with multiple choicesshould be given to the community. Hydrogeological andEnvironmental Safety measures need to be addressed to meetminimum requirements. Financial incentive / subsidy should beprovided to the people below poverty line.

Sulabh Sanitation Movement in India has demonstrated thateffective combination of Sustainable technology and socialmobilization has resulted in sustained promotion of sanitation inthe community. But this has to be provided at the doorsteps of thecustomers and for that matter Sulabh adopted two strategies:

(i) Motivation, Education, Communication and Training

(ii) The delivery system, Implementation, maintenance andfollow-ups.



Contacting the house-owners toconvince and persuade them for theconversion of dry latrines into SulabhShauchalayas (toilets) or new toilets.

Processing of forms by Urban LocalBodies.

Sulabh workers complete theconstruction of toilets based on the

choice of the houseowner selectedfrom a wide range of design options.

Certificate of completion is given bythe beneficiaries.

10

METHODOLOGY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM ADOPTED BYMETHODOLOGY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM ADOPTED BY

SULABHSULABH FOR CONSTRUCTION OF TOILETS:FOR CONSTRUCTION OF TOILETS:



Guarantee Card is issued with Sulabh

accepting the responsibility of rectifyingdefects free-of-cost for a period of oneyear.

As a proof of construction, photographis also taken of the toilets and

beneficiaries. This methodology helped in generating

mutual trust and confidence betweenbeneficiaries, Sulabh and Urban LocalBodies.

For effective delivery system of services,vision, dedication, ethics, morality andfollow-up is essential.

Thus, more than 1.2 million householdtoilets have been constructed/converted

by Sulabh. 11



In 1973, I introduced the system of

maintenance of public toilets on ³ pay and use´ basis. Initially there were skepticalviews about its success.

But on the very first day 500 people usedthe public toilet in Patna, Bihar.

However it took several years to convincethe Government and the people.

Earlier people were not habituated topaying for the use of public toilets.

In Sulabh public toilet complexes withattached biogas digesters, the gases are

put to different uses like cooking,warming, lighting or power generation.

More than 7500 community based payand use toilet are maintained by Sulabhpresently.

PUBLIC TOILET COMPLEXESPUBLIC TOILET COMPLEXES



SULABHSULABH INITIATIVE TOWARDS INITIATIVE TOWARDS

REHABILITATION OF SCAVENGERSREHABILITATION OF SCAVENGERS

Sulabh technologies have removeduntouchability. Scavengers have beenliberated from the sub-human occupationof cleaning and carrying human excreta ashead-load. They were the worst victim of acruel social order for centuries.

µNai Disha¶ Vocational Training Centre wasset up at Alwar and Tonk in Rajasthan toliberate and rehabilitate womenscavengers.

A comprehensive 2-year vocational training

to women scavengers is provided to earntheir livelihoods. They were also taught toread and write through adult literacyclasses.



Sulabh International Social Service OrganisationSulabh International Social Service OrganisationSulabh Gram, Mahavir Enclave, Palam-Dabri Road, New Delhi-110 045, India

Tel. No. : 91-11-25031518, 25031519; Fax : 91-11-25034014

Email : [email protected] / [email protected]

Website : www.sulabhinternational.org / www.sulabhtoiletmuseum.org/ www.sulabhenvis.in

Thanking You!Thanking You!

There has to be effective combination of Software issues (creation of enabling environment, generation of adequate demand and

development of appropriate institution for delivery mechanism) andHardware issues (informed and multiple choices for sustainabletechnologies) and the same should be supported by financialincentives particularly for the poor. In Sulabh, all these aspects areaddressed in a comprehensive and balanced measures.

s3 making sanitation happen through information, institutions and incentives by dr. bindeshwar...

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