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4 4 3 8 0 Ushakov V.M.; Shcherbinskii V.G.; Kraskovskii A.S.; MirgazovVA.O p t i m i z a t i o n o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f i n c li n e d t r a n s d u c e r s w i t h m a t c h e dl a y e r s o n t h e b a s i s o f c o m p u t e r e x p e r i m e n t sSov ie t Journa l o f N ondes t ruc t ive Tes t ing , Vo l. 25 , No . 8 , pp . 541-546 (Apr.1990

The author present the results obtained by the method of computer experimentscarried out to optimize the amplitude-frequency characteristic (AFC), the pulse time,the transformation coefficient at the frequency of the m aximu m of the AFC of inclinedtransducers with match ing four-wave layers. Recom mendations for producing theseconverters are given.

43971 Mayev R.G.; Kolosov O.V.; Atayev K.A.; Levin V.M.T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f l o ca l p i e z o e l e c t r ic p r o p e r t i e s o f p i e z o e le c t r i ct r a n s d u c e r s b y a c o u s t i c m i c r o s co p yP r o c e e d i ng o f t h e I E E E 1 9 88 U l t r a so n i c s S y m p o s i u m , C h i c a g o , ( U n i t edS ta tes ) , 2 -5 Oc t . 1988 . Vol . 2 , pp . 775-777 . Ed i t ed by B . R McA voy. IEEE(1989) ISSN 0090-5607 .

Local piezoelectric properties of piezoelectric trausducers have been studied by thetransmission acoustic microscopy methods at a frequency of 450 MHz with aresolution of 3 m u m . Unidimontional profiles and grey-scale acoustic images ofmicrostrncture have been obtained. The experimental data have beea interpreted formthe theoretical viewpoint. It has been proven that ac oustic microscopy can he u sed forinvestigation of non-m echanical cha racteristics of specimen.

43968 Davids D.A.; Chizhik D.; Bertoni H.L.M e a s u r e d c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f a n a c o u s t ic m i c r o s c o p e h a v i n g a b o w - ti et r a n s d u c e rP r o c e e d in g o f t h e I E E E 1 9 8 8 U l t r a so n i c s S y m p o s i u m , C h i c a g o , ( U n i t e dS ta tes ) , 2 -5 Oc t . 1988 . Vol. 2 , pp . 763-766 . Ed i t ed by B . R M cAvoy . IEEE(1989) ISSN 0090-5607 .

The bow-tie transducer was conceived as providing a way to achieve angularresolution in the measurement o f the Rayleigh wave velocity on anisotmpic substrates,while retaining the lateral resolution of the spherical point focus lens. However,agreement with the generally accepted velocity variation is poor. It is proposed thatdiffraction effects in the lens rod result in Rayleigh waves being excited withsignificant amplitude in directions on the object surface that lie outside the sector of thebow-tie. Spatial resolution was also examined in the directions along and across thebow tie, and wa s found to he similar for both cases.

4 3 9 6 6 Sugawara Y.; Kushibiki J.; Chubachi. N.P e r f o r m a n c e o f c o n c a v e t r a n s d u c e r s i n a c o us t i c m i ~ e a c o p yP r o c e e d in g o f t h e I E E E 1 9 8 8 U l t r a s o n ic s S y m p o s i u m , C h i c a g o , ( U n i te dS ta tes ) , 2 -5 Oc t . 1988 . Vol . 2 , pp . 751-756 . Ed i ted by B . R Mc Avoy . IEEE(1989) ISSN 0090-5607 .

Performance o f scanning reflection acoustic microscope sy stem using concavetransducers has been investigated nume rically and experimentally. V(z) characteristics

which contains information o f leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAW s) at thewater/sample boundary is useful to analyze the performance of the system. In thispaper, numerical an alyses of V(z) curv es are m ade through the transfer function of thesystem using a concave transducer based on the field theory, taking a fused q ua ~ as atypical sample. It is revealed the that the amplitude response of V(z) curve contains arapid periodic variation in the defocus region, which is not dix~tly related to thepropagation properties of LSAW, while the phase response of V(z) curve dependsstrongly on the propagation properties of LSAW.

4 3 8 9 2 Gruber G.; Hamlin D.I m a g i n g t h e i n t e r a c ti o n o f m u l t i b e a m / m u i t l m o d e u l tr a s o n i c t r a n s -d u c e r s w i t h m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d s e r v i c e - i n d u e a d f l a w sProceed ings o f the 15 th Ann ua l Rev iew of P rogress in Quan t i t a t iveNondes t ruc t ive Eva lua t ion , La Jo l l a , Ca l i fo rn ia (USA) , 31 Ju l . - 5 Aug .1988 . Vol. 8B , pp . 2267-2273 . Ed i t ed by D.O. Tho mp son and D.E .Chiment i . P lenum Press (1989) . ISBN 0-306-43209-9 .

In this paper, the three-step app roach to the ultrasonic evalnatiou of flaweA reactorpressure vessel components (i.e., flaw detection, identification, and sizing) are

discussed in relation to fatigue cracks, slag inclusions, incomplete fusion flaws, andporosity clusters. The emphasis is on flaw identification (cracks vs. benign flaws)which must take place before estimating the depth of the flaw. The composite pulsepatterns obtained with four multibeam/multimode SLIC transducers for two modelflaws (a side-milled notch and a side- drilled hole) and two real flaws (fatigue crackand slag inclusion) are imaged in a B-scan format. The color-graphic displays of thedata acquired during remote transducer scanning with a four-charmel Enhanced DataAcquisition System (EDAS) instrument made it possible for the traditionally trainedultrasonic examiners to fully characterize a material discontinuity in near real time.

4 3 6 9 0 Sandhu J.S.; Thomas R.E.; Jensen C.A c o u s t o g r a p h i c e v a l u a t i o n o f u l t r a so n i c t r a n s d u c e r sRev iew of P rogress in Quan t i t a t ive Nondes l ruc t ive Eva lua t ion , Vo l . 8A.E d i t ed b y D . O . T h o m p s o n a n d D . E . C h i m e n t i , pp . 9 5 1 - 9 5 8 . P l e n u m P r e ss(1989) ISBN 0 306 43209 9

In this paper, we disc uss the application of Acoustography for evaluating theacoustic field characteristics of ultrasonic transducers. Acoustography offers someunique advantages ov er other field characterizatiou methods and offers the potential forenhancing the current state-of-the-art of transducer characterization.

4 3 6 8 4 Gruber G.; Mueller T.M o d e l i n g t h e I n t e r a c ti o n o f m u l t i b e a m / m u l t i m o d e u l t r a s o n ic t r a n s .ducers w ith fatigue cracks in cladded reactor pressure vessels

Review of P rogress in Quan t i t a t ive Nondes t ruc t ive Eva lua t ion , Vo l . 8A.Ed i t ed by D. O . Thom pson and D.E . Ch iment i , pp . 1075-1082 . P lenum Press(1989) ISBN 0 306 43209 9

The novel SLIC transducers which simultaneously use Shear and Longitudinalwaves for material Inspection and flaw Characterization have recently been qualified inconjunction with satellite-pulse flight time measurement techniques on over fiftyfatigue cracks in cladded test blocks. How ever, a computer m odeling capability to aidthe ultrasonic examiner in the interpretation of the data was not available during thequalification trials.

43663 Lal R.; Das-Gupta D.K.C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f u l t r a s o n ic t r a n s d u c e r sIEEE Transac t ions on E lec t r ica l Insu la t ion , Vo l. 24 , No . 3 , pp . 473- 480(Jun. 1989)

A systematic approach in the design a nd evaluation of high-freqnency piezoelectrictransducers is presented. The transducers, prior to manufacture, may he modeled togenerate an optimum response for a given specification. Th e design parameters ma y beadjusted until a physically realizable model of the transducer is achieved. Th is modelof the transducer may then he constructed and characterised both in the time andfrequency domains, and, the results compared with theoretical predictions.Furthermore, the acoustic output parameters as required by current internationalstandard could then be estimated from data obtained by poise-intensity integralmeasurements. Results for three ultrasonic transducers are presented to illustrate theprocedures involved an d to highlight the limitation of suc h ponderations.

4 3 6 0 2 Toda D.; Sawaguchi A.T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a l e a k y s u r f a c e a c o u s ti c w a v e t r a n s d u c e r c o n s i s t i ngo f P V D F a n d f u s e d q u a r t zAcous t i ca l Imag ing , Vol . 17 . Ed i ted by H. Sh imizu , N . C hubach i , and J

Kush ib ik i . pp . 393-401 P lenu m Press , (1989) ISBN 0306431505The structure of a PVDF/interdigital transducer/fused quartz plate is analyzed

numerically to understand the transducer performance including the phase velocity andefficiency for the acoustic beam radiation into water in comparison with thecharacteristics in a structure incorporating a piezoelectric ceramic plate instead ofPVDF. The zeroth-order mode has a large transducer efficiency, although theelectromechanical coupling constant is sma ll.

43598 Wang L.; Wei Y.A m e c h a n i c a l . s c a n n i n g u l t r a s o n i c tr a n s d u c e rf o r Q N D T i m a g i n gAcous t i ca l Imag ing , Vol . 17 . Ed i ted by H. Sh imizu , N . C hubach i , and JKush ib ik i . pp . 587-6596 P lenu m Press , (1989) ISBN 030643150 5

Presented in this paper are theoretical studies and research w ork about an ultrasonictransducer which has short pulse response and can scan over a wide rangeautomatically as well. A design approach to the short pu lse Iransducer, the approach ofmatching strong damping backing, is pot forward, which can well solve thecontradiction between efficiency an d short puls e response or fi~lUency bandwidth thatexists in conventional ultrasonic transducers. A stntcture of a rotating mechanicalfan-scanning ultrasonic transducer is given. A software package for radiation fieldcalculations and designs of the transducers is developed. Bas ed on theoretical studies,with the help of the approach, a short pu lse mechanical scan ning ultrasonic transduceris designed and manufactured. Measurement results about the characteristics of thetransducer are given and discussed.

43402 Zhang S.Y.; Kreier P.; Gamper T.; Edelmann X.S o u n d field c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o ftransmitter r e c e i v e r longitudinal angleb e a m t r a n s d u c e r sR e l i a b i l i t y i n N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Te s t i n g , F r o c e ~ i n g s o f t h e 2 7 t h A n n u a lBr i t i sh Confe rence on Non-Des t ruc t ive Tes t ing , Por t smouth (Uni t edKingdom) , 12-15 Sep . 1988 . pp . 375-383 . Ed i t ed by C . Brook and P.D.Hans tead . Pe rga mon Press , 1989 .

Theoretical calculations of the longitudinal and transverse wave sound fielddistribution of the transmitter/receiver longitudinal angle beam transducers arepresented. The position of the focal point can be estimated from the curve ofreceiving amplitude and the distance of the sound path. Cha ngin g of effective angle insteel with increasing sound path is taken into conalderatiou for various transducerparameters. The comparison of the theoretical cu ~e s with m m m ~ m em resultsindicates that the theoretical model is reasonable. The fiat surface end cylindricalsurface (adaption to curvature of component) are considered in the calculations.

43349 Wormley S.I.; Newberry B.P.; Hughes M.S.; Hsu D.K.;Thompson D.O.A p p l i c at i o n o f G a u s s - H e r m i t e b e a m m o d e l t o t h e d e s i g n o f u l t r a s o n icp r o b e sRev iew of P rogress in Quan t i t a t ive Nondes t ruc t ive Eva lua t ion , Vo l . 8A.E d i te d b y D . C . T h o m p s o n a n d D . E . C h i m e n t i , p p . 8 3 5 - 8 4 2 . P l e n u m P r e s s(1989) , ISBN 0 306 43209 9

Work is cun~ntly underw ay to develop and tes t prototypic ultrasonic insmunenta-tion that will produce unipolar stress pulses in a pulse- ech o mode, T he insffument willbe used to detect and characterize flaws in materials and for the measurement ofmaterial propertiesimportant nmaterial processing applicatious. In conjunction withthis work, a Gauss-Hermite Beam Model is used to predict the response of varioustransducer element geometries to maintain the unipolas response over a longerpmpegntion distance.

43347 Bennink D.D.; Pate A.L.U l t r a s o n ic t r a n s d u c e r c a l i b r a t io n f o r r e c i p r o c l ty. l m s e d m e a s u r e m e n tmodelsRevie w of P rogress in Quan t i t a t ive Nondes t ruc t ive Eva lua t ion , Vo l. 8A.

1 5 0 N D T E I n te r n a t io n a l Vo l u m e 2 5 N u m b e r 3 1 9 9 2