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Contents of section 13: Model village and Model nation.Chapter 17-Facts and figures on Waste management.17.1-F&F - Millions depend on the polluted Ganges River. 17.2-F&F - Yamuna River as "a putrid ribbon of black sludge" where a faecal bacterium is 10,000 over safety limits.17.3-F&F – Air pollution - Optimum temperature required for cremation of a human body.17.4-F&F – Water pollution.17.5-F&F – Waste disposal units.17.6-F&F - Chemical hazard to the environment.17.7-F&F – Haphazard villages. 17.8-F&F – Poor drain, overcrowded houses, sewage water entering the house are the complications of unplanned, uncontrolled urbanisation.17.9-F&F – Improper waste management leads to life threatening diseases to the humans.17.10-F&F – Bio mining.17.11-F&F – Dumping grounds.17.12-F&F - Water supply and sanitation in India.

Views to make this ‘World’ developed and this ‘Earth’ as the lovely place for every ‘Human’.

SECTION 13MODEL VILLAGE AND

MODEL NATIONShelter in a better way, for everyone;

Pollution free atmosphere and greenery everywhere;

Life full of joy, prosperity and peace;

Chapter 17: Facts and figures on Waste management.17.1. F&F - Millions depend on the polluted Ganges River.

[Environmental issues in India: Ganges.

Millions depend on the polluted Ganges river.

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Pollution of Ganga

To know why 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness every day, take a wary stroll along the Ganges in Varanasi. As it enters the city, Hinduism’s sacred river contains 60,000 faecal coli form bacteria per 100 millilitres, 120 times more than is considered safe for bathing. Four miles downstream, with inputs from 24 gushing sewers and 60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the concentration is 3,000 times over the safety limit. In places, the Ganges becomes black and septic. Corpses, of semi-cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by.

– The Economist on December 11, 2008

More than 400 million people live along the Ganges River. An estimated 2,000,000 persons ritually bathe daily in the river, which is considered holy by Hindus. In the Hindu religion it is said to flow from the lotus feet of Vishnu (for Vaisnava devotees) or the hair of Shiva (for Saivites). The spiritual and religious significance could be compared to what the Nile river meant to the ancient Egyptians. While the Ganges may be considered holy, there are some problems associated with the ecology. It is filled with chemical wastes, sewage and even the remains of human and animal corpses which carry major health risks by either direct bathing in the water (e.g.: Bilharziasis infection), or by drinking (the Fecal-oral route). Source[196] ]

With VPA – MV – MN, it is possible to prevent the entry of waste water in to the river Ganga, thus the cleanliness in the river can be maintained.

17.2. F&F - Yamuna River as "a putrid ribbon of black sludge" where a faecal bacterium is 10,000 over safety limits.

[Environmental issues in India: Yamuna.

News Week describes Delhi's sacred Yamuna River as "a putrid ribbon of black sludge" where a faecal bacterium is 10,000 over safety limits despite a 15-year program to address the problem. Cholera epidemics are not unknown. Source [196] ]

With VPA – MV – MN, it is possible to prevent the entry of waste water in to the river Ganga, thus the cleanliness in the river can be maintained.

17.3. F&F – Air pollution - Optimum temperature required for cremation of a human body.

[Environmental issues in India: Air pollution.

Another major cause of Air pollution is due to cremations in India. In India 78% of the population consign the dead bodies to fire for cremation as a ritual in open air. Traditionally they have been using butter ghee and a few herbs while the body is confined to fire. These are required since the wood-fire temperature does not go beyond 300 C or 600 F but when the butter ghee is added the temperature obtained is up to 700 C or 1400 F, which has been proved now scientifically to be optimum temperature required for cremation of a human body. Just as the low temperature

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creates pollution, higher temperature is also found to create pollution with emissions dangerously harmful for the environment.

By consigning the corpse to fire, these pollutions' risks are reduced and if, in that fire some Ghee and Havan Samagri is added, the practice and experiments have established that there is less of environmental pollution and emission of foul smell because of their disinfecting properties. By adding ghee to the fire, the rise in temperature of the flames results in total destruction of those germs and worms. Source [196] ]

Better methods like electrical incinerators for cremating the dead body can be established, one in every VPA, to cremate the dead body, which will reduce the pollution related to improper cremation technique.

17.4. F&F – Water pollution.

Source: News paper.]We see issues like deforestation, air and water pollution, extinction of wild life and plant species. All such issues can be solved very well the establishment of MV-MN.

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17.5. F&F – Waste disposal units.

Source [197] ]Every family in the VP will be taught the methods of collecting the waste, their segregation. It is easy to have teams that will collect the waste and shift it in to the waste management site. Every VP will have a good waste disposal unit for solid and liquid waste, and all the possible products are recycled in the village itself, the metals and plastics can be supplied to the respective factories for recycling.

17.6. F&F - Chemical hazard to the environment.

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Photo by Dr. Shivu.]Chemical hazard to the environment. Bucket with a soaked cloth releasing the dye. If it mixes with the drinking water can lead to health hazard.

17.7. F&F – Haphazard villages.

Source: Google earth.]

We can most of the villages with haphazardly placed houses, cress cross roads, no drainage system or all the drainage water will flow in the centre of the street. Usage of drinking water from the small reservoirs present around the village will all lead to many complications like water born diseases.

All the problems related to the poor infrastructure like drinking water, housing, sanitation, lighting, ventilation and others can be achieved with the man power which is present abundantly in this country provided this man power works with coordination and cooperation.

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17.8. F&F – Poor drain, overcrowded houses, sewage water entering the house are the complications of unplanned, uncontrolled urbanisation.

Source: News paper.]Rain water entering in to the houses, which may be mixed with sewage and sullage water, children and people drowning in the rain water we see at some time. Well planned MV, can give solution for all such problems.

17.9. F&F – Improper waste management leads to life threatening diseases to the humans.

Source: News paper.]Garbage between the houses is the breeding places of mosquitoes can lead to malaria, dengue and so on.

17.10. F&F – Bio mining.

['Bio-mining ideal solution for Deonar garbage dump'

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BMC's proposed method is carbon credit-driven and it overlooks possible hazards of methane leakage, says expert.

Linah Baliga.

While BMC is grappling with the issue of handling the mounds of garbage in Deonar dumping ground and the eastern suburb residents are crying hoarse cursing increasing health hazards, Almitra H Patel, member, Supreme Court Committee for solid waste management (SWM) for class 1 cities, has provided a solution to clear the existing garbage.

Patel in her letter to TC Benjamin and Manu Kumar Srivastava, principal secretary and secretary of the Urban Development department, government of Maharashtra, states that 'bio-mining' is the ideal solution to handle garbage woes in Deonar.

Bio-mining, she says, is not just cost-effective but also helps eliminate methane production, unlike the so-called 'sanitary landfill' method proposed by the BMC.

The BMC's standing committee had rejected the corporation's proposal for partial closure and the sanitary landfill on the 110-hectare plot in Deonar dumping ground. This proposal of Rs3,495-crore for 25 years had come in response to a contempt petition filed by the Smoke Affected Residents' Forum (SARF) in April last year against civic chief Jairaj Phatak, calling the dumping ground's continued existence a violation of human rights.

In her letter to the Urban Development department Patel said, "I am happy to learn that the Rs3,495-crore exorbitant, unnecessary and unsafe proposal for 'capping and treatment' (treatment unspecified) at Deonar has not been accepted and a fresh tender is called for."

Explaining the process of bio-mining, Patel said, "Basically, old waste is loosened by tractor-harrow and bulky items are hand removed. Then, this old waste is sprayed with composting bio-culture, formed into wind rows (long heaps two metres high) and turned into useful compost through bio-stabilising. The old waste also reduces by 40%."

Patel says that a successful pilot of bio-mining was carried at Gorai dumping ground in 2003-04 which had attracted visitors all over India.

"At Gorai, with a budget of Rs10 lakh from the BMC, a hill of garbage 10 metres (33 ft) high and one hectare area was cleared to ground level by Vini Agro in just 3 months to create fresh waste disposal space. A tender for further bio-mining never saw the light of day, due to BMC's preference for super expensive projects with a 'foreign' tag," she said.

Patel added that BMC's proposed methodology for closure of dumping ground at present is carbon credit-driven and overlooks the possible hazards of methane leakage. The Deonar dumping ground singly accommodates the entire waste of Mumbai and has already exceeded its limit, especially after two other dumping grounds at Malad and Gorai were recently shut down also for being overburdened. A whopping 8,000 tonnes of waste is brought to the Deonar dumping ground everyday — that's the entire volume of waste that Mumbai generates in a day. Source [198] ]Better methods of solid waste disposal can be adopted with MV, thus the waste can be made less injuries living near the surroundings of the waste dumping area.

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17.11. F&F – Dumping grounds.

[Dumping ground might be partially closed. Sandeep Ashar.

Over 25 lakh citizens residing in the suburban belts of Mankhurd, Chembur, Deonar, Ghatkopar,

Vikhroli and parts of Navi Mumbai may finally get to breathe a little more freely. A proposal for partial closure of a portion of the Deonar dumping ground and the conversion of the rest into a scientific waste treatment facility is expected to get the nod from the standing committee on Monday.The Rs3,495-crore proposal, which was earlier rejected by the Sena-led standing committee, was retabled by the municipal commissioner last week, following directives issued by the Bombay High Court, which is hearing a contempt petition filed by Dr Sandeep Rane of the Smoke Affected Residents Forum (SARF) against the BMC for non-implementation of its earlier assurances to reduce air-pollution in the area.

The court has given the BMC one final chance to submit a concrete plan for treatment of the waste. The BMC is expected to furnish the plan before July 22, when the court will hear the matter again.

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Keen not to risk contempt of court proceedings, the BMC decided to table an unchanged proposal to the standing committee.

Sources said that the party was likely to clear the proposal. Partner BJP and opposition Congress have already spoken in favour of the proposal. Standing committee chairman Ravindra Waikar said that the opinions of all committee members would be taken into account before taking a decision. Even he, however, agreed that the decision will have to be in line with the court directive. Source [198] ]It is necessary to learn the lessons from the experiences of the major cities in terms of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is necessary to establish units to manage the wastes so that they are not going to pollute the atmosphere and cause health hazards to the mankind.

17.12. F&F - Water supply and sanitation in India.

[Environmental issues in India

Water pollution

Water supply and sanitation in India.

Out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209 have partial treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities (WHO 1992). 114 cities dump untreated sewage and partially cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River. Downstream, the untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. This situation is typical of many rivers in India as well as other developing countries.

Open defecation is widespread even in urban areas of India.

Water resources have not therefore been linked to either domestic or international violent conflict as was previously anticipated by some observers. Possible exceptions include some communal violence related to distribution of water from the Kaveri River and political tensions surrounding actual and potential population displacements by dam projects, particularly on the Narmada River. Source [196] ]

There will be substantial movement of the people from urban to rural area with the initiation of VPA, this make only the stable people to remain in the urban area, with VPA – MV, the village will also have a stable population, thus both the urban and the rural areas can be well organised. Thus all the needed infrastructures including the waste water treatment facilities can be created in all the cities / towns / VPA (MV), thus the waste water entering the natural and artificial water pathways can be prevented.

With VPA – MV, the thing like open air defecation will vanish.

RCS will give answer to all the water related disputes.

Sources:

[196] Transportation downloads\Environmental issues in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht.

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[197] Times of India News paper, Mysore, Page number 1, dated 24.6.09.

[198]Copyright permission: 3www.3dsyndication.com. DNA-Bangl-20.7.9-page number 5.