s1 supporting information: search terms for … · web views13 fig: funnel plot of adjusted...

Supplementary Information

S1 Supporting Information: Search terms for MEDLINE (Pubmed)............................................................2

S2 Supporting Information: Meta-Analyses Searched for Relevant Articles................................................4

S3 Supporting Information: Studies Included in Meta-Analysis...................................................................5

S4 Table: Characteristics of Included Studies...............................................................................................7

S5 Table: Meta-Regression Estimate of the Association between Depression and Risk of Incident Diabetes by Measure of Depression..............................................................................................................9

S6 Table: Meta-Analysis of Unadjusted and Adjusted Associations between Depression and Incident Diabetes........................................................................................................................................................10

S7 Table: Adjusted Associations between Depression and Incident Diabetes Including Studies at Serious or Critical Risk of Bias................................................................................................................................11

S8 Table: Sensitivity Analyses of Adjusted Associations Between Depression and Incident Diabetes.....12

S9 Supporting Information: Studies Excluded due to Serious or Critical Risk of Bias..............................15

S10 Table: Characteristics of Estimates Excluded Due to Serious or Critical Risk of Bias.......................17

S11 Table: Adjusted Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Diabetes Stratified by Exclusion of Undiagnosed Diabetes at Baseline.........................................................................................19

S12 Fig: Funnel Plot of Adjusted Estimates of Treatment with Antidepressant and Incident Type 2 Diabetes........................................................................................................................................................20

S13 Fig: Funnel Plot of Adjusted Estimates of Depressive Symptom Scales and Incident Type 2 Diabetes......................................................................................................................................................................21

1

S1 Supporting Information: Search terms for MEDLINE (Pubmed)

Search terms for other databases available upon request.

Depression, including antidepressant use:

MeSH terms: Depression[Mesh] OR Depressive Disorder[Mesh] OR Antidepressive Agents[Mesh] OR Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors[Mesh] OR Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors[Mesh] OR Serotonin Antagonists[Mesh] OR Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors[Mesh] OR Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors[Mesh] OR Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors[Mesh]

Pharmacological Action terms: Antidepressive Agents[Pharmacological Action] OR Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors[Pharmacological Action] OR Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors[Pharmacological Action] OR Serotonin Antagonists[Pharmacological Action] OR Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors[Pharmacological Action] OR Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors[Pharmacological Action] OR Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors[Pharmacological Action]

Title / abstract terms: depress*[tiab] OR unipolar disorder*[tiab] OR antidepress*[tiab] OR mood stabilize*[tiab] OR SSRI*[tiab] OR serotonin reuptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin uptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin agonist*[tiab] OR SNRI*[tiab] OR NRI*[tiab] OR serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin norepinephrine uptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin-norepinephrine uptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin and noradrenaline uptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin noradrenaline uptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR serotonin-noradrenaline uptake inhibitor*[tiab] OR TCA*[tiab] OR tricyclic antidep*[tiab] OR MAO*[tiab] OR Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor*[tiab] OR Reversible Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase[tiab] OR Reversible Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase[tiab] OR RIMA*[tiab] OR Dopamine Uptake Inhibitor*[tiab] OR Dopamine reuptake inhibitor*[tiab]

Diabetes

MeSH terms: (Diabetes Mellitus[Mesh] OR Hyperglycemia[Mesh] OR Insulin Resistance[Mesh]

Title / abstract terms: diabet*[tiab] OR antidiabet*[tiab] OR hyperglycemi*[tiab] OR hyperglycaemi*[tiab] OR impaired fasting glucose[tiab] OR impaired glucose tolerance[tiab] OR insulin resistan*[tiab] OR elevated blood glucose[tiab] OR elevated blood sugar[tiab] OR high blood glucose[tiab] OR high blood sugar[tiab] OR elevated glycosylated hemoglobin[tiab] OR elevated glycosylated haemglobin[tiab] OR elevated glycated hemoglobin[tiab] OR elevated glycated haemglobin[tiab]

2

Longitudinal / follow-up studies

MeSH terms: Risk[Mesh] OR Longitudinal Studies[Mesh] OR Prospective Studies[Mesh] OR Risk Factors[Mesh] OR Cohort studies[Mesh] OR Causality[Mesh] OR Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic[Mesh]

Title / abstract terms: risk factor*[tiab] OR longitudinal*[tiab] OR prospective*[tiab] OR predict*[tiab] OR follow-up[tiab] OR follow up[tiab] OR followup[tiab] OR followed up[tiab] OR RCT*[tiab] OR randomized controlled trial*[tiab] OR clinical trial*[tiab] OR cohort stud*[tiab] OR causal*[tiab] OR cause*[tiab] OR concurrent stud*[tiab] OR retrospective*[tiab] OR etiolog*[tiab] OR aetiolog*[tiab] OR inciden*[tiab] OR baseline[tiab] OR time*[tiab])

Excluding studies of animals only (including studies with both animals and humans)

MeSH terms: NOT (animals[Mesh] NOT humans[MeSH])

3

S2 Supporting Information: Meta-Analyses Searched for Relevant Articles

Barnard, K., Peveler, R.C., Holt, R.I.G., 2013. Antidepressant Medication as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Regulation Systematic review. Diabetes Care 36, 3337-3345.

Bhattacharjee, S., Bhattacharya, R., Kelley, G.A., Sambamoorthi, U., 2013. Antidepressant use and new-onset diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 29, 273-284.

Lloyd, C.E., Roy, T., Nouwen, A., Chauhan, A.M., 2012. Epidemiology of depression in diabetes: international and cross-cultural issues. J. Affect. Disord. 142 Suppl, S22-29.

Mezuk, B., Eaton, W.W., Albrecht, S., Golden, S.H., 2008. Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 31, 2383-2390.

Renn, B.N., Feliciano, L., Segal, D.L., 2011. The bidirectional relationship of depression and diabetes: A systematic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 31, 1239-1246.

Rotella, F., Mannucci, E., 2013. Depression as a risk factor for diabetes: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J. Clin. Psychiatry 74, 31-37.

Scott, K.M., 2014. Depression, anxiety and incident cardiometabolic diseases. Curr Opin Psychiatry 27, 289-293.

Yoon, J.M., Cho, E.G., Lee, H.K., Park, S.M., 2013. Antidepressant use and diabetes mellitus risk: a meta-analysis. Korean J Fam Med 34, 228-240.

Yu, M., Zhang, X., Lu, F., Fang, L., 2015. Depression and Risk for Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. Can J Diabetes 39, 266-272.

4

S3 Supporting Information: Studies Included in Meta-Analysis

Atlantis, E., Browning, C., Sims, J., Kendig, H., 2010. Diabetes incidence associated with depression and antidepressants in the Melbourne Longitudinal Studies on Healthy Ageing (MELSHA). Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 25, 688-696.

Bullard, K.M., 2008. Biological and cultural influences in the relationship between depressive symptoms, type 2 diabetes risk, and all-cause mortality in older Mexican Americans. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 68, 5167.

Campayo, A., de Jonge, P., Roy, J.F., Saz, P., de la Camara, C., Quintanilla, M.A., Marcos, G., Santabarbara, J., Lobo, A., 2010. Depressive disorder and incident diabetes mellitus: the effect of characteristics of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 167, 580-588.

Carnethon, M.R., Biggs, M.L., Barzilay, J.I., Smith, N.L., Vaccarino, V., Bertoni, A.G., Arnold, A., Siscovick, D., 2007. Longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Arch. Intern. Med. 167, 802-807.

Everson-Rose, S.A., Meyer, P.M., Powell, L.H., Pandey, D., Torrens, J.I., Kravitz, H.M., Bromberger, J.T., Matthews, K.A., 2004. Depressive symptoms, insulin resistance, and risk of diabetes in women at midlife. Diabetes Care 27, 2856-2862.

Frisard, C., Gu, X., Whitcomb, B., Ma, Y., Pekow, P., Zorn, M., Sepavich, D., Balasubramanian, R., 2015. Marginal structural models for the estimation of the risk of Diabetes Mellitus in the presence of elevated depressive symptoms and antidepressant medication use in the Women's Health Initiative observational and clinical trial cohorts. BMC Endocr. Disord. 15, 56.

Golden, S.H., Lazo, M., Carnethon, M., Bertoni, A.G., Schreiner, P.J., Diez Roux, A.V., Lee, H.B., Lyketsos, C., 2008. Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes. JAMA 299, 2751-2759.

Icks, A., Albers, B., Haastert, B., Pechlivanis, S., Bokhof, B., Slomiany, U., Erbel, R., Jockel, K.H., Kruse, J., Nowotny, B., Herder, C., Giani, G., Moebus, S., 2013. Diabetes incidence does not differ between subjects with and without high depressive symptoms--5-year follow-up results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Diabet. Med. 30, 65-69.

Kawakami, N., Takatsuka, N., Shimizu, H., Ishibashi, H., 1999. Depressive symptoms and occurrence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men. Diabetes Care 22, 1071-1076.

Kivimaki, M., Batty, G.D., Jokela, M., Ebmeier, K.P., Vahtera, J., Virtanen, M., Brunner, E.J., Tabak, A.G., Witte, D.R., Kumari, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Hamer, M., 2011. Antidepressant medication use and risk of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus: a noncausal association? Biol. Psychiatry 70, 978-984.

Kivimaki, M., Tabak, A.G., Lawlor, D.A., Batty, G.D., Singh-Manoux, A., Jokela, M., Virtanen, M., Salo, P., Oksanen, T., Pentti, J., Witte, D.R., Vahtera, J., 2010. Antidepressant use before

5

and after the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal modeling study. Diabetes Care 33, 1471-1476.

Kumari, M., Head, J., Marmot, M., 2004. Prospective study of social and other risk factors for incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Whitehall II study. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 1873-1880.

Laursen, K.R., Hulman, A., Witte, D.R., Terkildsen Maindal, H., 2017. Social relations, depressive symptoms, and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 126, 86-94.

Mezuk, B., Chaikiat, A., Li, X., Sundquist, J., Kendler, K.S., Sundquist, K., 2013. Depression, neighborhood deprivation and risk of type 2 diabetes. Health Place 23, 63-69.

Pan, A., Sun, Q., Okereke, O.I., Rexrode, K.M., Rubin, R.R., Lucas, M., Willett, W.C., Manson, J.E., Hu, F.B., 2012. Use of antidepressant medication and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three cohorts of US adults. Diabetologia 55, 63-72.

Rubin, R.R., Ma, Y., Marrero, D.G., Peyrot, M., Barrett-Connor, E.L., Kahn, S.E., Haffner, S.M., Price, D.W., Knowler, W.C., 2008. Elevated depression symptoms, antidepressant medicine use, and risk of developing diabetes during the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 31, 420-426.

Rubin, R.R., Ma, Y., Peyrot, M., Marrero, D.G., Price, D.W., Barrett-Connor, E., Knowler, W.C., 2010. Antidepressant medicine use and risk of developing diabetes during the diabetes prevention program and diabetes prevention program outcomes study. Diabetes Care 33, 2549-2551.

Tsai, A.C., Lee, S.-H., 2015. Determinants of new-onset diabetes in older adults–Results of a national cohort study. Clin. Nutr. 34, 937-942.

Tsenkova, V.K., Karlamangla, A., 2016. Depression Amplifies the Influence of Central Obesity on 10-Year Incidence of Diabetes: Findings from MIDUS. PloS ONE 11, e0164802.

Tully, P.J., Baumeister, H., Martin, S., Atlantis, E., Jenkins, A., Januszewski, A., O'Loughlin, P., Taylor, A., Wittert, G.A., 2016. Elucidating the Biological Mechanisms Linking Depressive Symptoms With Type 2 Diabetes in Men: The Longitudinal Effects of Inflammation, Microvascular Dysfunction, and Testosterone. Psychosom Med 78, 221-232.

Vimalananda, V.G., Palmer, J.R., Gerlovin, H., Wise, L.A., Rosenzweig, J.L., Rosenberg, L., Ruiz-Narvaez, E.A., 2014. Depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, and the incidence of diabetes in the Black Women's Health Study. Diabetes Care 37, 2211-2217.

6

S4 Table: Characteristics of Included Studies

Depressive Symptom Scale

Antidepressant Use

Standardized Diagnostic Interview

Physician-Diagnosed Depression

Other

Reported estimates

15 7 1 1 1

Publications 12 5 1 1 1

Study designCohort 15 6 1 1 1Nested case control

0 1 0 0 0

Traditional case control

0 0 0 0 0

Population sourceSurvey 13 5 1 0 1Administrative data

0 1 1 0

RCT 2 1 0 0 0

ParticipantsGeneral population

14 4 1 1 1

High-risk for type 2 diabetes

1 1 0 0 0

RegionEurope 3 2 1 1 0North America 8 5 0 0 1Other 4 0 0 0 0

Sample size<1,000 2 0 0 0 11,000-9,999 10 3 1 0 010,000-99,999 3 4 0 0 0≥100,000 0 0 0 1 0

Mean follow-up≤1 year 0 0 0 0 02-4 years 3 1 0 0 05-10 years 9 1 1 1 1≥10 years 3 5 0 0 0

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Excluded prevalent diabetes using blood glucose measuresYes 5 2 0 0 0No 10 5 1 1 1

Diabetes assessed using administrative dataYes 1 1 0 1 0No 14 6 1 0 1

Diabetes assessed using self-reportYes 13 5 1 0 1No 2 2 0 1 0

Diabetes assessed using blood glucose levelsYes 9 1 0 0 1No 6 6 1 1 0

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S5 Table: Meta-Regression Estimate of the Association between Depression and Risk of Incident Diabetes by Measure of Depression

Depression Measure N Estimates Meta-Regression Estimate

95% CI

Depressive symptom scale

15 Reference -

Antidepressant use 4* 1.05 0.88-1.26 *3 estimates were excluded as they came from studies that used the same dataset as estimates using depressive symptom scales

9

S6 Table: Meta-Analysis of Unadjusted and Adjusted Associations between Depression and Incident Diabetes Restricted to studies of moderate quality reporting both unadjusted and adjusted associations

Meta-Analyzed Single StudiesDepression Measure


Antidepressant Use



Other

AdjustedN estimates 13 5 1 1 1RR (95% CI) 1.16 (1.08-

1.24)1.25 (1.11-1.40) 1.65 (1.02-2.66) 1.11 (1.07-

1.15)1.13

(0.70-1.83)

I2 29.7% 65.0% - - -Tau2 0.003 0.010 - - -N estimates 13 3 1 1 1Overall RR (95% CI)

1.15 (1.10-1.20)

I2 29.5%Tau2 0.002UnadjustedN estimates 13 5 1 1 1RR (95% CI) 1.36 (1.27-

1.46)1.87 (1.46-1.39) 1.58 (1.01-2.47) 1.07 (1.04-

1.11)1.06

(0.60-1.86)

I2 35.5% 92.5% - - -Tau2 0.004 0.063 - - -N estimates 13 3 1 1 1Overall RR (95% CI)

1.46 (1.28-1.66)

I2 93.8%Tau2 0.061

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S7 Table: Adjusted Associations between Depression and Incident Diabetes Including Studies at Serious or Critical Risk of Bias

Meta-Analyzed Single StudiesDepression Measure


Antidepressant Use



Other

Studies at Serious Risk of Bias due to ConfoundingN estimates 20 11 1 2 1RR (95% CI)

1.19 (1.11-1.27)

1.39 (1.26-1.53) 1.65 (1.02-2.66) 1.31 (0.92-1.87)

1.13 (0.70-1.83)

I2 44.3% 80.8% - 93.3% -Tau2 0.008 0.016 - 0.060 -N estimates 20 6 1 2 1Overall RR (95% CI)

1.23 (1.17-1.30)

I2 65.6%Tau2 0.009

All Studies at Serious or Critical Risk of BiasN estimates 23 11 2 4 6RR (95% CI)

1.19 (1.12-1.27)

1.39 (1.26-1.53) 1.63 (1.18-2.27) 1.16 (1.03-1.31)

1.15 (1.04-1.28)

I2 43.8% 80.8% - 82.1% 0.0Tau2 0.008 0.016 - 0.011 0.0N estimates 23 5 2 4 5Overall RR (95% CI)

1.21 (1.15-1.27)

I2 57.2%Tau2 0.009

11

S8 Table: Sensitivity Analyses of Adjusted Associations Between Depression and Incident Diabetes

Depression Measure


Antidepressant Use



Other Total

Sample size<1,000Number of studies

2 - - - 1 3

Meta-analysed estimate

1.72 (0.99-2.99)

1.13 (0.70-1.83)

1.47 (0.97-2.22)

I2 47.2% - 43.6%Tau2 0.076 - 0.0581,000-9,999Number of studies

10 3 1 - 0 12


1.25 (1.12-1.39)

2.21 (1.61-3.04) 1.65 (1.02-2.66)

- - 1.34 (1.17-1.53)

I2 10.1% 0.0% - 39.9%Tau2 0.003 0.0 - 0.020>=10,000Number of studies

3 4 - 1 - 6


1.11 (1.06-1.17)

1.20 (1.11-1.31) 1.11 (1.07-1.15)

1.13 (1.07-1.18)

I2 0.0% 40.1% - 11.6%Tau2 0.0 0.003 - 0.001

Length of follow-up<5 yearsNumber of studies

4 1 1 - - 6


1.24 (0.98-1.56)

2.19 (1.47-3.27) 1.65 (1.02-2.66)

1.45 (1.12-1.87)

I2 31.1% - - 58.8%Tau2 0.018 - - 0.058>=5 yearsNumber of studies

11 6 - 1 1 16

Meta- 1.16 (1.09- 1.25 (1.11-1.40) 1.11 (1.07- 1.13 1.15

12

analysed estimate

1.24) 1.15) (0.70-1.83)

(1.10-1.19)

I2 32.2% 57.5% - - 27.9%Tau2 0.003 0.009 - - 0.002

Measured undiagnosed diabetes at follow-upNoNumber of studies

6 6 1 1 - 12


1.17 (1.07-1.28)

1.33 (1.15-1.53) 1.65 (1.02-2.66)

1.11 (1.07-1.15)

1.19 (1.11-1.26)

I2 56.8% 74.9% - - 63.9%Tau2 0.006 0.019 - - 0.005YesNumber of studies

9 1 1 10


1.20 (1.07-1.33)

1.54 (0.66-3.58) 1.13 (0.70-1.83)

1.19 (1.07-1.33)

I2 0.0% - - 0.0%Tau2 0.0 - - 0.0

Effect estimateOdds ratioNumber of studies

5 2 - 1 - 7


1.26 (1.06-1.51)

2.35 (1.66-3.31) 1.11 (1.07-1.15)

1.31 (1.09-1.58)

I2 0.0% 0.0% - 60.1%Tau2 0.0 0.0 - 0.032Hazard RatioNumber of studies

9 4 1 - - 13


1.20 (1.08-1.33)

1.19 (1.08-1.31) 1.65 (1.02-2.66)

1.19 (1.11-1.28)

I2 48.9% 32.2% - 46.2%Tau2 0.009 0.003 - 0.006

13

Rate RatioNumber of studies

1 1 - - 1 2


1.12 (1.03-1.20)

1.26 (1.11-1.43) 1.13 (0.70-1.83)

1.12 (1.04-1.21)

I2 - - - 0.0%Tau2 - - - 0.000Excluding studies in populations at high risk of T2DNumber of studies

14 6 1 1 1 21


1.18 (1.10-1.26)

1.33 (1.15-1.53) 1.65 (1.02-2.66)

1.11 (1.07-1.15)

1.13 (0.70-1.83)

1.19 (1.13-1.25)

I2 29.1% 74.9% - - - 46.5%Tau2 0.0035 0.0192 - - - 0.0042Excluding studies using self-report as sole measure of diabetes outcomeNumber of studies

9 2 - 1 1 12


1.20 (1.07-1.33)

2.05 (1.43-2.95) 1.11 (1.07-1.15)

1.13 (0.70-1.83)

1.22 (1.10-1.37)

I2 0.0% 0.0% - - 43.0Tau2 0.0000 0.0000 - - 0.0121

14

S9 Supporting Information: Studies Excluded due to Serious or Critical Risk of Bias

Akbas-Simsek, T., Onat, A., Kaya, A., Tusun, E., Yuksel, H., Can, G., 2016. Sex-dependent independent prediction of incident diabetes by depressive symptoms. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 32, 1425-1432.

Chen, P.C., Chan, Y.T., Chen, H.F., Ko, M.C., Li, C.Y., 2013. Population-based cohort analyses of the bidirectional relationship between type 2 diabetes and depression. Diabetes Care 36, 376-382.

Gangwisch, J.E., Gross, R., Malaspina, D., 2015. Differential Associations Between Depression, Risk Factors for Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Incidence in a Large U.S. Sample. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 52, 85-90.

Golden, S.H., Williams, J.E., Ford, D.E., Yeh, H.C., Paton Sanford, C., Nieto, F.J., Brancati, F.L., 2004. Depressive symptoms and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care 27, 429-435.

Hemmy Asamsama, O., Lee, J.W., Morton, K.R., Tonstad, S., 2015. Bidirectional longitudinal study of type 2 diabetes and depression symptoms in black and white church going adults. J Diabetes Metab Disord 14, 25.

Iversen, M.M., Tell, G.S., Espehaug, B., Midthjell, K., Graue, M., Rokne, B., Berge, L.I., Ostbye, T., 2015. Is depression a risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers? 11-years follow-up of the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). J Diabetes Complications 29, 20-25.

Karakus, M.C., Patton, L.C., 2011. Depression and the onset of chronic illness in older adults: a 12-year prospective study. J Behav Health Serv Res 38, 373-382.

Khambaty, T., Callahan, C.M., Perkins, A.J., Stewart, J.C., 2017. Depression and Anxiety Screens as Simultaneous Predictors of 10-Year Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults in Primary Care. J Am Geriatr Soc 65, 294-300.

Ma, Y., Balasubramanian, R., Pagoto, S.L., Schneider, K.L., Culver, A.L., Olendzki, B., Tinker, L., Liu, S., Safford, M., Sepavich, D.M., Rosal, M.C., Ockene, J.K., Carnethon, M., Zorn, M., Hebert, J.R., 2011. Elevated depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, and diabetes in a large multiethnic national sample of postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 34, 2390-2392.

Mallon, L., Broman, J.E., Hetta, J., 2005. High incidence of diabetes in men with sleep complaints or short sleep duration: a 12-year follow-up study of a middle-aged population. Diabetes Care 28, 2762-2767.

Meneton, P., Lemogne, C., Herquelot, E., Bonenfant, S., Larson, M.G., Vasan, R.S., Menard, J., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., 2016. A Global View of the Relationships between the Main Behavioural and Clinical Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the GAZEL Prospective Cohort. PloS One 11, e0162386.

Mezuk, B., Eaton, W.W., Golden, S.H., Ding, Y., 2008. The influence of educational attainment on depression and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Public Health 98, 1480-1485.

15

Monte, S., Macchia, A., Romero, M., D'Ettorre, A., Giuliani, R., Tognoni, G., 2009. Antidepressants and cardiovascular outcomes in patients without known cardiovascular risk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 65, 1131-1138.

Nichols, G.A., Moler, E.J., 2011. Cardiovascular disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and depression independently increase the risk of incident diabetes. Diabetologia 54, 523-526.

Palinkas, L.A., Lee, P.P., Barrett-Connor, E., 2004. A prospective study of Type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabet Med 21, 1185-1191.

Pan, A., Lucas, M., Sun, Q., van Dam, R.M., Franco, O.H., Manson, J.E., Willett, W.C., Ascherio, A., Hu, F.B., 2010. Bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Arch Intern Med 170, 1884-1891.

Sheikh, A., 2009. Depression and incident diabetes: An exploratory study using the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) 1994–2003. University of Guelph (Canada), Ann Arbor, p. 171.

Stellato, R.K., Feldman, H.A., Hamdy, O., Horton, E.S., McKinlay, J.B., 2000. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Diabetes Care 23, 490-494.

van den Akker, M., Schuurman, A., Metsemakers, J., Buntinx, F., 2004. Is depression related to subsequent diabetes mellitus? Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 110, 178-183.

Winterstein, A.G., Kubilis, P., Bird, S., Cooper-DeHoff, R.M., Nichols, G.A., Delaney, J.A., 2014. Misclassification in assessment of diabetogenic risk using electronic health records. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 23, 875-881.

Wu, C.S., Gau, S.S., Lai, M.S., 2014. Long-term antidepressant use and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based, nested case-control study in Taiwan. J Clin Psychiatry 75, 31-38.

16

S10 Table: Characteristics of Estimates Excluded Due to Serious or Critical Risk of Bias

Authors, Year

Sample, Country

N Sample Age (range or mean)

Years of Follow-up

Depression Measure

Diabetes Measure

Adjusted Estimate

Covariates Risk of Bias for Adjusted Estimate

Mezuk 2008 General population, USA

1,803 18 and above

23 (maximum)

Standardized diagnostic interview (DIS)

Self-report HR 1.62 (1.03-2.55)

Age, sex, education, race / ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, BMI / obesity, stairs climbed per day, frequency of balanced meals, frequency of social contact

Serious

Gangwisch 2015

General population, USA

9,128 25-74 8 – 10 Symptom scale (CESD)

Self-report, administrative data

HR 0.94 (0.72-1.25)

Sex, income, education Serious

Golden 2004 General population, USA

5,622 48 – 67 3 – 6 Symptom scale (Vital Exhaustion Scale)

Self-report, clinical measures

HR 1.31 (1.04-1.64)

Age, sex, education, race / ethnicity, smoking, physical activity, BMI / obesity, total caloric intake, study site, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure

Serious

Iversen 2015 General population, Norway

35,667 20 – 90 11 Symptom scale (HADS)

Self-report OR 1.01 (0.83-1.23

Age, sex, BMI / obesity Serious

Karakus 2011


3,645 50 – 62 12 Symptom scale (CESD)

Self-report OR 1.50 (1.01-2.24)

Age, sex, income, education, marital status / cohabiting, race / ethnicity, smoking, BMI / obesity, functional limitations index, limited work ability due to health factors, census region

Serious

Khambaty 2017

Low-income population, USA

2,156 65 and above

8.5 (median)

Symptom scale (PHQ-9)

Administrative data

HR 1.04, (0.83-1.31)

Age, sex, race / ethnicity, smoking, BMI / obesity, hypercholesterolemia, anxiety symptoms

Serious

Meneton 2016

Employee population, France

10,578 39-54 20 (maximum)

Symptom scale (CESD)

Self-report HR 1.25 (1.09-1.43)

Age, sex, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, BMI / obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep disorder, parental CVD

Serious

Palinkas 2004


Not given

50-89 8 Symptom scale (BDI)


OR 2.50 (1.29-4.87)

Age, sex, BMI / obesity, physical activity. Race / ethnicity and SES controlled for by restriction.

Serious

Stellato 2000


1,030 40 – 70 8.9 (median)

Symptom scale (CESD)

Self-report OR 3.09 (1.34-7.12)

BMI / obesity, free testosterone, sex-binding globulin, hypertension, heart disease

Serious

Chen 2013 General population, Taiwan

7,881 35 and above

0 – 7 Physician diagnosis (administrative data)

Administrative data

HR 1.59 (1.33-1.9)

Geographic area, urbanization status Serious

Nichols 2011


58,056 30 and above

5 Physician diagnosis (administrative data)

Administrative data

RR 1.10 (1.02-1.20)

Age, sex, smoking, BMI / obesity, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol, CVD, heart failure, renal disease, number of fasting glucose tests during follow-up

Serious

Van den akker 2004

General population,

68,004 20 and above

0 – 25 Physician diagnosis

Administrative data

HR 0.98 (0.79-

Age, sex, education, type of health insurance, overweight

Serious

17

Netherlands (administrative data)

1.21)

Ma 2011 Female population, USA

70,874 50 – 79 7.6 (mean) Depression treatment (self-report)

Self-report HR 1.42 (1.32-1.52)

Age, race / ethnicity Serious

Monte 2009 General population, Italy

105,573 49.2 2 (maximum)

Depression treatment (administrative data)

Administrative data

HR 1.89, (1.34-2.66)

Age, sex, Charleston comorbidity score Serious

Winterstein 2014


126,376 35-64 5 (median) Depression treatment (administrative data)

Administrative data

HR 1.26 (1.19-1.33)

Age, sex, BMI / obesity, beta-blockers, statins, thiazide diuretics, atypical antipsychotics, renin-angiotensin system blockers, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroid use, fasting glucose, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, year

Serious

Wu 2014 General population, USA

120,243 18 and above

6.3 (median)

Depression treatment (administrative data)

Administrative data

OR 1.64 (1.46-1.84)

Matched on gender and birth year Serious

Akbas-Simsek 2017

General population, Turkey

2,088 57.5 5.2 (mean) Other (self-report)


HR 1.21 (0.28-5.15)*

Age, education, antidepressant use, systolic BP Critical

Hemmy Asamsama 2015


4,341 60.8 2 – 5 Other (self-report)

Self-report OR 1.01 (0.27-3.79)

Age, sex, education, marital status / cohabiting, race / ethnicity, difficulty meeting family expenses

Serious

Mallon 2005 General population, Sweden

1,170 45-65 12 Other (self-report)

Self-report RR 1.1 (0.5-2.4)*

Age, marital status / cohabiting, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI / obesity, hypertension, snoring, short sleep duration, long sleep duration

Serious

Pan 2010 Female employee population, USA

57,880 50-75 10 Other (self-report)


HR 1.17 (1.05-1.3)

Age, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, BMI / obesity, coffee consumption, whole grain consumption, red meat consumption, soft drink consumption

Serious

Sheikh 2008 General population, Canada

Not given

20 and above

1 – 7 Other (self-report)

Self-report HR 0.52 (0.23-1.16)

Age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption Serious

*Estimate from combining subgroups

18

S11 Table: Adjusted Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Diabetes Stratified by Exclusion of Undiagnosed Diabetes at Baseline

Excluded Participants with Undiagnosed Diabetes at Baseline Using Clinical Measures

N Estimates Meta-Analyzed Risk Ratio

95% CI

No 10 1.19 1.10-1.29Yes 5 1.13 0.96-1.33

19

S12 Fig: Funnel Plot of Adjusted Estimates of Treatment with Antidepressant and Incident Type 2 Diabetes

20

S13 Fig: Funnel Plot of Adjusted Estimates of Depressive Symptom Scales and Incident Type 2 Diabetes

21

s1 supporting information: search terms for … · web views13 fig: funnel plot of adjusted...

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