s r measurement campaign nepal implementation plan

SOLAR RESOURCE MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN - NEPAL

IMPLEMENTATION PLANAugust 2018

This report was prepared by CSP Services GmbH, under contract to the World Bank.

It is one of several outputs Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning Nepal [Project ID: P150328]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website.

The content of this document is the sole responsibility of the consultant authors. Any improved or validated solar resource data will be incorporated into the Global Solar Atlas.

Copyright © 2021 THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org

The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

Rights and Permissions

The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to [email protected].

All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source.

Attribution

Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2018. Solar Resource Measurement Campaign in Nepal, Installation Reports. Washington, DC: World Bank.

https://solargis.com/

https://www.worldbank.org/

https://www.esmap.org/re_mapping

https://globalsolaratlas.info/

https://globalwindatlas.info/

https://www.worldbank.org/

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

CSP Services GmbH, Köln, Germany

Client: The World Bank Group

Washington DC, USA

ESMAP – Renewable Energy Resource

Mapping Initiative

- Solar Resource Measurement Campaign Nepal –

Implementation Plan

(August 2018)

Lead Contractor: CSP Services, Germany

Subcontractors: PITCO, Pakistan

PACE, Nepal

CSP Services GmbH

Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30

51143 Köln/Cologne, Germany

Email: [email protected]

Version 07 August 2018

CSP Services GmbH, Köln, Germany

Solar Resource Measurement Campaign Nepal

CSP Services is a spin-off company of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of

Solar Research, and makes use of licensed technology and know-how of DLR. The con-

tents of this report are strictly confidential. They are only for the use of our client. The

authors have written this report at their best knowledge and it has been rechecked within

our quality control system. However, our liability, except in cases of intent, is excluded or

limited to the contract conditions.

CSP Services GmbH

Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30 51143 Köln · Germany

T: +49 2203 959 0030

F: +49 2203 180 2528

www.cspservices.de

Geschäftsführer

(Managing Directors): Dr. Klaus Pottler

Dr.-Ing. Steffen Ulmer

Sitz der Gesellschaft

(Registered Office): Köln Amtsgericht Köln

HRB 61644

USt-ID-No: DE814904840

Bank Account:

IBAN: DE18 5001 0060 0049 6816 08 BIC (Swift-Code): PBNKDEFF

Postbank · Frankfurt-Main · Germany

Author contact information

CSP Services GmbH

Mr. Birk Kraas

Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30

51143 Cologne, Germany

Phone: +49 2203 959 0036

[email protected]

PITCO Pvt. Ltd.:

Mr. Muhammad Umer Kamal

2nd Floor, AlMaalik, 19 – Davis Road

Lahore, Pakistan

Phone: +92 (42) 36363751

[email protected]

PACE Nepal Pvt. Ltd.:

Mr. Govinda Tiwari

39, Siddhartha Marg, Anamnagar,

Ward No. 32, Kathmandu, Nepal

P. O. Box 8973 NPC 410

[email protected]

Phone: +9779851085746

CSPS ESMAP Nepal Solar Measurement Campaign Concentrating Solar Power Services

ESMAP Nepal 3/97 Project Implementation Plan

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 5

1.1 Background .............................................................................................. 5

1.2 Objectives and approach ............................................................................ 5

2 Inception mission summary ......................................................................... 7

2.1 Work meeting with Government of Nepal Taskforce, March 15 2018 ................ 7

2.2 Stakeholder meeting, March 16 2018 ........................................................... 7

2.3 Initial capacity building, March 16 2018 ....................................................... 8

3 Site selection ................................................................................................ 9

3.1 Site selection procedure ............................................................................. 9

3.2 Identification of candidate sites .................................................................. 10

3.3 Site description and analysis result ............................................................. 15

3.4 Decision on selected sites .......................................................................... 37

4 Procedures for obtaining permits and permissions ..................................... 38

4.1 Official permit for installation of meteorological stations ................................ 38

4.2 Official permit for data transfer .................................................................. 38

4.3 Site owner permission............................................................................... 38

5 Tasks and deliverables ............................................................................... 39

5.1 Hardware procurement ............................................................................. 39

5.2 International shipment .............................................................................. 40

5.3 Customs clearance ................................................................................... 40

5.4 Domestic transport ................................................................................... 41

5.5 Insurances .............................................................................................. 41

5.6 Installation and commissioning .................................................................. 42

5.7 Maintenance ............................................................................................ 45

5.8 Data quality control and dissemination ........................................................ 46

5.9 Verification and calibration of the instruments.............................................. 48

5.10 Hand-over and wrap-up mission ................................................................. 49

6 Capacity building and training plan ............................................................ 50

6.1 Initial capacity building workshop during inception mission ............................ 50

6.2 Online capacity building workshop after installation and commissioning .......... 51

6.3 Final capacity building workshop during wrap-up mission .............................. 52

7 Time schedule and schedule of deliverables ............................................... 53

7.1 Time schedule overview ............................................................................ 53



7.2 Time schedule for installation and commissioning ......................................... 55

8 Risk assessment and mitigation according to EHS Guidelines .................... 57

8.1 Environmental ......................................................................................... 57

8.2 Occupational health and safety .................................................................. 60

8.3 Community health and safety .................................................................... 64

8.4 Construction and decommissioning ............................................................. 65

9 Appendix .................................................................................................... 66

9.1 List of PPCR sites...................................................................................... 66

9.2 Site evaluation checklists .......................................................................... 70



1 Introduction

1.1 Background

This report is prepared within the task ESMAP Solar Resource Measurement Nepal under

the World Bank’s Nepal: Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning

Project. This task consists of implementing and conducting a high-quality solar ground

measurement campaign in Nepal within the framework of the Energy Sector Management

Assistant Program (ESMAP) of the World Bank.

It is being undertaken in close coordination with the Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

(AEPC), the World Bank’s counterpart for this project.

1.2 Objectives and approach

The main project objective is to acquire solar resource measured data with high-quality

Tier1 automatic weather stations on five measurement sites in Nepal for validation of

solar resource maps and the underlying satellite and meteorological models. These solar

resource maps and an analysis of the solar energy potential of Nepal have been

generated in the previous project Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial

Planning, carried out in 2016 and 2017 by Solargis s.r.o. in a separate consultancy to

World Bank. Validation will reduce uncertainty of the models and thus reduce financial

and technical risk during implementation of solar power projects in Nepal.

A second objective is to generate bankable solar resource datasets for the selected

measurement sites which can serve for solar power project feasibility studies and project

development in the immediate surroundings of these sites.

A third objective is to install and operate a network of solar measuring stations, to hand

them over to Nepali stakeholders at project end and provide the required capacity

building and know-how transfer for continuous and sustainable solar resource monitoring

by these stakeholders.

The present document contains a summary of the project inception mission as well as the

project implementation plan.

At the time of document submission, much of project implementation has already been

completed:

A summary of the inception mission carried out in March 2018

Site selection procedure and results

Review of approach and procedures for project implementation, including the

single tasks such as obtaining permissions, logistics, measurement site

preparation, installation and commissioning of automatic weather stations



The future activities are described in this document as well:

Proposed capacity building and training measures aimed at local partners,

subcontractors and stakeholders

Overview of activities for operation and maintenance of automatic weather

stations during the two-year operation phase

Summary of planned handover of automatic weather stations ownership as well as

operation and maintenance responsibility to Nepali institutions at the end of the

project

Assessment of the risks and appropriate mitigation measures

Activities time schedule

Risk assessment has been performed in accordance with and related to the WB’s

Safeguards policies and Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines1 in the version of

April 30, 2007.

1http://www.ifc.org/ehsguidelines

http://www.ifc.org/ehsguidelines



2 Inception mission summary

A project inception mission was carried out between March 15-18, 2018 in Kathmandu,

Nepal. The purpose of this inception mission was to establish contact to all relevant

project stakeholders and to have consultations with the same to secure their input and

support for the project.

2.1 Work meeting with Government of Nepal Taskforce, March 15 2018

Several institutions were appointed by the Government of Nepal (GoN) to participate in a

task force to act as the counterpart to facilitate and support the projects’ implementation

from Nepali side. These institutions are: Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) as

the coordinating agency and focal counterpart, Department of Hydrology and

Meteorology (DHM), Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), Nepal Academy of Science and

Technology (NAST), and Tribhuvan University (TU).

In the work meeting, all representatives of the participating institutions were briefed on

the projects’ scope, draft time schedule and open issues to resolve. The project

implementation was discussed in detail to collect local input from the stakeholders, with a

special focus on site selection. It was generally agreed that DHM measurement sites

should be used when possible, due to the following reasons:

DHM sites are already existing meteorological measurement sites selected in

accordance with World Meteorological Organization guidelines

The sites are in many cases manned and properly secured

No further environmental impact analysis or permits for operation of weather

stations is required, since the sites are already in place and used for this purpose

Only one agreement with DHM is required, multi-stakeholder agreements are

avoided

DHM is one of the most qualified institutions in Nepal to take over operation and

maintenance of the stations after two years, and to make professional use of the

measurement data in future

DHM assured their support and willingness to host the measurement stations. Further,

NEA offered to use their various premises distributed throughout the country in case that

no other measurement sites can be identified.

It was further decided that the five ESMAP Tier1 automatic weather stations shall be

equipped with an additional rain sensor.

2.2 Stakeholder meeting, March 16 2018

In the stakeholder meeting, further stakeholders outside of the GoN taskforce were

invited. The project objectives, scope, time schedule and planned implementation were

presented and the stakeholders were given the opportunity to comment and ask

questions.

In this meeting, the IOE (Institute of Engineering) Pulchowk campus in Lalitpur was

suggested as an alternative measurement site. IOE confirmed an interest in hosting a

measurement station and proposed its long-term use for research and education

purposes.



2.3 Initial capacity building, March 16 2018

Subsequent to the stakeholder meeting, an initial capacity building session was held. The

purpose was to ensure a common understanding of all stakeholders on basic principles of

solar measurement. The following topics were covered:

Basics of solar irradiance measurement

Basic knowledge on solar irradiation

Ground measurement and satellite data, differences and advantages of

combination

Solar sensors and equipment

Measurement best practices, O&M requirements

Application of solar resource datasets

Overview of potential use cases

Data used in solar power projects

Data for policy design and generation planning



3 Site selection

The following sections contain the information about the site selection for installation of

automatic weather stations. Prior to the brief description and the explanation why the

individual site is selected for installation of a meteorological measurement station, the

site selection procedure is presented.

3.1 Site selection procedure

Identification of solar regimes (previous work) 3.1.1

Figure 1: Solar Regimes Map of Nepal

(Source: “Solar Resource and Photovoltaic Potential of Nepal”, World Bank, March 2017)

In the previous Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning project,

satellite and numerical weather model based solar irradiation data to develop a

categorization of solar regimes, or solar climates, for the territory of Nepal were

analysed. Solar regimes were defined as areas with similar solar irradiation

characteristics. Details about the solar regime identification process can be found in the

solar resource and photovoltaic potential report [1] which was the outcome of the

consultancy.

The resulting solar regime map is displayed in Figure 1, where nine different solar

regimes have been classified. For details on the classification and analysis procedure,

please refer to the original publication.



Site selection criteria 3.1.2

Site selection criteria can be discussed from three different perspectives, which are

presented below.

3.1.2.1 From model validation perspective

From the perspective of validating the satellite and meteorological models, measurement

sites should fulfil the following criteria:

Representativeness of a single site for a particular solar regime

Coverage of a large diversity of solar regimes by the ensemble of sites

Elimination or avoidance of local effects (by terrain, land cover, air pollution,

distinct microclimates)

3.1.2.2 From operational perspective

From operational perspective (that is, from the Consultants’ and, in the long-term

perspective, from the operating stakeholders’ perspective), measurement sites should

fulfil the following criteria:

Accessibility

Land availability and minimized permitting effort, collaborative station host

Availability of GSM network for data transmission

Sufficient free area for installation of weather station, horizon free of obstructions

Avoidance of sources of disturbance (light, pollution, heat, electrical fields)

Site security (against vandalism, theft, natural hazard)

Availability of maintenance staff for regular sensor cleaning and visual inspection

Long-term operation perspective (after end of ESMAP project)

3.1.2.3 From stakeholder perspective

From stakeholder perspective, other criteria can be relevant for site selection. Examples

could be:

Use of weather stations for education and research

Use of weather stations for planned/existing solar power projects

Political or social balancing (e.g., allocation of stations to disadvantaged regions)

Input from stakeholders was discussed during the inception mission meetings. Other than

intended use by AEPC for preparing solar projects, use by DHM for meteorological data

collection, and for education and research at IOE, no further use cases or additional

criteria were brought up by stakeholders.

3.2 Identification of candidate sites

The site identification process primarily aimed at installing the stations in as many

different solar regimes as possible, while considering further site selection criteria

described above.

Candidate sites were selected following the procedure described in the following sections.



Representative locations suggested by previous work 3.2.1

In the solar resource report [1] from the previous Renewable Energy Resource Mapping

and Geospatial Planning project, eight representative locations for the most prevalent

solar regimes were proposed:

1. Simikot airport

2. Budar

3. Jomsom airport

4. Pokhara airport

5. Nepalgunj Manikapur airport

6. Kathmandu airport

7. Khandbari

8. Biratnagar airport

The site suggestions are displayed in Figure 2.

These sites were taken as the starting point for site selection from model validation

perspective. Sites that are close to these locations, or are displaying similar features,

were given preference.

Figure 2: Representative Sites suggested in previous Solar Resource Report

(Source: Google Earth®)



Stakeholder consultation 3.2.2

During the working group meeting and stakeholder meeting in the inception mission, all

participants were invited to present site suggestions, and the suggestion were

subsequently discussed in the meetings. DHM presented a list of in total 87 sites which

are currently undergoing an upgrade and will be equipped with automatic weather

stations funded by the Climate Investment Funds’ Pilot Program on Climate Resilience

(PPCR). Due to the extensive spatial coverage of the nations’ territory with these sites, it

was agreed that they should be analyzed for their suitability to host the ESMAP Tier1

automatic weather stations. Further, DHM would be an appropriate user of the weather

stations after the ESMAP project, since their role and capacities as national

meteorological department make a strong case for sustainable long-term use of the

stations. The list of PPCR sites is attached in Appendix 9.1.

DHM conducted an internal preliminary analysis of their own weather station sites (PPCR

program sites and others) based on the above mentioned site selection criteria and, in a

first approach, recommended a selection of 11 sites. In further direct discussions

between DHM and the Consultant, potentially suitable sites were identified and a site visit

schedule was agreed.

Identification of potentially suitable sites (longlist of sites) 3.2.3

The following sites were selected for the longlist and further analysis.

(Site name, planned or existing type of DHM weather station, approx. coordinates,

nearest recommended site from the previous solar resource report and approx. direct line

distance)

Sites from the initial recommendations list by DHM:

1. Phidim, PPRC Tier3 27.14°N, 87.75°E Khandbari, 60 km

2. Taplejung, PPCR Tier1 27.35°N, 87.67°E Khandbari, 45 km

3. Ilam Tea Estate, PPCR Tier2 26.92°N, 87.90°E Khandbari, 85 km

4. Tarahara, PPCR Tier2 26.70°N, 87.27°E Simikot airport, 122 km

5. Nagarkot, PPCR Tier3 27.70°N, 85.52°E Kathmandu airport

16 km

6. Pokhara airport, AWOS 28.20°N, 83.98°E same site

7. Gulariya, PPCR Tier3 28.17°N, 81.35°E Nepalgunj airport 30 km

8. Gaira, PPCR Tier3 29.17°N, 80.60°E Budar 10 km

9. Jumla airport, PPCR Tier1+2 29.27°N, 82.18°E Simikot Airport, 90 km

10. Simikot airport, PPCR Tier1 29.97°N, 81.82°E same site

11. Jomsom airport, PPCR Tier1 28.78°N, 83.72°E same site

Sites discussed during meetings with DHM:

12. Atteriya 28.30°N, 83.82°E Budar, 37 km

13. Biratnagar airport 26.48°N, 87.27°E same site

14. Dharan (on IOE campus) 26.80°N, 87.30°E Biratnagar airport, 35 km

15. Lumle agromet, PPCR 28.30°N, 83.82°E Pokhara airport, 19 km

16. Nepalgunj NARC campus 28.11°N, 81.59°E Nepalgunj airport, 8 km



Further, three sites of the Institute of Engineering (IOE) of TU were added to the longlist

by the consultant:

17. IOE Campus Pulchowk 27.68°N, 85.32°E Kathmandu airport 5 km

18. IOE Campus Pokhara 28.25°N, 83.98°E Pokhara airport, 6 km

19. IOE Campus Dharan 26.79°N, 87.29°E Biratnagar airport, 35 km

Identification of suitable sites (shortlist of sites) 3.2.4

From the longlist of sites, selected sites were shortlisted for further analysis. As far as

possible with the available information on the sites, the selection was based on the site

selection criteria presented above, and made in close collaboration and discussion with

DHM. A meeting with DHM was held for this purpose on 26 April 2018.

For various reasons, detailed information could not be collected for all sites. One reason

was that the PPCR program is currently ongoing and was not finished at the time of the

analysis, as a result not all information was readily available. Therefore, no formal

analysis such as a ranking method was applied for the shortlist selection, the selection

was made in direct discussions with DHM who built upon their in-depth knowledge of

Nepal’s geography, climate and their own weather station network, and the known

preference for sites representative for the solar and meteorological model validation

objective.

The following criteria were considered for the selection of shortlisted sites:

Relevance of the sites for satellite model validation: In a phone call with Solargis

on April 23, 2018, it was confirmed that operationally suitable measurement sites

with some differentiation in geographical characteristics for the different sites will

be valuable for the model validation. Further, it should be aimed at establishing a

good geographical coverage of the country.

Solar energy development perspectives (e.g., regions where solar projects are

currently being developed or suggested). In this regard, no special requirements

or suggestions were voiced by the Nepali counterpart or stakeholders during the

inception mission, although it stands to reason that large-scale solar power

projects are more likely in populated regions with access to the electricity

network, which puts the focus on Terai as well as Kathmandu and Pokhara

valleys.

Further benefits of meteorological measurement stations such as capacity

building, research and education at teaching/research institutions. This criteria is

relevant for the assessment of the IOE campuses in Pulchowk, Dharan and

Pokhara.

Operational suitability. The focus at this stage was on

o Reachability from the local consultants’ office in Kathmandu. Sites not

reachable in sensible travel time for a short site evaluation visit are

obviously not suitable for ensuring short response times in case of

equipment malfunctions or other operational problems.

o Shading of horizon and available space for weather station installation

o Site security (against theft or vandalism, animals, natural influences)

o Availability of staff for on-site maintenance



Based on the preliminary analysis, the following sites were selected for the shortlist and

further analysis with regard to their suitability for installing a meteorological

measurement station:

Table 1: Measurement Site Shortlist

Area, Site Local stakeholder /

Station host

Site visit date

Kathmandu airport DHM 19 March 2018

IOE campus

Pulchowk

IOE 19 March 2018

Pokhara airport DHM 29 April 2018

Lumle agromet DHM 29 April 2018

IOE campus Pokhara IOE 29 April 2018

Atteriya DHM 07 May 2018

Nepalgunj NARC DHM, NARC 08 May 2018

Jumla airport DHM 10 May 2018

Jumla DHM office DHM 10 May 2018

Jumla, Hotel

Kanjirowa

Hotel Kanjirowa Desktop evaluation

26 June 2018

Biratnagar airport DHM 17 May 2018

Dharan IOE campus DHM, IOE 17 May 2018

Figure 3: Shortlisted Measurement Sites




Site visits and evaluation 3.2.5

Of the shortlisted sites, a number were visited by consultant’s representatives on field

trips in March, April and May 2018. The sites were audited according to the site selection

checklist developed and provided by the consultant, which was developed in accordance

with international standards (World Meteorological Organization) and solar measurement

best practices. On each site, one or more different locations for equipment setup were

analysed for their suitability to install a meteorological station for solar irradiation

measurement.

3.3 Site description and analysis result

The following section contains short summaries of the site analysis for each individual

site. The completed site evaluation checklists from the visited sites are attached in

Appendix 9.2.



Kathmandu Airport Weather Station 3.3.1

The DHM office and meteorological station is located close to the domestic flights

terminal of Kathmandu airport. It is permanently manned with DHM meteorologists or

assistant meteorologists, situated in a secured area on DHM premises, and the site is the

official airport weather observatory.

Figure 4 shows an aerial view of the Kathmandu airport surroundings in which the

selected site is marked. Figure 5 shows a panoramic view taken from the center of the

site with cardinal directions, sun paths and horizon line drawn into the picture. Figure 6

shows an analysis of shading occurrences based on the evaluation of the horizon line. For

each sun position during the year, a specialized software evaluating the height of the

horizon at the specific direction determines whether the horizon is obscuring the sun. If

yes, a shading is detected. Only sun elevations above 5° are shown in this diagram, since

anything below is of very little relevance for solar energy and also associated with higher

measurement uncertainty.

Figure 4: Kathmandu Airport with Position of DHM Site (Yellow Pin)


Figure 5: Panoramic View with Sun Paths and Horizon



Figure 6: Shading Occurrences for Sun Elevations >5°

(Green: no Shading; Red: Shading; White: Night)

This site was discarded for the installation of one of the five weather stations because of

the excessive horizon shading. The shading situation is even worse than displayed in the

analysis in Figure 6, since the obstacles on the horizon extended above the field of view

of the camera. Minimum two hours on every day of the year would be affected by

shading at this site.



Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering (IOE) 3.3.2

Pulchowk is located south of Kathmandu in the Kathmandu valley.

The Institute of Engineering (IOE) campus is located in the northern part of Lalitpur in

Pulchowk area. The campus consists of multiple 1-4 level buildings with grass/garden

areas, roads and parking lots in between.

The selected site is on the rooftop of the electrical engineering building. Figure 7 shows

an aerial view of the NUST campus in which the selected site and the places visited for

examination are marked. Figure 8 shows the panoramic view with sun paths and horizon,

Figure 9 shows the shading occurrences analysis. Although some shading is present

mostly in the evenings, the extent of shading is acceptable, especially when considering

the limited amount of alternative sites inside Kathmandu valley.

Figure 7: IOE Campus with selected Site (Yellow Pin)







This site was selected for the installation of one of the weather stations because of

following main reasons:

Dedicated support from IOE was assured by the Dean of IOE

Likely and beneficial use of the station for the universities’ research and education

activities during and after the end of ESMAP project

Only bilateral agreement with IOE, no further permits and permissions required

Availability of O&M personnel

Site security (non-publicly accessible and secluded rooftop, door locked)

Little shading impact by obstacles on horizon

Excellent reachability due to its location within Kathmandu valley

Representatively for the solar resource of Kathmandu valley, which is likely to

experience future small-scale to commercial scale solar power development



Lumle Agrometeorological Station 3.3.3

Lumle is located west of Pokhara in about 15 km distance from the town.

The selected site is on the premises of the existing DHM agro-meteorological station.

Figure 10 shows an aerial view of the area in which the selected site and the places

visited for examination are marked. Figure 11 shows the panoramic view with sun paths

and horizon, Figure 12 shows the shading occurrences analysis. Although some shading

is present in the morning during the summer months, the extent of shading is

acceptable.

Figure 10: Lumle site near Pokhara (Yellow Pin)









Dedicated support from DHM was assured

Likely and beneficial use of the station for DHM activities as national weather

service

Only bilateral agreement with DHM, no further permits and permissions required


Site security (existing fence with locked door, manned NARC site with gatehouse)

Very little shading impact

Excellent reachability due to its proximity to Pokhara

Site is representative for the solar resource of Pokhara valley, which is likely to

experience future small-scale to commercial scale solar power development



Pokhara Airport Weather Station 3.3.4

Pokhara is located in central Nepal, about 200 km west of Kathmandu and south of the

Annapurna mountain range, situated in the Pokhara valley and lying to the east of the

Phewa lake.

The domestic airport is located in the southeast of the city.

The selected site is the DHM airport weather station, situated west of the runway next to

the car park. Figure 13 shows an aerial view of the airport in which the selected site is

marked. Figure 14 shows the panoramic view with sun paths and horizon, Figure 15

shows the shading occurrences analysis. Although some shading is present in the

evenings, the extent of shading is acceptable.

Figure 13: Pokhara Airport Site (Yellow Pin)








The direct proximity of the car park with frequent traffic by people. The site is

secured only by a low fence, and the equipment, especially the solar power

supply, might attract unwanted attention.

The limited confines of the site, with all manner of existing measurement devices

limiting the options of locating the measurement equipment. In particular, an

existing 10 m wind tower in the north-west corner of the site would conflict with

the wind tower to be installed.



Pokhara Campus, Institute of Engineering (IOE) 3.3.5

The Western Regional Campus (WRC) of Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering is

located in the northwest of the city.

The selected site is on the rooftop of the main building. Figure 16 shows an aerial view of

the area in which the selected site is marked. Figure 17 shows the panoramic view with

sun paths and horizon, Figure 18 shows the shading occurrences analysis. Shading is

present both in the mornings and in the evenings, with an extent of shading exceeding

the acceptable tolerances.

Figure 16: Pokhara IOE Campus Site (Yellow Pin)








the non-ideal shading profile.



NARC Regional Agricultural Research Station Nepalgunj 3.3.6

The Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) regional agricultural research station in

Nepalgunj is located about 6 km to the northwest of Nepalgunj, surrounded by flat

agricultural area. Nepalgunj is located in western Terai in direct proximity to the border

with India.

The site was initially selected for the DHM agromet station inside the NARC premises.

Three different potential locations inside the NARC complex were analyzed: The ground-

installed DHM weather station, the NARC office building rooftop and the cafeteria building

rooftop. Figure 19 shows an aerial view of the area in which the locations are highlighted.

Of these three locations, the office building rooftop was the most suitable location. Both

other locations were affected by frequent obstructions of the sun by obstacles on the

horizon, and severe limitations of available space in case of the ground-mounted station.

Figure 20 shows the panoramic view of the DHM site and the office building rooftop site

with sun paths and horizon, Figure 21 shows the shading occurrences analysis for both

sites. On the DHM station site, excessive shading is prevalent in the morning and

evening. For the office building site, some shading results from a tree obscuring the

horizon during and after sunrise for some part of the year (spring and autumn), but is

within the tolerable limit. For the cafeteria building, the shading analysis was discarded

due to obvious shading from a nearby wall.

Figure 19: Analyzed Sites at NARC Nepalgunj (Yellow Pins)




Figure 20: Panoramic View with Sun Paths and Horizon: DHM Site (Top), Office Building

Roof (Bottom)

Figure 21: Shading Occurrences for Sun Elevations >5°: DHM Site (Top), Office Building

Roof (Bottom) (Green: no Shading; Red: Shading; White: Night)

The office building rooftop was selected for the installation of one of the weather station

because

Dedicated support from both NARC and DHM was assured during the site visit


service, and for NARC research activities

Only bilateral agreements with DHM and NARC, no further permits and

permissions required


Site security (restricted access to rooftop, manned NARC site)

Little shading impact

Excellent reachability due to its proximity to Nepalgunj and its domestic airport

Site is representative for the solar resource of western Terai region



Atteriya Agrometeorological Station 3.3.7

Atteriya is located in western Terai, 6 km north of Dhangadhi airport, situated on the

East-West-Highway (H01) close to the crossing with Bhimdatta Highway.

The selected site is on the DHM agromet station at Atteriya. Figure 22 shows an aerial

view of the area in which the selected site is marked. Figure 23 shows the panoramic

view with sun paths and horizon, Figure 24 shows the shading occurrences analysis.

Shading is present both in the mornings and in the evenings, with an extent of shading

exceeding the acceptable tolerances.

Figure 22: DHM Site Atteriya (Yellow Pin)








the non-suitable shading profile.



Jumla Airport Weather Station 3.3.8

Jumla airport is located east of the town of Jumla, which sits at the eastern end of the

Karnali Highway (H13). The town is located in the northwest of the country, in an

elevation of about 2500 m and therefore the most elevated of all shortlisted sites. It is

surrounded by mountains of more than 3,000 m elevations, with peaks of above 6,000 m

elevation (Kanjiroba massive) at 35 km to the east.

The suggested location is the DHM airport weather station site on the south side of the

runway. Figure 25 shows an aerial view of the area in which the site is marked. Figure 26

shows the panoramic view with sun paths and horizon, Figure 27 shows the shading

occurrences analysis. Some shading is present in the analysis in the morning and

evening. However, due to the generous dimensions of the site, some of the shading

resulting from obstacles (e.g., existing wind measurement tower) can be avoided by

careful selection of the place for equipment installation (e.g., moving to a location within

the site where the tower is located more to the North than in the position chosen during

the site visit). Thus, the shading impact on the weather station will ultimately be smaller

than shown in below analysis.

Figure 25: Jumla Airport Site (yellow pin)







This site would have been suitable from many perspectives, e.g. dedicated support from

DHM, beneficial co-use of the station for DHM activities and aviation purposes, acceptable

shading profile, site security on the airport premises and others. However, it was

unfeasible to obtain a permit by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN) to install

one of the weather stations on this location.



Hotel Kanjirowa, Jumla 3.3.9

Hotel Kanjirowa in Jumla is located directly south of Jumla airport. It has a large open

area in front of the hotel, used mostly as a car park.

Figure 28 shows an aerial view of the area in which the site is marked. Figure 29 shows

the panoramic view with sun paths and horizon, Figure 30 shows the shading

occurrences analysis. Some shading from mountains is present in the analysis in the

morning and evening. However, this can hardly completely be avoided in the topography

of the surroundings.

Figure 28: Jumla Hotel Site (yellow pin)







No site visit checklist is available for this site as it was not visited by the consultant. The

site was suggested by AEPC as an alternative for the Jumla airport site when it became

obvious that the CAAN approval would not be given or delayed. The panorama analysis

was performed based on a 360° panoramic view available on the internet2 and a phone

interview of the hotel management. Most of the checklist criteria referring to the

surroundings are identical to the checklist for the airport site, since the distance of the

sites is only 170 m.



Dedicated support from hotel management was assured

Only bilateral agreement with hotel management, no further permits and

permissions required


Site security (hotel staff permanently present)

Low shading impact

Good reachability due to its location at the airport

Only shortlisted site representing mountain climate, therefore providing high value

for model validation

2

https://www.google.de/maps/@29.272549,82.1934018,3a,75y,84.03h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipOuB

jzeJ1WFRVUrgrAX6Yjf0Uv0-

eBBG-

SOolzkW!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOuBjzeJ1WFRVUrgrAX6Yjf0U

v0-eBBGSOolzkW%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya73.16719-ro-0-fo100!7i8192!8i4096, visited on June 26, 2018

https://www.google.de/maps/@29.272549,82.1934018,3a,75y,84.03h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipOuBjzeJ1WFRVUrgrAX6Yjf0Uv0-eBBGSOolzkW!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOuBjzeJ1WFRVUrgrAX6Yjf0Uv0-eBBGSOolzkW%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya73.16719-ro-0-fo100!7i8192!8i4096







Biratnagar Airport Weather Station 3.3.10

Biratnagar is located in the south of eastern Terai, close to the border with India.

The visited site is the DHM airport weather station at Biratnagar airport. Figure 31 shows

an aerial view of the greater area, the site is marked with a yellow pin. Creation of a

panoramic view with sun paths and horizon and analysis of shading occurrences was

discarded due to the obvious shading from surrounding vegetation. The sky was not even

visible within the camera field of view in what was covering about 270° of the horizon.

Only towards the south (towards the airport runway), an opening to the horizon was

visible.

Figure 31: DHM Site Biratnagar Airport (Yellow Pin)


This site was discarded for the installation of one of the stations because of the non-

suitable shading profile.



Dharan Campus, Institute of Engineering (IOE) 3.3.11

Dharan is located in the north of eastern Terai, about 35 km north of Biratnagar airport

and located on the southern foothills of the Mahabharat Range to the north.

The site was selected mainly for the DHM agromet station inside the IOE Dharan campus.

Two different potential locations inside the IOE campus have been analyzed: The planned

future location of a ground-installed DHM weather station and a suitable campus office

building rooftop. Figure 32 shows an aerial view of the area in which the locations are

highlighted. Of these two locations, both were suitable with regards to the shading profile

and other criteria. Figure 33 shows the panoramic views of the ground site and of the

building rooftop site with sun paths and horizon,

Figure 34 shows the shading occurrences analysis for both sites. Some shading results

from a tree obscuring the horizon during and after sunrise for some part of the year

(spring and autumn), but is within the tolerable limit.

Figure 32: Analyzed Sites at IOE Campus Dharan (Yellow Pins)


Figure 33: Panoramic View with Sun Paths and Horizon: DHM Site (Top), Campus

Building Roof (Bottom)



Figure 34: Shading Occurrences for Sun Elevations >5°: DHM Site (Top), Campus

Building Roof (Bottom)


Dharan IOE campus was selected for the installation of one of the weather stations. The

office building rooftop is preferred over the ground installation due to the increased

security on the restricted access roof, and due to the local staff mentioning occasional

intrusion of elephants and monkeys to the campus coming from the forest to the south,

both of which might damage the weather station on a ground site. The factors supporting

the decision to locate a weather station here were:

Dedicated support from both IOE and DHM was assured during the site visit


service and for IOE research and education activities

Only bilateral agreements with DHM and IOE, no further permits and permissions

required


Site security (restricted access to rooftop)

Little shading impact

Excellent reachability due to its proximity to Biratnagar and its domestic airport

Site is representative for the solar resource of eastern Terai region



3.4 Decision on selected sites

From the visited sites, a total of five sites were selected for the installation of the

weather stations.

No ranking procedure to differentiate and select between adequate sites was conducted,

because only five suitable sites were identified in total.

Table 2: Selected Sites for Installation of Meteorological Stations

Site Local stakeholder / Station host

IOE Pulchowk Campus, Electrical

Engineering faculty building rooftop

Institute of Engineering (IOE)

Lumle agromet Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

(DHM)

Hotel Kanjirowa, Jumla Hotel Kanjirowa

Nepalgunj NARC complex, main office

building rooftop

Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC),

in collaboration with Department of Hydrology

and Meteorology (DHM)

IOE Dharan Campus, office building

rooftop

Institute of Engineering (IOE), in collaboration

with Department of Hydrology and

Meteorology (DHM)



4 Procedures for obtaining permits and permissions

Permits and permissions could be required for the following purposes:

Official permit from relevant authorities to install and operate meteorological

stations

Official permit from relevant authorities to automatically transfer the

measurement data to a foreign company

Permission of the site owners to carry out civil works and install the

meteorological stations on the site

4.1 Official permit for installation of meteorological stations

It was investigated by the consultant whether environmental impact analysis in case of

greenfield locations may be required. Due to the small size of the sites and the small

extent of possible civil works, this is not the case.

An official permit would have been required for the site in Jumla airport from Civil

Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN), where the weather station would have been located

next to the air field. An official request for this permit was submitted by AEPC to CAAN on

June 07, 2018. In a meeting between AEPC and CAAN senior management on June 26, it

transpired that the permit was unlikely to be given since CAAN policy is to allow no third-

party use of airport premises.

4.2 Official permit for data transfer

To the knowledge of the consultants and confirmed orally by taskforce members in the

Work Meeting on 15 March 2018, no official permit from any government authority is

required for automatic meteorological measurement data transmission to and data

acquisition by a foreign entity.

4.3 Site owner permission

The permission from the site owner (for site preparation civil works, installation of the

meteorological station, provision of on-site maintenance staff and to facilitate access of

the consultants’ staff for inspection and maintenance) must be obtained by entering into

a written agreement. This agreement can be in the form of a Memorandum of

Understanding (MoU). A draft of this MoU was developed by the consultant and was sent

to World Bank for review on 26 March 2018, and shared with the stakeholders DHM and

IOE for review on 17 May 2018.

MoUs were entered into separately

between CSP Services and Institute of Engineering (IOE), represented by the

Dean, on June 06, 2018

between AEPC and Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), represented

by the General Director, on June 14, 2018

between CSP Services and Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC),

represented by the Director of Planning & Coordination. Informal approval has

been given prior to station installation, MoU signature is still pending at the date

of this report.

Between AEPC and Hotel Kanjirowa. Informal approval had been given prior to

station installation, MoU signature is still pending at the date of this report.



5 Tasks and deliverables

5.1 Hardware procurement

Five Tier1 automatic weather stations according to the specifications laid out in the terms

of references document were provided by CSPS. The single components were either

procured from internationally renowned providers, or manufactured in CSPS’ own

workshop. CSPS is specialized in the design and manufacturing of automatic weather

stations, control boxes with electronics and cabling as well as structures and mountings.

The stations' PV power supplies were sourced locally in Nepal, to generate local value

from the project and to avoid environmental impact of shipping to the extent possible.

Measurement hardware 5.1.1

The Tier1 measurement stations are of CSP Services type “MHP Automatic Weather

Station” which is in accordance with the ESMAP Tier1 specifications:

Kipp&Zonen Solys 2 Sun Tracker with SunSensor for tracking accuracy of <0.05°

Kipp&Zonen CHP1 pyrheliometer (ISO9060 First Class)

Two Kipp&Zonen Pyranometers CMP21 (ISO9060 Secondary Standard)

Two Kipp&Zonen CVF4 Pyranometer Ventilation and Heating

Sensors for

o Temperature & humidity (Campbell Scientific CS215)

o Barometric pressure (Campbell Scientific CS100)

o Wind speed (NRG #40C anemometer) and wind direction (NRG #200P

wind vane) at 10 m height

o Liquid precipitation (Young 52203 unheated tipping bucket rain gauge)

Datalogger (Campbell Scientific CR1000)

GSM/GPRS modem

Power supply: Standalone PV power supply with PV panels and batteries

Complete technical documentation of the weather stations (datasheets, specifications,

manuals) will be provided with the handover documentation.

Spare part repository 5.1.2

A certain spare part repository that covers the risk of equipment failure resulting in long

data gaps for the affected sensor or the entire station was provisioned:

Datalogger, GSM/GPRS modem (one set)

Replacement of all ancillary parts in the control box (relays, fuses/circuit

breakers)

One of each of the following meteorological sensors: Pressure, wind speed, wind

direction, temperature and humidity

One of each type of irradiance sensors: one CMP21 pyranometer, one CHP1

pyrheliometer. These sensors serve a dual function:

o spare part for unexpected failures of other equipment

o traveling standard sensors for the calibration verification and the

recalibration at the end of the two years of measurement (see details

further below); they were calibrated to the World Radiometric Reference

(WRR) at Davos in June/July 2018. Shipping of the sensors to Nepal is still

pending.

Ten replacement fans for the pyranometer ventilation unit.



Consumables, such as replacement filters for the ventilation units or desiccant for

the sensors for two years.

5.2 International shipment

International shipment is performed in connection with

Export of the basic weather stations from Germany to the entry port in Nepal.

This task was in the responsibility of CSP Services who have a preferred logistics

partner who is well experienced with exporting and shipping the automatic

weather stations of CSPS. The shipment was sent with Incoterms DAT Tribhuvan

International Airport, Nepal. Shipping included an all-risk transport insurance.

Boxes and pallets were packed for international transport and easy handling as

well as good protection of sensitive equipment. All items were clearly marked to

facilitate their attribution to the correct station and site. Customs clearance

documentation had been prepared prior to shipping in exchange between CSPS

and World Bank Office Kathmandu, who was the consignee of the goods.

Figure 35: Shipment of automatic weather stations (without sun trackers and solar

sensors)

The export of the sun trackers and solar sensors was done from the Kipp&Zonen

Office in Singapore who is responsible for the Asian region. The Kipp&Zonen

representatives were responsible for selecting a shipping company and effecting

shipment with Incoterms DAT Tribhuvan International Airport, Nepal. Shipping

included an all-risk transport insurance.

Ownership of the equipment was transferred to World Bank with delivery at Kathmandu

airport.

5.3 Customs clearance

The clearance from Nepali customs was performed by the World Bank office Kathmandu.

Prior to shipping, avoidance of tax and customs was effected by the World Bank by

means of securing an exemption letter from the Nepal Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For this

purpose, draft versions of the customs documentation (equipment list, commercial

invoices) for both shipments were provided by the consultant.



5.4 Domestic transport

The transport of equipment from the customs office to storage location at AEPC offices

and the further distribution of the equipment to the destination sites was in the

responsibility of the consultant. A suitable, experienced domestic transportation service

provider for ground transport from the storage location to the sites was contracted. The

delivery was scheduled according to the general schedule (see below). An all-risk

transport insurance was included to cover risks during transport.

5.5 Insurances

Insurances were required at two different stages:

International Transport: Covered by international shipment, see section 4.1

Domestic Transport: The domestic transport company covered the

transport risks during transport from airport to the measurement sites



5.6 Installation and commissioning

Site preparation 5.6.1

The preparation of the sites involved a limited amount of civil works such as excavation

and casting of small concrete foundations and, if required on the individual site,

installation of a fence. Due to the fact that these works were carried out on the property

of the stakeholders on the individual site, it had to be closely coordinated with the local

stakeholder and their site-specific knowledge was mobilized to the possible extent (e.g.,

soil consistency, static of the roof). In Lumle, removal of heaps of earth by means of an

excavator was required.

Site preparation was a responsibility of the consultant. The local partner company of the

consultant identified and contracted a suitable and reliable civil works contractor to carry

out the required work.

Where site conditions allowed it, a standard site layout used by the consultant in most of

its solar resource measurement projects was applied, see Figure 36. This was be adapted

to the specific limitations and requirements of the individual sites, e.g. where 10x10 m

area was not available. For example, the exact placement of the rain sensor was adapted

in Nepalgunj, where the original position from the layout would have collided with the

roof. In Lumle and Nepalgunj, the distance of the guy wire foundations to the wind mast

foundation was reduced due to limited available space.

It was an objective of the consultant to limit any civil works to the required minimum and

to leave a reversible and minimized environmental impact at the site.

Site preparation on the individual sites was carried out according to the time schedule in

section 7.

Figure 36: Standard layout of foundations

(F1 sun tracker+guy wires, F2 wind tower, F3+F4 guy wires, F5 rain sensor)



Installation and commissioning of weather stations 5.6.2

After the completion of the site preparation, the consultant proceeded to install and

commission the measurement stations on the sites. At the time of writing this report, all

installations were carried out according to the time schedule in section 7. On the first

site, the installation was done jointly by all consultant partner companies. On the

remaining four sites, the local and international subcontractors performed the

installations, supported by the consultant via remote communication.

On each site, training for the local maintenance staff (“on-site maintenance team”, OMT)

was provided for maintenance procedures. This training was carried out at the end of the

installation. Station installation comprises the installation and configuration of hard- and

software, installation and adjustment of solar irradiance and other meteorological

sensors, start-up and commissioning of the equipment and data logging, operational

tests, network connection and configuration of data transmission.

An installation report will be issued after installation of the last weather station.

Please note:

The alignment of the sun trackers is depending on the weather conditions during the

installation. A stable and sufficient DNI over a period of at least one hour is required to

align the sun tracker, for alignment of the sun sensor additionally a DNI of >300 W/m² is

required. Thus, if no sufficient sunshine occurs during the presence of the installation

team, the tracker or sun sensor alignment have to be postponed. If the tracker cannot be

aligned, only GHI is measured until tracker alignment is feasible. If only the sun sensor

cannot be aligned upon installation, the station will still measure DNI, DHI and GHI. The

sun sensor is only optional equipment improving the tracking accuracy.

At four sites installed so far (all sites but Jumla), sun sensor alignment was not possible

due to insufficient DNI. The sun sensor alignment will be carried out upon the first

maintenance visit.

Supply and installation of PV power supply 5.6.3

The power supply of the automatic weather stations is provided by a system of PV

modules and batteries, sufficiently dimensioned to ensure 24/7 operation of the weather

station during the two-year measurement campaign. To reduce the environmental impact

by reducing transport volumes and to generate some local value from the project, the

power supply systems were purchased locally in Nepal. The installation of the power

supply systems was also performed by the system provider to ensure proper installation

and warranty.

The consultant collected quotations from Nepali providers, verified them for technical

adequacy and subsequently the selected provider was contracted.

The installation of the power supply systems on the sites was coordinated with the

provider for each individual site according to the implementation schedule. The objective

was to have each power supply system ready upon commissioning of the weather

station.



Setup of data transmission 5.6.4

Local provider SIM cards (Nepal Telecom) were procured before departing to the sites for

station installation. Using these SIM cards, the data loggers actively establish a PPP

connection to the data acquisition server the consultant is operating. This server accepts

the incoming data connections and automatically stores them to a central database. This

procedure was tested during the installation and commissioning.

The same data acquisition software will be installed at the Nepali organization appointed

for continuing the stations’ operation after the ESMAP project. The installation will be

carried out at a time agreed upon separately. The counterpart organization needs to

provide:

A computer dedicated for this task (Windows 7 or newer, Microsoft Office 2013 or

newer); no special hardware requirements, regular desktop or laptop computer is

sufficient

A static IP or internet domain under which this server can be contacted by the

weather stations

It will be part of the capacity building to train the use of this software, see more details

below.



5.7 Maintenance

Regular on-site maintenance 5.7.1

The regular maintenance of the meteorological stations at the sites necessarily has to be

provided by local staff (the OMTs), since it involves frequent sensor cleaning (ideally,

daily for the Tier 1 stations) and would result in high costs and emissions if done

centrally by a single person or company travelling around the country permanently.

The station hosts will provide the maintenance with own personnel or contracted staff.

The maintenance arrangement was formalized in the MoU between the consultant and

the station host. The maintenance arrangement for each of the sites is shown in the table

below:

Table 3: Maintenance arrangement at measurement sites

Site Maintenance arrangement

IOE Pulchowk Campus,

Electrical Engineering

faculty building rooftop

IOE janitor team, 3 persons

trained

Work-daily cleaning

Lumle agromet DHM observer at agromet

station, 3 persons trained

Work-daily cleaning

Hotel Kanjirowa, Jumla Hotel staff and DHM observer

from Jumla weather station, 3

persons trained

Work-daily cleaning

Nepalgunj NARC complex,

main office building rooftop

NARC office hands, 2 persons

trained

Work-daily cleaning

IOE Dharan Campus, office

building rooftop

IOE janitor team / office

hands, 3 persons trained

Work-daily cleaning

Maintenance of the stations will be performed according to the maintenance manuals that

were provided to each station host by the consultant (in Nepali language). As a means of

maintenance documentation and supervision, the weather stations are equipped with

simple push-buttons that have to be pressed by the OMTs upon maintenance. The button

signal is recorded in the data. If this is not happening for longer periods than tolerable,

the OMTs will be contacted by the Consultant.



Scheduled maintenance visits 5.7.2

In roughly semi-annual intervals, the consultant will carry out scheduled maintenance

visits to the weather stations. Upon these visits, instrument condition and alignment will

be documented and, if required, improved. Each of these visits will be documented in a

separate maintenance report.

5.8 Data quality control and dissemination

Data quality control 5.8.1

The methodology the consultant applies for the data acquisition and data quality control

is according to industry best practices and provides the best ground measurement

availability and integrity. The consultant applies rigorous data quality screening in a two-

step quality control process. For these purposes, he operates a dedicated server running

the data acquisition server and a specialized, in-house developed meteorological data

management software (MDMS).

The first step consists of application of automatic tests on the ground measurement data,

for example but not limited to

Missing data values (gap test)

Upper and lower limits of GHI, DNI and DHI and other meteorological variables

Sun tracker/sensor alignment and cleanliness by checking of redundant

measurement values

Measurement variables changes in short time intervals

Occurrence of cleaning events (recorded with the maintenance button)

Battery supply voltage screening and functionality of power supply

These tests are automatically applied on all measurement data when it is stored into the

database after transferring the data from the automatic weather stations.

The second step consists in a daily visual inspection by experienced CSP Services

operators. Any anomaly, malfunction or erroneous value detected upon these inspections

will be acted upon immediately. By this procedure, short response times in case of

problems are ensured. Further, the consultant applies a sensor soiling correction for

pyrheliometer measurements according to latest scientific developments.



Data dissemination 5.8.2

5.8.2.1 Online access

After installation and commissioning, the client and stakeholders will be provided with the

means to access, visualize and download the measurement data in near-real time. This

will be realized through a web interface that can be accessed with any customary internet

browser. World Bank and the GoN can select to have this resource publicly available on

the web or to protect it with a user login and password shared selectively. The data

downloaded from the dataloggers will be made available on this web interface in near-

real time, showing graphical displays of the recent measurement data.

Please note: this data is raw, non-reviewed data.

Separate means of access (e.g., direct connection) to single or all stations may be

agreed and implemented separately with single stakeholders.

5.8.2.2 Monthly upload of measurement data to energydata.info

The consultant will publish in monthly intervals the quality-reviewed measurement data

on the data dissemination platform3 according to the Solar Resource Measurement Data

guideline circulated by World Bank on 14 November 2016.

5.8.2.3 Yearly site measurement reports

After each full 12-months measurement period, the consultant will issue a site

measurement report according to the requirements in the Terms of References,

separately for each site. These reports will be summarizing the ground measurement

results, O&M interventions, sensor calibration activities and all other relevant

information, and will be according to the requirements as laid out in the ToR. No satellite

data time series will be considered in these reports.

3 http://energydata.info



5.9 Verification and calibration of the instruments

Factory calibration 5.9.1

All sensors, especially the irradiance sensors, come with a valid calibration. The CMP21

pyranometers and the CHP1 pyrheliometers are factory-calibrated by the manufacturer

(Kipp&Zonen) according to ISO standards. These calibrations are WRR-traceable, which

means that they are at the end of a calibration chain that goes back to the World

Radiometric Reference (WRR) in Davos, Switzerland. The irradiance sensor calibrations

are valid for 2 years.

All other sensors (wind, temperature and humidity, pressure, precipitation) are factory-

calibrated by the manufacturers. For the purpose of solar resource assessment, this is

fully sufficient according to the consultant’s experience.

Annual calibration verification 5.9.2

As requested in the ToR, the consultant will conduct a calibration verification which will

take place during one of the scheduled maintenance visits by the consultant's partner

companies during the first year of measurement. This comprises physical installation of

the traveling standard sensors on site and a parallel measurement of the GHI and the

DNI for a sufficiently long period of time. The data will be transferred automatically to the

consultant for evaluation and calibration verification. The traveling standard sensors are

ISO9060 Secondary Standard pyranometer and ISO9060 First Class pyrheliometer, with

a calibration performed by PMOD against the WRR in Davos, Switzerland. They are, as

described before, also part of the spare part repository.

The data comparison will largely follow the relevant ISO norms for field calibration of

pyranometers (ISO 9846&9847) and pyrheliometers (ISO 9059). Exceptions will be made

to fit this exercise into a scheduled maintenance visit during one day (e.g., the number

of parallel data values may be smaller).

In the second year, this calibration verification will be replaced by a full sensor

recalibration.

Sensor re-calibration 5.9.3

Near the end of the second year, scheduled together with one of the regular maintenance

visits, the consultant will conduct a re-calibration of the solar irradiance sensors in the

form of a field calibration (side-by-side installation of the reference instruments and the

instruments that are to be calibrated). The re-calibration will follow the relevant ISO

norms for field calibration of pyranometers (ISO 9846&9847) and pyrheliometers (ISO

9059). In comparison to the calibration verification, the temporal duration of the parallel

measurement will be longer and the procedures will more strictly follow the ISO norms.

Calibration certificates will be issued by the consultant, valid for another two year’s

period.

Subject to World Bank decision, this re-calibration may also be replaced by exchange of

the solar irradiance sensors against new, freshly calibrated devices.

The calibration verification and re-calibration refers to solar irradiance sensors only, not

any of the other meteorological sensors (wind, temperature, humidity, pressure).



5.10 Hand-over and wrap-up mission

Wrap-up mission and workshop 5.10.1

After 24 months of ground measurement, the consultant will carry out a wrap-up mission

with a final workshop in Kathmandu. At this workshop, the measurement results will be

presented to all interested stakeholders and the project will officially be concluded.

The wrap-up mission will additionally serve for a final capacity building workshop, see

further below for details.

Hand-over of automatic weather stations 5.10.2

The weather stations will be handed over to a suitable Nepali institution after the end of

the two-year measurement campaign. This may be DHM or the individual station hosts.

Equipment ownership (and all associated risks) will formally pass from World Bank

to the appointed institution

The toolbox and spare part repository will be handed over to the institution

appointed by World Bank.

The data acquisition software of the organization appointed for continuation of

weather station operation will officially take over the data acquisition from the

consultant's server

All calibration certificates, manuals and technical documentation will be handed

over



6 Capacity building and training plan

Capacity building and training within the ESMAP project will be addressed to the following

recipients:

Client and stakeholders

Local partner of the consultant

Optionally and to a limited extent: public institutions (e.g., universities)

For the stakeholders involved in station operation and maintenance, the capacity building

must naturally provide the necessary training for the operation and maintenance of the

measurement equipment on site. Further, with a perspective on the long-term operation

of the stations, the appointed staff that will take responsibility of the weather stations

must be capable to do repair work, exchange components and take charge of sensor

recalibrations. A number of technicians or meteorologists shall be appointed by the

stakeholders (DHM, IOE) to receive this training.

The training that will enable the participants for these tasks will partly take place after

installation and commissioning of the stations, partly near the end of the two-year

measurement campaign to enable a smooth transition of operation from the Consultant

to the appointed stakeholder. It will be addressed mainly to the station hosts, but will be

open for other stakeholders to join.

The training will be provided during several project stages:

1. During inception mission: Initial capacity building workshop

2. After installation and commissioning: Online capacity building workshop

3. During two-years measurement campaign: Remote support, consultant availability

for questions and explanations from stakeholders

4. Upon wrap-up mission: Final capacity building workshop, practical training

6.1 Initial capacity building workshop during inception mission

An initial capacity building workshop was delivered during the inception mission. The

following topics were covered on an introductory basis to ensure a common

understanding of the tasks, requirements and challenges of the measurement campaign:

Basics of solar irradiation measurement

o Basic knowledge on solar irradiation

o Application examples of solar irradiation data

o Ground measurement vs. satellite data

o Solar sensors and equipment

o Measurement best practices

o O&M requirements

Utilization of solar resource data

o Solar Power Projects

o Policy design, grid planning



6.2 Online capacity building workshop after installation and commissioning

The workshop will be divided in a one-day online workshop (webinar) hosted by the

Consultant and scheduled after the installation and commissioning of the weather

stations. The purpose of this workshop is to introduce stakeholders to the utilized

measurement equipment, the measurement data that is being recorded (variables, data

formats) and how it can be utilized.

The training will provide the necessary knowledge to understand the procedures of data

acquisition, data quality control and reporting during the ESMAP project duration. This

training will provide an introduction to the following elements:

WMO and BSRN standards, recommendations for measurement of solar

irradiation and further meteorological parameters

Introduction to the utilized measurement equipment

O&M of measurement equipment

Sources and influencing factors of measurement uncertainty

Sources of measurement errors and treatment thereof

Demonstration of use of the consultants’ data acquisition and management

software for

o Data evaluation and reporting

o Data quality monitoring

o Methods of correcting erroneous data according to WMO and best practice

standards

Calibration procedures



6.3 Final capacity building workshop during wrap-up mission

In connection with the wrap-up mission, a final capacity building workshop with two days

duration (depending on the capacity building requirements voiced by the stakeholders

prior to the wrap-up mission) will be held in Kathmandu.

One station host institution will be provided with professional software for data

acquisition, data monitoring/quality control/management, evaluation and reporting. This

software will consist of Campbell Scientific LoggerNet (used for data acquisition from the

dataloggers) and the consultants’ own data management software MDMS. The use of this

software will be demonstrated to and practised with the workshop participants.

The objective of this training workshop is to fully enable the stakeholders personnel to

continue operation of the Tier1 weather stations at high quality according to best

practices.

Classroom workshop

This workshop will serve for

Recapitulation of previous workshops

Recapitulation of practical relevance of the theoretical training contents over the

2-year measurement period

o Lessons learned in O&M

o Registered events, problems, challenges during O&M

o Summary of data quality monitoring

o Applied data corrections

Reinforcement of capacities of appointed station and data acquisition responsible

o O&M of weather stations

o Calibration of irradiance sensors

o Utilization of data management software

Utilization of the collected measurement data

Addressing questions that have been raised from stakeholder side during the

measurement period

Practical training

The appointed staff will receive hands-on training at the actual weather station (at the

Kathmandu valley site) for the relevant tasks, e.g.

Installation and replacement of equipment: procedures and hands-on training

Operation and maintenance procedures

Datalogger configuration and troubleshooting

GPRS modem configuration and troubleshooting

Calibration routines and requirements

For appointed institution: Use of the consultants’ data acquisition and

management software for

o Data evaluation and reporting

o Data quality monitoring

o Methods of correcting erroneous data according to WMO and best practice

standards

The practical training will be carried out at the IOE Pulchowk Tier1 automatic weather

station to demonstrate and practice practical exercises on the actual equipment.



7 Time schedule and schedule of deliverables

7.1 Time schedule overview

Table 4 shows the implementation time schedule from the current planning and

execution progress as of August 07 2018.

Table 4: Time Schedule and Schedule of Deliverables

Activity Due Date Deliverable Status (Aug 07 2018)

Site selection May 18 2018 Site selection

report (within

this document)

Finalized May 22

Obtaining permits

for measurement

sites / station host

agreements

Latest with

commencement

of civil works

Agreements

with station

hosts

Finalized June 21

Hardware

procurement

April 09 2018 5x Tier1

stations

Finalized April 06

International

shipping

April 16 2018 Airway bill

Customs

documents

Finalized May 07

(shipment from

Germany)

Finalized May 22

(shipment from

Singapore)

Customs clearance April 30 2018 Finalized May 17 for

shipment from

Germany

Finalized May 23 for

shipment from

Singapore

Domestic transport Latest with

station

commissioning

Finalized June 26

Site preparation Latest with

station

commissioning

Finalized July 23

Installation and

commissioning

June 30 2018 Site Installation

Report for each

site

Finalized July 28

see installation time

schedule

Online capacity

building workshop

tbd Online workshop Not started

Maintenance Starting with

commissioning

Maintenance

protocols of

semi-annual

visits

Started with

commissioning



Data quality control

and dissemination

Starting with

commissioning

Two years of

concurrent

measurement

data, published

monthly

Online access to

(near) real-time

measurement

data

Site

measurement

report after

each year

Started with

commissioning

Online access available

after July 02 for first 4

stations

Verification of

sensor calibration

12 months after

commissioning

Calibration

verification

report

Not started

Sensor re-

calibration

24 months after

commissioning

Calibration

certificates

Not started

Wrap-up mission

and handover

24 months after

commissioning

Handover

documentation

Not started

Final capacity

building workshop

24 months after

commissioning

Workshop

materials

Not started



7.2 Time schedule for installation and commissioning

Below time schedule for installation and commissioning has partly been completed at the

time of writing this report.

The schedule is subject to changes in case of unforeseen events.

Date

(all year 2018) Planned schedule (initial planning) Actual progress

Sat June 02 Consultant arrival

Sun June 03

Arranging of shipment into 5 indi-

vidual stations at storage

Travel to Dharan

Civil works IOE Dharan

Shipping equipment to Dharan

Mon June 04

Installation Dharan

Civil works Pulchowk

Transport equipment to Pulchowk

Consultant arrival

Tue June 05 Meeting DHM

Meeting IOE

Wed June 06 Meeting NARC

Meeting CAAN

MoU signature IOE

Thu June 07 Return travel to KTM from Dharan Submittal permission re-

quest CAAN by AEPC

Fri June 08

Installation Pulchowk station

Civil works Lumle

Begin transport equipment to

Lumle, Nepalgunj, Jumla

Arranging of shipment in-

to 5 individual stations at

storage

Sat June 09 Weekend, no

work/meetings possible

Sun June 10

Meeting subcontractors

(PV system, civil works

contractor, transport ser-

vice provider)

Mo June 11 Travel to next site

Clarifications access&storage Pulchowk

Transport of equipment to Pulchowk

Begin civil works Pulchowk

Tue June 12

Installation Lumle

Civil works Nepalgunj

Continue civil works Pul-

chowk

Begin installation Pul-

chowk

Wed June 13

Finish civil works Pul-

chowk

PV installation Pulchowk

Continue installation Pul-

chowk

Thu June 14 Continue installation Pul-

chowk

MoU signature AEPC-DHM

Fri June 15 Return travel

Finish installation Pul-

chowk

Delivery of equipment to

Dharan



Sat June 16

Interruption (public holidays con-

sultants’ country)

Civil works Dharan

Sun June 17 Begin installation Dharan

PV installation Dharan

Mo June 18 Finish installation Dharan

Tue June 19 Travel to next site

Travel to Lumle

Delivery of equipment in

Lumle

Begin civil works Lumle

Wed June 20

Installation Nepalgunj

Civil works Jumla

Finish civil works Lumle

Begin installation Lumle

PV installation Lumle

Thu June 21 Continue installation Lum-

le

Fri June 22 Finish installation Lumle

Delivery of equipment to

Nepalgunj

Sat June 23 Travel to next site Travel day

Sun June 24

Installation Jumla

Civil works Nepalgunj

Mo June 25 Begin installation Nepal-

gunj

Tue June 26 Continue installation

Nepalgunj

Wed June 27

Time reserve

Return travel

PV installation Nepalgunj

Finish installation Nepal-

gunj

Thu June 28 Consultant staff training

at Nepalgunj

Fri June 29 Mission interrupted due to

missing approval of Jumla

site

Sat June 30

Interruption and search for alternative site in / near Jumla

Sat July 21 Begin civil works Jumla

Sun July 22 Finish civil works Jumla

Mon July 23

Tue July 24 Consultant arrival

Wed July 25 Travel to Jumla

Thu July 26 Travel to Jumla

Fri July 27 Begin installation Jumla

Sat July 28 Finish installation Jumla

Sun July 29

Mon July 30

Tue July 31



8 Risk assessment and mitigation according to EHS Guidelines

The following section is containing a risk assessment analysis according to the

Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines of IFC. All EHS issues from the

guideline were analysed and, where applicable, risk mitigation measures and strategies

are developed and presented.

8.1 Environmental

Air emissions and ambient air quality 8.1.1

As none of the utilized devices (meteorological stations) are generating any emissions,

emissions and air quality are not a relevant issue in the framework of this project.

Energy conservation 8.1.2

The meteorological stations cannot reasonably be allocated to one of the categories for

which the guideline is applicable.

However, some of the elements and measures described in the guidelines are applied in

the meteorological stations:

Energy Management Program:

Since the stations are grid-independent with a solar power supply, energy

management programs have been implemented in the development of the

stations to maximize the stations up-time and avoid measurement gaps due to

power issues.

Energy efficiency:

The highest possible energy efficiency has been implemented for the same reason

stated above. E.g., power saving mechanisms by shutting down electricity

consumers which are currently not in use are in place.

Wastewater and ambient water quality 8.1.3

As none of the utilized devices (meteorological stations) are generating any direct or

indirect discharge of water, wastewater and ambient water quality are not a relevant

issue in the framework of this project.

The only water in use is in small quantities (about 20 ml for each cleaning process) for

cleaning the solar irradiation sensors. This is untreated, clean tap or bottled water which

is used only to rinse of common dust and particles from the sensors, therefore no

pollution or contamination is occurring.

Water conservation 8.1.4

Due to the very small water consumption for sensor cleaning, the only process involving

the use of water specific to this project, water conservation is not an issue.



Hazardous materials management 8.1.5

Hazardous materials (Hazmats) according to the definition in the EHC guidelines are only

used in the lead acid batteries included in the PV power supply systems.

They will be properly maintained (check of liquid filling level of each battery cell upon

regular maintenance visits, refill if required) throughout the duration of the project.

Hazard: Leakage of acid

Mitigation measures:

Regular check and documentation of liquid filling level upon regular

(semi-annual) maintenance visits

Refill of evaporated liquid (demineralized water)

Visual check of batteries for cracks and damages

Solid metal housing of battery for protection against environmental

influence

Waste management 8.1.6

Occurrence of waste is limited mostly to the phase in which the shipment of

measurement equipment from the supplier arrives at the location where it is unpacked,

assembled, commissioned and put to operation.

Further, waste may occur when batteries have to be exchanged at the end of their

lifecycle (minimum 5 years according to datasheet). This will be after hand-over of the

stations to a Nepalese institution. The responsibility for this waste management will be

communicated at station handover.

Waste characterization

The waste which is occurring is

Wood (palettes, crates)

Carton (boxes)

Plastic (PVC, PE, PU from wrappings and insulation)

At the end of life-cycle: lead acid batteries

After installation of the stations, little further waste is occurring except of occasional

packing material of cleaning cloths or desiccants.

Waste prevention

For obvious reasons of economic character (reduction of packing, shipment and waste

disposal costs), the quantity of waste from packing materials was kept to the absolute

minimum that is necessary for providing a safe shipment of the measurement

equipment.

Waste disposal, recycling and reuse

Due to the small quantities, no special waste disposal, recycling and reuse strategies are

developed.

All waste occurring at unpacking, assembling and commissioning was collected by the

installation team and disposed of at a waste disposal facility by the station host.

At the end of their lifecycle, the then-appointed owner and operator of the weather

stations will have to take care for proper disposal of the batteries according to the



regulations in Nepal. This responsibility will be documented and communicated upon

station handover.



Noise 8.1.7

The meteorological stations are not emitting noise of any notable scale. Beyond the

boundary of the measurement site, no acoustic impact of the station will be noticeable.

Contaminated land 8.1.8

Land contamination by the definitions of the EHC guidelines does not occur within the

project.

8.2 Occupational health and safety

General facility design and operation 8.2.1

The only hazards listed in the EHC guidelines relevant to this project are integrity of

workplace structures, workspace and exits and safe access. There are neither structures

of large magnitude such as buildings to be erected within this project, neither will there

be permanent presence of workforce. The measurement stations perimeter will

infrequently be accessed for cleaning and inspection.

All stations will bear a visible sign on the fence or, where a fence is not used, at the

station itself, listing telephone numbers of local stakeholder’s contact personnel,

responsible staff and emergency telephone numbers. The signs will also bear a short

notice of the nature and purpose of the hardware installed.

Free and safe access to the perimeter is provided by locating the stations either on the

ground or on safely accessible flat roofs. The safe accessibility of roofs (by staircases or

secured ladders with handhold) has been checked during the site evaluation visit. Where

safe roof access was not possible on sites where the roof inevitably is the best choice to

obtain useful measurement data, a secure ladder with handholds shall be included in the

site preparation civil works. This is the case at the sites at IOE Pulchowk, IOE Dharan

(will be provided by IOE) and NARC Nepalgunj.

At the time of writing this report, the safe access ladder has been installed at IOE

Pulchowk.

At IOE Dharan, the university has already tendered for a spiral staircase to be attached

to the side of the building.



Communication and training 8.2.2

All staff that will be working at the meteorological stations received a training prior to

commencing work. They were be briefed on instrument- and site-specific hazards, basic

site rules of work, safe work practices and personal protection.

For the on-site maintenance teams, this training was conducted upon their

training for the daily maintenance tasks.

For the consultants’ local partner, this training was conducted prior to and in

parallel to the station installation.

For the station hosts, this training will be included in the capacity building

workshops

Physical hazards 8.2.3

In the following, physical hazards listed in the EHC guidelines are analysed for

applicability and mitigation measures:

Rotating and moving equipment

o Tier 1 station: Sun Tracker

The sun tracker of Tier 1 stations is rotating on a vertical axis and has a

shading ball assembly protruding about 50 cm from the tracker which is

moving up- and downwards. This shading ball assembly does not have any

sharp edges or pinch points. In normal operation, the tracker is following

the sun and therefore quasi-static on the time scale meaningful for all

operations performed on the station. Only on initialization, the tracker is

performing a full rotation to check if it has free movement. The movement

of the tracker is slow, a full rotation takes about 30 seconds.

Hazard: Workers present on the platform could possibly be affected by this

rotation when they are in the way of said shading ball assembly, resulting

in the tracker pushing the shading ball assembly towards their body.

Figure 37: Sun Tracker with Shading Ball Assembly




Sufficient space on maintenance platform to avoid the shading ball

assembly

Resistance control in the sun tracker motion: the tracker notices

any resistance to its movement and stops automatically

Likelihood: Moderate

Consequences of occurrence: Insignificant

Routine avoidance procedure: Training

Noise, vibration

Noise or vibration is not occurring in conjunction with the operation of the station.

Electrical

o Tier 1 station: 24 V DC power supply, solar panel and battery

Hazard: The risk of electric shock is given due to the high capacity of the

battery.


CE certification by manufacturer of the control box (the consultants’

own workshop)

Insulation and grounding according to applicable international

norms and standards

Manufacturing of all electric devices by certified experts (in the

manufacturing process of the stations)

Protection of power cords against damage

Circuit breakers and fuses for avoidance of dangerously high

currents

Eye hazards, welding/hot work, industrial vehicle driving and site traffic are not

applicable in this project.



Working environment temperature

Installation of the measurement stations or recurring routine maintenance tasks

(mainly cleaning of the sensor) are performed outdoors and may occur during hot

ambient temperatures in intense sunlight. However, none of these activities

involve permanent or long-enduring presence on the site.

Hazard: Exhaustion, sun burn or heat shock.


Limitation of exposure time to sun and heat

Rest periods in adequate shelters (indoors, climatized car or shaded

area)

Protective clothing, sun screen lotion

Providing easy access to adequate hydration (water)

Ergonomics, repetitive motion, manual handling, working at heights are not

applicable in this project.

Illumination

All performed work will be outdoors in daylight conditions, therefore illumination

does not have to be considered.

Risk of falling

For cleaning of the solar sensors on the sun tracker, a mobile ladder of 1.3 m

height is provided by the consultant to the on-site maintenance team.

Hazard: Falling from ladder


Ensure stable stand of ladder on the ground before

Always use of one hand to grip ladder top handle to stabilize the

body

Chemical hazards 8.2.4

Since no chemical substances are used in the project, chemical hazards are not an issue.

Biological hazards 8.2.5

Biological agents are not used in the project, therefore biological hazards are not

considered.

Radiological hazards 8.2.6

Radiation exposure other than sunlight is not an issue in the project.



Personal protective equipment (PPE) 8.2.7

All staff involved in performing any tasks within the project was equipped with the PPE

which is adequate to their task:

Installation of measurement stations: Helmet, safety shoes, gloves, safety glasses

Maintenance tasks: No PPE required

All tasks performed in the consultant’s offices: according to the applicable national

regulations

Subcontractors were made aware of their responsibility to respect the national work

safety regulations of Nepal.

Special hazard environments 8.2.8

No special hazard environments are present in the project.

Monitoring 8.2.9

Safety inspection, testing and calibration

All hardware equipment and its safety features will be thoroughly tested upon

installation of the stations and upon regular maintenance visits.

Surveillance of the working environment

Any changes in the working environment that could impose possible hazards will

be documented and analysed.

Accidents and diseases monitoring

Any occurring accidents, perceived or suspected dangerous situations related to

the installation or operation of the measurement equipment will be reported to

the consultants, the World Bank and AEPC. The consultant and the client will

investigate any reports and establish what happened, determine the cause and

identify measures to rectify and prevent recurrences.

8.3 Community health and safety

The project has no effect on community health and safety by any reasonable standard.



8.4 Construction and decommissioning

Environment 8.4.1

On some sites, the meteorological stations may be installed on concrete foundations of

small size (80x80cm, 10-20 cm depth) on a perimeter of 10x10 m which may also be

fenced. These foundations may be on natural ground or on concrete surfaces.

The construction of these foundations and the fence will usually be finished within a few

hours up to one working day. During the construction, a certain limited impact by noise

and vibration (excavations for foundations), soil erosion at the excavation place and solid

waste (excess concrete and fence material) may occur.

The subcontractor performing the civil works will be required contractually to oblige with

all environmental protection regulations applicable in the country.

On all other stations, the stations will be erected on roofs of existing buildings. The

foundations will be cast on the concrete surface and will therefore not be influential to

the environment.

Decommissioning of the stations and the respective civil works is not envisaged at this

stage and will be discussed with the World Bank, AEPC, hosts, and potential future

owners.

Occupational health and safety 8.4.2

The subcontractor performing the civil works will be required contractually to oblige with

all health and safety regulations applicable in the country.

Community health and safety 8.4.3

The project has no effect on community health and safety by any reasonable standard in

construction and decommissioning phase.



9 Appendix

9.1 List of PPCR sites

In the following tables, PPCR sites of DHM are listed. Those sites that are identical to the

site recommendations from [1] are marked in yellow, those sites that are within short

distance to these sites are marked in orange.

Airport sites 9.1.1

S.N. Station name Latitude (deg)

Longitude (deg)

Elevation (m asl)

Type of AWS system

Nearest rec-ommended

site

1 Chandragadhi Air-

port 26,57 88,08 96 Tier 1

2 Lukla Airport 27,69 86,73 2860 Tier 1

3 Okhaldhunga 27,32 86,50 1720 Tier 1

4 Taplejung 27,35 87,67 1732 Tier 1 Khandbari

5 Biratnagar Airport-

Agromet 26,48 87,27 72 Tier 1+2 Same site

6 Bhairahawa Airport

AWOS 27,51 83,42 109 AWOS

7 Pokhara Airport

AWOS 28,20 83,98 827 AWOS Same site

8 Dhangadhi Airport 28,80 80,55 187 Tier 1

9 Nepalgunj Airport 28,10 81,67 165 Tier 1 Same site

10 Simikot Airport 29,97 81,82 2818 Tier 1 Same site

11 Dang Agromet 28,05 82,50 634 Tier 1+2

12 DipayalAgromet 29,23 80,93 720 Tier 1+2

13 Jumla Airport-

Agromet 29,27 82,18 2366 Tier 1+2

14 Surkhet Airport-

Agromet 28,60 81,62 720 Tier 1+2

15 Kathmandu Airport

AWOS 27,70 85,37 1337 AWOS Same site

16 Bharatpur Airport 27,68 84,43 211 Tier 1

17 Janakpur Airport 26,72 85,97 90 Tier 1

18 Simara Airport 27,17 84,98 130 Tier 1



Agromet stations 9.1.2


Longitude (deg)

Elv (m) AWS Type Nearest rec-ommended

site

1 Bhaira-hawaAgromet

27,53 83,47 111 Tier 2

2 Ilam Tea Estate Agromet

26,92 87,90 918 Tier 2

3 Jiri Agromet 27,63 86,23 2003 Tier 2

4 KankaiAgromet 26,65 87,86 121 Tier 2

5 NumAgromet 27,55 87,28 1557 Tier 2

6 PakhribasA-gromet

27,05 87,29 1716 Tier 2

7 Panch-khalAgromet

27,65 85,62 865 Tier 2

8 TansenAgromet 27,86 83,54 1177 Tier 2

9 TaraharaA-gromet

26,70 87,27 128 Tier 2

10 DarchulaA-gromet

29,85 80,57 1671 Tier 2

11 GorkhaAgromet 28,00 84,62 1097 Tier 2

12 KhajuraAgromet 28,10 81,57 141 Tier 2

13 LumleAgromet 28,30 83,82 1740 Tier 2 Pokhara

14 MusikotAgromet (Rukumkot)

28,63 82,48 2100 Tier 2

15 Sundarpu-rAgromet

29,03 80,22 612 Tier 2

16 ThakmarphaA-gromet

28,75 83,70 2566 Tier 2

17 TikapurAgromet 28,53 81,12 140 Tier 2

18 Dhunibesi-Agromet

27,72 85,16 991 Tier 2

19 JalesoreAgrom-et

26,65 85,78 172 Tier 2

20 Khumal-tarAgromet

27,67 85,33 1301 Tier 2

21 LahanAgromet 26,73 86,48 123 Tier 2

22 Parwanipu-rAgromet

27,07 84,97 100 Tier 2

23 RajbirajAgromet 26,66 86,70 91 Tier 2

24 Rampur Agromet

27,65 84,35 188 Tier 2



Tier3 stations with solar radiation measurement 9.1.3


Longitude (deg)

Elevation (m asl)

Type of AWS sys-

tem

Nearest recom-mended

site

1 Aiselukhark 27,35 86,75 2143 Tier 3

2 Bhojpur 27,18 87,05 1717 Tier 3 Khandbari

3 Bijuwatar 28,10 82,87 823 Tier 3

4 Dhankuta 26,98 87,35 1187 Tier 3

5 Gumthang 27,87 85,87 2000 Tier 3

6 Kanyam Tea Estate 26,87 88,08 1678 Tier 3

7 Manthali 27,47 86,08 495 Tier 3

8 Nagarkot 27,70 85,52 2163 Tier 3 Kathmandu

9 Nup 27,72 87,87 4000 Tier 3

10 Olangchunggola 27,68 87,78 3119 Tier 3

11 Syangboche Airport 27,82 86,72 3700 Tier 3

12 Baglung 28,27 83,60 984 Tier 3

13 Bajura (Martadi) 29,38 81,32 1400 Tier 3

14 Dadeldhura 29,30 80,58 1848 Tier 3

15 Dailekh 28,85 81,72 1402 Tier 3

16 GamgadiShreenagar 29,55 82,15 2133 Tier 3

17 Gurjakhani 28,60 83,22 2530 Tier 3

18 Humde Airport (Manag) 28,64 84,09 3408 Tier 3

19 Juphal Airport 28,99 82,82 2488 Tier 3

20 Khalanga (Jajarkot) 28,70 82,20 1231 Tier 3

21 Khudi Bazar 28,28 84,37 823 Tier 3

22 Mangalsen 29,15 81,28 1345 Tier 3

23 Salyan Bazar 28,38 82,17 1457 Tier 3



Tier3 stations without solar radiation measurement 9.1.4

S.N. Station name Latitude

(deg) Longitude

(deg) Elevation

(m asl) Type of AWS

system

Near-est

recomom-

mend-ed site

1 Dharan Bazar 26,79 87,28 444 Tier 3

2 Liwang 28,30 82,63 1270 Tier 3

3 Lukla valley 27,69 86,73 2860 Tier 3

4 Phidim 27,14 87,75 1205 Tier 3 Khand

bari

5 Salleri 27,50 86,58 2378 Tier 3

6 Jomsom Airport 28,78 83,72 1870 Tier 1 Same site

7 Bandipur 27,93 84,42 965 Tier 3

8 Gaira 29,17 80,60 288 Tier 3 Budar

9 Ghorepani 28,40 83,73 2742 Tier 3

10 Gulariya 28,17 81,35 215 Tier 3 Nepal-gunj

11 Khanchikot 27,93 83,15 1760 Tier 3

12 Manma 29,15 81,60 738 Tier 3

13 Shyano Shree Chepang 28,35 81,70 510 Tier 3

14 Syangja 28,10 83,88 868 Tier 3 Pokha-

ra

15 Tamghas 28,07 83,25 1530 Tier 3

16 Taulihawa 27,55 83,07 94 Tier 3

17 Hetaunda N.F.I. 27,42 85,05 474 Tier 3

18 Kakani 27,80 85,25 1474 Tier 3 Kath-

mandu

19 SindhuliMadhi 27,22 85,92 523 Tier 3



9.2 Site evaluation checklists

DHM Kathmandu airport 9.2.1

Date of site visit March 19, 2018

Site visit performed by

Name and Title: Birk Kraas, Govinda Tiwari, Arbin

Maharjan

Position: Project coordinator CSPS/PACE, Project

engineer PACE

Location, Site name

(Country, City, Street address

or description of location)

Kathmandu Airport, DHM Airport Weather Station

Coordinates and altitude

°N: 27.70390

°E: 85.35630

m above sea level: 1340 m

Name of site owner DHM

Interview partner DHM Observer

Criteria/Measure Yes / No Notes

Dimensions Minimum area 10 × 10 m² i No

Surface

Firm natural ground ii Yes

Ground type iii Grass

Horizontally levelled iv Yes

Excavation for foundations

possible v Yes

Fencing of the site possible vi No Already fenced

No drifting sand/snow, landslide vii Yes

No flooding possible viii Yes




Surroundings

Reflections or light sources ix Yes Nearby buildings

Industrial areas or power plants x No

Sources of smoke or vapour xi No

Quarry or mine xii No

Main road, dirt road, track xiii No

Airports xiv Yes

Settlements, towns, city xv No

Agricultural area xvi No

Swamp, lake, river, ocean xvii No

Sand dunes xviii No

Animal populations xix No

Occurrence of snowfall xx No

Temperatures below freezing

point xxi No

Other xxii No

Accessibility Accessible by car xxiii Yes

GSM coverage 2G network available xxiv Yes

Grid power Electricity available xxv Yes

Land use rights Permit available xxvi Check with DHM

Operation permit Permit available xxvii Check with DHM

Security

Underground/overhead electrical

lines, cables, pipelines xxviii No

Measures against theft or

vandalism required? xxix No Secure perimeter

360° Photo

Series

Number of locations for which

photo series was made 1

Describe object marking horizon

(e.g. “red bag”)

Tripod bag

Upper edge of

tripod Describe reference object for

horizon height (for each location)



Pulchowk Campus IOE 9.2.2

Date of site visit March 19, 2018

Site visit performed by

Name and Title: Birk Kraas, Govinda Tiwari, Arbin

Maharjan

Position: Project coordinator CSPS/PACE, Project

engineer PACE

Location, Site name



IOE Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur, B-Block (Electrical

Engineering) Rooftop


°N: 27.681473

°E: 85.318736


Name of site owner IOE

Interview partner Head of Department


Dimensions Minimum area 10 × 10 m² Yes

Surface

Firm natural ground No

Ground type Concrete/Brick

Horizontally levelled Yes


possible No

Fencing of the site possible Yes

No drifting sand/snow, landslide Yes

No flooding possible Yes




Surroundings

Reflections or light sources No

Industrial areas or power plants No

Sources of smoke or vapour No

Quarry or mine No

Main road, dirt road, track Yes Roads

Airports No

Settlements, towns, city Yes City area

Agricultural area No

Swamp, lake, river, ocean No

Sand dunes No

Animal populations Yes Birds

Occurrence of snowfall No


point No

Other No

Accessibility Accessible by car Yes

GSM coverage 2G network available Yes

Grid power Electricity available Yes

Land use rights Permit available Check with IOE

Operation permit Permit available Check with IOE

Security


lines, cables, pipelines No


vandalism required? No Secure rooftop

360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of





Lumle Agromet 9.2.3

Date of site visit April 29, 2018

Site visit performed by Name and Title: Govinda Tiwari, Arbin Maharjan

Position: Project Coordinator / Engineer PACE

Location, Site name



NARC RARS Lumle, DHM agromet station


°N: 28.29598

°E: 83.817967


Name of site owner NARC / DHM


Criteria/Measure Yes /

No

Notes


Surface

Firm natural ground Yes

Ground type Grass



possible Yes

Fencing of the site possible Yes Already fenced






No

Notes

Surroundings




Quarry or mine No

Main road, dirt road, track No

Airports No

Settlements, towns, city Yes Small office

quarters

Agricultural area Yes


Sand dunes No


Occurrence of snowfall Yes Rarely


point Yes Down to -3°C

Other Yes Existing equipment

reduces space




Land use rights Permit available Check with DHM

Operation

permit Permit available Check with DHM

Security




vandalism required? No

360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of





Pokhara Airport 9.2.4



Position: Project coordinator / Engineer PACE

Location, Site name



DHM Airport Weather Station, Pokhara Airport


°N: 28.200200

°E: 83.979563


Name of site owner CAAN, DHM



Dimensions Minimum area 10 × 10 m² No

Surface


Ground type Grass



possible Yes

Fencing of the site possible No Already fenced






Surroundings

Reflections or light sources Yes Streetlights

Industrial areas or power plants Yes City area

Sources of smoke or vapour Yes City area

Quarry or mine No

Main road, dirt road, track Yes Main road

Airports Yes

Settlements, towns, city Yes



Sand dunes No




point No

Other No




Land use rights Permit available CAAN permit

required

Operation permit Permit available CAAN permit

required

Security




vandalism required? No Fenced

360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of





Pokhara Campus IOE 9.2.5



Position: Project coordinator / Engineer PACE

Location, Site name



WRC Campus, IOE, Pokhara, D-Block roof


°N: 28.253857

°E: 83.976605


Name of site owner IOE, Civil Department

Interview partner IOE Facility Management



Surface


Ground type Concrete



possible No







Surroundings

Reflections or light sources Yes Nearby wall



Quarry or mine No

Main road, dirt road, track Yes Road nearby

Airports No




Sand dunes No




point No

Other No





Operation permit Permit available Check with IOE

Security





360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of





NARC Nepalgunj 9.2.6

Date of site visit May 08, 2018

Site visit performed by Name and Title: Arbin Maharjan

Position: Project Engineer PACE

Location, Site name



NARC RARS Nepalgunj, DHM Agrometeorological Station


°N: 28.113631

°E: 81.590288



Interview partner NARC Employee



Surface


Ground type Grass



possible Yes







Surroundings

Reflections or light sources Yes Buildings



Quarry or mine No


Airports No

Settlements, towns, city No



Sand dunes No




point No

Other No





Operation permit Permit available Check with DHM

Security


lines, cables, pipelines Yes

Overhead cables

next to site


vandalism required? No Security available

360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of








Location, Site name



NARC RARS Nepalgunj, Cafeteria Building Rooftop


°N: 28.114290

°E: 81.589838


Name of site owner NARC

Interview partner Name and Title: Jogadish Prasad

Position: NARC Employee



Surface





possible No







Surroundings

Reflections or light sources Yes Building walls



Quarry or mine No

Main road, dirt road, track Yes

Airports No

Settlements, towns, city Yes Staff quarters



Sand dunes No




point No

Other No




Land use rights Permit available Check with NARC

Operation permit Permit available Check with NARC

Security





360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of








Location, Site name



NARC RARS Nepalgunj, Main Office Building Rooftop


°N: 28.112985

°E: 81.588996


Name of site owner NARC

Interview partner Name and Title: Jogadish Prasad

Position: NARC Employee



Surface





possible No







Surroundings




Quarry or mine No


Airports No

Settlements, towns, city Yes Staff quarters



Sand dunes No




point No

Other No




Land use rights Permit available Check with NARC

Operation permit Permit available Check with NARC

Security





360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of





DHM station Atteriya 9.2.7




Location, Site name



DHM Agrometeorological Station Atteriya


°N: 28.810231

°E: 80.587176






Surface


Ground type Grass



possible Yes







Surroundings




Quarry or mine No


Airports No




Sand dunes No

Animal populations Yes Monkeys, birds



point No

Other No





Operation permit Permit available Check with DHM

Security




vandalism required? No Security available

360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of





Jumla airport weather station 9.2.8




Location, Site name



Jumla airport, DHM airport weather station


°N: 29.272372

°E: 82.193507


Name of site owner Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN)




Surface


Ground type Grass



possible Yes

Fencing of the site possible Yes On fenced

perimeter






Surroundings




Quarry or mine No


Airports Yes




Sand dunes No


Occurrence of snowfall Yes


point Yes Down to -10°C

Other Yes High wind velocity





required


required

Security




vandalism required? No Secure perimeter

360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of





Hotel Kanjirowa, Jumla 9.2.9

No site visit conducted. Evaluation based on desktop study. Features of surroundings

identical to Jumla airport (170 m distance between sites). Fence will be required,

maintenance staff is available from the hotel.

Biratnagar Airport Weather Station 9.2.10




Location, Site name



Biratnagar Airport, DHM Airport Weather Station


°N: 26.484200

°E: 87.266800


Name of site owner CAAN, DHM

Interview partner Jr. Assistant Meteorologist



Surface


Ground type Grass

Horizontally levelled No


possible Yes







Surroundings




Quarry or mine No


Airports Yes

Settlements, towns, city No



Sand dunes No

Animal populations Yes Birds, Jackals



point No

Other No





required


required

Security




vandalism required? No Secure perimeter

360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of





Dharan IOE Campus 9.2.11




Location, Site name



Purbanchal Campus IOE, Dharan, DHM Weather Station

Site


°N: 26.79220

°E: 87.29720


Name of site owner IOE, DHM

Interview partner Chief Observer



Surface


Ground type Grass

Horizontally levelled No


possible Yes







Surroundings




Quarry or mine No

Main road, dirt road, track Yes Road

Airports No

Settlements, towns, city Yes Settlement



Sand dunes No

Animal populations Yes Birds, monkeys,

elephants



point No

Other No




Land use rights Permit available Check with

IOE&DHM

Operation permit Permit available Check with

IOE&DHM

Security




vandalism required? Yes Fence required

360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of








Location, Site name



Purbanchal Campus IOE, Dharan, General Classroom

building rooftop


°N: 26.792841

°E: 87.292571


Name of site owner IOE

Interview partner Name and Title: Chandra Nagar

Position: IOE Facility Management


No

Notes


Surface





possible No







No

Notes

Surroundings




Quarry or mine No


Airports No

Settlements, towns, city Yes Office staff quarters



Sand dunes No




point No

Other No





Operation

permit Permit available Check with IOE

Security





360° Photo

Series





Tripod bag

Upper edge of

tripod



Detailed description of checklist criteria:

i A site with a minimum extension of 10 × 10 m² is recommended for the installation of

the meteorological measurement equipment

ii Firm ground suitable to enable a secure fixation of the equipment on the ground (an-

chors or foundations)

iii Type of ground: naturally grown soil or artificially (by man) filled soil, bedrock, loose

soil or sand, grass cover, gravel, …

iv Information if the site is approximately horizontally levelled and flat.

v Information if it is possible and permitted to lay small foundations (4-5 foundations

each approximately 1 × 1 m² and ~0.3 m deep).

vi Information if it is possible and permitted to fence the compound.

vii Information if there is danger of drifting sand or snow, or of landslides/rockfalls.

viii Information if the terrain may run the risk to be flooded at heavy rain falls.

ix Check if any reflecting surfaces like mirrors, glazing, shiny metal surfaces, PV panels,

etc., or artificial light sources are in the environments that might cause reflections or

radiation on the measurement equipment

x Check if any industrial production site or power plant is located in the environments of a

few kilometers, which may cause emissions of smoke, vapor, dust or other aerosols.

xi Check if any source of smoke or water vapor columns is located in the environments.

xii Check if quarries or mines in the environments may be causing pollution by raising

dust.

xiii Check presence of close-by roads and indicate of which type they are (paved/unpaved,

main traffic or seldom used)

xiv Indicate presence of airports in the environments (civil and military)

xv Indicate presence and size of settlements in the environments

xvi Agricultural activities in the environments, main crop product, use of fire to clear

fields, dust raising by machines

xvii Large water bodies like rivers, lakes, ocean

xviii Presence of sand dunes in the proximities of some kilometers

xix Animal population in the area which might have any impact on the measurements

(monkeys, birds, termites, insects like bees, wasps, etc.)

xx Occurrence and frequency of days with snowfall or remaining snow cover

xxi Occurrence and frequency of days with temperatures below freezing point temperature

(zero degrees Celsius)

xxii Any other observations with potential impact on the measurements. In case of doubt

about an influence, please annotate the observation.

xxiii Check if the site is easily reachable by car for installation/maintenance.



xxiv Check for 2G network with your mobile phone by switching it manually to 2G connec-

tion only and testing data connectivity via GPRS or EDGE.

xxv Check if electricity grid is available at the site for power supply. Indicate the voltage

level and if grid stability issues are known for the site.

xxvi Check/ask if the land use permits are given from the land owner and who has to be

contacted for this.

xxvii Check/ask if permits to operate a meteorological station are needed from local au-

thorities.

xxviii Check if high voltage lines (exceeding 230 V), gas/water/heating pipelines, data ca-

bles are crossing the site (overhead or underground).

xxix Check/ask/estimate the risk of theft or vandalism. Check/ask a safety guard or similar

is required or available to watch the equipment.

s r measurement campaign nepal implementation plan

Documents