SKELETON SYSTEM

BONE TRIVIABONE TRIVIA Smallest bone?

Middle Ear Longest bone?

Femur Flattest bone?

Sternum Most fractured bone?

Clavicle Most numerous bones in one area?

Hand and foot = 28 bones each

FUNCTIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETONSKELETON206 Bones in the human adult body

FrameworkSupport body’s muscles, fat, and skin

ProtectionSurround vital organs to protect them

FUNCTIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETONSKELETON Levers

Attach to muscles to help provide movement

StorageStore most of our calcium supply

HemopoiesisProduces both red and white blood cells

in the red marrow

Long Bones

ANATOMY OF A BONEANATOMY OF A BONE Epiphysis

End of a long bone

DiaphysisShaft of the bone

Articular Cartilage“End caps” of the

bone covering the epiphysis

Shock absorber of a joint

KNEE

ANATOMY OF A BONEANATOMY OF A BONEPeriosteum

Tough fibrous outer covering of the bone

Necessary for bone growth, repair, and nutrition

Osteoblasts: special cells that form new bone tissue

ANATOMY OF A BONEANATOMY OF A BONE Sponge Bone

“Lattice” structureResists the stresses

of our weightContains RED

MARROW Red Marrow

Produces red and white blood cells

Found in long, flat bones such as: humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, and cranium

ANATOMY OF A BONEANATOMY OF A BONEMedullary cavity or

canalContains YELLOW

MARROW, which in adults, contains fat

Nutrient artery

SECTIONS OF THE SECTIONS OF THE

SKELETONSKELETON Axial skeleton

Forms main trunk of the body,Composed of the skull, spinal column,

ribs, and sternum

Appendicular skeletonForms extremities (arms, legs, shoulder

girdle, pelvic girdle)

AXIAL SKELETON = AXIAL SKELETON = CRANIUM or SKULLCRANIUM or SKULL

Structure that surrounds and protects the brain

Has eight bonesFrontal = forms the foreheadTwo Parietal = roof and sides of the skullTwo Temporal = houses the earsOccipital = forms the base of the skullEthmoid = located between the eyes and forms

part of the noseSphenoid = looks like a bat, key bone of the

skull because all other bones connect to it

AXIAL SKELETON = AXIAL SKELETON = CRANIUMCRANIUM

FONTANELS:1. At birth, the cranium is not solid bone2. “Soft spots” allow for the enlargement of the

skull as brain growth occurs3. Turns into solid bone by about 18 months of age

SINUSES: air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice

FORAMINA: openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

SUTURES: Areas where cranial bones have joined together

14 FACIAL BONES14 FACIAL BONES 5 Nasal

forms your nose2 make the bridge1 makes septum2 make the side walls of the nasal cavity

2 Maxilla – upper jaw 2 Lacrimal – inner aspect of eyes, contains tear ducts 2 Zygomatic – cheek bones 2 Palatine – two bones of hard palate (roof) of mouth 1 Mandible – lower jaw, only movable bone in the face

AXIAL SKELETON = AXIAL SKELETON = SPINAL COLUMN SPINAL COLUMN Spinal column

made of 26 bones called vertebrae

Provides support for the head

Place for the ribs to attach

VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAE 7 Cervical = neck

12 Thoracic = back of chest, attach to ribs

5 Lumbar = lower back

1 Sacrum = made up of 5 fused bones, pelvic girdle

1 Coccyx = 4 fused bones, tailbone

INTERVERTEBRAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISKSDISKS

Pads of cartilage tissue that separate vertebrae

Act as shock absorbers

Permit bending and twisting movements of vertebral column

RIBSRIBS 12 pairs Attach to thoracic vertebrae on dorsal surface of body True Ribs- 1st 7 pairs-attach directly to sternum on front of body False ribs-next 5 pairs- the 1st 3 pairs attach to cartilage of rib Floating ribs-last 2 pairs-no attachment on front of body

JOINTSJOINTS Area where two or more bones join together

Articulation: “a jointed state”, a joint Ligaments are connective tissue bands that hold long

bones together Main types

Ball and socket joints- freely movable Example: Shoulder and hip

Hinge joints Example: elbows and knees

Slightly movable Example: Ribs

Immovable Example: Cranium

DISEASES OFDISEASES OFTHE SKELETON SYSTEMTHE SKELETON SYSTEM Arthritis

Involves the inflammation of the joint Two main types

Osteoarthritis (bones and joints inflamed) Rheumatoid Arthritis (autoimmune disorder that

inflames the joints)

DISEASES OFDISEASES OFTHE SKELETON SYSTEMTHE SKELETON SYSTEM Osteoarthritis

Occurs with aging Symptoms are joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited ROM

(range of motion) Treatment

Rest Heat/cold applications Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) Steroid injections Special exercises – physical therapy Joint replacement

DISEASES OFDISEASES OFTHE SKELETON SYSTEMTHE SKELETON SYSTEM Rheumatoid arthritis

Worse of the two inflammatory diseases of the joints

Autoimmune (the body attacking itself) disease of connective tissues and joints

Often begins between the ages of 35-45 3 times more common in women than men Progressive attacks cause scar tissue

formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue

These “attacks” may cause deformity and immobility

DISEASES OFDISEASES OFTHE SKELETON SYSTEMTHE SKELETON SYSTEM Rheumatoid Arthritis – Treatment Similar treatment as osteoarthritis

Rest Heat/cold applications Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) Steroid injections Special exercises – physical therapy Joint replacement

Additional medication choices such as methotrexate or gold salts

Bursitis Inflammation of the bursae: small, fluid-filled

sacs surrounding the joints Symptoms: severe pain, limited movement,

and fluid accumulation in the joint Treatment:

Pain medicationSteroid injectionsAspirating fluidPT

Bursitis

FRACTURES-A CRACK OR FRACTURES-A CRACK OR BREAK IN THE BONEBREAK IN THE BONE Greenstick- bone is bent and splits causing

a crack-common in children Simple- complete break with no damage to

skin Compound- break in bone that ruptures

through the skin: increased chance of infection

Impacted- broken bone ends jam into each other

FRACTURES-A CRACK OR BREAK IN FRACTURES-A CRACK OR BREAK IN THE BONETHE BONE

Comminuted- bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces

Spiral- severe twisting of a bone causes one or more breaks: common in skiing or skating accidents

Depressed- broken piece of skull bone moves inward: common with severe head injuries

Fracture Types

Fracture Types

Cast

REDUCTIONREDUCTION Definition: Process by which bone is put

back into proper alignment Closed reduction- position bone in alignment,

usually with traction, and apply cast or splint to maintain position

Open reduction- surgical repair of bone, and at times, insertion of pins, plates, and other devices.

DISLOCATIONDISLOCATION Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint Frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and

hips Reduced and immobilized with splint, cast, or

traction

SPRAINSPRAIN Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint Common sites are wrists and ankles Symptoms

Pain, swelling, discolorations, limited movement Treatment

RICE- Rest, Ice, Compression, and elevation

Osteoporosis

The thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time.

The most common type of bone disease. currently about 10 million Americans suffering from

osteoporosis about 20% of American women over the age of 50 have

osteoporosis Occurs when the body fails to form enough new

bone, or when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both

Osteoporosis Risk Factors

Women who are white, especially those with a family history of osteoporosis, have a greater risk of developing osteoporosis

Other risk factors smoking, eating disorders, low body weight,

low amount of calcium in the diet, heavy alcohol consumption, early menopause, use of certain medications, such as steroids and anticonvulsants

Osteoporosis Treatment

Treatments focus on slowing down or stopping bone loss, & preventing bone fractures

Drugs Fosamax, Raloxifene, HRT, Calcitonin

Exercise increases bone density Diet

Include adequate calcium, vitamin D, proteins Stop unhealthy habits

Quit smoking, limit alcohol Prevent falls

Aging Bone

ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINEABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINE

Kyphosis-hunchback or rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area.

ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINEABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINE

Scoliosis- side to side or lateral curvature

ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINEABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINE

Lordosis-swayback or abnormal inward curvature of lumbar vertebrae

ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINEABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINE

CAUSE: Poor posture, congenital defects, structural defects of vertebrae, malnutrition, degeneration of vertebrae

TREATMENTTherapeutic exercisesFirm mattressesBraces Surgical repair for severe deformities

Herniated Disc

Herniated Disk

Also called a slipped or ruptured disk Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasms, impaired

movement, and/or numbness Treatment:

Medications: Pain, anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant Rest Traction Physical Therapy Massage Therapy Chiropractic Treatments Heat and/or cold applications Laminectomy: surgical removal of the protruding disk

Gout Gout is a type of arthritis caused by too much uric

acid in the blood Symptoms: swelling, tenderness, redness, and

sharp pain usually in your big toe Treatment:

Medications: anti-inflammatory (not aspirin), steroid injections, medications to decrease the amount of uric acid

Prevention: Manage weight Limit alcohol use – especially beer Limit meat and seafood intake (purines: a chemical

compound that breaks down into uric acid)

Gout

X-ray