s fisika thermo

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A.William Rowan Hamilton

Sir William Rowan Hamilton (4 Agustus 1805 - 2 September 1865 a!ala" seorang#rlan!ia $isi%awan & astronom & !an matemati%awan & 'ang membuat %ontribusi penting

untu% me%ani%a %lasi% & opti% & !an alabar . Stu!i tentang sistem me%ani% !an opti% !ipimpin !ia untu%

menemu%an %onsep-%onsep matemati%a baru !an te%ni%. )ontribusi terbesarn'a a!ala" mung%in

re$ormulasi me%ani%a *ewton & se%arang !isebut Hamiltonian me%ani% . )ar'a ini tela" terbu%ti pusat

stu!i mo!ern teori me!an %lasi% sepertiele%tromagnetisme & !an untu% pengembangan me%ani%a

%uantum . +alam matemati%a& ia mung%in paling !i%enal sebagai penemu ,uaternions .

Hamilton !i%ata%an tela" menunu%%an ba%at besar pa!a usia 'ang sangat !ini. Astronom

is"op +r o"n rin%le' mengata%an !ari Hamilton 18 ta"un& /Ana% mu!a ini& a%u ti!a%

mengata%an akan & tapi adalah a"li matemati%a pertama usian'a.

)e"i!upan

)arir ilmia" William Rowan Hamilton termasu% stu!i geometris opti% & me%ani%a %lasi% &

a!aptasi meto!e !inamis !alam sistem opti%& menerap%an meto!e ang%a empat !an e%tor untu%

masala" !alam me%ani%a !an geometri& pengembangan teori %onugat pasangan alabar $ungsi (!i

mana bilangan %omple%s 'ang !ibangun sebagai pasangan terurut bilangan real& solusi ban'a%

persamaan !an umum polinomial terselesai%an ,uinti ole" ra!i%al& analisis ter"a!ap 3ungsi

3lu%tuati$ (!an i!e !ari analisis 3ourier & operator linear pa!a ,uaternions !an membu%ti%an "asil

untu% operator linear pa!a ruang ,uaternions ('ang merupa%an %asus %"usus !ari teorema umum'ang saat ini !i%enal sebagai Teorema Cayley-Hamilton . Hamilton uga menemu%an Icosian

Kalkulus & 'ang ia guna%an untu% men'eli!i%i alur tepi tertutup pa!a !o!ea"e!ron 'ang

mengunungi setiap simpul tepat satu %ali.

Awal kehidupan

Hamilton a!ala" ana% %eempat !ari sembilan ana% 'ang la"ir !ari Sara" Hutton (180-181

!an Ar"ibal! Hamilton (18-181& 'ang tinggal !i +ublin pa!a 8 +omini% Street. A'a" Hamilton&

'ang berasal !ari +unbo'ne & be%era sebagai pengaara. 7a!a usia tiga ta"un& Hamilton tela"

!i%irim untu% tinggal bersama pamann'a ames Hamilton& lulusan rinit' 9ollege 'ang berlari sebua"se%ola" !i albots 7uri. 7amann'a segera menemu%an ba"wa Hamilton memili%i %emampuan luar

biasa untu% belaar ba"asa. 7a!a usia mu!a& Hamilton !itampil%an %emampuan luar biasa untu%

memperole" ba"asa (mes%ipun "al ini !ibanta" ole" beberapa searawan& 'ang meng%laim ia "an'a

memili%i pema"aman 'ang sangat !asar mere%a. 7a!a usia tuu" ta"un ia su!a" membuat

%emauan 'ang sangat besar !alamba"asa #brani & !an sebelum !ia berumur tiga belas ta"un !ia

tela" !iperole"& !i bawa" asu"an pamann'a (a"li ba"asa& "ampir sama ban'a% ba"asa %arena ia

ta"un. #ni termasu% ba"asa-ba"asa :ropa %lasi% !an mo!ern&

!an 7ersia & Arab & Hin!ustan & Sanse%erta & !an ba"%an ;arat"i !an ;ela'u . +ia memperta"an%an

ban'a% pengeta"uan tentang ba"asa sampai a%"ir "i!upn'a& sering membaa 7ersia !an Arab !i

wa%tu luangn'a& mes%ipun ia su!a" lama ber"enti belaar ba"asa& !an mengguna%an mere%a "an'auntu% rela%sasi.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brinkley_(astronomer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Hamilton_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Hamilton_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosian_Calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosian_Calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunboynehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunboynehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brinkley_(astronomer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Hamilton_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosian_Calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosian_Calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunboynehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir


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7a!a September 181 !engan per"itungan Ameri%a aaib


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!isebut =agrangian !an persamaan =agrange mili% Hamilton. )emauan Hamilton !iperbesar sangat

%elas masala" me%ani% 'ang !apat !iselesai%an& !an mere%a mewa%ili mung%in penamba"an

terbesar 'ang !inami%a tela" !iterima sea% %ar'a #saa *ewton !an =agrange . an'a% ilmuwan&

termasu% =iouille & aobi & +arbou> & 7oinar? & )olmogoro & !an Arnol! & tela" memperpanang

%era Hamilton& se"ingga memperluas pengeta"uan %ita tentang me%ani%a !an persamaan

!i$erensial .

Sementara Hamilton re$ormulasi me%ani%a %lasi% !i!asar%an pa!a prinsip-prinsip $isi% 'ang

sama seperti me%ani%a *ewton !an =agrange& men'e!ia%an te%ni% baru 'ang %uat untu% be%era

!engan persamaan gera%. =ebi" penting lagi& bai% =agrangian !anHamiltonian pen!e%atan 'ang

pa!a awaln'a !i%embang%an untu% menggambar%an gera% sistem !is%rit & tela" terbu%ti penting untu%

stu!i tentang sistem %lasi% terus menerus !alam $isi%a& !an sistem me%ani% ba"%an %uantum. +engan

ara ini& te%ni% menemu%an !iguna%an !alam ele%tromagnetisme & me%ani%a %uantum & %uantum teori

relatiitas & !an teori me!an %uantum .

Studi Matematika

Hamilton matemati%a penelitian tampa%n'a tela" !ila%u%an !an !ibawa %e pengembangan

penu" mere%a tanpa bantuan apa pun& !an "asiln'a a!ala" ba"wa tulisan-tulisann'a ti!a% termasu%

setiap tertentu sekolah . i!a% "an'a itu Hamilton a"li sebagai aritmati%a%al%ulator& tapi ia

tampa%n'a tela" sese%ali bersenang-senang !alam be%era %eluar "asil !ari beberapa per"itungan

untu% seumla" besar tempat !esimal. 7a!a usia !elapan Hamilton terlibat


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o$ +ublin & !itinggal%an ole" +r rin%le' pa!a ta"un 182. )ursi itu ti!a% benar-benar !itawar%an

%epa!an'a& seperti 'ang tela" sering menegas%an& tetapi pemili"& setela" bertemu !an berbiara atas

sube%& berwenang teman priba!i Hamilton (uga pemili" untu% men!esa% Hamilton untu% mena!i

%an!i!at& sebua" lang%a" 'ang Hamilton %eren!a"an memili%i menega" !ia !ari mengambil. a!i&

%eti%a "ampir 22& Hamilton !i!iri%an !i bseratorium +unsin% & !e%at +ublin.

Hamilton ti!a% sangat oo% untu% posting& %arena mes%ipun ia memili%i %enalan 'ang

men!alam !engan astronomi teoritis & ia tela" memba'ar se!i%it per"atian untu% pe%eraan rutin

pra%tis astronom . Wa%tu Hamilton 'ang lebi" bai% !iguna%an !alam pen'eli!i%an asli !aripa!a itu

a%an tela" !i"abis%an !alam pengamatan 'ang !ila%u%an ba"%an !engan 'ang terbai% !ari

instrumen. Hamilton 'ang !ima%su!%an ole" pi"a% uniersitas 'ang memili" !ia untu% abatan guru

astronomi untu% meng"abis%an wa%tu sambil terbai% bisa untu% %emauan ilmu pengeta"uan & tanpa

teri%at untu% setiap abang tertentu. i%a Hamilton tela" mengab!i%an !irin'a untu% astronomi pra%tis&

@niersit' o$ +ublin a%an pasti tela" !ileng%api !ia !engan instrumen !an sta$ 'ang mema!ai asisten.

7a!a ta"un 185& mena!i se%retaris pertemuan ritis" Assoiation 'ang !iselenggara%an

ta"un itu !i +ublin& ia gelar ole" tuan-letnan .Celar %e"ormatan lain !engan epat ber"asil& !i

antaran'a pemili"ann'a ta"un 18 %e presi!en %ursi /s !i Ro'al #rlan!ia A%a!emi & !an perbe!aan

lang%a 'ang !ibuat anggota sesuai Saint 7etersburg Aa!em' o$ Sienes . )emu!ian& pa!a ta"un

1864& 'ang baru !ibentu% Ameri%a Seri%at *ational Aa!em' o$ Sienes terpili" Assoiates asing

pertama& !an memutus%an untu% menempat%an nama Hamilton !i atas !a$tar mere%a.

Quaternions

Duaternion 7la% pa!a room ri!ge

esar lainn'a %ontribusi Hamilton !ibuat untu% ilmu matemati%a a!ala"

penemuan,uaternions ta"un 184. *amun& pa!a ta"un 1840& enamin lin!e Ro!rigues tela"

menapai "asil 'ang sebesar penemuan mere%a !alam semua %euali nama.

Hamilton se!ang menari ara untu% memperluas bilangan %omple%s ('ang !apat !ili"at

sebagai titi% pa!a 2-!imensi pesawat %e !imensi spasial 'ang lebi" tinggi. #a gagal untu%

menemu%an sistem -!imensi 'ang berguna (!alam terminologi mo!ern& ia gagal untu% menemu%an

n'ata& tiga !imensi miring-bi!ang & tetapi be%era !engan empat !imensi 'ang ia ipta%an

,uaternions. ;enurut Hamilton& pa!a tanggal 16 %tober ia beralan-alan !i sepanang )anal

)eraaan !i +ublin !engan istrin'a %eti%a solusi !alam bentu% persamaan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunsink_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunsink_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Olinde_Rodrigueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Olinde_Rodrigueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew-fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew-fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunsink_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Olinde_Rodrigueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew-fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin


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iba-tiba !ia& Hamilton %emu!ian segera !iu%ir persamaan ini mengguna%an pisau lipatn'a %e

sisi ter!e%at room ri!ge ('ang !isebut Hamilton roug"am ri!ge& %arena ta%ut !ia a%an

melupa%ann'a. Aara ini menan!ai penemuan %elompo% ang%a empat .

Sebua" pla%at !i bawa" embatan& !iresmi%an ole" aoisea" Eamon !e Falera (!irin'a

seorang a"li matemati%a !an ma"asiswa ,uaternions& pa!a tanggal 1 *oember 158.

Sea% 18& *ational @niersit' o$ #relan!& ;a'noot" tela" men'elenggara%an "ai& !i mana

matemati%awan beralan-alan !ari +unsin% bserator' %e embatan& !i mana ti!a% a!a ea% u%iran

tetap& mes%ipun pla%at batu ti!a% memperingati penemuan.

Ang%a empat ini melibat%an meninggal%an %omutati$ & lang%a" ra!i%al untu% sementara

wa%tu. i!a% "an'a ini& tetapi Hamilton "arus !alam arti menemu%an pro!u% salib !an !ot alabar

e%tor. Hamilton uga menggambar%an ang%a empat sebagai sebua" memerinta"%an empat elemen

%elipatan bilangan real& !an menggambar%an elemen pertama sebagai /s%alar/ bagian& !an tiga

sisan'a sebagai /e%tor/ bagian.

Hamilton !iper%enal%an& sebagai meto!e analisis& bai% ,uaternions !an bi,uaternions &

e%stensi untu% !elapan !imensi !engan pengenalan bilangan %omple%s %oe$isien . )eti%a %ar'an'a

!ira%it pa!a ta"un 185& bu%u 'ectures on (uaternions tela" membentu% sube% %ursus berturut

%ulia"& !isampai%an pa!a ta"un 1848 !an ta"un-ta"un beri%utn'a& !i Aula rinit' 9ollege&

+ublin. Hamilton pera'a !iri men'ata%an ba"wa ,uaternions a%an !itemu%an memili%i pengaru"

'ang %uat sebagai instrumen penelitian. )eti%a !ia meninggal& Hamilton be%era pa!a pern'ataan

!e$initi$ ilmu ang%a empat. 7utran'a William :!win Hamilton membawa $nsur (uaternions & olume

besar !an %uat !ari 62 "alaman& publi%asi pa!a ta"un 1866. Sebagai salinan %e"abisan& e!isi %e!ua

!isiap%an ole" 9"arles asper ol' & %eti%a bu%u ini !ibagi mena!i !ua olume& 'ang pertama munul

18 !an 'ang %e!ua pa!a ta"un 101.#n!e%s sube% !an atatan %a%i !alam e!isi %e!ua ini

mening%at%an )lemen a%sesibilitas.

7eter Cut"rie ait antara lain& menganur%an penggunaan ,uaternions Hamilton. ;ere%a

membuat topi% pemeri%saan waib !i +ublin& !an untu% sementara mere%a a!ala" matemati%a "an'a

mau !iaar%an !i beberapa uniersitas !i Ameri%a. *amun& %ontroersi tentang penggunaan

,uaternions tumbu" pa!a a%"ir aba! %e-1. eberapa pen!u%ung Hamilton "iru%-pi%u% menentang

bi!ang tumbu" alabar e%tor !an %al%ulus e%tor (!ari pengembang seperti lier

Heaisi!e !an osia" Willar! Cibbs & %arena ,uaternions memberi%an notasi unggul. ;es%ipun ini

ta% terbanta"%an bagi empat !imensi& ,uaternions ti!a% !apat !iguna%an !engan !imensi sewenang-

wenang (mes%ipun e%stensi seperti 9li$$or! algebras bisa. *otasi e%tor sebagian besar tela"

mengganti%an ruan"-*aktu ,uaternions !alam sains !an te%ni% !engan pertenga"an aba! %e-20.

Saat ini& ,uaternions !iguna%an !alam %omputer gra$is & teori %ontrol & pemrosesan sin'al &

!an me%ani%a orbital& terutama untu% mewa%ili rotasi G orientasi. Sebagai onto"& a!ala" umum untu%

sistem si%ap %ontrol pesawat ruang ang%asa 'ang a%an !iperinta"%an !alam "al ,uaternions& 'ang

uga !iguna%an untu% elemeter si%ap mere%a saat ini. Alasann'a a!ala" ba"wa menggabung%an

ban'a% peruba"an ang%a empat lebi" numeri% stabil !aripa!a menggabung%an ban'a% trans$ormasimatri%s. +alam matemati%a murni& ,uaternions munul seara signi$i%an sebagai sala" satu !ari

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Maynoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Maynoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquaternionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jasper_Jolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Guthrie_Taithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Guthrie_Taithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heavisidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heavisidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Maynoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquaternionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jasper_Jolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Guthrie_Taithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heavisidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heavisidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing


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empat ber!imensi ber"ingga alabar !iisi bernorma atas bilangan real& !engan apli%asi seluru"

alabar !an geometri.

Orisinalitas Lainnya

Hamilton awaln'a atu" tempo i!e-i!en'a sebelum meleta%%an pena !i atas

%ertas. 7enemuan& %ertas& !an risala" !isebut%an sebelumn'a mung%in tela" terbentu% seluru" %ar'a

"i!up 'ang panang !an melela"%an. api ti!a% untu% berbiara tentang %ole%si besar bu%u& penu"

sesa% !engan "al baru !an asli& 'ang tela" !isera"%an %epa!a rinit' 9ollege& +ublin & %ar'a-%ar'a

'ang !isebut%an sebelumn'a "ampir ti!a% membentu% bagian besar !ari apa 'ang tela" menerbit%an

Hamilton. Hamilton mengembang%an prinsip ariasional & 'ang !irumus%an %emu!ian ole" 9arl

Custa aob aobi . +ia uga memper%enal%an permainan #osian atau Hamilton #u++le 'ang !apat

!iselesai%an !engan mengguna%an %onsep alur Hamiltonian .

#nestigasi 'ang luar biasa Hamilton ter"ubung !engan solusi !ari persamaan alabar

!ari ting%at %elima & !an pemeri%saan tentang "asil 'ang !iapai ole" *H Abel & C errar! & !an lain-lain !alam penelitian mere%a mengenai "al ini& bentu% %ontribusi lain bagi ilmu pengeta"uan. A!a

Hamilton beri%utn'a %ertas $ungsi ber$lu%tuasi & sube% 'ang& sea% aman osep" 3ourier & tela" nilai

'ang sangat besar !an terus mening%at seara $isi% apli%asi matemati%a . A!a uga penemuan 'ang

sangat er!i% !ari "o!ograp" . +ari pen'eli!i%an 'ang luas !alam solusi (terutama ole" pen!e%atan

numeri% !ari %elas tertentu persamaan !i$erensial $isi%& "an'a beberapa item tela" !iterbit%an& pa!a

interal& !alam Philoso#hical Ma"a+ine .

Selain semua ini& Hamilton a!ala" seorang %orespon!en pro!u%ti$. Sering%ali satu "uru$ !ari

Hamilton !itempati !ari lima pulu" sampai seratus atau lebi" !e%at menulis "alaman& semua !ituu%an

untu% pertimbangan menit setiap $itur beberapa masala" tertentu& %arena itu a!ala" sala" satu iri%"as pi%iran Hamilton ti!a% perna" puas !engan seorang en!eral pema"aman pertan'aan& Hamilton

mengear masala" sampai ia ta"u !alam semua riniann'a. Hamilton perna" sopan !an bai% !alam

menawab permo"onan bantuan !alam stu!i %ar'a-%ar'an'a& ba"%an %eti%a %epatu"an n'a "arus

mengorban%an ban'a% wa%tu. +ia terlalu tepat !an sulit untu% men'enang%an !engan mengau pa!a

poles a%"ir !ari %ar'a-%ar'an'a sen!iri untu% publi%asi& !an itu mung%in %arena alasan inila" ia

!iterbit%an begitu se!i%it !iban!ing%an !engan ting%at pen'eli!i%ann'a.

Kematian dan setelah

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normed_division_algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosian_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_pathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Birch_Jerrardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Birch_Jerrardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluctuating_function&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluctuating_function&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_approximationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_approximationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normed_division_algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosian_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_pathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Birch_Jerrardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluctuating_function&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_approximationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_approximationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine


7/23

#rlan!ia %oin peringatan mera'a%an ulang ta"un %e-200 %ela"irann'a.

Hamilton memperta"an%an %emampuann'a utu" untu% 'ang tera%"ir& !an terus melanut%an

tugas men'elesai%an $nsur (uaternions 'ang tela" men!u!u%i enam ta"un tera%"ir "i!upn'a.+ia

meninggal pa!a tanggal 2 September 1865& setela" serangan para" gout !ipiu ole" minum

berlebi"an !an ma%an berlebi"an. I 10 J #a !ima%am%an !i Cunung erome 9emeter' !i +ublin.

Hamilton !ia%ui sebagai sala" satu ilmuwan ter%emu%a #rlan!ia !an& %arena #rlan!ia mena!i

lebi" men'a!ari warisan ilmia"& ia sema%in !ira'a%an. "e Hamilton #nstitute a!ala" lembaga

penelitian matemati%a terapan !i *@# ;a'noot" !an Ro'al #rlan!ia A%a!emi memegang Hamilton

publi% %ulia" ta"unan !i mana ;urra' Cell-;ann & 3ran% Wile% & An!rew Wiles & !animotius

Cowers tela" mela%u%an pembiaraan. a"un 2005 a!ala" pera'aan 200 ta"un %ela"iran Hamilton

!an pemerinta" #rlan!ia !itunu% ba"wa Hamilton Tahun, merayakan ilmu Irlandia . rinit' 9ollege

+ublin !itan!ai ta"un !engan melunur%an Hamilton ;atemati%a #nstitut 9+.

Sebua" %oin peringatan !i%eluar%an ole" an% Sentral #rlan!ia untu% meng"ormatin'a.

7eringatan !ari Hamilton

• 7ersamaan Hamilton a!ala" $ormulasi me%ani%a %lasi%.

• an'a% %onsep-%onsep lain !an ben!a-ben!a !alam me%ani%a& seperti prinsip

Hamilton & $ungsi utama Hamilton & !an persamaan Hamilton-aobi & !iberi nama setela" Hamilton.

• "e Hamilton a!ala" nama !ari %e!ua $ungsi (%lasi% !an operator (%uantum !alam $isi%a&

!an& !alam arti 'ang berbe!a& istila" !ar iteori gra$ .

• Hamilton 9ollege (*ew Bor% & sebua" perguruan tinggi seni liberal !i 9linton& *ew Bor% &

!inamai untu% meng"ormatin'a.

• "e R9S# Hamilton ;as'ara%at !i!iri%an pa!a naman'a pa!a ta"un 2004.

• Alabar !ari ,uaternions biasan'a !ilambang%an !engan H & atau papan tebal ole" & untu%

meng"ormati Hamilton.

)utipan

• Wa%tu !i%ata%an "an'a memili%i satu !imensi& !an ruang memili%i tiga !imensi .... "e turut

ang%a empat matemati%a !ari %e!ua elemen ini& !alam ba"asa te%nis !apat !i%ata%an mena!i /wa%tu

!itamba" ruang/& atau /ruang !itamba" wa%tu/ K !an !alam pengertian ini memili%i& atau seti!a%n'a

melibat%an re$erensi& empat !imensi +an bagaimana Sala" satu wa%tu& Spae iga& ;ung%in !alam

Rantai Simbol gir!le! mena!i -William Rowan Hamilton (!i%utip !alam.. Robert 7erial

Craes / 'ie o Sir .illiam Ro*an Hamilton ( ili!& 1882& 1885& 188

• +ia !iguna%an untu% melanut%an& %ereta panang per"itungan alabar !an aritmati%a !alam

pi%irann'a& !i mana ia ti!a% sa!ar tentang perlun'a !uniawi ma%an& %ami !iguna%an untu% membawa

sebua" /ringan/ !an meninggal%ann'a !i ruang %eran'a& tapi menganggu% sing%at penga%uan intrusi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Ireland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jerome_Cemeteryhttp://www.hamilton.ie/http://www.hamilton.ie/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Maynoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_principal_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_principal_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_boldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_boldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Percival_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Percival_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Percival_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Percival_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Ireland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jerome_Cemeteryhttp://www.hamilton.ie/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Maynoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton's_principal_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_boldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Percival_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Percival_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1


8/23

memotong atau potongan sering satu-satun'a "asil& !an pi%irann'a terus melona% %e atas. - William

:!win Hamilton (ana% tertuan'a

7ubli%asi

•

Hamilton& William Rowan (Ro'al manus $ #rlan!ia& Kuliah Pen"antar tentan" Astronomi . +ublin @niersitas Reiew !an ;aala" riwulanan Fol. A%u& rinit' 9ollege& anuari

18.

• Hamilton& William Rowan& Kuliah #ada (uaternions . Ro'al #rlan!ia A%a!emi& 185.

• Hamilton (1866 )lemen (uaternions @niersitas +ublin 7ress. +ie!it ole" William :!win

Hamilton& putra penulis almar"um.

• Hamilton (18 )lemen (uaternions ili! #& (101 ili! ##. +ie!it ole" 9"arles asper ol' &

!iterbit%an ole" =ongmans& Creen L 9o .

• )ole%si +ai! R. Wil%ins tentang ;a%ala" ;atemati%a Hamilton .

.An!ers 9elsius

Anders Celsius (2 *oember 101 - 25 April 144 a!ala" Swe!ia astronom . +ia a!ala"

pro$esor astronomi !i @niersitas @ppsala 10-144& tapi bepergian 12-15 mengunungi

obseratorium ter%enal !i erman& #talia !an 7eranis. +ia men!iri%an Astronomial bserator'

@ppsala pa!a 141& !an pa!a ta"un 142 ia mengusul%an9elsius su"u s%ala 'ang mengambil

naman'a. S%ala ini terbali% pa!a 145 ole" 9arl =innaeus & satu ta"un setela" 9elius /%ematian

a%ibat .

)e"i!upan

Awal kehidupan

An!ers 9elsius la"ir !i @ppsala & Swe!ia pa!a tanggal 2 *oember 101. )eluargan'a

berasal !ari anM%er !i proinsi HNlsinglan! . Real %eluarga mere%a bera!a !i Doma & uga !i%enal

sebagai H/0en atau H/"en (lo%al sebagai H/"en 1 . *ama Celcius a!ala" latiniation nama estat

(=atin celsus gun!u%an.

Sebagai putra seorang pro$esor astronomi& *ils 9elius& !an uu !ari

matemati%awan;agnus 9elius !an astronom An!ers Spole& 9elius memili" %arir !i bi!ang

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Edwin_Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Edwin_Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Edwin_Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Hamilton/Lectures/AstIntro.htmlhttp://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Hamilton/Lectures/AstIntro.htmlhttp://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=05230001&seq=9http://books.google.com/books?id=fIRAAAAAIAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=fIRAAAAAIAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jasper_Jolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmans,_Green_%26_Co.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmans,_Green_%26_Co.http://www.maths.soton.ac.uk/EMIS/classics/Hamilton/http://www.maths.soton.ac.uk/EMIS/classics/Hamilton/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Astronomical_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Astronomical_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovan%C3%A5kerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovan%C3%A5kerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4lsinglandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4lsinglandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Edwin_Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Edwin_Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Hamilton/Lectures/AstIntro.htmlhttp://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Hamilton/Lectures/AstIntro.htmlhttp://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=05230001&seq=9http://books.google.com/books?id=fIRAAAAAIAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jasper_Jolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmans,_Green_%26_Co.http://www.maths.soton.ac.uk/EMIS/classics/Hamilton/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Astronomical_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Astronomical_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovan%C3%A5kerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4lsinglandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Celsius


9/23

sains. +ia a!ala" seorang a"li matemati%a berba%at !ari usia !ini. An!ers 9elsius belaar

!i@niersitas @ppsala & !i mana a'a"n'a a!ala" seorang guru& !an pa!a 10 ia uga mena!i

seorang pro$esor astronomi !i sana.

Karir

7a!a 10& ia menerbit%an 2ova Methodus distantiam solis terra determinandi ( Metode !aru

untuk Menentukan 3arak dari Matahari ke !umi . 7enelitiann'a uga terlibat penelitian $enomena

aurora& 'ang !ila%u%an !engan asistenn'a lo$ Hiorter & !an ia a!ala" orang pertama 'ang

menunu%%an "ubungan antara aurora borealis !an peruba"an !i me!an magnet umi. I 1 J +ia

mengamati ariasi arum %ompas !an menemu%an ba"wa !e$le%si 'ang lebi" besar ber%orelasi

!engan a%tiitas aurora %uat. +i *uremberg ta"un 1& ia menerbit%an sebua" %ole%si 16

pengamatan aurora borealis 'ang !ibuat ole" !irin'a !an orang lain selama perio!e 116-12. I 2 J

9elsius sering bepergian !i 10s awal& termasu% %e erman& #talia !an 7eranis& %eti%a ia

mengunungi sebagian besar obseratorium besar :ropa. +i 7aris ia menganur%an pengu%uransuatu busur meri!ian !i =aplan! . 7a!a ta"un 16& ia berpartisipasi !alam e%spe!isi

!iselenggara%an untu% ma%su! tersebut ole" A%a!emi #lmu 7engeta"uan 7eranis & !ipimpin ole"

matemati%awan 7eranis7ierre =ouis ;aupertuis (168-15 untu% mengu%ur

ting%at lintang . uuan !ari e%spe!isi ini a!ala" untu% mengu%ur panang gelar sepanang meri!ian&

!e%at !engan tiang& !an memban!ing%an "asiln'a !engan e%spe!isi serupa !engan 7eru & "ari ini

!i :%ua!or & !e%at %"atulistiwa . :%spe!isi !i%on$irmasi #saa *ewton %e'a%inan /s ba"wa bentu%

bumi a!ala" ellipsoi! !irata%an !i %utub. I J

An!ers 9elius . 10s

7a!a ta"un 18& ia menerbit%an De oservationius #ro i"ura telluris

determinanda (Pen"amatan #ada Menentukan !entuk !umi . 7artisipasi 9elius !alam e%spe!isi

=aplan! membuatn'a memenang%an ban'a% peng"argaan !i Swe!ia !engan pemerinta" !an re%an-

re%ann'a& !an memain%an peran penting !alam meng"asil%an bunga !ari pemerinta" Swe!ia !alam

men'umbang%an sumber !a'a 'ang !iperlu%an untu% membangun obseratorium baru 'ang mo!ern!i @ppsala. +ia ber"asil !alam permintaan& !an 9elsius men!iri%an bseratorium Astronomi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_borealishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_borealishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-notablebiographies.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-notablebiographies.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-notablebiographies.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-notablebiographies.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-notablebiographies.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-notablebiographies.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_of_the_meridianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laponia_(historical_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laponia_(historical_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Astronomical_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_borealishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-notablebiographies.com-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_of_the_meridianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laponia_(historical_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Astronomical_Observatory


10/23

@ppsala pa!a 141. bseratorium ini !ileng%api !engan instrumen 'ang !ibeli selama peralanan

panang !i luar negeri& 'ang ter!iri !ari te%nologi 'ang paling mo!ern berperan perio!e.

+alam astronomi& 9elius memulai serang%aian pengamatan !engan mengguna%an piring

%aa berwarna untu% mere%am besarn'a (u%uran brig"tness !ari bintang-bintang tertentu. #ni a!ala"

upa'a pertama untu% mengu%ur intensitas a"a'a !engan alat selain mata manusia. +ia membuat

pengamatan ger"ana !an berbagai ob'e% astronomi !an %atalog 'ang !iterbit%an besaran !itentu%an

!engan "ati-"ati untu% beberapa 00 bintang !engan mengguna%an sistem $otometri% sen!iri (rata-

rata error O 0&4 mag.

9elsius a!ala" orang pertama 'ang mela%u%an !an mempubli%asi%an e%sperimen "ati

mengara" pa!a !e$inisi internasional su"u s%ala ber!asar%an alasan ilmia". +alam ma%ala" Swe!ia-

n'a 7engamatan !ari !ua !eraat gigi" pa!a termometer !ia melapor%an pa!a perobaan untu%

memeri%sa ba"wa titi% be%u a!ala" in!epen!en !ari lintang (!an te%anan atmos$er. #a menentu%an

%etergantungan !i!i" air !engan te%anan atmos$er 'ang a%urat ba"%an ole" stan!ar mo!ern. +ia

lebi" au" memberi%an aturan untu% penentuan titi% !i!i" i%a te%anan u!ara men'impang !ari

te%anan stan!ar tertentu. I 4 J #a mengusul%an s%ala 9elsius su"u !alam %ertas %e Ro'al Soiet' o$

Sienes !i @ppsala & Swe!ia tertua mas'ara%at ilmia"& !i!iri%an pa!a ta"un 110.ermometer

!i%alibrasi !engan nilai 100 P untu% titi% be%u air !an 0 P untu% titi% !i!i". 7a!a 145& seta"un setela"

%ematiann'a& s%ala terbali% ole" 9arl =innaeus untu% mem$asilitasi pengu%uran 'ang lebi"

pra%tis. I 5 J 9elsius awaln'a !isebut 9elius s%alan'a berasal !ari ba"asa =atin untu% seratus

lang%a". Selama berta"un-ta"un itu "an'a !isebut sebagai termometer Swe!ia.

bseratorium !ari An!ers 9elsius& !ari u%iran %ontemporer.

9elsius !ila%u%an ban'a% pengu%uran geogra$is untu% peta umum Swe!ia& !an merupa%an

sala" satu awal untu% !iatat ba"wa ban'a% !ari S%an!inaia perla"an-la"an nai% !i atas permu%aan

laut& proses 'ang ber%esinambungan 'ang tela" tera!i sea% menairn'a es !ari terbaru aman

es . *amun& ia sala" mengau%an gagasan ba"wa air itu menguap . I J

7a!a 125 ia mena!i se%retaris !ari Ro'al Soiet' o$ Sienes !i @ppsala& !an !isai%an !ipos ini sampai %ematiann'a !ari tuber%ulosis pa!a 144. #a men!u%ung pembentu%an Ro'al Swe!is"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Astronomical_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-history-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-history-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-history-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-history-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-history-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-history-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-history-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-reversed-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-reversed-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-reversed-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-reversed-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-reversed-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Astronomical_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-history-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-reversed-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius#cite_note-astro.uu.se-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences


11/23

Aa!em' o$ Sienes !i Sto%"olm pa!a 1 ole" =innaeus !an lima orang lainn'a& !an terpili"

mena!i anggota pa!a pertemuan pertama a%a!emi ini. #tu sebenarn'a 9elius 'ang mengusul%an

nama a%a!emi baru.

9. +aniel Cabriel 3a"ren"eit

Daniel Gariel !ahrenheit (24 ;ei 1686 - 16 September 16 a!ala" seorang elan!a-

erman-7olan!ia $isi%awan & insin'ur & !an blower %aa 'ang !i%enal atas penemuan termometer

mer%uri (114& !an untu% mengembang%an su"u S%ala se%arang bernama setela" !ia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_blowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_blowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit


12/23

iogra$i

3a"ren"eit la"ir pa!a 1686 !i +anig (C!aQs%& 'ang 7ersema%muran 7olan!ia-=it"uania &

tetapi tinggal sebagian besar "i!upn'a !i Republi% elan!a . 7ara 3a"ren"eits a!ala"

erman Hanse %eluarga pe!agang 'ang tinggal !i beberapa Hanseati %ota. 3a"ren"eit %a%e% bu'uttela" tinggal !i Rosto% & !an penelitian menunu%%an ba"wa 3a"ren"eit %eluarga

berasal Hil!es"eim . %a%e% +aniel pin!a" !ari )neip"o$ !i )nigsberg()aliningra! %e +anig !an

menetap !i sana sebagai pe!agang !i 1650. 7utran'a& +aniel 3a"ren"eit (a'a" !ari sub'e% arti%el

ini& meni%a" 9onor!ia S"umann& putri ter%enal +anig bisnis %eluarga. +aniel a!ala" sulung !ari

lima ana% 3a"ren"eit (!ua putra& tiga putri 'ang selamat !ari masa %ana%-%ana%. )a%a%n'a& Firginia

:liabet" 3a"ren"eit& meni%a" enamin :$raim )rueger !ari %eluarga bangsawan !ari +anig.

+aniel Cabriel mulai pelati"an sebagai pe!agang !i Amster!am setela" orangtuan'a

meninggal pa!a 14 Agustus 101 !ari ma%an amur beraun . *amun !emi%ian& bunga !alam ilmu

alam 3a"ren"eit memimpin !ia untu% memulai stu!i !an e%sperimen !alam bi!ang itu. +ari 11& iamela%u%an peralanan %e erlin & Halle & =eipig & +res!en & 9open"agen & !an uga %e %ota asaln'a&

!i mana sau!aran'a masi" "i!up. Selama wa%tu itu& 3a"ren"eit bertemu atau mela%u%an %onta%

!engan le Rmer & 9"ristian Wol$$ & !an Cott$rie! =eibni . 7a!a 11& 3a"ren"eit menetap !i +en

Haag sebagai glassblower & membuat barometer & altimeter & !antermometer . +ari 118 !an

seterusn'a& ia mengaar !i %imia !i Amster!am. #a mengunungi #nggris pa!a ta"un 124 !an pa!a

ta"un 'ang sama terpili" sebagai 3ellow !ari Ro'al Soiet' . 3a"ren"eit meninggal !i +en Haag !an

!i%ubur%an !i situ !i )looster%er% (Cerea 9loister.

7a!a 2012& ilmuwan membuat gambar %omputer waa"n'a mengguna%an $oto !ari

%eluargan'a.

3a"ren"eit s%ala

9elius !an 3a"ren"eit s%ala

Artikel utama4 5ahrenheit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneiphofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneiphofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_R%C3%B8merhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_R%C3%B8merhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibnizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibnizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloosterkerk,_The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneiphofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_R%C3%B8merhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibnizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloosterkerk,_The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit


13/23

;enurut 3a"ren"eit 1.24 arti%el& ia !itentu%an s%alan'a !engan mengau pa!a tiga poin

tetap su"u. Su"u teren!a" 'ang bisa !iapai !engan mempersiap%an ampuran $rigori$i !ari es & air&

!an amonium %lori!a (garam& !an menunggu untu% itu untu% menapai %eseimbangan. ermometer

%emu!ian !itempat%an %e !alam ampuran !an airan !alam termometer !iiin%an untu% turun %e titi%

teren!a".;embaa termometer a!a !iambil sebagai 0 P 3. iti% re$erensi %e!ua terpili" sebagai

pembaaan termometer %eti%a !itempat%an !i air %eti%a es "an'a membentu% !i permu%aan. #ni

!itugas%an sebagai 2 P 3. iti% %alibrasi %etiga& !iambil sebagai 6 P 3& terpili" sebagai baaan

termometer %eti%a instrumen !itempat%an !i bawa" lengan atau !i !alam mulut.

3a"ren"eit !atang !engan i!e 'ang men!i!i" mer%uri se%itar 600 !eraat pa!a s%ala ini

su"u. e%era !engan orang lain menunu%%an ba"wa air men!i!i" se%itar 180 !eraat !i atas titi%

be%u. S%ala 3a"ren"eit %emu!ian !i!e$inisi%an %embali untu% membuat interal be%u-to-!i!i" tepat

180 !eraat& nilai n'aman seperti 180 a!ala"ang%a 'ang sangat %omposit & 'ang berarti ba"wa itu

a!ala" merata !ibagi mena!i ban'a% $ra%si. Hal ini %arena re!e$inisi s%ala 'ang su"u tubu" normal

saat !iambil sebagai !eraat 8&6& se!ang%an itu 6 !eraat pa!a s%ala asli 3a"ren"eit.

Sampai berali" %e s%ala 9elius & s%ala 3a"ren"eit ban'a% !iguna%an !i :ropa . Hal ini masi"

!iguna%an untu% pengu%uran su"u se"ari-"ari ole" mas'ara%at umum !i Ameri%a Seri%at !an elie

!an& %urang begitu& !i #nggris !an )ana!a.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigorific_mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigorific_mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_composite_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigorific_mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_composite_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius_scale


14/23

+. Ren? Antoine 3er"ault !e R?aumur

Ren" Antoine de !er#hault R"aumur ( 3ren" pronuniationK I e.o.m' Jʁ ː ʁ & 28 3ebruari 168 =a

Ro"elle - 1 %tober 15 !i Saint-ulien-!u-errou> a!ala" seorang 7eranis ilmuwan 'ang

ber%ontribusi untu% berbagai bi!ang& terutama stu!i serangga . +ia memper%enal%an R?aumur s%ala

su"u.

)e"i!upan

R?aumur la"ir !i sebua" %eluarga ter%emu%a =a Ro"elle !an !i!i!i% !i 7aris. #a

belaar $ilsa$at !i Besuit %ulia" !i 7oitiers & !an pa!a ta"un 16 pergi %e ourges untu%

mempelaari "u%um sipil !an matemati%a bawa" tu!u"an paman& %anon =a Sainte-9"apelle .7a!a

ta"un 10 ia !atang %e 7aris & !i mana ia melanut%an stu!i matemati%a !an $isi%a & !an pa!a 108&

usia !ua pulu" empat& !inominasi%an ole" 7ierre Farignon ('ang mengaarin'a matemati%a !an

terpili" sebagai anggota !ari Aa!?mie !es #lmu . Sea% saat itu selama "ampir setenga" aba!

"ampir seta"un berlalu !i mana Memoires de l6Acad%mie ti!a% mengan!ung seti!a%n'a satu %ertas

!engan R?aumur.

7a!a awaln'a per"atiann'a !i!u!u%i ole" stu!i matemati%a& terutama !alam geometri . 7a!a

110 !ia !itempat%an memimpin sebua" pro'e% pemerinta"-%eterangan resmi utama !ari seni

berguna !an manu$a%tur-'ang menga%ibat%an pembentu%an manu$a%tur baru %e 7eranis !an

%ebang%itan in!ustri !iabai%an. @ntu% penemuan mengenai besi !an baa !ia !iberi%an pensiun !ari

12.000 lire & tetapi& isi !engan peng"asilan 'ang u%up priba!in'a& ia meminta agar uang itu "arus

pergi %e Aa!?mie !es #lmu untu% %elanutan perobaan pa!a proses in!ustri !iting%at%an. 7a!a 11

ia mena!i tertari% pa!a meteorologi & !an menemu%an termometer s%ala 'ang men'an!ang

naman'aK 'ang R?aumur . 7a!a 15& %arena alasan %eluarga& ia menerima abatan %oman!an !an

inten!ant !ari %eraaan !an militer r!e Saint =ouis & ia mengera%an tugas-tugasn'a !engan

per"atian 'ang se%sama& tapi menola% memba'ar. +ia mengambil %esenangan besar !alam stu!i

sistematis seara" alam. eman-temann'a sering men'ebutn'a 7lin' !ari aba! %e-18 .

+ia menintai pensiun !an tinggal !i tempat tinggal negaran'a& termasu% !irin'a "ateau =a

ermon!iTre& Saint-ulien-!u-errou> &;aine & !i mana ia tela" atu" serius !ari %u!a& 'ang

men'ebab%an %ematiann'a. +ia mewaris%an manus%rip& 'ang !iisi 18 porto$olio& !an %ole%si seara"

alam %e Aa!?mie !es Sienes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-du-Terrouxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-du-Terrouxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-du-Terrouxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sainte-Chapellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sainte-Chapellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Varignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Varignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_livrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_livrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-du-Terrouxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-du-Terrouxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-du-Terrouxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sainte-Chapellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Varignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_livrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-du-Terrouxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)


15/23

)ar'a ilmia" R?aumur 'ang berurusan !engan ban'a% abang ilmu pengeta"uan& pertama&

pa!a ta"un 108& pa!a masala" umum !alam geometri& tera%"irn'a& pa!a 156& pa!a bentu% sarang

burung. +ia !ibu%ti%an seara e%sperimental $a%ta ba"wa %e%uatan !ari tali lebi" !ari umla" %e%uatan

"elai terpisa". +ia !iperi%sa !an !ilapor%an pa!a mengan!ung emas (emas-bantalan

sungai& pirustambang& "utan !an $osil tempat ti!ur 7eranis. +ia meranang meto!e tinning besi 'ang

masi" !iguna%an& !an !iseli!i%i perbe!aan antara besi !an baa& benar menunu%%an ba"wa

umla" %arbon 'ang terbesar !alam besi or & %urang baa & !an seti!a%n'a !alam besi

tempa . u%un'a tentang "al ini (122 tela" !iterema"%an %e !alam ba"asa #nggris !an erman.

+ia menatat untu% termometer 'ang !ibangun pa!a prinsip mengambil titi%

be%u !ari air sebagai 0 P& !an lulus tabung %e !eraat 'ang masing-masing seperseribu !ari olume

!i%an!ung ole" bola !an tabung sampai tan!a nol. #tu %eela%aan tergantung pa!a !ilatabilit' %ualitas

tertentu al%o"ol !iguna%an 'ang membuat titi% !i!i"-air 80 P& !an lina" termometer batang 'ang lulus

mena!i !elapan pulu" bagian 'ang sama antara pembe%uan !an men!i!i"-titi% air ukan termometer

R?aumur pa!a apa pun %euali nama.

R?aumur ban'a% menulis tentang seara" alam. Awal %e"i!upan ia menggambar%an sistem

lo%omotor !ari :"ino!ermata & !an menunu%%an ba"wa se"arusn'a %esala"an

ulgar !ari %rustasea mengganti anggota ba!an mere%a 'ang "ilang itu benar-benar benar.+ia tela"

!ianggap sebagai pen!iri etologi . 7a!a ta"un 110 ia menulis sebua" ma%ala" tentang %emung%inan

laba-laba 'ang !iguna%an untu% meng"asil%an sutra & 'ang begitu !ira'a%an pa!a wa%tu itu %aisar

9ina )ang-!ia pun'a itu !iterema"%an %e !alam ba"asa 9ina.

#a mempelaari "ubungan antara pertumbu"an serangga !an su"u. +ia uga !i"itung lau

pertumbu"an populasi serangga !an menatat ba"wa "arus a!a pemeri%saan alami %arena umla"

pen!u!u% teoritis !irealisasi%an ole" per%embangan geometris ti!a% oo% !engan pengamatanpopulasi 'ang sebenarn'a.

+ia uga belaar "al-"al botani !an pertanian& !an meranang proses untu% melestari%an

burung !an telur. +ia menelas%an sistem buatan in%ubasi & !an membuat pengamatan penting pa!a

penernaan %arniora !an ma%an rumput (grass-ma%an burung. Sala" satu %ar'an'a 'ang terbesar

a!ala" Memoires #our servir 7 l6histoire des insectes & 6 ili!.& !engan 26 piring (Amster!am& 14-

142. #ni menggambar%an penampilan& %ebiasaan !an lo%alitas semua serangga 'ang !i%enal

%euali %umbang& !an merupa%an %eaaiban obserasi pasien !an a%urat. +i antara $a%ta-$a%ta

penting lainn'a !in'ata%an !alam pe%eraan ini a!ala" perobaan 'ang memung%in%an R?aumur

untu% membu%ti%an %ebenaran "ipotesis 7e'ssonel itu & ba"wa %arang a!ala" "ewan !an tumbu"anti!a%.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodermatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodermatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulgar_error&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulgar_error&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulgar_error&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_checkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_checkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_incubationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peyssonel%27s_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodermatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulgar_error&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulgar_error&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_checkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_incubationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peyssonel%27s_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral


16/23

;asu% alan !i 7aris mera'a%an R?aumur.

+ia terpili" sebagai 3ellow !ari Ro'al Soiet' !i *oember 18 I 4 J ber!asar%an $a%ta

ba"wa 82ama-2ya a#akah ada #ernah dikenal selama ertahun-tahun di kalan"an #ara ulama oleh

!eera#a disertations Penasaran diteritkan dalam Memoirs o Royal Academy o Sciences di Paris

9 khususnya den"an san"at 'earned dan uku er"una menulis dalam ahasa Prancis er0udul 6The

Art o Konversi !esi Ditem#a ke !a0a6 dan 6Seni Sot6nin" Cast Iron6 dicetak di Paris :;11 dan akhir-

akhir


17/23

:.ulius Robert on ;a'er

$ulius Roert %on Mayer (*oember 25& 1814 - 20 ;aret 188 a!ala" seorang erman

!o%ter !an $isi%awan !an sala" satu pen!iri termo!inami%a . +ia ter%enal %arena menguap%an pa!a

ta"un 1841 sala" satu pern'ataan asli !ari %onserasi energi atau apa 'ang se%arang !i%enal

sebagai sala" satu ersi pertama !ari "u%um pertama termo!inami%a & 'aitu ba"wa energi !apat

ti!a% !iipta%an atau !i"anur%an. 7a!a ta"un 1842& ;a'er menggambar%an penting proses

%imia se%arang !isebut sebagaio%si!asi sebagai sumber utama energi untu% setiap ma%"lu%

"i!up . 7restasin'a 'ang !iabai%an !an prioritas penemuan setara mekanik #anas ini

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat


18/23


19/23

)arena !ia ti!a% !ianggap serius pa!a saat itu& prestasin'a 'ang !iabai%an !an %re!it

!iberi%an %epa!a ames oule . ;a'er "ampir mela%u%an bunu" !iri setela" ia menemu%an $a%ta

ini. +ia meng"abis%an beberapa wa%tu !i institusi mental untu% puli" !ari ini !an "ilangn'a beberapa

!ari ana%-ana%n'a. eberapa !ari %ar'a-%ar'a 'ang !iterbit%an %arena si$at mau !ari $isi%a !an

%imia. #a !ianugera"i gelar !o%tor %e"ormatan pa!a ta"un 185 ole" $a%ultas $ilsa$at !i @niersitas

Vbingen . )ar'an'a !iabai%an !i"i!up%an %embali pa!a ta"un 1862 ole" sesama $isi%awan o"n

'n!all !alam sebua" erama" !i =on!on Ro'al #nstitution. 7a!a bulan uli 186& ;a'er menerbit%an

+ie ;e"ani% !er WNrme. 7ubli%asi ini !itangani !engan me%anisme panas !an gera%ann'a. 7a!a

bulan *oember 186& ;a'er !ianugera"i bangsawan priba!i (on ;a'er 'ang setara erman gelar

%ebangsawanan #nggris. ulius Robert on ;a'er meninggal %arena 9 pa!a tanggal 20 ;aret

ta"un 188 !i erman.

empat ;a'er !alam seara" $isi%a

;a'er a!ala" orang pertama 'ang men'ata%an "u%um %onserasi energi& sala" satu prinsippaling !asar $isi%a mo!ern. Hu%um %onserasi energi 'ang men'ata%an ba"wa total energi me%ani%

!ari suatu sistem tetap %onstan !alam setiap sistem 'ang terisolasi !ari obe% 'ang berintera%si satu

sama lain "an'a !engan ara %e%uatan 'ang %onserati$ .

@pa'a pertama ;a'er !i men'ata%an %onserasi energi a!ala" %ertas 'ang !i%irim %e o"ann

9"ristian 7oggen!or$$ /s Annalen der Physik & !i mana ia men!alil%an %onserasi !a'a

( )rhaltun"ssat+ der Krat . *amun& %arena %urangn'a ;a'er pelati"an lanutan !alam $isi%a & itu

berisi beberapa %esala"an men!asar !an ti!a% !ipubli%asi%an. ;a'er terus mengear i!e taba" !an

ber!ebat !enganVbingen pro$esor $isi%a o"ann Cottlieb *rremberg & 'ang menola%

n'a "ipotesis . *rremberg itu& bagaimanapun& memberi%an ;a'er seumla" saran 'ang ber"arga

tentang bagaimana i!e bisa !iperi%sa seara e%sperimental& misaln'a& i%a energi %ineti% beruba"

mena!i energi panas& air "arus "angat ole" getaran .

;a'er ti!a% "an'a !ila%u%an !emonstrasi ini& tetapi !itentu%an pula $a%tor %uantitati$

trans$ormasi& meng"itung setara me%ani% panas.Hasil inestigasi !iterbit%an 1842 !alam e!isi

;ei ustus on =iebig /s Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie . +alam bu%un'a Die ?r"anische

!e*e"un" im @usammenhan" mit dem Sto*echsel ( Gerakan ?r"anik dalam Ran"ka Metaolisme

terseut & 1845 ia !itentu%an nilai numeri% 'ang setara me%ani% panasK pa!a awaln'a sebagai

65 %g$ m G %%al& %emu!ian sebagai 425 %g$ m G %%al& nilai-nilai mo!ern 4&184 % G %%al (426&6 %g$

m G %%al untu% %alori termo%imia !an 4&1868 % G %%al (426& %g$ m G %%al untu% tabel %alori uap

internasional.

Hubungan ini menunu%%an ba"wa& mes%ipun pe%eraan !an panas a!ala" bentu% energi

'ang berbe!a& mere%a !apat beruba" mena!i satu sama lain. Hu%um ini !isebut "u%um pertama

!ari teori %alori !an men'ebab%an perumusan prinsip umum %onserasi energi & !e$initi$ !in'ata%an

ole" Hermann on Helm"olt ta"un 184.

Huun&an Mayer

;a'er berasal "ubungan antara panas spesi$i% pa!a te%anan %onstan !an panas spesi$i%

pa!a olume %onstan untu% gas i!eal. Relasi a!ala"K

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Physikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_N%C3%B6rremberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Chemie_und_Pharmaciehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Chemie_und_Pharmaciehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Chemie_und_Pharmaciehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Physikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_N%C3%B6rremberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Chemie_und_Pharmaciehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz


20/23

&

!i mana C P, m a!ala" panas spesi$i% %onstan te%anan & C =, m a!ala" panas spesi$i%

%onstan Folume !an R a!ala" %onstanta gas .

Hal ini uga !apat !in'ata%an sebagaiK

(=i"at Hubungan antara %apasitas panas +imana a!ala" %oe$isien e%spansi termal .

a!ala" isotermal %ompresibilitas K

+ari "ubungan ini& beberapa %esimpulan !apat !ibuatK

• Sea%& om %ompresibilitas isotermal a!ala" positi$ untu% semua ta"apan !an %ua!rat

%oe$isien e%spansi termal a!ala" %uantitas atau nol positi$& panas spesi$i% pa!a te%anan %onstan-

selalu lebi" besar !ari atau sama !engan panas spesi$i% %onstan-olume.

X

• Sebagai su"u mutla% !ari sistem men!e%ati nol& perbe!aan antara 9 7& m !an 9 F& m uga

men!e%ati nol.

• @ntu% mampat at& 9 7& m !an 9 F& m a!ala" i!enti%. uga untu% at 'ang "ampir inompresible&

seperti pa!atan !an airan& perbe!aan antara !ua spesi$i% memanas !iabai%an.)emu!ian "i!up

$ntuk sen"keta #rioritas den"an 3oule, lihat artikel utama setara mekanik #anas4 Prioritas

;a'er men'a!ari pentingn'a penemuan& tapi %eti!a%mampuann'a untu% menge%spresi%an

!irin'a seara ilmia" menimbul%an spe%ulasi meren!a"%an !an resistensi !ari ber!irin'a

ilmia". 3isi%awan %ontemporer menola% prinsip tentang %onserasi energi& !an ba"%an $isi%awan

ter%enal Hermann on Helm"olt !an ames 7resott oule meli"at i!e-i!en'a !engan

permusu"an. ;antan meragu%an %uali$i%asi ;a'er !alam pertan'aan $isi%& !an perselisi"an pa"it atas

prioritas !i%embang%an !engan %e!ua.

7a!a ta"un 1848 !ua orang ana%n'a meninggal !engan epat berturut-turut& !an

;a'er %ese"atan mental memburu%. +ia menoba bunu" !iri pa!a 18 ;ei 1850 !an ber%omitmen

untu% ruma" sa%it iwa. Setela" !ia !ibebas%an& !ia a!ala" orang 'ang rusa% !an "an'a ta%ut-ta%ut

%embali memasu%i %e"i!upan publi% pa!a ta"un 1860. *amun& sementara itu& %etenaran ilmia"n'a

tela" tumbu" !an ia menerima peng"argaan a%"ir prestasin'a& mes%ipun mung%in pa!a ta"ap !i

mana ia ti!a% lagi bisa meni%matin'a.

+ia terus be%era %eras sebagai !o%ter sampai %ematiann'a.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_heat_capacitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompressiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat#Priorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_heat_capacitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompressiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat#Priorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health


21/23

7eng"argaan

• 1840 ulius on ;a'er menerima Salib )satria !ari r!e 9rown (WVrttemberg .

• 186 ;a'er menerima #ri> Poncelet .

• "e Roert-Mayer-Gymnasium !an Roert-Mayer-=olks-und

Schulstern*arte !i Heilbronn menanggung nama-*'a.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_ahrenheit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren!C"!A#_Antoine_er$hault_de_R

!C"!A#aumur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ulius_&on_'a(er

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncelet_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncelet_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer


22/23

TUGAS SEJARAH FISIKA

TOKOH DAN PENEMUAN

SUHU DAN KALOR

OLEH: HERMAWAN (103184071)


23/23

• JHELANG ANNOVASHO (103184026)

PENDIDIKAN FISIKAFAKULAS MAEMAIKA DAN ILMU PENGEAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSIAS NEGERI SURA!A"A2013

s fisika thermo

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