ryegrasses: do they have a place in kentucky? ray smith and gene olson forage extension specialist...
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Ryegrasses: Do they have a place in
Kentucky?
Ray Smith and Gene Olson
Forage Extension Specialist
Forage Variety Testing Coordinator
University of Kentucky
Lync Session
April 11, 2013
Annual Ryegrass vs. Tall fescue Seasonal Growth
Annual Ryegrass– An easy to establish annual cool season grass– Fits into overseeding programs like cereal rye,
but provides higher quality and quicker regrowth. Less fall growth than rye.
– Tolerates heavy grazing
– Probably the most widely planted annual forage grass in the U.S.
–Use winter hardy varieties– Sometimes used to add production to weakened
cool season grass pastures
Photo taken: January 2013
Feast II
Gulf
Annual Ryegrass Varieties
Photo taken: March 15th 2013
Feast IIGulf
Annual Ryegrass Varieties
Photo taken: April 5th 2013
Feast II
Gulf
Annual Ryegrass Varieties
Annual Ryegrass (sometimes called Westerwolds ryegrass)
Rapid establishment with high seasonal productivity during the year of planting. It is a true annual species and produces seedheads during the year of planting.
Commonly used to overseed warm season grass pastures across the southern U.S. in the fall.
The most commonly used type in Kentucky is Italian ryegrass. The other is sometimes referred to as Westerwolds ryegrass. The Westerwolds type is a true annual, in that stands seeded in the spring produce seedheads that summer, and little regrowth occurs after seedheads are produced. Westerwolds ryegrass varieties are commonly used in the lower South (Florida to Texas) because they can be seeded in the fall and will survive the winter. In Kentucky, winter survival can be an issue for Westerwolds varieties, so before planting one of these varieties, review winter survival results for Kentucky.
Italian Ryegrass
Stand survival for up to two years. Provide high yields of quality forage, show quick regrowth, early spring growth, and late fall growth. Require longer rest periods than perennial ryegrass for maximum production.
Do not produce seedheads during the year they are seeded.
Annual RyegrassVariety Testing Program(Gene Olson)
•Planting•Fertility•Ratings•Harvest timing
Summary of KY Annual ryegrass 1999-2012
Hay, Baleage, Grazing
Overseeding Winter Feeding Areas
Spring Seeding Italian Ryegrass for Grazing
Weed Issues
Perennial Ryegrass
2008 2009 2010Variety May 16 May 14 Apr 28 Apr 7 Nov 22BG34 9.0 7.8 6.9 92 55Power 8.3 8.0 7.3 92 32Granddaddy 8.8 6.3 7.3 88 16Quartet 8.8 8.0 7.5 20 11
Table 8. Seedling vigor, grazing preference and stand persistence of perennial ryegrass and festulolium (FL) varieties sown September 5, 2007 in a cattle grazing
tolerance study at Lexington, Kentucky.
Grazing Preference Percent Stand
2010
PR-617 – 2010 Cool-season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
Festulolium• Cross between meadow fescue and
perennial ryegrass or Italian ryegrass
• High palatability
• Similar yield to Tall Fescue (at least first two years)
• Out yields perennial ryegrass
• Usually more winterhardy than perennial ryegrass
Festalolium
RyeAdvantages• Most tolerant to cold, poor soils, drought
and grazing of any small grain• High yielding and good quality (if cut early)• Most productive small grain for pasture• Good fall and spring grazing (better fall
pasture than wheat)• Abruzzi types have faster regrowth and
more forage yield than grain types. Especially good for pasture.
RyeDisadvantages• Quality drops rapidly after flowering• Can have lodging problems if not cut early• Quickly becomes stemmy and unpalatable in
late spring
Forage Yield (tons/acre)
Wisconsin Kentucky
Orchardgrass 4.4 – 8.0 2.4 – 6.2Perennial ryegrass 2.7 – 7.8 2.4 – 5.4Italian ryegrass 1.7 – 10.8 1.0 – 4.9Reed canarygrass 6.3 – 6.9 ---Smooth bromegrass 4.4 – 7.7 3.0 – 4.1Meadow bromegrass 4.9 – 7.5 3.2 – 4.4Tall fescue 5.5 – 7.9 3.1 – 8.3Festulolium 3.5 – 5.0 3.0 – 5.8Meadow fescue 3.8 – 6.7 ---Timothy 3.9 – 6.7 2.0 – 6.0
WheatAdvantages
• Pasture, hay or silage (grain after pasture)
• Very winterhardy, later sowing than barley
• Withstand wetter soils than barley and oats
• Higher quality than oat, rye and triticale when cut for hay or silage
• 6-10 tons/acre at 65% moisture
WheatDisadvantages• Early planting for fall grazing can lead to
Hessian fly and wheat streak mosaic damage• Semi-dwarf varieties for grain have lower
forage yields• Awns (length and roughness varies between
varieties)• Severe yield reduction under poor soil
conditions
Triticale Advantages and Disadvantages• Cross between rye and wheat so advantages
of both (newer varieties clearly improvements)
• Good choice for silage• Higher yielding than wheat, but lower
quality• Better quality than rye, but not as stress
tolerant• Certain varieties susceptible to winterkill
and lodging
Winter Oats Advantages and Disadvantages• High yields of good quality forage• Best forage for companion cropping• Least winterhardy small grain• Late maturity of most varieties reduces double
cropping opportunities• Not as tolerant to drought or waterlogging as wheat
or rye• Require good soil conditions for best performance
Fertility• Correct pH (rye will tolerant the lowest pH,
but adequate liming will improve production)
• 30 lb/acre at seeding followed by 30-60 lbs topdressed in Feb/early March
• Annual ryegrass – another application of 30-60 lbs in late April/early May
• P and K to soil test recommendations. P is especially important for rapid early growth.
Grazing Small Grains• Rye most popular for grazing, but all small
grains are good pasture crops when properly managed
• In KY August 1 seeding of rye, oats and triticale yielded 1.3, 1.4 and 1.4 ton/DM/acre on Sept. 30
• Grazing can reduce grain yields from 25 to 79%, but yield increases have been reported in Kansas, Texas, Okalahoma, Indiana, New Jersey and Argentina (likely due to increased tillering)
When to Graze and When to Stop Grazing• Make sure plants well established (6 to 8
inches in height), usually 6 to 8 weeks though not uncommon to graze rye as early as 4 weeks after planting
• Rotational grazing improves recovery and forage yield
• For grain production or for maximum hay and silage production, essential to stop grazing when internode elongation begins (hollow stem growth stage)
When to Stop Grazing
Wheat for Pasture, Oklahoma Statehttp://agweb.okstate,edu/pearl/plantsoil/crops /grains.html
Questions?
Small Grains for SilageAdvantages• Often more dependable yields than corn • Highest quality at boot or early head emergence,
but adequate quality at soft dough with the exception of rye
• Improved quality and yield over hay• Allows better utilization of silage storage space• Ensiling reduced palatability problems due to rough
awned varieties and 40 to 60% reduction in nitrate level vs. pasture or hay
Small Grains for Hay• Yield often 2-4 tons/DM/acre
• Quality best at late boot, especially for rye, but often wait till early milk as a compromise between yield and quality
• Watch for nitrate accumulation following drought, hailstorms or late frosts especially with oats
• Cutting, handling and baling recommendations similar to all hay crops