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Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
Towards Achieving A
Sustainable Community-led
Rural Water Supply
Management Model in
Zambia: Strides or Rhetoric
Sankwe Michael Kambole
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
1: Introduction
• 60% of population live in rural areas
• In 2005, 37% had access to safe water
supply; 41.9% in 2006 and 51.4% in 2010
• Driver was sector-wide reforms initiated
mid 1990’s new institutions and legal
frameworks
• NRWSSP elaborated and developed in
2005 guiding all interventions and
investments in WSS in rural areas
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
1: Introduction
• NRWSSP O&M component designed to
endure 70-80% water supply working all
time
• SOMAP as O&M core approach adopted
• Two aspects of adopted reform critical to
strengthening community-based mgmt.:
→Promoting community mgmt. and integrating
hygiene education in WSS;
→Human resource capacity development and
WASHE training in rural areas
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
2.Objectives
• Primary objective: Measure impacts made
by RWSS interventions and investments
• Secondary objective: Assess functionality
of community-based mgmt. structures of
RWSS
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
3: Context • RWSS from two projects assessed, i.e.
Central Province RWSS (2000-2007) and
NRWSSP (2010-2015)
• A total of 3,477 water points provided for in
CPRWSSP and 2,653 water points
planned under NRWSSP
• Breakdown for NRWSSP: 777
rehabilitations and 1,876 new water points
• BUT only 1,847 new water points
constructed and 1,847 V-WASHE
Committees established
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
4. Methodology
• Household questionnaires; FGD and
Interviews of Key Informants used
• Data collected from four districts (Kapiri
Mposhi and Serenje – CPRWSSP;
Samfwa and Kasama – NRWSSP)
• 300 HHQ each administered in Kapiri
Mposhi and Kasama, and 200 HHQ each
administered in Serenje and Samfya
• Stratified systematic sampling employed
for primary data collection
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
5. Results and Analysis
Uses
Water source types (percent)
Kapiri Mposhi and Serenje districts Samfya and Kasama districts
Borehole Protected well Unprotected
well
Surface
waterbodies Borehole Protected well
Unprotected
well
Surface
waterbodies
Drinking 80.6 5.2 10.0 4.2 68.5 16.5 6.8 8.5
Cooking 80.4 5.0 10.6 4.0 68.5 16.5 6.8 8.5
Bathing 79.6 5.4 10.8 4.2 73.1 13.8 5.4 7.7
Washing
clothes 79.6 5.8 10.4 4.2
74.6 13.1 4.6 7.7
Washing
utensils 79.6 5.4 10.8 4.2
74.6 13.1 4.6 7.7
• BH was primary source of drinking water
supply
→Effective O&M fundamental for continued
operations of BHs
→Common for community using multiple
sources of water supply
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
5. Results and Analysis • Multiple water points abandoned by
communities
• 61.2% abandoned between 1 and 4 water
supply sources while 38.4% had none
abandoned
Reason
Kapiri Mposhi and Serenje districts Samfya and Kasama districts
Frequency Valid per cent Frequency Valid per cent
Dried up water points 74 26.4 11 3.6
Declining groundwater levels 6 2.1 - -
Long distances to water points 3 1.1 112 36.4
Restricted access; borehole personalised 7 2.5 1 0.3
Poor water quality; i.e. rusty, dirty water 36 12.9 31 10.1
Water points broken down and not functioning 154 55.0 144 46.8
Failure to contribute towards O&M - - 1 0.3
Protected well collapsed - - 8 2.6
Total 280 100.0 308 100.0
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
5. Results and Analysis →Broken down hand pumps pointed to the lack
of maintenance A function of area pump
menders (APMs)
→APMs absent in majority of communities in all
the four districts assessed
• Only 31% in Samfya and Kasama districts
had active and dedicated APMs; and
30.8% in Kapiri Mposhi and Serenje
districts
• Only 9% contributed regularly towards
maintenance of water point in Samfya and
Kasama; and 8.1% in Kapiri and Serenje
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
7. Discussion • Absence of effective system at community
level supporting O&M As and when a
pump breaks down versus HH regular
monthly contributions
• Non-responsive and weak link between V-
WASHE and D-WASHE APMs ability to
manipulate the system with impunity
• Community as ‘means’ for smooth
programme implementation and not as
‘equal partners’ Absence of post project
implementation community mobilization
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
7. Discussion • High iron as the main cause of poor quality
of BH water High corrosive environment
versus naturally rich iron groundwater
• Establishing quality of groundwater prior to
completing BH installation Equal
weighted priority with establishing
functional community-led system
• Water quality data to inform technical
decision A usable water point versus a
unusable water point????
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
9. Lessons Learned • Nurturing V-WASHEs needs time
• Software key to community-led RWSS
• Full community participation key
• Groundwater quality vital input to good
borehole
• D-WASHEs oversight of V-WASHEs
vital in improved management of RWSS
• Linking V-WASHEs into already
established community-led initiatives
particularly in health sector is vital
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
9. Conclusion • Adequate investment a must for effective
community-led management structures --
time and training
• Adequate time essential for software
implementation in RWSS projects
• Effective D-WASHEs leads to effective V-
WASHEs – building strong community-led
management structures are a continuous
process
• Technologies to be responsive to local
environments
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
Thank You
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)
Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)