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†Lvqv bv hvq| Zvi DrmvnB me‡P‡q ‡ewk| G‡K G‡K Mvwo¸‡jv †Q‡o w`‡j, Avgvi MvwoUvI Pj‡Z ïiy Ki‡j| †÷kb `~‡i bq, †mLv‡b †cuŠ‡Q bvg‡Z wM‡q †`wL AwZw_ uvwo‡q| Kx‡i, GLv‡bI G‡mwQm? †m j¨vR †b‡o Zvi Reve w`‡j,- wK Rvwb gv‡b Zvi Kx! wUwKU †Kbv n‡jv, gvjcÎ †Zvjv n‡jv, †Uªb Qvo‡Z Avi GK wgwbU †`wi| m‡½ hviv Zz‡j w`‡Z G‡mwQj Zviv eKwkk †c‡j mevB, †cj bv †Kej AwZw_| Mig evZv‡m ay‡jv Dwo‡q mvg‡bUv Av”Qbœ K‡i‡Q, hvevi Av‡M ZviB ga¨ w`‡q Svcmv †`L‡Z †cjvgÑ†÷k‡bi dU‡Ki evB‡i `vuwo‡q GK „‡ó †P‡q Av‡Q AwZw_| †Uªb †Q‡o w`‡j, evwo wd‡i hvevi AvMÖn g‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv_vI Lyu‡R †cjvg bv| nqZ, Ii †P‡q Zz”Q Rxe kn‡i Avi †bB! †KejB g‡b n‡Z jvMj, AwZw_ AvR wd‡i wM‡q †`L‡e evwoi †jvnvi †MU eÜ,- †XvKevi †Rv †bB! c‡_ uvwo‡q w`b- yB Zvi KvU‡e, nqZ wb¯Zä ga¨v‡ýi †Kvb dvu‡K jywK‡q Dc‡i D‡V Lyu‡R †`L‡e Avgvi NiUv| kãv_© I UxKv fRb - Ck¦i ev †è‡èxi ¯ZzwZ ev gwngvKxZ©b| cÖv_©bvg ~jK Mvb| †`vi - `yqvi ev ìRv| evwoi dUK| KzÄ - jZvcvZvq Av”Qvw`Z e„ËvKvi ¯’vb, Dceb| †ewi‡ewi - †kv_ RvZxq †ivM, hv‡Z nvZ-cv dz‡j hvq| Avmvwg - G kãwU w`‡q mvaviYZ Av`vj‡Z †Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai `v‡q Awfhy³ e¨w³‡ì †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|

wKš‘ GLv‡b †ivMvµvšZ‡ì †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cvÊyi - d¨vKv‡k| gvwj - gvjv iPbvKvix, gvjvKi| †eZ‡bi wewbg‡q evMv‡bi Kv‡R wbhy³ e¨w³| gvwjbx - gvwji ¯Îx|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ G Mí cv‡Vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©xiv gvb‡eZi cÖvYxi cÖwZ wbôziZv cwinvi K‡i mnvbyf ~wZwki n‡e| cvV-cwiwPwZ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ô†ÌN‡ii ¯§„wZÕ MíwUi bvg cv‡ë Ges Clr cwigvR©bv K‡i GLv‡b ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕ wn‡m‡e msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvb‡eZi GKwU cÖvYxi m‡½ GKwU Amy ’ gvby‡li K‡qKw`‡bi cwiP‡qi g‡a¨ w`‡q M‡o DVv GKwU gg‡Z¡i m¤cK©B G M‡íi welq| †jLK †`wL‡q‡Qb gvby‡l-gvby‡l †hgb †mœn-cÖxwZi m¤cK© Ab¨ Rx‡ei m‡½I gvby‡li †Zgb m¤cK© M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †mB m¤cK© ¯’vqxiƒc †c‡Z evavMÖ ’ nq bvbv cÖwZKzjZvi Kvi‡Y| Avevi GB m¤c‡K©i m ~Î a‡i GKwU gvbyl IB Rx‡ei cÖwZ hLb ggZvq wm³ nq ZLb Ab¨ gvby‡li AvPiY n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i wbg©g| m¤c‡K©i GB wewPÎ iƒcB Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q G M‡í| †jLK cwiwPwZ kirP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1876 mv‡j cwðge‡½i ûMwj †Rjvi †èvb›`cyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆK‡kvi I †hŠe‡bi AwaKvsk mgq AwZevwnZ nq fvMjcy‡i, gvZzjvj‡q| `vwi‡ ªï Kvi‡Y K‡jR wk¶v Amgvß _v‡K| fvM¨v‡š^l‡Y †i½yb Mgb I †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbKv‡j (1903-1916) mvwnZ¨ mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| 1907 mv‡j ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvq Ôeow`w`Õ Dcb¨vm cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zuvi mvwnwZ¨K L¨vwZ Qwo‡q c‡o| Gici G‡Ki ci GK MíÑDcb¨vm wj‡L wZwb Ggbfv‡e cvVKü`q Rq K‡ib †h evsjv mvwn‡Zï me‡P‡q RbwcÖq †jL‡K cwiYZ nb| mvaviY evOvwj cvV‡Ki Av‡eM‡K wZwb h_vh_fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : cj−xmgvR, †è`vm, kªxKvšZ (Pvi LÊ), M„n`vn, †`bvcvIbv, c‡_i `vwe, †kl cÖkœ cÖf„wZ| mvwnZ¨cÖwZfvi ¯xK…wZ wn‡m‡e wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K RMËvwiYx ¯Y©c`K I XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wW.wjU Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| 1938 wLªóv‡ãi 16B Rvbyqvwi KjKvZvq|

4 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

Kg©-Abykxjb K. †Zvgvi AwfÁZv †_‡K GKwU ågbKvwnbxi weeiY †jL (†jLK KvR)|

L. ‡Zvgvi wcÖq †Kv‡bv cï ev cwLi †Kvb †Kvb AvPiY †Zvgvi Kv‡Q gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi g‡Zv g‡b nq,

Zvi GKwU eY©bv `vI (GKK KvR)

Abykxjbg~jK KvR eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :

1. evZ e¨vwaMÖ¯’ †ivMxiv KLb N‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i ? K. mÜ¨vi c~‡e© L. mÜ¨vi c‡i M. we‡Kj †ejv N. †Mva~wj †ejv

2. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq wW.wjU Dcvwa †c‡q‡Qb †Kvb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K ? K. XvKv L. KjKvZv M. A·‡dvW© N. †Kw¤^ªR

3. AvwZ‡_ï gh©v`v j•Nb ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

i. †Kv‡bv wZw_ bv †g‡b Kv‡ivi AvMgb‡K

ii. gvÎvwZwi³ mgq AvwZ‡_qZv MÖnY Kiv‡K

iii. AevwÃZfv‡e †Kv‡bv AwZw_i AwaK mgq Ae¯’vb‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i L. i I ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : evev-gvi Av`‡ii yB †Q‡j Kve¨ I M`¨ Gevi K¬vm Uz †Z c‡o| I‡ì evev GKw`b †QvÆ GKwU LuvPvq GKwU gqbv cvwL wK‡b I‡ì Dcnvi †`q| †mB †_‡K mviv¶Y yB fvB cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i cvwLwU‡K Lvevi †Ìqv, cvwb †Ìqv, K_v ejv Avi K_v †kLv‡bvi AvcÖvY †Póv Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ GKw`b mKv‡j †`‡L- Bu yi G‡m iv‡Z cvwLUv‡K †g‡i †d‡j‡Q| †mB †_‡K †h Zv‡ì A‡Svi avivq Kvbœv, †KD Avi _vgv‡ZB cv‡i bv| AvR †mB gqbvi K_v g‡b n‡jI Iiv †Ku‡` I‡V| 4. DÏxc‡K ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕÑ M‡íi †h fve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv-

i. cï-cvwLi mv‡_ gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK m¤cK©

ii. cï-cvwLi mv‡_ gvby‡li †mœnc~Y© m¤cK©

iii. fv‡jvevmvq wm³ cïÑcvwLi we‡”Q` †e`bvq KvZiZv

AwZw_i ¯§„wZ 5 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

5. D³ mv „k¨c~Y© fvewU wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ? K. evwo wd‡i hvevi AvMÖn g‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv_vI Lyu‡R †cjvg bv| L. AvwZ‡_ï gh©v`v j•Nb K‡i †m Aviv‡g wbwðšZ n‡q e‡m Av‡Q| M. AZGe Avgvi AwZw_ K‡i Dcevm N. AvR ZzB †L‡q hvwe, bv †L‡q hvm‡b eySwj|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : 1. g‡nk| `wi ª eM©vPvwl Mdz‡ii AwZ Av`‡ii GKgvÎ luvo| wKš‘ `vwi‡ ªï Kvi‡Y I‡K wVKgZ Lo-wePzwj

†L‡Z w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Rwg`v‡ii Kv‡Q mvgvb¨ Lo avi †P‡qI cvq bv| wb‡R bv †L‡q _vK‡jI Mdz‡ii ytL †bB| wKš‘ g‡nk‡K Lvevi w`‡Z bv †c‡i Zvi eyK †d‡U hvq| †m g‡n‡ki Mjv Rwo‡q a‡i Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z e‡jÑg‡nk, ZzB Avgvi †Q‡j| ZzB Avgv‡ì AvU mb cÖwZcvjb K‡i ey‡ov n‡qwQm| †Zv‡K Avwg †cU cy‡i †L‡Z w`‡Z cvwi‡b, wKš‘ ZzB †Zv Rvwbm Avwg †Zv‡K KZ fv‡jvevwm| g‡nk cÖZz¨Ë‡i Mjv evwo‡q Aviv‡g †PvL ey‡R _v‡K|

K. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq †ÌN‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb †Kb ? L. ÔAwZw_ wKQz‡Z wfZ‡i †XvKvi fimv †cjbvÕ †Kb ?

M. DÏxc‡K g‡n‡ki cÖwZ Mdz‡ii AvPi‡Y ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕ M‡íi †h w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki Mdz‡ii mv‡_ †jL‡Ki †PZbvMZ wgj _vK‡jI †c¶vcU wfbœÑAwZw_i ¯§„wZ M‡íi Av‡jv‡K

gšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv wePvi Ki| 2. †kicy‡ii bvBgywÏb cÖvq 10 eQi a‡i Zvi †cvlvnvwZ, ÔKvjvcvnvo‡KÕ w`‡q jvKwo Uvbv, Pvl Kiv, mvK©vm

†`Lv‡bv BZ¨vw` KvR K‡i AvmwQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡Y nvwZi †LvivK †RvMvo Ki‡Z bv †c‡i GKw`b †m Kvjvcvnvo‡K wewµ K‡i w`‡jv| †µZv Kvjvcvnvo‡K wb‡Z G‡m Ii cv‡q evav iwk a‡i nvRvi UvbvUvwb K‡i GKPzjI bvov‡Z cvij bv| Kvjvcvnv‡oi y‡PvL †e‡q ïay UcUc K‡i Rj Mwo‡q co‡Q| ciw`b L‡Ïi AviI †ewk †jvKRb mv‡_ K‡i G‡m Kvjvcvnvo‡K wb‡q hv‡e e‡j P‡j hvq| wKš‘ †fvi‡ejv bvBgywÏb †`‡LÑ Kvjvcvnvo g‡i c‡o Av‡Q| nvDgvD K‡i †m wPrKvi K‡i Avi e‡jÑ ÔI‡i Avgvi Kvjvcvnvo, Awfgvb K‡i ZzB P‡j †MwjÕ|

K. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K †Kvb c`K jvf K‡ib ? L. †jLK †ÌNi †_‡K we`vq wb‡Z bvbv ARynv‡Z w`b yB †`wi Ki‡jb †Kb ? M. Kvjvcvnv‡oi AvPi‡Y ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕ M‡íi †h w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI| N. DÏxc‡Ki bvBgywÏ‡bi Abyf~wZ Avi ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕ M‡íi †jL‡Ki Abyf~wZ GKB avivq DrmvwiZ e‡j

Zzwg g‡b Ki wK ? †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

evOvwji evsjv KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg

evOvwj †hw`b HKë× n‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eÑ ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ †mw`b Zviv Amva¨ mvab Ki‡e| evOvwji g‡Zv Ávb-kw³ I †cÖg-kw³ (†eªb †m›Uvi I nvU© †m›Uvi) Gwkqvq †Kb, eywS c„w_ex‡Z †Kv‡bv RvwZi †bB| wKš‘ Kg©Ñkw³ G‡Kev‡i †bB e‡jB Zv‡ì GB wè¨kw³ Zgmv”Qbœ n‡q Av‡Q| Zv‡ì Kg©-wegyLZv, RoZ¡, g„Zz¨fq, Avjm¨, Z› ªv, wb`ªv, eëmv-evwY‡R¨ Awb”Qvi KviY| Zviv ZvgwmKZvq Av”Qbœ n‡q †PZbv-kw³‡K nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q| GB Zg, GB wZwgi, GB RoZ¡B Awe`¨v| Awe`¨v †Kej AÜKvi c‡_ åvwšZi c‡_ wb‡q hvq; wè¨kw³‡K wb‡¯ZR, g„ZcÖvq K‡i iv‡L| hviv hZ mvwË¡K fvevcbœ, GB Awe`¨v Zv‡ìB ZZ evav †`q weNœ Av‡b| GB RoZv gvbe‡K g„Zzï c‡_ wb‡q hvq| wKQz‡ZB Ag„‡Zi cv‡b Avb‡›ì c‡_ †h‡Z †`q bv| GB Zg‡K kvmb Ki‡Z cv‡i GKgvÎ i‡Rv¸Y, A_©vr ¶vÎ-kw³| GB ¶vÎkw³‡K bv RvMv‡j gvby‡li gv‡S †h wek¦-weRqx eªþkw³ Av‡Q Zv Zv‡K

Zg¸‡Yi bi‡K †U‡b G‡b cÖvq msnvi K‡i †d‡j| evOvwj AvRb¥ wè¨kw³m¤cbœ| Zv‡ì ¶vÎkw³ RvM‡jv bv e‡j wè¨kw³ †Kvb Kv‡R jvM‡jv bvÑevOvwji P› ªbv‡_i Av‡MœqwMwi AwMœ D`wMiY Ki‡jv bv| GB ¶vÎkw³B wè¨ †ZR| cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡lB wÎ¸Yvwš^Z| mË¡, iR I Zg GB wZb ¸Y| mË¡ Y, Hkxkw³ A_©vr mrkw³ me© Amr kw³‡K civwRZ K‡i c~Y©Zvi c‡_ wb‡q hvq| GB mË¡ ‡Yi cÖavb kÎy Z‡gv¸Y‡K cÖej ¶vÎkw³ `gb K‡i| A_©vr, Avjm¨, Kg©-wegyLZv, c½yZ¡ Avm‡Z †`q bv| †`n I gb‡K Kg©my›ì K‡i| Rxebkw³‡K wPi-RvMÖZ iv‡L, †hŠeb‡K wbZ¨ †ZR-cÖ xß K‡i iv‡L| ˆbivk¨, Awek¦vm, Riv I ˆK¬e¨‡K Avm‡Z †`q bv| evOvwji gw¯Z®‹ I ü`q eªþgq wKš‘ †`n I gb cvlvYgq| Kv‡RB GB evsjvi AšZ‡i-evwn‡i †h Hk¦h© cig `vZv Avgv‡ì w`‡q‡Qb, Avgiv Zv‡K Ae‡njv K‡i F‡Y, e¨vwa‡Z, Afv‡e, ˆ`‡b¨, `y`©kvq Rwo‡q c‡owQ| evsjvi wkq‡i cÖnixi g‡Zv †R‡M Av‡Q c„w_exi †kªôZg wMwi wngvjq| GB wngvj‡q c„w_exi †kªô gywb-FwlÑ†hvMxiv mvabv K‡i‡Qb| GB wngvjq‡K Zuviv me© ˆè-kw³i jxjv-wb‡KZb e‡j‡Qb| GB wngvj‡qi Mfxi ü`-¸nvi AbšZ †mœnaviv evsjvi kZ kZ b`-b`x iƒ‡c Avgv‡ì gv‡VÑNv‡U S‡i c‡o‡Q| evsjvi m~h© AwZ Zxeª `n‡b `vnb K‡i bv| evsjvi Puv` wbZ¨ wmœ»| evsjvi AvKvk wbZ¨ cÖmbœ, evsjv evqy‡Z wPiemšZ I ki‡Zi wbZ¨ gvayh© I kªx| evsjvi Rj wbZ¨ÑcÖvPz‡h© I ï×Zvq c~Y©| evsjvi gvwU wbZ¨-De©i| GB gvwU‡Z wbZ¨ †mvbv d‡j| GZ avb Avi †Kv‡bv †`‡k d‡j bv| cvU ïay GKv evsjvi| GZ dzj, GZ cvwL, GZ Mvb, GZ myi, GZ KzÄ, GZ Qvqv, GZ gvqv Avi †Kv_vI †bB| GZ Avb›`, GZ û‡j−vo, AvZ¥xqZv‡eva c„w_exi Avi †Kv_vI †bB| GZ ag©‡evaÑAvj−vn, fMev‡bi Dcvmbv, Dcevm-Drme c„w_exi Avi †Kv_vI †bB| evsjvi Kqjv AcwigvY, Zv KLbI dziv‡e bv| evsjvi myeY©-‡iLvi evwj‡Z cvwb‡Z ¯Y©‡iYy| evsjvi Afve †Kv_vq? evsjvi gv‡V gv‡V †aby, QvM, gwnl| b`x‡Z

ev½vwji evsjv 7 wS‡j we‡j cyKz‡i †Wvevq cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwaK gvQ| Avgv‡ì gvZ…f ~wg c„w_exi ¯^M©, evOvwji evsjv wbZ¨ m‰e©k¦h©gqx| Avgv‡ì Afve †Kv_vq? AwZ cÖvPzh© Avgv‡ì wejvmx, †fvMx K‡i †k‡l Ajm, Kg©-wegyL RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì gvQ avb cvU, Avgv‡ì Hk¦h© kZ we‡`wk jy‡U wb‡q hvq, Avgiv Zvi cÖwZev` †Zv Kwi bv, Dj‡Uv Zv‡ì `vmZ¡ Kwi; G jyÉ‡b Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ Kwi| evOvwj ïay jvwV w`‡qB †òkZ eQi Av‡MI Zvi ¯vaxbZv‡K A¶zYœI ivL‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Q| AvR evsjvi †Q‡jiv ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ †h AvZ¥`vb K‡i‡Q, †h Amg mvnwmKZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q, BwZnv‡m Zv _vK‡e ¯Y©-†jLvq wjwLZ| evsjv me© Hkxkw³i cxV¯’vb| †n_vq j¶ j¶ †hvMx gywb Fwl Zc¯xi cxV¯’vb, mgvwa; mnmª dwKi-ì‡ek Iwj-MvwRi `M©v cig cweÎ| †n_vq MÖv‡g nq AvRv‡bi mv‡_ k•LNÈvi aŸwb| GLv‡b †h kvmbKZ©v n‡q G‡m‡Q †mB ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| evsjvi AvenvIqvq Av‡Q ¯vaxbZv-g‡šÎi mÄxebx kw³| Avgv‡ì evsjv wbZ¨ gwngvgqx, wbZ¨ my›ì, wbZ¨ cweÎ| AvR Avgv‡ì Avj‡mï, Kg©-wegyLZvi †cŠiy‡li Afv‡eB Avgiv n‡q AvwQ mK‡ji †P‡q `xb| †h evOvwj mviv c„w_exi †jvK‡K w`‡bi ci w`b wbgšÎY K‡i LvIqv‡Z cv‡i ZvivB AvR n‡”Q mK‡ji Øv‡i wfLvwi| hviv N‡ii cv‡k cvnv‡oi ARMi, e‡bi evN wb‡q evm K‡i, Zviv AvR bxie we‡`wki `vmZ¡ K‡i| ï‡b fxlY †µv‡a nvZ gywóe× n‡q I‡V, mviv †`ng‡b Av‡m cÖj‡qi K¤cb, mviv e¶ gš’b K‡i Av‡m AkÖy| hv‡ì gv_vq wbZ¨ wmœ» †gN Qvqv n‡q mÂiY K‡i wd‡i, Hkx Avkxe©v` ARmª m„wóavivq S‡i c‡o, gvqvgq AiY¨ hv‡K †`q wmœ»-kvšZkªx, e‡Rªi we y r †`‡L hviv †b‡P D‡V,- nvq Zviv GB Acgvb GB `vmZ¡ we‡`wk `my ‡ì GB Dc ªe wbh©vZb‡K wK K‡i mn¨ K‡i? Hkx Hk¦h©Ñ hv Avgv‡ì c‡_ Nv‡U gv‡V Qwo‡q c‡o Av‡Q Zv‡K wemR©b K‡i AR©b K‡iwQ GB ˆ`b¨, `vwi ª¨, Afve, jvÃbv| evOvwj ¶vÎkw³‡K Ae‡njv Kij e‡j Zvi GB `yM©wZ Zvi Awfk‡ßi Rxeb| Zvi gv‡Vi avb cvU iwe dmj Zvi †mvbv Zvgv †jvnv KqjvÑ Zvi me© Hk¦h© we‡`wk `my¨ evUcvwo K‡i WvKvwZ K‡i wb‡q hvq, †m e‡m e‡m †`‡L| ej‡Z cv‡i bv G Avgv‡ì fMev‡bi `vb, G Avgv‡ì gvZ…-Hk¦h©| Lei`vi, †h iv¶m G‡K MÖvm Ki‡Z Avm‡e, †h `my G Hk¦h© ¯ck© Ki‡eÑ Zv‡K cÖnv‡iY abÄq w`‡q webvk Kie, msnvi Kie| evOvwj‡K, evOvwji †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K †Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K ïay GB GK gšÎ †kLvI :

GB cweÎ evsjv‡`k evOvwjiÑAvgv‡ì| w`qv cÖnv‡iY abÄq Zvov‡ev Avgiv, Kwi bv fq hZ ci‡`wk `my WvKvZ ivgv‡ì Mvgv‡ì|

evsjv evOvwji †nvK! evsjvi Rq †nvK| evOvwji Rq †nvK|

evsOvwji evsjv 9 cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

mvwn‡Zï e~cixwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ vb I ev½wj RvwZi BwZnvm- HwZn¨ wel‡q m‡PZbv m„wó| cvV-cwiwPwZ

KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖeÜwU ÔbehyMÕ cwÎKvq 1349 e½v‡ãi 3iv êkvL cÖKvwkZ nq| †jLK Zuvi cÖe‡Ü evOvwj RvwZi †mvbvwj AZxZ ¯§iY K‡i e‡j‡Qb : G †`k gywb, Fwl, †hvMx, dwKi, ì‡ek, Awj, MvwR‡ì cxV¯’vb| GLvbKvi gvbyl kZ kZ eQi wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ I ag©‡eva RvMÖZ †i‡L m¤cÖxZgq cwi‡e‡k emevm Ki‡Q| evsjvi gvwU‡Z †mvbvwj dmj d‡j, gaygq Gi cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek| gvby‡l gvby‡l Ggb Mfxi AvZ¥xqZv c„w_exi Avi †Kv_vI †bB| G‡`‡ki †fZi w`‡q AmsL¨ b`x cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b Av‡Q grm¨-m¤c`| f~wgi Mfx‡i Av‡Q cÖPzi Kqjvmn LwbR c`v_©| G Kvi‡Y evi evi we‡`wkiv G‡`k AvµgY K‡i‡Q| G‡`‡ki gvbyl Ávb-kw³ I †cÖg-kw³‡Z c„w_exL¨vZ| wKš‘ Avjm¨ Zv‡ì ye©j K‡i †i‡L‡Q| evOvwjiv †h Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i BwZnv‡m †m mv¶¨ Av‡Q| ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ avivevwnK msMÖv‡g eû evOvwj Av‡Z¥vrmM© K‡i‡Q| GLb Avjm¨ Avi Kg©-wegyLZvi Rb¨ Zviv wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| GB Avjm¨ Avi Kg©-wegyLZv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i evOvwj‡K †R‡M DV‡Z n‡e| we‡`wk †h kw³ evOvwji m¤c` I Hk¦h© Pzwi Ki‡Z Pvq †m kw³‡KI Ki‡Z n‡e cÖwZ‡iva| Z‡eB GB evsjv cÖK…Z A‡_© evOvwji n‡e| evOvwji Rq Aek¨¤¢vex| †jLK-cwiwPwZ KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 1899 wLªóv‡ãi 15 †g (evsjv 1306 mv‡ji 11 ˆR¨ô) ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Pziywjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb we`¨vj‡qi covïbv †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| `kg †kªwYi QvÎ _vKvKv‡j cÖ_g gnvhy× ïiy n‡j wZwb ¯‹zj †Q‡o evOvwj cë‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| hy× †kl n‡j 1919 wLªóv‡ã evOvwj cëb †f‡O †Ìqv nq| bRiyj KjKvZvq wd‡i G‡m mvwnZ¨PP©vq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| G mgq mvßvwnK ÔweRjxÕ cwÎKvq Zuvi Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvwU cÖKvwkZ n‡j Pviw`‡K mybvg Qwo‡q c‡o| Zuvi KweZvq civaxbZv I Ab¨v‡qi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q| AwePvi I †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× wZwb cÖej cÖwZev` K‡ib| GRb¨ Zuv‡K we‡`ªvnx Kwe ejv nq| Zuvi iPbvewj Am¤cÖ vwqK †PZbvi GK D¾¡j „óvšZ| KweZv, msMxZ, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ I Mí-mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvq Avgiv Zuvi cÖwZfvi D¾¡j cwiPq †c‡q _vwK| evsjvq wZwb Bmjvwg Mvb I MRj wj‡L cÖksmv †c‡q‡Qb| wZwb Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi eënv‡i KzkjZv †`wL‡q‡Qb| `yf©vM¨ †h, gvÎ †ZZvwj−k eQi eq‡m wZwb KwVb †iv‡M AvµvšZ nb Ges Zuvi mvwnZ¨mvabvq †Q` N‡U| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j Kwe‡K XvKvq G‡b evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wZwb Avgv‡ì RvZxq Kwe| Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, ÔAwMœexbœvÕ, Ôwe‡li evukxÕ, Ômvgëv`xÕ, Ôme©nvivÕ, ÔwmÜz-wn‡›`vjÕ, ÔPµevKÕ, Ôwi‡³i †e`bÕ BZ¨vw`| Kwe 1976 mv‡ji 29 AvM÷ XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kg©-Abykxjb

K. Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvwU msMÖn K‡i †kªwY-wk¶v_©xiv GKwU Ave„wË cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki (`jxq KvR)| L. Rw½ev` Ki‡Z Kx eyS? Gi ¶wZKi w`Kmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki (GKK KvR) M. iPbvwU‡Z †hme kã †Zvgvi Kv‡Q bZzb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki (GKK KvR) N. evOvwji Amva¨ mvab Kivi BwZnv‡mi †h‡Kvb GKwU Kvwnbx (300 k‡ãi g‡a¨) ‡jL| †hgb :

gyw³hy×, fvlv-Av‡›`vjb BwZnvm (GKK KvR)|

10 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Awe`¨v Kv‡ì Rxe‡b me‡P‡q †ewk evav weNœ Av‡b?

K. mvwË¡K fvevcbœ‡ì L. ¶vÎkw³ fvevcbœ‡ì

M. iR¸Y fvevcbœ‡ì N. eªþkw³ fvevcbœ‡ì

2. ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖeÜwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq †Kvb cwÎKvq?

K. ayg‡KZz L. behyM

M. jvOj N. AvOyi

3. evOvwj ïay jvwV w`‡qB †òkZ eQi Av‡MI Zvi ¯^vaxbZv‡K A¶zbœ ivL‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Q- ej‡Z GLv‡b Kvi K_v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?

K. ¶zwìvg L. m~h©‡mb

M. wZZzgxi N. cÖxwZjZv

DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Zuvi HwZnvwmK 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Y e‡jb, GB evsjvq wn› y-gymjgvb evOvwj-AevOvwj hviv Av‡Q Zviv Avgv‡ì fvB| Zv‡ì i¶vi `vwqZ¡ Avcbv‡ì Ici|

4. DÏxc‡K ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖe‡Üi cÖwZdwjZ fve n‡jvÑ

i. ¯^‡`k †PZbv

ii. Amv¤cÖ vwqK †PZbv

iii. msMÖvgx †PZbv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K. ii L. i I ii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

5. D³ fvewU wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y dz‡U D‡V‡Q?

K. evsjv me© Hkxkw³i cxV¯’vb L. Avgv‡ì evsjv wbZ¨ gwngvgqx

M. GB cweÎ †`k evOvwji N. evsjvi Rq †nvK, evOvwji Rq †nvK

evOvwji evsjv 11 m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1. abavb¨ cy®cfiv Avgv‡`i GB emyÜiv; Zvnvi gv‡S Av‡Q †`k GKÑmKj †`‡ki †miv; I †m ¯^cœ w`‡q ˆZwi †m †`k ¯§„wZ w`‡q †Niv; Ggb †`kwU †Kv_vI Lyu‡R cv‡e bv‡Kv Zzwg, mKj †`‡ki ivwb †m †hÑAvgvi Rb¥f~wg| K. mË¡ ‡Yi cÖavb kÎy †KvbwU? L. Ôevsjv me© Hkxkw³i cxV¯’vbÕÑej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. DÏxcKwU ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖe‡Üi †h w`KwUi mv‡_ mv „k¨c ~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡Ki e³e¨ welq Dc¯’vcbB wK KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi g~j j¶?-ÔevOvwji evsjÕv cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K hyw³ `vI|

2. 1) ÔPj‡Z Iiv Pvqbv gvwUi †Q‡j

gvwUi c‡i PiY †d‡j †d‡j

Av‡Q APj AvmbLvbv †g‡j

†h hvi Avcb D”P euv‡ki gvPvqÕ

2) Awfhv‡bi exi †mbv`j!

R¡vjvI gkvj, Pj Av‡M Pj!

KzPKvIqv‡Ri evRvI gv`j

MvI cÖfv‡Zi Mvb!

K. evsjvi wkq‡i cÖnixi g‡Zv †R‡M Av‡Q †K?

L. Ôevsjv evOvwji †nvKÕÑej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

M. DÏxcK-1 G ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxcK-1 Gi †jvK¸‡jv‡K DÏxcK-2 Gi †jvK¸‡jv‡Z iƒcvšZwiZ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB KvRx bRiyj

Bmjv‡gi B”Qv c~iY n‡eÑÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K gšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki|

c‡o cvIqv wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

Kvj‰ekvLxi mgqUv| Avgv‡ì †Q‡j‡ejvi

K_v| weay, wmay, wbay, wZby, ev`j Ges AviI

A‡b‡K A‡b‡K ycy‡ii weKU Mi‡gi ci b`xi

Nv‡U bvB‡Z wM‡qwQ| †ejv †ewk †bB| weay

Avgv‡ì `‡ji g‡a¨ eq‡m eo| †m nVvr Kvb

Lviv K‡i ej‡j-H †kvb- Avgiv Kvb Lvov

K‡i ïbevi †Póv Kijvg| wKQz ïb‡Z ev

eyS‡Z bv †c‡i ejjvgÑKx †i? weay Avgv‡ì

K_vi DËi w`‡j bv| ZL‡bv Kvb Lvov K‡i

i‡q‡Q| nVvr Avevi †m e‡j DVj-H-H-

‡kvb- AvgivI Gevi ïb‡Z †c‡qwQ- `~i cwðg-AvKv‡k ¶xY ¸o¸o †g‡Ni AvIqvR| wbay Zvw”Q‡jï m‡½ ej‡j-

I wKQz bv-weay agK w`‡q e‡j DVj-wKQz bv gv‡b? ZzB me eywSm wKbv? êkvL gv‡m cwðg w`‡K IiKg †gN WvKvi

gv‡b ZzB wKQz Rvwbm? So DV‡e| GLb R‡j bvge bv| Kvj‰ekvLx| Avgiv mK‡j ZZ¶‡Y eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ I Kx

ej‡Q| Kvj‡ev‡kLxi So gv‡bB Avg Kzov‡bv! evoy‡h¨‡ì gv‡Vi evMv‡b PuvcvZjxi Avg G AÂ‡j weL¨vZ| wgwó

Kx! GB mg‡q cv‡K| So DV‡j Zvi Zjvq wfoI †Zgwb| †h Av‡M wM‡q †cŠQ‡Z cv‡i ZviB Rq| mevB ejjvg-

Z‡e _vK| wKš‘ ZL‡bv †iv` MvQcvjvi gv_vq w`we¨ i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì A‡b‡Ki g‡bi m‡›`n GL‡bv ~i nqwb|

So-e„wói j¶Y †Zv wKQz †`Lv hv‡”Q bv; Z‡e eû yivMZ ¶xY †g‡Ni AvIqvR †kvbv hv‡”Q| IiB ¶xY myÎ a‡i

†evKvi g‡Zv PvcvZjxi Zjvq hvIqv Kx wVK n‡e?

weay Avgv‡ì mKj mskq ` ~i K‡i w`‡j| †hgb †m wPiKvj Avgv‡ì mKj mskq ` ~i K‡i G‡m‡Q| †m Rvwb‡q w`‡j

†h, †m wb‡R GLywb PuvcvZjxi AvgZjvq hv‡”Q, hvi B‡”Q n‡e †m Ii m‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|

Gici Avi Avgv‡ì m‡›`n iBj bv| Avgiv mevB Ii m‡½ Pjjvg|

Aí¶Y c‡iB cÖgvY n‡jv I Avgv‡ì †P‡q KZ weÁ| fxlY So DVj, Kv‡jv †g‡Ni ivwk D‡o Avm‡Z jvMj cwðg

†_‡K| eo eo Mv‡Qi gv_v S‡oi †e‡M jywU‡q jywU‡q co‡Z jvMj, ay‡jv‡Z Pvwiw`K AÜKvi n‡q †Mj, GKUz

c‡iB VvÛv nvIqv eBj, ‡dvUv †dvUv e„wó co‡Z co‡Z Po Po K‡i fxlY ev`‡ji el©v bvgj|

eo eo AvgevMv‡bi Zjv¸wj ZZ¶‡Y ‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡Z c~Y© n‡q wM‡q‡Q| Avg Si‡Q wkjve„wói g‡Zv; cÖ‡Z¨K †Q‡ji

nv‡Z GK GK †evSv Avg| AvgivI h‡_ó Avg Kzoyjvg, Av‡gi fv‡i by‡q cojvg GK GKRb| wfR‡Z wfR‡Z

†KD Ab¨ Zjvq P‡j †Mj, †KD evwo P‡j †Mj Av‡gi †evSv bvwg‡q †i‡L Avm‡Z| Avwg Avi ev`j m‡Üï

AÜKv‡i b`xi av‡ii c_ w`‡q evwo wdiwQ| c‡_ †KD †Kv_vI †bB, †QvU-eo Wvjcvjv c‡o c_ †X‡K wM‡q‡Q;

cvKv †bvbvmy× †bvbvMv‡Qi Wvj †Kv_v †_‡K D‡o G‡m c‡o‡Q, KuvUvIqvjv muvBevejvi Wv‡j c_ fwZ©, KuvUv dzUevi

f‡q Avgiv wWwO‡q c_ PjwQ Ava-AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨|

16 c‡o cvIqv

- meyR wU‡bi|

evev Avgv‡ì ev‡·i e¨vcvi wKQzB Rv‡bb bv| Avgvq agK w`‡jb-Zzwg c‡ov bv, †Zvgvi †m †Luv‡R Kx ìKvi?

wKš‘ Avwg ZZ¶‡Y eBcËi †d‡j D‡V c‡owQ| G‡Kev‡i GK Qz‡U weayi evwo wM‡q nvwRi| weay Avgvi K_v ï‡b

ej‡j- uvov, wmay Avi wZby‡KI wb‡q Avwm| Iiv mv¶x _vK‡e Kx bv?

weayi Lye eyw× Avgv‡ì g‡a¨| I eo n‡j DwKj n‡e, mevB ejZ|

AvaN›Uvi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì PÊxgÊ‡ci mvg‡b †ek GKwU †QvULv‡Uv wfo R‡g †Mj| ev· †diZ †c‡q †m †jvKUv †hgb

†Kgb nKPwK‡q †Mj| †PvL w`‡q Rj co‡Z jvMj| †Kej Avgv‡ì gy‡Li w`‡K Pvq Avi e‡j- VvKzigkvB,

Avcbviv gvbyl bv †èZv? Mwi‡ei Ici GZ `qv Avcbv‡ì?

weay AZ mn‡R fyjevi cvÎ bq| †m ej‡j-†`‡L bvI gvj me wVK Av‡Q wK bv Avi GB KvKveveyi mvg‡b Avgv‡ì

GKUv iwm` wj‡L `vI, eyS‡j? KvKvevey Avcwb GKUz KvMR w`b bv I‡K-wjL‡Z Rvb †Zv?

bv, I DwKjB n‡e!

Avgvi evev Ggb AevK n‡q †M‡jb e¨vcvi †`‡L †h, Zuvi gyL w`‡q GKwU K_vI †eiyj bv|

kãv_© I UxKv

w`we¨ - PgrKvi| AvkvZxZfv‡e|

mskq - m‡›`n| wØav|

Mnbv - AjsKvi|

Abv „Z - Ae‡nwjZ| D‡cw¶Z| ¸iyZ¡ †`qv nq wb Ggb|

wePzwjMv`v - av‡bi L‡oi ¯‘c|

bvUgw›ì - ‡ègw›`‡i mvg‡bi Ni †hLv‡b bvP-Mvb nq|

‡evóg - nwibvg msKxZ©b K‡i RxweKv AR©b K‡i Ggb êòe|

AcÖwZffv‡e - weeªZ ev jw¾Zfv‡e|

cÎcvV we`vq - Zr¶Yvr we`vq|

‡PŠwK`vi - cÖnix|

Kvcvwj - Zvwš¿K wn›`y m¤cÖ`vq |

PÊxgÛc - ‡h gÊ‡c ev Qv`hy³ PZ¡‡i yM©v Kvjx cÖf„wZ †èxi cy‡Rv nq|

`Êer - gvwU‡Z c‡o mvóv‡½ cÖYvg|

Avwo - avb, Mg BZ¨vwì cwigvc we‡kl| avb gvcvi †e‡Zi Szwo ev cvÎ|

c‡o cvIqv 17

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ KZ©e¨civqYZv I ˆbwZK †PZbvi m„wó|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

GwU wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi GKwU weL¨vZ wK‡kvi-Mí| GwU ÔbxjM‡Äi dvjgb mv‡neÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| G

M‡íi wK‡kviiv Kzwo‡q cvIqv A_© m¤c` wb‡q †jv‡fi cwiPq †`q wb| eis Zviv Zv‡ì eq‡mi †P‡qI A‡bK †ewk

`vwqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q| †jLK †`wL‡q‡Qb, eq‡m †QvU n‡j Kx n‡e Zv‡ì ˆbwZK Ae¯’vbI †ek `„p| GB

M‡í wK‡kvi‡ì HK¨‡PZbvi †hgb cwiPq cvIqv hvq †Zgwb Zv‡ì DbœZ gvbweK †ev‡aiI cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| Zv‡ì

PvwiwÎK „pZvi cvkvcvwk Zx¶è we‡ePbv‡evaI cvV‡Ki „wó AvKl©Y K‡i| wK‡kvi‡ì Ggb mZZv, wbôv I

KZ©e¨‡ev‡a e‡qv‡R¨ôivI wew¯§Z, Awff ~Z| wK‡kviiv hLb HKë× n‡q wm×všZ MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zviv Zv‡ì

g‡a¨ †h me‡P‡q †ewk eyw×gvb I we‡ePK Zv‡K gvb¨ K‡i Zvi Ici Av¯’v ¯’vcb K‡i| GwU M‡íi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©

w`K| `wi ª Amnvq gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi wPÎI dz‡U D‡V‡Q G M‡í|

†jLK cwiwPwZ wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Rb¥ 1894 mv‡ji 12 †m‡Þ¤i cwðg ciMYv †Rjvi gyivwZcyi MÖv‡g,

gvZzjvj‡q| Zuvi ˆcZ…K evwo cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMYv †Rjvi evivKcyi MÖv‡g| Zvi evj¨ I ˆK‡kviKvj

†K‡U‡Q `vwi‡ ªï g‡a¨| gvZvi bvg g„Yvwjbx †èx| wcZv gnvb›` e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †ckv wQj K_KZv I

†cŠ‡ivwnZ¨| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Gg.G. covKv‡j (1918) Zuvi cÖ_g ¯Îxi g„Zz¨ NU‡j cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v

Amgvß _v‡K| AZtci ¯‹zj wk¶KZvmn bvbv †ckvq Zuvi Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq| Gi evBk eQi c‡i wZwb

wØZxqevi we‡q K‡ib (1940)| †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, w`bwjwc I ågY-Kvwnwb iPbvi g‡a¨B wZwb Rxe‡bi

Avb›` Lyu‡R cvb| Zuvi iwPZ mvwn‡Z¨ cÖK…wZ I gvbeRxeb GK ALÊ Awe”Qbœ mËvq mgwšZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi

mvwn‡Z¨ cÖK…wZi Abvwej †mŠ›`h© I MÖvgevsjvi mvaviY gvby‡li RxebvPi‡Yi mRxe I wbLuyZ wPÎ Aw¼Z

n‡q‡Q| Ôc‡_i cuvPvjxÕ, ÔAcivwRZÕ Dcb¨vm ‡hgb Zuvi †kªô KxwZ© †Zgwb evsjv mvwn‡ZïI Ag ~j¨ m¤c`|

Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ iPbvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm : ÔAviY¨KÕ, ÔBQvgZxÕ; MíMÖš’ : Ô†gNgj −viÕ, Ô†gŠixdzjÕ;

ågY, w`bwjwc : ÔZ…Yv¼ziÕ, Ô¯§„wZi †iLvÕ, wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : ÔPuv‡ì cvnvoÕ, Ôwgmwg‡ì KePÕ, ÔnxivgvwbK

R¡‡jÕ| 1950 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î Zuvi Rxebvemvb N‡U|

Kg©-Abykxjb K. fv‡jv KvR Ki‡jI †h Avb›` cvIqv hvq Zvi c‡¶ †Zvgvi AbyfywZ e¨³ Ki (GKK KvR) L. A‡bï nvwi‡q hvIqv wRwbm cvIqvi ci Kxfv‡e Zzwg Zv h_v_© e¨w³i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`‡e?- G welq Aej¤^‡b GKwU Mí †jL (GKK KvR)|

18 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Kv‡ì evMv‡b Avg Kzov‡Z Kvj‡ev‡kwL D‡c¶v K‡i mevB QzUwVQj?

K. PvUz‡h¨‡ì L.gyLy‡h¨‡ì M. evoy‡h¨‡ì N. Mv½ywj‡ì

2. PuvcvZjxi Av‡gi e¨vcv‡i GZ AvMÖ‡ni KviY Zv- i cÖPzi cvIqv hvq

ii †L‡Z AZ¨šZ my¯v y iii wbwe©‡Nœ Kzov‡bv hvq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. iii

3. †jL‡Ki PgrKvi A‡_© eëüZ Ôw`we¨Õ kãwU Avgiv Avi †Kvb A‡_© eënvi K‡i _vwK ?

K. kc_ L. wek¦vm

M. mskq N. AbeiZ

wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

¯‹z‡ji Svoy vi kPx| cix¶v †k‡l K¶ cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z wM‡q †m GKwU g~jëvb Nwo †cj| Zvi †jvf n‡jv| fvej,

NwoUv †g‡qi RvgvB‡K Dcnvi †`‡e| †g‡q wbðqB Lye Lywk n‡e| wKš‘ iv‡Z Nygy‡Z wM‡q g‡b n‡jv-G Ab¨vq,

AbywPZ| hvi Nwo Zvi g‡bvK‡ói Kvi‡Y †g‡qi Pig AKj¨vY n‡Z cv‡i| NwoUv KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q Rgv †`qv Zvi

KZ©e¨| †m ciw`b ZvB Kij|

4. kPx Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi cÖwZf ~ ?

K. ev`j L. weay

M. K_K N. wmay

5. Dwj −wLZ ZzjbvUv †Kvb gvb`‡Û wePvh© ? DfqB-

i. b¨vq I KZ©e¨‡ev‡a DØy×

ii. †jvKj¾vi f‡q fxZ

iii. AKj¨vY wPšZvq ZvwoZ


K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. ii I iii

c‡o cvIqv 19

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

1. Avwid †Uw· K¨ve Pvwj‡q RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| GKevi GKRb Av‡ivnx‡K MšZ‡e¨ †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q †m wekªvg

wbw”Qj| mnmv Mvwoi wfZ‡i „wó co‡Z †m †`L‡Z †cj GKwU gvwbe¨vM c‡o Av‡Q wm‡Ui Ici| e¨v‡M

A‡bK¸‡jv Wjvi| wKš‘ e¨v‡M †Kvb wVKvbv cvIqv †Mj bv| †m mÜ¨v Aewa A‡c¶v Kij| wbiƒcvq n‡q †m

cwÎKv Awd‡m wM‡q m¤cv`K‡K GKwU weÁwß Qvwc‡q †èvi Aby‡iva Rvbvq|

K. Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ Kx ai‡bi iPbv ? L. ÔIi g‡Zv KZ †jvK Avm‡eÕ| weayi K_vwUi A_© eywS‡q †jL ?

M. DÏxc‡Ki Avwid‡K †Kvb hyw³‡Z weay‡ì m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv hvq ? eywS‡q †jL|

N. K‡je‡i ¶z`ª n‡jI Avwid PwiÎwU Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ M‡íi g ~j myi‡KB aviY K‡i Av‡QÑg~j¨vqb Ki|

2. mÜ¨vq †`Lv †Mj, wb‡R‡ì QvM‡ji mv‡_ AwZwi³ GKwU QvMjI Av_v‡j XyK‡Q| Gkvi bvgvR cvi n‡q †Mj wKš‘ †KD †LuvR wb‡Z Gj bv| `v y ej‡jb, bv, bv, Pzc K‡i _vKv wVK n‡e bv| GK KvR Ki, iwdK-kwdK †ewi‡q co| cÖwZ‡ewk bvwej Avi Zvwjg‡K mv‡_ wb‡q yRb yw`‡K †hI| gmwR` †_‡K †Pv½v wb‡q Muv‡q †NvlYv w`‡q Avm| wKQz¶‡Yi g‡a¨ y fvB `v yi civgk© g‡Zv ej‡Z jvMj, fvBme, GKwU QvMj cvIqv †M‡Q| hv‡ì QvMj Zviv `qv K‡i gwZb wkK`v‡ii evwo †_‡K G‡m wb‡q hvb|

K. †jLK wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq †Kvb ai‡bi †jLK wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ ?

L. Ô yRbB nVvr avwg©K n‡q DVjvgÕ| K_vwU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

M. iwdK-kwd‡Ki †Pv½v †duvKvi NUbvwU Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ M‡íi †Kvb NUbvi mv‡_ m½wZc ~Y©? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡Ki `v y †hb Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ M‡íi g ~j †PZbviB cÖwZf~| we‡k−lY Ki|

ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

GKw`b mKvj †ejv civki Wv³vi wb‡Ri cÖKvÊ jvB‡eªwi‡Z e‡m wPwV wjLwQ‡jb| †Pv‡ii g‡Zv wbtk‡ã N‡i Xy‡K

b‡Mb ax‡i ax‡i GwM‡q wM‡q Zvi †Uwej †Nu‡l uvovj| civki Wv³vi gyL bv Zz‡jB ej‡jb, †ev‡mv, b‡Mb|

wPwVLvbv †kl K‡i Lv‡g f‡i wVKvbv wj‡L †mwU Wv‡K cvwV‡q w`‡q Z‡e Avevi b‡M‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡jb|

em‡Z ejjvg †h? G iKg †Pnviv n‡q‡Q †Kb? AmyL bvwK? b‡Mb ac K‡i GKUv †Pqv‡i e‡m coj| †Pvi‡K †hb wRÁvmv Kiv n‡q‡Q †m Pzwi K‡i wKbv, GBiKg AwZgvÎvq weeªZ n‡q †m ejj, bv bv, AmyL bq, AmyL Avevi wK‡mi| ¸iyZi wKQz N‡U‡Q †m wel‡q wbtm‡›`n n‡q civki Wv³vi ynv‡Zi AvOy‡ji WMv¸wj GKÎ K‡i b‡Mb‡K †`L‡Z jvM‡jb| †gvUv‡mvUv nvwmLywk †Q‡jUvi †Zj PKP‡K Pvgov ch©šZ †hb ïwK‡q †M‡Q, gy‡L nvwmi wPýUzKzI †bB| PvDwb GKUz D`åvšZ| K_v ejvi fw½ ch©šZ †Kgb LvcQvov n‡q †M‡Q| b‡Mb Zvi gvgvevwo‡Z †_‡K K‡j‡R c‡o| gvm yB Av‡M b‡M‡bi gvgvi kªv‡×i wbgšÎY ivL‡Z wM‡q civki Wv³vi b‡Mb‡K †`‡LwQ‡jb| GB Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ggb Kx N‡U‡Q hv‡Z †Q‡jUv GiKg e`‡j †h‡Z cv‡i? †Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K gvgvevwo‡ZB †m gvbyl n‡q‡Q e‡U wKš‘ gvgvi †kv‡K GiKg Kvwnj n‡q covi g‡Zv AvKl©Y †Zv gvgvi Rb¨ Zvi †Kvbw`b wQj bv| eo‡jvK K…cY gvgvi †h ai‡bi Av`i †ePvwi wPiKvj †c‡q G‡m‡Q Zv‡Z gvgvi ci‡jvK hvÎvq Zvi Lye †ewk ytL nevi K_v bq| evB‡i gvgv‡K Lye kª×vfw³ †`Lv‡jI g‡b g‡b b‡Mb †h Zv‡K cÖvqB h‡gi evwo cvVvZ ZvI civki Wv³vi fv‡jv K‡iB Rvb‡Zb| covi Li‡Pi Rb¨ ywðšZv

ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z 21

nIqvi KviYI b‡M‡bi †bB, KviY †kl mg‡q Kx †f‡e Zvi gvgv Zvi bv‡g †gvUv UvKv DBj K‡i †i‡L †M‡Qb| b‡Mb nVvr Kuv‡`v Kuv‡`v n‡q ejj, ÔWv³viÕ KvKv, mwZ¨ K‡i GKUv K_v ej‡eb? Avwg Kx cvMj n‡q †MwQÕ? civki Wv³vi GKUz †n‡m ej‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi gv_v n‡q †MQÕ| cvMj nIqv Kx gy‡Li K_v †i evev! cvMj †h nq AZ mn‡R †m †Ui cvq bv †m cvMj n‡q †M‡QÕ| ÔZ‡eÕ- wØav f‡i LvwbK¶Y Pzc K‡i †_‡K nVvr b‡Mb †hb gwiqv n‡q wRÁvmv K‡i emj, ÔAv”Qv Wv³vi KvKv, †cÖZvZ¥v Av‡QÕ? ‡cÖZvZ¥v gv‡b †Zv f~Z? †bBÕ| ‡bB? Z‡e- A‡bK¶Y BZ¯ZZ K‡i, A‡bK f~wgKv K‡i, A‡bKevi wkD‡i D‡V b‡Mb ax‡i ax‡i Avmj e¨vcviUv Ly‡j ejj| PgKcÖ Awek¦vm¨ Kvwnbx| wek¦vm Kiv k³ n‡jI civki Wv³vi wek¦vm Ki‡jb| wg_¨v Mí evwb‡q Zv‡K †kvbvevi †Q‡j †h b‡Mb bq, wZwb Zv Rvb‡Zb| gvgv Zv‡KI cÖvq wb‡Ri †Q‡j‡ì mgvb UvKvKwo w`‡q †M‡Qb †R‡b cÖ_gUv b‡Mb G‡Kev‡i ¯Zw¤¢Z n‡q wM‡qwQj| gvgvi GiKg D`viZv †m †Kv‡bv w`b KíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| evB‡i †hgb eënviB K‡i _vKzb, gvgv Zv‡K wb‡Ri †Q‡j‡ì g‡ZvB fv‡jvevm‡Zb †R‡b ci‡jvKMZ gvgvi Rb¨ AvšZwiK kª×vfw³‡Z Zvi gb f‡i †Mj| Avi †mB m‡½ RvMj GiKg †èZvi g‡Zv gvbyl‡K mvivRxeb fw³ fv‡jvevmvi fvb K‡i VwK‡q‡Q †f‡e `viyb j¾v Avi AbyZvc| kªv‡×i w`b A‡bK iv‡Î weQvbvq ï‡Z hvIqvi ci AbyZvcUv †hb †e‡o †Mj- ï‡q ï‡q †m QUdU Ki‡Z jvMj| nVvr GK mgq Zvi g‡b n‡jv, mviv Rxeb †Zv fw³‡kªv×vi fvb K‡i gvgv‡K †m VwK‡q‡Q, GLb hw` mZ¨ mZ¨B fw³kª×v †R‡M _v‡K jvB‡eªwi N‡i gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi cv‡q gv_v †VwK‡q cÖYvg K‡i G‡j nq‡Zv AvZ¥M−vwb GKUz Kg‡e, gbUv kvšZ n‡e| ivwÎ ZLb cÖvq wZb‡U †e‡R †M‡Q, mK‡j Av‡jv wbwf‡q ï‡q c‡o‡Q, evwo AÜKvi| GZ iv‡Î Nygv‡bvi e`‡j gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi cv‡q gv_v †VwK‡q cÖYvg Kivi Rb¨ weQvbv †Q‡o D‡V hvIqvUv †h ixwZg‡Zv LvcQvov e¨vcvi n‡e †m Ávb b‡M‡bi wQj| ZvB KvRUv mKv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’wMZ ‡i‡L †m Ny‡gvevi †Póv Kij| wKš‘ ZLb Zvi gv_v Mig n‡q †M‡Q| gb GKUz kvšZ bv n‡j †h Nyg Avmevi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv †bB, wKQz¶Y Gcvk Icvk Kivi ci †mUv fv‡jv K‡iB †Ui †c‡q †klKv‡j gwiqv n‡q †m weQvbv †Q‡o D‡V coj| jvB‡eªwiwU b‡M‡bi `v`vgkv‡qi Avg‡ji| jvB‡eªwi m¤c‡K© b‡M‡bi gvgvi we‡kl †Kv‡bv gv_ve¨v_v wQj bv| Zvi Avg‡j MZ wÎk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ jvB‡eªwiwU wcQ‡b GKwU cqmvI LiP Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv m‡›`n| Avjgvwi K‡qKwU Aí `vwg Avi A‡bK w`‡bi cy‡iv‡bv, wfZi¸wj †ewkifvM AìKvwi ev‡R eB‡q Vvmv Ges DU‡i eûKv‡ji †Qov gvwmKcÎ Avi bvbv iKg fvOv‡Pviv N‡ivqv wRwbm Mv`v Kiv| †UwejwU Ges †Pqvi K‡qKwU Lye m¤¢e Ab¨ Ni †_‡K †cbkb †c‡q G N‡i ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| †`qv‡j wZbwU eo eo ˆZjwPÎ, m¯Zv †d«‡g evav‡bv K‡qKUv mvaviY iwOb Qwe I d‡Uv UvOv‡bv| Zv Qvov K‡qKUv cyi‡bv K¨v‡jÛv‡ii QweI Av‡Q-†Kv‡bvUv‡Z wW‡m¤i, †Kv‡bvUv‡Z ˆPÎgv‡mi ev‡iv ZvwiL †jLv KvM‡Ri djK GL‡bv Szj‡Q| ‰ZjwP‡Îi GKwU b‡M‡bi `v`vgkv‡qi, GKwU w`w`gvi Ges AciwU Zvi gvgvi| `v`vgkvq Avi w`w`gvi ˆZjwPÎ ywU GKw`‡Ki †`qv‡j cvkvcvwk UvOv‡bv Av‡Q, gvgvi ˆZjwPÎwU ¯’vb Ry‡o Av‡Q cv‡ki †`qv‡ji gvSvgvwS|

Kv‡iv Nyg †f‡O hv‡e f‡q b‡Mb Av‡jv R¡v‡jwb| wKš‘ Zv‡Z Zvi †Kv‡bv Amyweav wQj bv, †Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K G evwoi AvbvP-Kvbv‡Pi m‡½ Zvi cwiPq| jvB‡eªwi‡Z Xy‡K AÜKv‡iB †m gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi Kv‡Q GwM‡q †Mj| AùzU ¯‡i Avgvq ¶gv K‡iv gvgv e‡j †hB †m ˆZjwP‡Îi cv‡qi Kv‡Q Av›`v‡R ¯ck© K‡i‡Q-eY©bvi GLv‡b †cuŠ‡Q b‡Mb wkD‡i Pzc K‡i †Mj| Zvi gyL AviI †ewk d¨vKv‡k n‡q †M‡Q, y‡PvL we‡ùvwiZ|

22 ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z

ÔZviciÕ? b‡Mb †XvK wM‡j wRf w`‡q †VvU †P‡c ejj, Ô†hB Qwe Qz‡qwQ Wv³vi KvKv, †K †hb Avgv‡K †Rv‡i av°v w`‡q †V‡j ‡d‡j w`j| mg¯Z kixiUv SbSb K‡i DVj Zvici Avi wKQz g‡b †bB| Ávb n‡Z †`wL, mKvj n‡q †M‡Q, Avwg gvgvi Qwei wb‡P †g‡S‡Z c‡o AvwQÕ| civki Wv³vi M¤¢xi gy‡L wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi Av‡M †Kv‡bvw`b wdU n‡qwQj b‡MbÕ? b‡Mb gv_v †b‡o ejj wdU?-bv, Kw¯§bKv‡j I Avgvi wdU nqwb| Avcwb fyj K‡i‡Qb Wv³vi KvKv, G wdU bq, gi‡j †Zv gvbyl me Rvb‡Z cv‡i, gvgvI Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb UvKvi †jv‡f Avwg wg_¨v fw³ †`LvZvg| ZvB Qwe †QuvqvgvÎ iv‡M †Nbœvq Avgv‡K av°v w`‡q mwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| meUv ïbyb Av‡M, Zv n‡j eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| mg¯Z mKvjUv b‡Mb govi g‡Zv weQvbvq c‡o iBj| GB wPšZvUvB †Kej Zvi g‡b NyicvK †L‡Z jvMj, fw³ fv‡jvevmvq Qjbvq UvKv Av`vq K‡i wb‡q‡Q e‡j ci‡jv‡K wM‡qI Zvi Ici gvgvi GLb †Rviv‡jv weZ…òv †R‡M‡Q †h Zvi ˆZjwPÎwU ch©šZ wZwb Zv‡K ¯ck© Ki‡Z w`‡Z ivwR bb| hvB †nvK, b‡Mb GKv‡ji †Q‡j, cÖ_g av°vUv †K‡U hvevi ci Zvi g‡b bvbviKg wØav-m‡›`n RvM‡Z jvMj| †K Rv‡b iv‡Î hv N‡U‡Q Zv wbQK ¯^cœ wKbv| âh© ai‡Z bv †c‡i ycyi‡ejv †m Avevi jvB‡eªwi‡Z wM‡q gvgvi ˆZjwPÎ ¯ck© K‡i cÖYvg Kij| GKevi hw` gvgv ivM ‡`wL‡q _v‡Kb, Avevi †`Lv‡eb bv †Kb? Gevi wKQzB NUj bv| kixiUv Aek¨ Lye Lvivc n‡q Av‡Q, †g‡S‡Z av°v †hLv‡b †j‡MwQj gv_vi †mLvbUv dz‡j UbUb Ki‡Q Ges mKv‡j jvB‡eªwi‡Z gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi wb‡P †g‡S‡ZB Zvi Ávb n‡qwQj| wKš‘ G‡Z eo‡Rvi cÖgvY nq, iv‡Î Ny‡gi g‡a¨B †nvK Avi RvMÖZ Ae¯’v‡ZB †nvK jvB‡eªwi‡Z wM‡q †m GKUv AvQvo †L‡qwQj| wb‡Ri ˆZjwP‡Î fi K‡i gvgvB †h Zv‡K av°v w`‡qwQ‡jb Zvi Kx cÖgvY Av‡Q? b‡Mb †hb ¯w¯Zi wbk¦vm †d‡j euvPj| wKš‘ †ewk¶Y Zvi g‡bi kvwšZ wUKj bv| iv‡Î Av‡jv wbwf‡q weQvbvq ï‡qB nVvr Zvi g‡b c‡o †Mj, Zvi †Zv fyj n‡q‡Q| w`‡bi †ejv Zv‡K av°v †`qvi ¶gZv †Zv Zvi gvgvi GLb †bB, ivwÎ Qvov Zvi gvgv †Zv GLb wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv! Kx me©bvk! Z‡e †Zv iv‡Î Av‡iKevi gvgvi ˆZjwPÎ bv Qz‡q Kvj iv‡Îi e¨vcvi‡K ¯cœ ejv hvq bv| GZ iv‡Î Avevi jvB‡eªwi‡Z hvIqvi K_v †f‡eB b‡M‡bi ürK¤c n‡Z jvMj| wKš‘ Ggb GKUv m‡›`n bv wgwU‡qB ev gvby‡li P‡j Kx K‡i? LvwbKUv c‡i b‡Mb Avevi jvB‡eªwi‡Z nvwRi| f‡q eyK Kuvc‡Q, Qz‡U cvjv‡Z B‡”Q n‡”Q, wKš‘ Kx GK A`g¨ AvKl©Y Zv‡K †U‡b wb‡q P‡j‡Q gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi w`‡K| N‡i Xy‡KB †m myBP wU‡c Av‡jv †R¡‡j w`j| gUKvi cvÄvwei Ici `vwg kvj Mv‡q gvgv †`qv‡j ùvwo‡q Av‡Qb| gv_vq KvPvcvKv Pzj, gy‡L GK‡Rvov †gvUv †Mvd, †Pv‡L frm©bvi „wó| b‡Mb GwM‡q wM‡q gvgvi cv‡qi Kv‡Q Qwe ¯ck© Kij| †KD Zv‡K †V‡j mwi‡q w`j bv, wKš‘ mg¯Z kixiUv nVvr †hb †Kgb Aw¯’i Aw¯’i Ki‡Z jvMj| ˆZjwPÎ †_‡K Kx †hb Zvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i †fZi †_‡K Zv‡K Kvwc‡q Zzj‡Q| Zey b‡Mb †hb euvPj| f‡qi Rb¨ kixi GiKg Aw¯’i Aw¯’i Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mUv mvgvb¨ e¨vcvi| wd‡i hvIqvi mgq Av‡jvUv wbwf‡qB b‡Mb Avevi _g‡K ùvwo‡q coj| Zvi Av‡iKUv K_v g‡b G‡m‡Q| Kvj Ni AÜKvi wQj, AvR Av‡jvUv _vKvi Rb¨ hw` gvgv wKQz bv K‡i _v‡Kb? b‡M‡bi fq A‡bKUv K‡g wM‡qwQj, A‡bKUv wbwðšZ g‡bB †m AÜKv‡i ˆZjwP‡Îi Kv‡Q wd‡i †Mj| †m Rv‡b AÜKv‡i ˆZjwPÎ ¯ck© Ki‡jI wKQz n‡e bv| N‡i GKUv Av‡jv R¡j‡Q wK R¡j‡Q bv Zv‡Z we‡kl Kx Av‡m hvq? BZ¯ZZ bv K‡iB †m †mvRv ˆZjwP‡Îi w`‡K nvZ evwo‡q w`j| ci¶‡Y- wVK cÖ_g iv‡Îi g‡Zv †Rv‡i av°v w`‡q gvgv Avgvq †d‡j w`‡jb Wv³vi KvKv| AÁvb n‡q †M‡j?

ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z 23

bv, G‡Kev‡i AÁvb n‡q hvBwb| Aek¨ Av”Q‡bœi g‡Zv A‡bK¶Y †g‡S‡Z c‡o wQjvg, wKš‘ Ávb wQj| Zvici †_‡K Avwg wVK cvM‡ji g‡Zv n‡q †MwQ Wv³vi KvKv| w`bivZ †Kej GB K_vB fvwe| †ivR KZevi wVK Kwi evwo †Q‡o †Kv_vI cvwj‡q hve, wKš‘ †h‡Z cvwi bv, wK‡m †hb Avgvq †Rvi K‡i AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q| civki Wv³vi LvwbK¶Y †f‡e wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, Zvici Avi †Kv‡bvw`b QweUv Qz‡q‡Qv? KZevi| w`‡b Qz‡qwQ, iv‡Î Qz‡qwQ, Av‡jv †R¡‡j Qz‡qwQ, AÜKv‡i Qz‡qwQ| wVK IBiKg e¨vcvi N‡U| w`‡b ev iv‡Î Av‡jv †R¡‡j Qz‡q wKQz nq bv, AÜKv‡i †QvqvgvÎ gvgv Avgv‡K †V‡j †`b| mg¯Z kixi †hb SbSwb‡q SvKvwb w`‡q I‡V| †Kv‡bvw`b AÁvb n‡q hvB, †Kv‡bvw`b Ávb _v‡K| ej‡Z ej‡Z b‡Mb †hb G‡Kev‡i †f‡O coj, Avwg Kx Kie Wv³vi KvKv? Ggb K‡i Kw`b Pj‡e? civki Wv³vi ej‡jb, Zvi ìKvi n‡e bv| Avwg me wVK K‡i †è| AvR mK‡j Nywg‡q co‡j ivwÎ wVK ev‡ivUvi mgq Zzwg evB‡ii N‡i Avgvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v †Kv‡iv, Avwg hve| GKUz †_‡g Avevi ej‡jb, f ~Z e‡j wKQz †bB, b‡Mb| Zey gvSiv‡Î AÜKvi jvB‡eªwi‡Z civki Wv³vi g„ y GKUz A¯^w¯Z †eva Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| G N‡i evwoi †jvK Lye Kg Av‡m| N‡ii evZv‡m cyi‡bv KvM‡Ri GKUv fvcmv MÜ cvIqv hvq| b‡Mb k³ K‡i Zvi GKUv nvZ †P‡c a‡i Kuvc‡Q| Kx‡mi fq? f~‡Zi? ˆZjwP‡Îi f~‡Zi? f~‡Z †h G‡Kev‡i wek¦vm K‡i bv, hvi e×g~j avibv GB †h hZ me A™¢yZ A_P mZ¨ f~‡Zi Mí †kvbv hvq Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi mvaviY I ¯vfvweK †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨v Av‡QB Av‡Q, Qwei f ~‡Zi Am¤¢e Avi Awek¦vm¨ f~‡Zi N‡i cv w`‡q Zvi KL‡bv wK fq n‡Z cv‡i? Zey A¯w¯Z †h †eva n‡PQ †mUv A¯xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB| b‡Mb †h Kvwnbx ïwb‡q‡Q, mvivw`b †f‡eI civki Wv³vi Zvi †Kv‡bv m½Z e¨vL¨v Kíbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| GKw`b bq, GKevi bq, e¨vcviUv N‡U‡Q A‡bKevi| w`‡b ˆZjwPÎ wb‡¯ZR n‡q _v‡K, iv‡Î Zvi †ZR ev‡o| †Kej ZvB bq, AÜKvi bv n‡j †m †ZR m¤c~Y© cÖKvk cvq bv| AviI GKUv K_v, ivwÎ evovi m‡½ ˆZjwPÎ †hb †ewk mRxe n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| cÖ_g iv‡Î b‡Mb AÜKv‡i ¯ck© Ki‡j Qwe b‡M‡bi nvZUv ïay wQUwK‡q mwi‡q w`‡q‡Q, gvSiv‡Î ¯ck© Ki‡j GZ †Rv‡i Zv‡K av°v w`‡q‡Q †h †g‡S‡Z AvQ‡o c‡o b‡M‡bi Ávb †jvc †c‡q †M‡Q| Akixix kw³ Kíbv Kiv Qvov G mg‡¯Zi Avi Kx gv‡b nq? nq-wbðq nq; g‡b g‡b wb‡R‡K agK w`‡q civki Wv³vi wb‡R‡K GB K_v ïwb‡q w`‡jb| Zvici †PvL Zz‡j ZvKv‡jb †`qv‡ji †hLv‡b b‡M‡bi gvgvi ˆZjwPÎwU wQj| GN‡i wZwb Av‡MI K‡qKevi G‡m‡Qb, ˆZjwPÎ¸wji w`‡K ywU D¾¡j †PvL Zvi w`‡K R¡jR¡j K‡i ZvwK‡q Av‡Q| †PvL `ywUi g‡a¨ dvK cÖvq †ò nvZ| wVK GB mgq b‡Mb wdmwdm K‡i ejj, Av‡jvUv R¡vje Wv³vi KvKv? civki Wv³vi Zvi Mjvi AvIqvR ï‡bB Pg‡K DV‡jbÑbv| iv¯Zv A_ev cv‡ki †Kv‡bv evwo †_‡K miy GKUv Av‡jvi †iLv N‡ii †`qv‡j G‡m c‡o‡Q| Zv‡Z AÜKvi K‡gwb, g‡b n‡”Q †hb †mB Av‡jvUzKz‡Z N‡ii AÜKviUvB ¯có †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡”Q gvÎ| b‡Mb Avevi wdmwdm K‡i ejj, GKUv K_v Avcbv‡K ej‡Z fy‡j †MwQ Wv³vi KvKv| `v`vgkvq Avi w`w`gvi Qwe Zuviv gievi ci Kiv n‡qwQj, wKš‘ gvgvi QweUv gievi Av‡M gvgv wb‡R kL K‡i AuvwK‡qwQ‡jb| nq‡Zv ‡mB R‡b¨B- b‡M‡bi wknib ¯có †Ui cvIqv hvq| fq †c‡q †M‡Qb?

24 ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z

uv‡Z uvZ jvwM‡q civki Wv³vi ˆZjwP‡Îi w`‡K GwM‡q †M‡jb| KvQvKvwQ †h‡Z R¡jR¡‡j †PvL ywUi †R¨vwZ †hb A‡bK K‡g †Mj| nvZ evwo‡q w`‡Z cÖ_‡g Zvi nvZ coj †`qv‡j| hZ mvnm K‡iB GwM‡q G‡m _vKzb, cÖ_‡gB G‡Kev‡i b‡M‡bi gvgvi Mv‡q nvZ w`‡Z Zvi †Kgb wØav †eva nw”Qj| cv‡ki w`‡K nvZ mwi‡q ˆZjwP‡Îi †d«g ¯ck© Kiv gvÎ ê y wZK AvNv‡Z †hb Zvi kixiUv SbSb K‡i DVj| AùzU †MvOvwbi AvIqvR K‡i wcQb w`‡K `y- cv wQU‡K w`‡q wZwb †g‡S‡Z e‡m co‡jb| ci¶‡Y f‡q Aa©g„Z b‡Mb Av‡jvi myBP wU‡c w`j| wgwbU cuv‡PK civki Wv³vi †PvL ey‡R e‡m iB‡jb, Zvici †PvL †g‡j wgwbU cuv‡PK GK „‡ó ZvwK‡q iB‡jb b‡M‡bi gvgvi iƒcvi †d«‡g evav‡bv ˆZjwPÎwUi w`‡K| Zvici Zxeª Pvcv Mjvq wZwb ej‡jb, Zzwg GKwU Av¯Z M ©f b‡Mb| ivM GKUz Kg‡j civki Wv³vi ej‡Z jvM‡jb, MvavI †Zvgvi †P‡q eyw×gvb| GZ K_v ej‡Z cvi‡j Avgv‡K Avi GB K_vUv GKevi ej‡Z cvi‡j bv †h †Zvgvi gvgvi QweUv B‡Zvg‡a¨ i~cvi †d«‡g euvav‡bv n‡q‡Q Avi Qwei m‡½ jvwM‡q `y‡Uv B‡jKwUªK evj¦ wdU Kiv n‡q‡Q? Avwg Kx Rvwb! Qgvm Av‡M †hgb †`‡L wM‡qwQjvg, Avwg †f‡ewQjvg QweUv GLv‡b †Zgwb Ae¯’v‡ZB Av‡Q| B‡jKwUªK kK †L‡q eyS‡Z cv‡iv bv Kx‡m kK jvMj, Zzwg †Kvb †`wk †Q‡j? Avwg †Zv kK LvIqv gvÎ †Ui †c‡q wM‡qwQjvg †Zvgvi gvgvi Qwe‡Z †Kvb †cÖZvZ¥v fi K‡i‡Qb| b‡Mb D`åv‡šZi g‡Zv ejj, iƒcvi †d«gUv `v`vgkv‡qi Qwe‡Z wQj, Pzwi hvevi f‡q gvgv A‡bK w`b Av‡M wmÜz‡K Zz‡j †i‡LwQ‡jb| gvgvi kªv‡×i w`b gvwggv †d«gUv evi K‡i gvgvi QweUv euvwa‡qwQ‡jb| Av‡jv y‡Uv jvwM‡q‡Q Avgvi gvgv‡Zv fvB c‡ik| nu v| †m G eQi BwÄwbqvwis K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejj, GB mvgvb¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ B‡jKwUªK wgw¯Î‡K cqmv †è ‡Kb? civki Wv³vi GKUz †n‡m ej‡jb, c‡ik †Zvgvi gvgvi Dchy³ †Q‡jB e‡U| wKQz cqmv euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ ev‡ci Qwe‡Z f~Z G‡b †Q‡o‡Q| G LeiUv hw` Av‡M w`‡Z AvgvqÑ b‡Mb mskqf‡i ejj, wKš‘ Wv³vi KvKv- civki Wv³vi ivM K‡i ej‡jb, wKš‘ Kx? GL‡bv eyS‡Z cviQ bv| w`‡bi †ejv †gb myBP Ad Kiv _v‡K, ZvB Qwe Qz‡j wKQz nq bv Ñ Qwe gv‡b Qwei iƒcvi †d«gUv| iƒcvi †d«gUvi wb‡P KvVdvU wKQz Av‡Q, †`qv‡ji m‡½ †hvM †bB, bB‡j †Zvgv‡ì B‡jKwUª‡Ki wej Ggb ûû K‡i †e‡o †hZ †h Avevi †Kv¤cvwbi †jvK‡K G‡m wj‡KR LyuR‡Z n‡Zv| ZzwgI Avevi f~‡Zi Avmj cwiPqUv Rvb‡Z cvi‡Z| mÜ¨vi ci evwoi mg¯Z Av‡jv R¡‡j Avi we y r Zvgvi Zvi w`‡q hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z †ewk fv‡jvev‡m wKbv, ZvB †m mgq Qwe Qz‡j †Zvgvi wKQz nq bv| G N‡ii Av‡jvUv R¡vj‡jI ZvB nq| gvSiv‡Î evwoi mg¯Z Av‡jv wb‡f hvq, ZLb QweUv Qz‡j Avi †Kv‡bv c_ †Lvjv †bB †`‡L we y r AMZ¨v †Zvgvi g‡Zv †evKv nvevi kixiUv w`‡qB- civki Wv³vi Pzc K‡i †M‡jb| Zvi nVvr g‡b c‡o †M‡Q, my‡hvM †c‡j Zvi kixiUv c_ wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡ZI we y r wØav K‡i bv| wZwb nuvd Qvo‡jb| Kcvj fv‡jv ZwoZvnZ n‡q cÖv‡Y gi‡Z nq wb|

ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z 25

kãv_© I UxKv cÖKvÊ - AZ¨šZ e„nr| AwZkq eo| weeªZ - e¨wZe¨¯Z, e¨vKzj, wePwjZ| D`åvšZ - wenŸj, w`‡knviv, nZÁvb| LvcQvov - ‡egvbvb, D™¢U, AmsjMœ, G‡jv‡g‡jv| kªv× - g„Z e¨w³i AvZ¥vi kvwšZi Rb¨ kª×v wb‡e`‡bi wn›`y AvPvi ev kv¯Îxq Abyôvb| DBj - †kl B‡”QcÎ| g„Zzï c‡i m¤cwË e›Ub wel‡q gvwj‡Ki B”Qvbymv‡i cÖ ‘Z eë¯’vcÎ ev

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1. b‡Mb Kvi evwo‡Z †_‡K †jLvcov KiZ? K. Lvjvi L. PvPvi M. gvgvi N. `v`vi 2. b‡M‡bi mv‡_ civki Wv³v‡ii cÖ_g †`Lv nq KLb? K. 2 gvm Av‡M M. 4 gvm Av‡M L. 3 gvm Av‡M N. 5 gvm Av‡M 3. b‡Mb cÖvqB Zvi gvgv‡K h‡gi evwo cvVvZ †Kb ? K. covi LiP bv †`qvq L. fv‡jv eënvi bv Kivq M. weiw³i fve cÖKvk Kivq N. Abvì Ae‡njv Kivq wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Av`bvb mÜ¨v †ejv nvmcvZvj †_‡K evwo wdiwQj| GK mgq g‡b n‡jv Zvi †cQ‡b †cQ‡b †KD nuvU‡Q| †m †cQ‡b wd‡i ZvKvq wKš‘ wKQzB †`L‡Z cvq bv| d‡j †m f‡q KuvcwQj| Ggb mgq we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j †m †Rv‡i wPrKvi w`‡q I‡V| Zvi gv evwZ wb‡q Qz‡U G‡m †`‡Lb Av`bv‡bi cv‡qi RyZvi Z‡j †c‡iK Muv_v GKUv KvwV| GZ¶‡Y Av`bvb f‡qi KviY Lyu‡R cvq|

‰ZjwP‡Îi f~Z 27

4. DÏxc‡Ki Av`bvb Gi mv‡_ Ô‰ZjwP‡Îi f~ZÕ M‡íi b‡M‡bi mv „‡kï KviY-

K. Zv‡ì eqm Kg L. Zviv AÜKvi‡K fq KiZ

M. Zviv fxlY fxZz wQj N. Zviv f ~Z †`‡LwQj

5. Giƒc mv „‡kï g ~‡j †KvbwU we`¨gvb?

K. ev¯Ze Áv‡bi Afve L. cÖK…Z wk¶v bv cvIqv

M. gvbwmK weKvk bv nIqv N. mwVK wm×všZ wb‡Z bv cviv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

iwdK mv‡ne kx‡Zi QzwU‡Z fvwMœ mvnvbv‡K wb‡q MÖv‡g †eov‡Z hvb| iv‡Zi †Lvjv AvKvk †`Lvi Rb¨ Zviv †Lvjv gv‡V hvb| A ~‡iB †`L‡Z cvb gv‡Vi g‡a¨ nVvr GK cÖKvi Av‡jv R¡‡j D‡V Zv mvg‡b GwM‡q hv‡”Q| IUv wK‡mi Av‡jv Zv Rvb‡Z PvB‡j iwe‡bi gvgv e‡jb, f~‡Zi! iweb fq †c‡q Zvi evev‡K Rwo‡q a‡i| evev ZLb Zv‡K eywS‡q e‡jb †h, †Lvjv gv‡Vi gvwU‡Z GK cÖKvi M¨vm _v‡K hv evZv‡mi ms¯c‡k© G‡j R¡‡j D‡V| iweb welqUv eyS‡Z †c‡i ¯vfvweK nq|

K. Ô‰ZjwP‡Îi f~ZÕ †Kvb RvZxq iPbv ?

L. b‡M‡bi g‡b `viyY j¾v Avi AbyZvc †R‡MwQj †Kb ?

M. DÏxc‡Ki iwdK Avi ÔˆZjwP‡Îi f ~ZÕ M‡íi b‡M‡bi we‡kl wgj †Kv_vq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. iwdK mv‡ne Avi ÔˆZjwP‡Îi f ~ZÕ M‡íi civki Wv³vi Dfq‡K AvaywbK gvbwmKZvi AwaKvix ejv hvq wK? hyw³mnKv‡i eywS‡q †jL|

Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg †kL gywReyi ingvb

c~e©K_v : 1969 Gi MYAfy Ìv‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U cvwK¯Zv‡bi mvgwiK GKbvqK AvBqye Lvb ¶gZvPz¨Z nb| Gici ¶gZvq G‡m bZzb †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb cvwK¯Zv‡b mvaviY wbe©vPb w`‡Z eva¨ nb| wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM GKK msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| MYZ‡š¿i aviv Abymv‡i cvwK¯Zv‡bi kvmbfvi cvIqvi K_v AvIqvgx jx‡Mi A_©vr evOvwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi| wKš‘ cvwK¯Zvwb kvmK‡Mvôx evOvwj‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯Zvš—i bv Kivi I MYZš¿ nZ¨vi loh‡š¿ wjß nq| †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb 1971 Gi 3iv gvP© XvKvq cvwK¯Zvb RvZxq cwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb †W‡KwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv KviY QvovB wZwb nVvr 1jv gvP© GK †NvlYvq RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ †NvlYv K‡ib| GB lohš¿g~jK †NvlYv ï‡bB c~e© cvwK¯Zv‡bi me©Î cÖwZev` I we‡¶v‡fi So I‡V| ÔRq evsjvÕ, Ôexi evOvwj A ¿ ai evsjv‡`k ¯vaxb KiÕ, Ô‡Zvgvi Avgvi wVKvbv cÙv †gNbv hgybvÕ, ÔRv‡Mv Rv‡Mv evOvwj Rv‡MvÕ BZ¨vw` †¯ −vMv‡b kni e›ì MÖvg Av‡›`vwjZ nq| GB cUf~wg‡ZB 1971-Gi 7B gvP© XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqvw © D`¨vb) cÖvq 10 j¶ †jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb GK HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b| 18 wgwb‡Ui IB fvl‡Y wZwb evOvwji gyw³ bv nIqv ch©š— ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| Av‡e‡M, e³‡e¨, w`K-wb‡ ©kbvq IB fvlYwU wQj Abe`¨| e½eÜzi †mB fvlYwU‡K Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi HwZnvwmK †MwUmevM© fvl‡Yi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq| HwZnvwmK fvlYwU GLv‡b wjwce× n‡jv| fv‡qiv Avgvi, AvR ytL-fvivµvšZ gb wb‡q Avcbv‡ì mvg‡b nvwRi n‡qwQ| Avcbviv meB Rv‡bb Ges †ev‡Sb| Avgiv Avgv‡ì Rxeb w`‡q †Póv K‡iwQ| wKš‘ yt‡Li welq, AvR XvKv, PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv, ivRkvnx, iscy‡i Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivRc_ iwÄZ n‡q‡Q| AvR evsjvi gvbyl gyw³ Pvq, evsjvi gvbyl euvP‡Z Pvq, evsjvi gvbyl Zvi

Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg 29

AwaKvi Pvq| Kx Ab¨vq K‡iwQjvg? wbe©vP‡bi c‡i evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl m¤c~Y©fv‡e Avgv‡K I AvIqvgx jxM‡K †fvU †`b| Avgv‡ì b¨vkbvj G‡mgwe − em‡e, Avgiv †mLv‡b kvmbZšÎ ˆZwi Kie Ges G †`k‡K Avgiv M‡o Zzje| G‡`‡ki gvbyl A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I mvs¯‹…wZK gyw³ cv‡e| wKš‘ yt‡Li welq, AvR yt‡Li m‡½ ej‡Z nq, 23 erm‡ii KiyY BwZnvm evsjvi AZ¨vPv‡ii, evsjvi gvby‡li i‡³i BwZnvm| 23 erm‡ii BwZnvm gyg~ly© bibvixi AvZ©bv‡ì BwZnvm| evsjvi BwZnvm G‡`‡ki gvby‡li i³ w`‡q ivRc_ iwÄZ Kivi BwZnvm| 1952 mv‡j i³ w`‡qwQ| 1952 mv‡j wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf K‡iI Avgiv Mw`‡Z em‡Z cvwi bvB| 1958 mv‡j Avqye Lvb gvk©vj-j Rvwi K‡i 10 eQi ch©šZ Avgv‡ì †Mvjvg K‡i †i‡L‡Q| 1966 mv‡j 6 `dv Av‡›`vj‡b 7B Ry‡b Avgvi †Q‡j‡ì ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1969 mv‡ji Av‡›`vj‡b Avqye Lv‡bi cZb nIqvi c‡i hLb Bqvwnqv Lvb mv‡ne miKvi wb‡jb, wZwb ej‡jb, †`‡k kvmbZšÎ †`‡eb,MYZšÎ †`‡eb, Avgiv †g‡b wbjvg| Zvici A‡bK BwZnvm n‡q †Mj, wbe©vPb n‡jv| Avwg †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb mv‡n‡ei m‡½ †`Lv K‡iwQ| Avwg, ïay evsjvi bq, cvwK¯Zv‡bi †gRwiwU cvwU©i †bZv wn‡m‡e Zv‡K Aby‡iva Kijvg, 15B †deªyqvwi Zvwi‡L Avcwb RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb †`b| wZwb Avgvi K_v ivL‡jb bv, wZwb ivL‡jb fy‡Æv mv‡n‡ei K_v| wZwb ej‡jb, cÖ_g mßv‡n- gvP© gv‡m mfv n‡e| Avwg ejjvg wVK Av‡Q, Avgiv G‡mgwe−‡Z eme| GgbwK G ch©šZI ejjvg, hw` †KD b¨vh¨ K_v e‡j, Avgiv msL¨vq †ewk n‡jI GKR‡bi g‡ZI hw` Zv b¨vh¨ K_v nq, Avgiv †g‡b †be| Bqvwnqv Lvb †cÖwm‡W›U wnmv‡e G‡mgwe− †W‡KwQ‡jb| Avwg ejjvg, Avwg hve| fy‡Æv ej‡jb, wZwb hv‡eb bv| 35 Rb m`m¨ cwðg cvwK¯Zvb †_‡K GLv‡b Avm‡jb| Zvici nVvr eÜ K‡i †Ìqv nj, †`vl †Ìqv nj evsjvi gvbyl‡K, †`vl †Ìqv n‡jv Avgv‡K| eÜ Kivi ci G‡`‡ki gvbyl cÖwZev`gyLi n‡q DVj| Avwg ejjvg, kvwšZc~Y©fv‡e Avcbviv niZvj cvjb Kiyb| Avwg ejjvg, Avcbviv Kj-KviLvbv mewKQz eÜ K‡i †`b| RbMY mvov w`j| Avcb B”Qvq RbMY iv¯Zvq †ewi‡q coj, Zviv kvwšZc~Y©fv‡e msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvevi Rb¨ w¯’i cÖwZÁve× ‡nvb| Kx †cjvg Avgiv? Avgiv Avgv‡ì cqmv w`‡q A¯Î wK‡bwQ ewntkÎyi AvµgY †_‡K †`k‡K i¶v Kievi Rb¨, AvR †mB A¯Î eënvi n‡”Q Avgvi †`‡ki Mwie- ytLx wbi¯Î gvby‡li weiy‡×- Zvi ey‡Ki Dci n‡”Q ¸wj| Avgiv cvwK¯Zv‡b msL¨v¸iyÑAvgiv evOvwjiv hLbB ¶gZvq hvevi †Póv K‡iwQ ZLbB Zviv Avgv‡ì Dci Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q| †Uwj‡dv‡b Avgvi mv‡_ Zvi K_v nq| Avwg e‡jwQjvg, †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb mv‡ne, Avcwb cvwK¯Zv‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U, †`‡L hvb Kxfv‡e Avgvi Mwi‡ei Dci, Avgvi evsjvi gvby‡li ey‡Ki Dci ¸wj Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kx K‡i Avgvi gv‡qi †Kvj Lvwj Kiv n‡q‡Q, Kx K‡i gvbyl‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avcwb Avmyb, †`Lyb wePvi Kiyb| fv‡qiv Avgvi, 25 Zvwi‡L G‡mgwe− Kj K‡i‡Q| i‡³i `vM ïKvq bvB| Avwg wm×vš— wb‡qwQ, 10 Zvwi‡L H kwn‡ì i‡³i Dci cvov w`‡q Avi.wU.wm-‡Z gywReyi ingvb †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gmgwe− Kj K‡i‡Qb, Avgvi `vwe gvb‡Z n‡e| cÖ_‡g mvgwiK AvBb gvk©vj-j withdraw Ki‡Z n‡e| mg¯Z mvgwiK evwnbxi †jvK‡ì e¨viv‡K †dir †h‡Z n‡e| †hfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Z`š— Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwai Kv‡Q ¶gZv n¯Zvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici we‡ePbv K‡i †`Le, Avgiv A¨v‡mgwe−‡Z em‡Z cvie wK cvie bv| Gi c~‡e© G‡mgwe−‡Z em‡Z Avgiv cvwi bv|

30 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

Avwg cÖavbgwš¿Z¡ PvB bv| Avgiv G‡`‡ki gvby‡li AwaKvi PvB| Avwg cwi®‹vi A¶‡i e‡j wèvi PvB †h, AvR †_‡K GB evsjv‡`‡ki †KvU©-KvPvwi, Av`vjZ-†dŠR`vwi, wk¶v cÖwZôvb Awbw ©óKv‡ji Rb¨ eÜ _vK‡e| Mwi‡ei hv‡Z Kó bv nq, hv‡Z Avgvi gvbyl Kó bv K‡i †mRb¨ Ab¨vb¨ †h wRwbm¸wji Av‡Q †m¸wji niZvj Kvj †_‡K Pj‡e bv| wiKkv, MiyiMvwo, †ij Pj‡e, jÂ Pj‡e-ïay †m‡µUvwi‡qU, mywcÖg‡KvU©, nvB‡KvU©, RR‡KvU©, †mwg-Mfb©‡g›U `ßi, Iqvc`v †Kv‡bvwKQz Pj‡e bv| 28 Zvwi‡L Kg©Pvixiv wM‡q †eZb wb‡q Avm‡eb| Gici hw` †eZb †Ìqv bv nq, Avi hw` GKwU ¸wj P‡j, Avi hw` Avgvi †jvK‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq-†Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q Avgvi Aby‡iva iBj, cÖ‡Z¨K N‡i N‡i yM© M‡o †Zvj| †Zvgv‡ì hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvB wb‡q kÎyi †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Rxe‡bi Z‡i iv¯ZvNvU hv hv Av‡Q mewKQz- Avwg hw` ûKzg wèvi bvI cvwi, †Zvgiv eÜ K‡i †`‡e| Avgiv fv‡Z gvie,cvwb‡Z cvie| †Zvgiv Avgvi fvB, †Zvgiv e¨viv‡K _vK, †KD †Zvgv‡ì wKQz ej‡e bv| wKš‘ Avi †Zvgiv ¸wj Pvjvevi †Póv †Kv‡iv bv| mvZ †KvwU gvbyl‡K `vev‡q ivL‡Z cvie bv| Avgiv hLb gi‡Z wk‡LwQ, ZLb †KD Avgv‡ì `vevqv ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avi †h mg¯— †jvK kwn` n‡q‡Q, AvNvZcÖvß n‡q‡Q, Avgiv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †_‡K hÏyi cvwi Zv‡ì mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡Z †Póv Kie| hviv cv‡ib Avgvi wiwjd KwgwU‡K mvgvb¨ UvKv-cqmv †cuŠ†Q †`‡eb| Avi GB 7 w`‡bi niMv‡j †h mg¯— kªwgK fvB‡qiv †hvM`vb K‡i‡Q cÖ‡Z¨K wk‡íi gvwjK Zv‡ì †eZb †cŠu‡Q †`‡eb| miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì ewj, †h ch©š— Avgvi GB †`‡ki gyw³ bv n‡”Q, ZZw`b LvRbv U¨v· eÜ K‡i †Ìqv n‡jv-†KD †`‡e bv| ïbyb, g‡b ivL‡eb, kÎy †cQ‡b Xy‡K‡Q, wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ AvZ¥Kjn m„wó Ki‡e, jyUZivR Ki‡e| GB evsjvq-wn› y-gymjgvb, evOvwj, A-evOvwj hviv Av‡Q Zviv Avgv‡ì fvB| Zv‡ì i¶vi `vwqZ¡ Avcbv‡ì Dci, Avgv‡ì †hb e`bvg bv nq| g‡b ivL‡eb, Kg©Pvixiv, †iwWI hw` Avgv‡ì K_v bv †kv‡b Zvn‡j †Kv‡bv evOvwj †iwWI †÷k‡b hv‡eb bv| hw` †Uwjwfkb Avgv‡ì wbDR bv †`q, †Kv‡bv evOvwj †Uwjwfk‡b hv‡eb bv| 2 N›Uv e¨vsK †Lvjv _vK‡e, hv‡Z gvbyl Zv‡ì gvB‡b-cÎ wb‡Z cv‡i| c~e©evsjv †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Zv‡b GK cqmvI Pvjvb n‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvg Avgv‡ì GB c ~e©evsjvq Pj‡e Ges evsjv‡`‡ki wbDR evB‡i cvVv‡bv Pj‡e| wKš‘ hw` GB †`‡ki gvbyl‡K LZg Kivi †Póv Kiv nq, evOvwjiv ey‡Smy‡S KvR Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K MÖv‡g, cÖ‡Z¨K gnj −vq AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ msMÖvg cwil` M‡o †Zvj| Ges †Zvgv‡ì hv wKQz Av‡Q, ZvB wb‡q cÖ ‘Z _v‡Kv| g‡b ivLev, i³ hLb w`‡qwQ, i³ AviI †è| G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvoe BbkAvj−vn| Gev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg| Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg| Rq evsjv|

kãv_© I UxKv wbe©vP‡bi ci - 1970-G AbywôZ cvwK¯Zvb RvZxq cwil` I c~e© cvwK¯Zvb cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vPb

Abyôv‡bi ci| H wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM GKK msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| kvmbZšÎ - ivóª cwiPvjbvi Abykvmb I weavbmg~n| msweavb| b¨vkbvj G‡mgwe− - RvZxq cwil`| fy‡Æv mv‡ne - cvwK¯Zvb wccjm& cvwU©i ZrKvjxb †bZv RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Æv| wZwb cvwK¯Zvwb

mvgwiK miKv‡ii m‡½ nvZ wgwj‡q evOvwj †hb cvwK¯Zv‡bi kvmb ¶gZvq †h‡Z bv cv‡i †m R‡b¨ nxb loh‡šÎ wjß nb|

Avi.wU.wm. - ivDÛ †Uwej Kbdv‡iÝ| †Mvj †Uwej êVK| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi K_v e‡j †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv cÖKv‡k¨ †Mvj †Uwej êVK AvnŸvb Ki‡jI †fZ‡i †fZ‡i c~e© cvwK¯Zv‡b mvgwiK nvgjv Pvjv‡bvi cÖ ‘wZ wb‡Z _v‡Kb|


gvk©vj-j - mvgwiK AvBb| cvwK¯Zv‡b MYZvwšÎK kvmb cÖwµqv bm¨vr Kivi Rb¨ 1958 mvj †_‡K mvgwiK kvmb Pvjy ivLv nq|

withdraw - cÖZ¨vnvi| e¨vivK - †mbvQvDwb| ‡m‡µUvwi‡qU - ivóª cwiPvjbvi cÖkvmwbK †µ›`ª| mwPevjq| mywcÖg †KvU© - m‡e©v”P Av`vjZ| nvB †KvU© - D”P Av`vjZ| RR †KvU© - ‡Rjv Av`vjZ| ‡mwg-Mfb©‡g›U - Avav-miKvwi| Iqvc`v - IqvUvi A¨vÛ cvIqvi †W‡fjc‡g›U A_wiwU| cvwb I we y r Dbœqb KZ©„c¶| cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ iPbvwU cvV Ki‡j ¯vaxb evOvwj RvwZ I mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvq RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi msMÖvg, Ae`vb Ges evOvwj RvwZi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Zuvi wbiwe”Qbœ mvabvi K_v Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| GB iPbv c‡o wk¶v_©xiv e½eÜzi Av`k© I †`k‡cÖ‡gi †PZbvq DØy× n‡e|

cvV-cwiwPwZ cvwK¯Zvwb Jcwb‡ewkK ivóªKvVv‡gv †f‡O evOvwji mvwe©K gyw³ AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ 1966 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Qq `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i KviveiY K‡ib| 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM AR©b Ki wbi¼zk weRq| ZeyI cvwK¯Zvwb kvmK‡Mvôx evOvwj‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ZvšZi bv K‡i loh‡šÎi c_ †e‡Q †bq| 1971 mv‡ji 2 gvP© †_‡K e½eÜzi AvnŸv‡b evsjvq me©vZ¥K Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi avivevwnKZvq 7 gvP© 1971-G XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqvw © D`¨vb) cÖvq `k j¶ †jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 18 wgwb‡Ui HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b| GB fvlY 7B gv‡P©i fvlY wn‡m‡e weL¨vZ|

†jLK cwiwPwZ nvRvi eQ‡ii †kªô evOvwj †kL gywReyi ingvb ¯vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi ¯’cwZ I evOvwj RvwZmËv weKv‡ki cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡| wZwb Avgv‡ì RvwZi RbK| Zuvi Rb¥ 1920 wLªóv‡ãi 17 gvP© †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi Uzw½cvov MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZvi bvg †kL jyrdi ingvb I gvZvi bvg mv‡niv LvZzb| QvÎRxeb †_‡KB wZwb ivRbxwZ I †`keª‡Z hy³ nb| fvlv Av‡›`vjbmn wewfbœ MYZvwšÎK Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM w`‡q wZwb eûevi KviveiY K‡i‡Qb| evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì wfwË iPbvq Zuvi Ae`vb Acwimxg| wZwb evOvwji ¯vqËkvm‡bi `vwe 6 `dv Av‡›`vj‡bi gyL¨ cÖe³v| †kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi m~PbvKv‡j 1961 mv‡j e½eÜz Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ nb| 1971 Gi 25‡k gvP© gaïv‡Zi c‡i cvwK¯Zvwb evwnbx evOvwji GB Awemsevw`Z †bZv‡K Zuvi avbgwÛi evmfeb †_‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i| †MÖdZv‡ii Av‡M A_©vr 26†k gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| gyw³hy×Kv‡j e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Zuv‡K ivóªcwZ K‡i MwVZ A¯’vqx evsjv‡`k miKvi hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i| †`k ¯vaxb nIqvi ci 1972 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi wZwb cvwK¯Zv‡bi KvivMvi †_‡K gy³ n‡q †`‡k †d‡ib Ges hy×weaŸ¯Z †`k Movi gnvb `vwq‡Z¡ eªZx nb| Zuvi miKviB ¯cí mg‡qi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb iPbv K‡i (1972)| 1974 mv‡j RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡ì Awa‡ek‡b wZwb cÖ_g evsjv fvlvq fvlY w`‡q evsjv‡K wek¦mfvq gh©v`vi Avm‡b AwawôZ K‡ib| 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ mvgwiK evwnbxi KwZcq wec_Mvgx m`‡mï nv‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb mcwiev‡i wbnZ nb|

32 Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. evOvwj‡ì Rb¨ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywSeyi ingvb †Kvb ‡Kvb Av‡›`vj‡b Kx RvZxq f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb, †m ¤ú‡K© GKwU iPbv †jL (GKK KvR)

L. RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ˆkke, ˆK‡gvig †hŠeb, e¨w³MZ Rxeb, ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ †`k‡cÖg BZ¨vw` Aej¤‡b Qov, KweZv, Mí, cÖeÜ , bvwUKv, Qwe BZ¨vw` iPbv K‡i †`qvwjKv cÖKvk Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi KvR)|

M. RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb- G welq Aej¤^‡b †cv÷vi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki (GKK KvR, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †cv÷vi †kªwY I wk¶v_x©i bvg I ‡ivj bv¤^vi wjL‡Z n‡e)|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ :

1. KZ e½eÜz †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b Zvwi‡L ?

K. 1969-Gi 7B gvP© L. 1971-Gi 3iv gvP©

M. 1971-Gi 7B gvP© N. 1974-Gi 3iv gvP©

2. †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡bi fvlYB evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYv| †KKbv GB fvlY-

K. AvRI ¯vaxbZvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q

L. msMÖvg cwil` M‡o †Zvjvi A½xKvi

M. A¨v‡m¤^wj‡Z bv emvi AvnŸvb

N. evOvwji mvwe©K gyw³i j‡¶¨ msMÖv‡gi AvnŸvb

3. Avqye Lv‡bi cZ‡bi ci †K †`‡k MYZ‡šÎi cÖwZkÖywZ w`‡qwQ‡jb ?

K. †kL gywReyi ingvb L. Bqvwnqv Lvb

M. gvIjvbv fvmvbx N. RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Æv

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

`w¶Y Avwd«Kvi Awemsev`x †bZv †bjmb †g‡Êjv eY©ev‡ì weiy‡× msMÖvg K‡i †Rj, Ryjyg, wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nb| wbe©vwmZ Rxeb hvcb K‡ib| ¶gZvmxb kvmK‡Mvôx Zuvi Rxeb †_‡K †K‡o †bq 27wU eQi wKš‘ wZwb KLbI gv_v bZ K‡ibwb| Ae‡k‡l Rq nq gvbeZvi, Aemvb N‡U eY©ev‡ì|


4. e½eÜz I †bjmb †g‡ÊjvÑ Df‡qi g‡a¨ ‡Kvb ¸‡Yi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq ? i. mnbkxjZv ii. †`k‡cÖg iii. Av‡cvlnxbZv


K. i I ii L. i I iii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

5. e½eÜz GB we‡kl ¸Y Avgv‡ì Dcnvi w`‡q‡Q-

K. Mfxi †`k‡cÖg L. evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ

M. ¯^vaxb ivóª N. ‰elg¨ †_‡K gyw³ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. MYZšÎ hv Awnsmvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ nq †hLv‡b meviB mgvb ¯vaxbZv _v‡K| †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡KB n‡e Zvi RMr- wbqšÎv| GUvB †mB MYZšÎ hvnv‡Z Avcbv‡ì AvR AskMÖnY Ki‡Z AvnŸvb RvbvwPQ| GKw`b Avcbviv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb, wn› y I gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ fy‡j hvIqv Ges Avcbviv Avcbv‡ì‡K ïaygvÎ fviZxq g‡b Ki‡eb, Ges mevB GKwÎZ n‡q ¯vaxbZvi Av‡›`vj‡b eªZx n‡eb|

K. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Rb¥ KZ Zvwi‡L ?

L. Ôevsjvi BwZnvm G‡`‡ki gvby‡li i³ w`‡q ivRc_ iwÄZ Kivi BwZnvmÕÑ ej‡Z Kx eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

M. DÏxc‡Ki 1g As‡k gnvZ¥vMvÜxi fvl‡Y e½eÜzi fvl‡bi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. i³ hLb w`‡qwQ, i³ Av‡iv †è| G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvoe BbkvAvj−vn| Gev‡ii msMÖvg

¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg e½eÜzi GB e³e¨ gvnvZ¥MvÜxi 2q As‡ki e³‡eï †P‡qI ¯có wQj| g~j¨vqb

Ki|

Lv`¨k‡mï c‡iB evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rxe‡bi m‡½ †h wRwbmwU AwZ wbweofv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q, Zv n‡jv GLvbKvi

KzwUiwkí| GK mg‡q Ni-M„n¯’wji wbZ¨ eënv‡ii cÖvq me cY¨`ªe¨B G‡`‡ki MÖv‡gi KzwU‡i ˆZwi n‡Zv| AvRI A‡bK

wKQzB nq| G¸‡jv KzwUiwk‡íi gva¨‡g ˆZwi n‡jI wkí¸Y wePv‡i G ai‡bi mvgMÖx †jvKwk‡íi g‡a¨ MY¨| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wewfbœ †jvKwk‡íi KZK¸‡jv GK mg‡q Ggb D”Pgv‡bi wQj †h, AvRI Avgiv †mme wRwb‡mi K_v ¯§iY K‡i Me©‡eva Kwi| cÖ_‡g ej‡Z nq XvKvB gmwj‡bi K_v| XvKv kn‡ii A ~‡i †Wgiv GjvKvi ZuvwZ‡ì G Ag~j¨ m„wó GK Kv‡j `ywbqv Ry‡o Zz‡jwQj cÖej Av‡jvob| XvKvi gmwjb ZrKvjxb †gvMj ev`kvn‡ì wejv‡mi e¯‘ wQj| gmwjb Kvco GZ m ~² myZv w`‡q †evbv n‡Zv †h, †QvÆ GKwU AvswUi wfZi w`‡q Abvqv‡m K‡qK k MR gmwjb Kvco cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †`qv m¤¢e wQj| ïay KvwiMwi `¶Zvq bq, G ai‡bi Kvco eybevi Rb¨ wkíxgb _vKvI cÖ‡qvRb| AvR †mB gmwjb †bB| Z‡e gmwjb hviv eybZ, Zv‡ì eskaiiv hyM hyM a‡i G wkíaviv enb K‡i Avm‡Q e‡j Rvg`vwb kvwo Avgiv AvRI †`L‡Z cvB| eZ©gvb hy‡M Rvg`vwb kvwo †`‡k-we‡`‡k ïay cwiwPZB bq, M‡e©i e¯‘| Ggwb Avi GKwU MÖvgxY †jvKwkí AvR jyßcÖvq n‡jI wKQz wKQz bgybv cvIqv hvq| GwU n‡jv bKwkKuv_v| GK mgq evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g MÖv‡g G bKwkKuv_v ˆZwii †iIqvR wQj| GK GKwU mvaAiY AvKv‡ii bKwkKvu_v †mjvB Ki‡ZI Kgc‡¶ Qq gvm jvMZ| el©vKv‡j hLb Pviw`‡K cvwb ˆ_ ˆ_ K‡i, Ni †_‡K evB‡i †ei nIqv hvq bv, Ggb †gŠmygB wQj bKwkKvu_A †mjvB‡qi Dchy³ mgq| †g‡qiv msmv‡i KvR Ki‡Z ycy‡ii LvIqv `vIqv †m‡i cvwU wewQ‡q cv‡bi evUvwU cv‡k wb‡q cv‡k‡j em‡Zb G wewPÎ bKkv †Zvjv Kvu_v †mjvB Ki‡Z| cowkivI my‡hvM †c‡j AvmZ Mí Ki‡Z| Avcb cwi‡ek †_‡KB †g‡qiv Zvu‡ì g‡bi g‡Zv K‡i Kvu_v †mjvB‡qi Aby‡cÖiYv †c‡Zb| Ggwb GK GKwU Kv_v †mjvB KZ Mí, KZ nvwm, KZ Kvbœvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †kl n‡Zv Zv ejv hvq bv| ïay KZK¸‡jv m~² †mjvB Avi is-‡ei‡Oi bKkvi Rb¨B bKwkKuv_v ejv nq bv eis Kuv_vi cÖwZwU my‡Pi †duv‡oi g‡a¨ jywK‡q Av‡Q GK-GKwU cwiev‡ii Kvwnbx, Zv‡ì cwi‡ek, Zv‡ì RxebK_v| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †jvKwkí wewfbœ i~‡c wfbœ wfbœ AÂ‡j cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| ZuvZwkí evsjv‡`‡ki me GjvKv‡ZB Av‡Q; Z‡e XvKv, Uv½vBj, mvRv`cyi, Kzwgj −v, PÆMÖvg GjvKvq ZuvZwk‡íi †gŠwjK êwkó¨ †`Lv hvq|

Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí 35

Rvg`vwb kvwoi K_v Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| bvivqYMÄ †Rjvi bIqvcvov MÖv‡gB Rvg`vwb KvwiMi‡ì emevm| kZvãxKvj a‡i G ZuvZwkí we —vi jvf K‡i‡Q kxZj¶¨v b`xi ZxieZ©x G GjvKvq| êÁvwbK we‡k−l‡Y †`Lv hvq, G kxZj¶¨v b`xi cvwbi ev®c †_‡K †h Av ª©Zvi m„wó nq Zv Rvg`vwb †evbvi Rb¨ ïay Dc‡hvMxB bq, eis GK Acwinvh© e¯‘ ejv P‡j| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, AvenvIqv Ges cwiw¯’wZi Rb¨ ïay AZx‡Zi ZuvwZ‡ì ZuvZwkíB bq, eZ©gv‡bi eo eo Kvc‡oi KviLvbvI kxZj¶¨v b`xi Zx‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q|

Kzwgj −v, †bvqvLvjx I PÆMÖv‡g cÖ ‘Z Lvw` ev LÏ‡ii mgvì ïay MÖvgRxe‡bB bq, kn‡ii AvaywbK mgv‡RI h‡_ó i‡q‡Q| Lvw` Kvc‡oi we‡klZ¡ n‡”Q, Gi meUvB nv‡Z cÖ ‘Z| Zzjv †_‡K nv‡Z myZv KvUv nq| MÖvgevmxiv Aemi mg‡q myZv Kv‡U| G‡ì ejv nq KvUzwb| MÖv‡g evwoi Av‡kcv‡k Zzjvi MvQ jvMv‡bvi ixwZ Av‡Q| †mB Mv‡Qi Zzjv w`‡q myZv KvUv I n —PvwjZ Zuv‡Z Gme myZvq †h Kvco cÖ ‘Z Kiv nq, †mB KvcoB cÖK…Z Lvw` ev LÏi| ¯‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi hy‡M we‡`wk Kvco eR©b K‡i †`wk Kvco

eënv‡ii †h Av`k© cÖewZ©Z n‡qwQj ZviB mvd‡jï ¯v¶i GB Lvw`|

cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ivOvgvwU, ev›ìevb, ivgMo GjvKvi PvKgv, KzwK I gyis †g‡qiv Ges wm‡j‡Ui gvwQgcyi AÂ‡ji gwYcyix †g‡qiv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì I cyiyl‡ì cwi‡aq e¯‘ ey‡b _v‡K| G Kvco¸‡jv mvaviYZ †gvUv I †UKmB nq| bKkv, is I eybb‡KŠkj meB Zv‡ì wbR¯^ HwZn¨ Abyhvqx nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g MÖv‡g Kuvmv I wcZ‡ji evmbcÎ GKKv‡j †ek cÖPwjZ wQj| AvRI kZ kZ MÖvg¨ KvwiMi ˆZwi K‡i wewPÎ ai‡bi ˆZRmcÎ| cÖ_‡g gvwUi QuvP K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ †X‡j †`q MwjZ Kuvmv| ax‡i ax‡i G MwjZ avZz VvÊv n‡q Av‡m| ZLb Ici †_‡K gvwUi QuvPwU †f‡O †dj‡jB wfZi †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m e`bv, evwU, M−vm, _vjv BZ¨vw`| Zvici G¸‡jv cvwjk Kiv nq| G ai‡bi evm‡b bvbviKg dzj cvZvi bKkv ev digvkKvixi bvg †Lv`vB Kiv _v‡K| GgbwK AvRKvj AwZ AvaywbK M„nm¾vi mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e Zvgv wcZ‡ji Nov, _vjv, dzj`vwb eëüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †cvovgvwUi Kv‡Ri HwZn¨ G‡`‡k eû hy‡Mi| gvwUi Kjm, nuvwo, cvwZj, mvbwK, dzj`vwb, `B‡qi fuvo, i‡mi

36 mvwnZ¨ wKYKv

wVjv, m‡›`k I wcVvi QuvP, †Ucv cyZzj, wn› y m¤cÖ v‡qi yM©v, mi¯^Zx, j²x BZ¨vwì g~wZ© Moevi Kv‡R evsjv‡`‡ki cvjcvov I Kz‡gvicvovi Awaevmxiv mviv eQiB e¨¯— _v‡K| AvaywbK iywPi dzj`vwb, QvB`vwb, Pv‡qi †mU, †KŠUv, ev· ev Ni mvRvevi bvbv ai‡bi †kŠwLb mvgMÖx me wKQzB gvwU w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv n‡”Q| G Qvov cyiKv‡ji gmwR` ev gw›`‡ii Mv‡q †hme bKkv`vi BU †`Lv hvq Zv G‡`‡ki †jvKwk‡íi GK AZzjbxq wb`k©b|

cÖZxKag©x gvwUi †Ucv cyZzj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kZ kZ eQi c~‡e©i cvj ev Kz‡gvi‡ì †h KvwiMwi we`¨v Ges wkíxg‡bi cwiPq cvIqv hvq, Zv Afvebxq|

Kv‡Vi Kv‡Ri Lye †ewk wkí¸Y AvRKvj †`Lv bv †M‡jI AZx‡Zi wKQz wKQz bgybv hv †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq Zv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, G †`‡k GK mgq M„nwbg©v‡Yi Kv‡R Kvi“Kv‡h©f~wlZ Kv‡Vi eënvi wQj| we‡kl K‡i cyivZb LvU cvj¼, LyuwU ìRv BZ¨vwì bgybv AvRI †`Lv hvq| G ai‡bi KvR‡K ejv nq nvwmqv| ewikv‡ji Kv‡Vi †bŠKvi KvRI †ek wbcyYZvi `vwe iv‡L|

Lyjbvi gv yi Ges wm‡j‡Ui kxZjcvwU mK‡ji Kv‡Q cwiwPZ| MÖx®§Kv‡j eënv‡i Avivg`vqK e‡jB bq, kxZjcvwUi bKkv GKwU †gŠwjK êwk‡óï cwiPvqK| AZx‡Z kxZjcvwUi eû `¶ KvwiMi wQj| G wkíx‡ì w`‡q GKKv‡j XvKvi beve cwievi nvwZi ùv‡Zi kxZjcvwU ˆZwi Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| XvKvi Rv yN‡i Zv msiw¶Z Av‡Q| GwU Avgv‡ì †jvKwk‡íi GK AZzjbxq wb`k©b|

Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi N‡i N‡i †h wkKv, nvZcvLv, dzjwcVv ˆZwi Kiv nq, Zv †gv‡UB Ae‡njvi wRwbm bq| G‡ì wewPÎ bKkv, is Ges KvwiMwi †mŠ›`‡h©i †h wb`k©b †Pv‡L c‡o Zv ïay Avgv‡ì AwZ Avcb e¯‘B bq, †mŠ›`‡h©i w`K w`‡qI G‡ì ¯’vb eû D‡”P| mvaviY mvgMÖx n‡jI huviv G¸‡jv ˆZwi K‡ib Zuv‡ì †mŠ›`h©wcÖqZvi cÖKvk N‡U Gme wRwb‡mi ga¨ w`‡q| wkKv M„n¯’vwji wRwbmcËi Szwj‡q ivLvi Rb¨ ˆZwi GK_v mK‡jB Rv‡b| ïay ïay cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡jB gb f‡i bv e‡j †mŠ›`h©wcÖq gvbyl bvbv bKkv Ry‡o w`‡q Zv‡KI GKwU we‡kl wkíe¯‘‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|

Avgv‡ì †`‡k euvk AcÖZzj bq| evu‡ki bvbviKg eënvi Qvov Avgv‡ì Pj‡ZB cv‡i bv| †QvULv‡Uv mvgvb¨ nvwZqv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Avgv‡ì KvwiMiiv euvk w`‡q AvRKvj AvaywbK iywPi bvbv eënvwiK mvgMÖx ˆZwi Ki‡Q hv ïay Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì †`‡kB bq, we‡`‡kI eûj cwigv‡Y eëüZ n‡”Q| G Qvov †mvjvwk‡íi DrK…ó m„Rbkxj bgybvI †`Lv hvq cyZzj, †Uvci BZ¨vwì g‡a¨|

Kvc‡oi cyZzj ˆZwi Kiv Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †g‡q‡ì GKwU mnRvZ wkí¸Y| A‡bKvs‡k Gme cyZzj cÖZxKag©x| Aek¨ AvRKvj ev —eag©x Kvc‡oi cyZzj ˆZwiI ïi“ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv †hgb Avgv‡ì †`‡ki HwZn¨ I Rxe‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, †Zgwb we‡`wk cqmvI DcvR©b K‡i|

‡jvKwkí msi¶Y I m¤cÖmvi‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡ì mK‡ji| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ kni, kniZwj Ges MÖv‡gi nvRvi nvRvi bvix-cyi“l Av‡Q, hviv KvR Ki‡Z Pvq A_P Kv‡Ri Afv‡e w`b w`b `vwi‡ ªï wkKvi n‡”Q| mycwiKwíZ Dcv‡q Ges myiywPc~Y© †jvKwkí cÖ ‘wZi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡j Zv‡ì mgm¨vi wKQzUv mgvavb n‡e|

Avgv‡ì mKj‡KB AvR Avcb cwi‡ek Ges cwiw¯’wZi w`‡K ïay †PvL w`‡q ZvKv‡j n‡e bv, ü`q w`‡qI ZvKv‡Z n‡e| †jvKwk‡íi wfZi w`‡q ü`q g‡bi cÖKvk n‡j Zv we‡`wk‡ì ü`‡q mvov RvMv‡e| Gfv‡e †`‡k †`‡k ü`‡qi m¤cK© M‡o †Zvjvi Kv‡RI Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

38 Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí

cvV-cwiwPwZ

Avgv‡ì ‡jvKwkí cÖeÜwU Avgv‡ì †jvKK…wó MÖš’ †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| †jLK G cÖe‡Ü evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKwkí I †jvK-HwZ‡nï eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| G eY©bvq †jvKwk‡íi cÖwZ Zuvi Mfxi ggZ¡‡ev‡ai cwiPq i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì wbZëënvh© AwaKvsk wRwbmB G KzwUiwk‡íi Ici wbf©ikxj| wkí¸Y wePv‡i G ai‡bi wkí‡K †jvKwk‡íi g‡a¨ MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| c~‡e© Avgv‡ì †`‡k †h mg¯Z †jvKwk‡íi ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡Zv Zvi A‡bK¸‡jvB AZ¨šZ D”Pgv‡bi wQj| XvKvB gmwjb Zvi Ab¨Zg| XvKvB gmwjb Aaybv wejyß n‡jI XvKvB Rvg`vwb kvwo A‡bKvs‡k †m ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Rvg`vwb kvwo †`‡k-we‡`‡k cwiwPZ Ges Avgv‡ì M‡e©i e¯‘|

bKwk Kuv_v Avgv‡ì GKwU MÖvgxY †jvKwkí| G wkí AvR jyßcÖvq n‡jI Gi wKQz wKQz bgybv cvIqv hvq| Avcb cwi‡ek †_‡KB †g‡qiv Zuv‡ì g‡bi g‡Zv K‡i Kuv_v †mjvB‡qi Aby‡cÖiYv †c‡Zb| Kuv_vi cÖwZwU my‡Pi †duv‡oi g‡a¨ jywK‡q Av‡Q GK-GKwU cwiev‡ii Kvwnbx, Zv‡ì cwi‡ek, Zv‡ì RxebMv_v| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Kz‡gvicvovi wkíxiv wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆZRmcÎ QvovI †cvovgvwU w`‡q bvbv cÖKvi †kŠwLb `ªe¨ ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K| bvbv cÖKvi cyZzj, g~wZ© I AvaywbK iywPi dzj`vwb, QvB`vwb, Pv‡qi †mU BZ¨vw` Zviv M‡o _v‡K| Lyjbvi gv yi I wm‡j‡Ui kxZjcvwU mK‡ji Kv‡Q cwiwPZ|

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki GB †h †jvKwkí Zv msi¶‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡ì mK‡ji| †jvKwk‡íi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡ì HwZn¨‡K we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Zz‡j ai‡Z cvwi|

†jLK cwiwPwZ

Kvgiyj nvmvb 1921 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| GKRb L¨vwZgvb wkíx wn‡m‡e †`‡k-we‡`‡k wZwb cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| Zuvi AvuKv Qwe‡Z G‡`‡ki †jvKR Rxe‡bi bvbv Dcv`vb Avgv‡ì HwZn¨-m‡PZb K‡i| †jvKwkí msi¶‡YI Zuvi cÖ‡Póv wQj cÖksmbxq| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb my xN©Kvj XvKv Pviy I KviyKjv Bbw÷wUD‡U Aa¨vcbvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| c‡i wZwb evsjv‡`k ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí wWRvBb †m›Uv‡ii cÖavb (bKkvwe`) wbhy³ nb| G mgq wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K †jvKwk‡íi bvbv DcKiY msMÖn K‡ib| Qwe AvuKvi wewPÎ Kjv‡KŠkj Ges †jvKwk‡íi bvbv w`K m¤c‡K© Zuvi †jLv cÎ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi GKwU eB‡qi bvg evsjv‡`‡ki wkí Av‡›`vjb I Avgvi K_v| 1988 wLªóv‡ãi 2 †deªyqvwi Kvgiyj nvmvb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|


K. †Zvgvi GjvKvi †jvKwk‡íi cwiPq Zz‡j ai (GKK KvR)

L. †Zvgvi †`Lv †Kv‡bv †jvKwkí †kjvi weeiY w`‡q GKwU iPbv †jL (&GKK KvR)

bgybv cÖkœ


1. †KvbwU †gvMj ev`kvn‡ì wejv‡mi e¯‘ wQj ?

K. bKwk Kuv_v L. XvKvB gmwjb

M. LÏ‡ii Kvco N. kxZjcvwU


2. gmwj‡bi KvwiMi‡ì eska‡iiv AvRI †Kv_vq emevm Ki‡Q?

K. Kzwgj −v L. wm‡jU

M. cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg N. bvivqYMÄ

3. gmwj‡bi HwZn¨ jvjb Ki‡Q †KvbwU ?

K. bKwk Kuv_v L. Rvg`vwb kvwo

M. †UivcyZzj N. kxZjcvwU

4 wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

Kvgvj Zvi eÜzi Rb¥w`‡b Dcnvi w`j GKwU wcZ‡ji Kjm| G‡Z A‡b‡KB Zv‡K wb‡q Dcnvm Ki‡jI AZx‡Z `ywbqv Ry‡o Avgv‡ì KvwiMi‡ì Kv‡Ri D”Pgv‡bi K_v g‡b K‡i Kvgvj Me©‡eva KiwQj|

Kvgv‡ji †`qv DcnviwU‡K wkí¸Y wePv‡i †Kvb †kªwYi AšZfy©³ Kiv hvq ?

K. AvaywbK wkí L. KzwUi wkí

M. Pviywkí N. g„rwkí

5. Giƒc Dcnvi †`qvi †cQ‡b Kvgv‡ji D‡Ïk¨‡K Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq-

i. A_© mvkªq Kiv

ii. †jvKwkí‡K euvwP‡q ivLv

iii. HwZn¨‡K a‡i ivLv

†KvbwU mwVK DËi?



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

1. cjvkcyi MÖv‡gi iwngv| `wi`ª n‡jI wkíx g‡bi AwaKvix| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB †m euvk, †eZ w`‡q msmv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡bK wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ AvPgKv GKw`b Zvi ¯vgx gviv †M‡j yB mšZvb wb‡q c‡_ e‡m iwngv| DcvqšZi bv †`‡L Ae‡k‡l myuB-myZv nv‡Z Zz‡j †bq †m| Zvi myL- yt‡Li Rxebv‡jL¨ iwngvi `xNj myZvi Uv‡b fvUv w`‡Z _v‡K| GKw`b †emiKvwi GKwU ms¯’vi gva¨‡g Zvi mywPwkí¸‡jv hvq we‡`‡k Ges †gvUv As‡Ki A_© cÖvwßi cvkvcvwk cÖPzi mybvg AR©b K‡i|

40 Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí

K. †Kvb GjvKvi Ôgv yiÕ mK‡ji Kv‡Q cwiwPZ ? L. ÔXvKvB gmwj‡bi Kì wQj ywbqv Ry‡oÕ ej‡Z Kx eySvq ? M. ¯^vgxi g„Zzï ci iwngvi KvRwU Avgv‡ì †jvK wkí cÖe‡Ü Kx‡mi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| eY©bv Ki| N. ‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b iwngvi Ae`vb Avgv‡ì †jvK wkí cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki|

2. dvwi‡bi ¯‹z‡j PjwQj evwl©K weÁvb I cÖhyw³ †gjv| dvwib Rgv †`q GKUv bKwk Kuv_v| G Kuv_vq dzwU‡q ‡Zv‡j el©v-cÖK…wZ Ges wein KvZi GKRb bvixi Rxeb Mv_v| `k©bv_©x, wePviK Ges cÖwZ‡hvMx mevB gy» n‡q †`‡Lb GwU| GKRb gšZe¨ †j‡Lb, Avgv‡ì †jvK wkí †h mg„×kvj Zv e‡j †kl Kivi g‡Zv bq| wKš‘ mgq I iywPi cwieZ©‡b Zv AvR cÖvq aŸs‡mv¤§yL| Avgv‡ì mK‡ji GLbB Gi cÖwZ bRi †`qv DwPZ| bB‡j AwP‡iB G wkí aviv‡K Avgiv nvive|

K. wkí¸Y wePv‡i Avgv‡ì KzwUiwkí †Kvb wk‡íi g‡a¨ c‡o? L. el©vKv‡j bKwkKuv_v ˆZwii Rb¨ Dchy³ mgq †Kb ? M. dvwi‡bi G‡nb D‡`¨vM Avgv‡ì †jvKwk‡íi †h we‡kl w`KwUi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡K †jvKwkí euvwP‡q ivLvi †h ZvwM` Abyf ~Z n‡q‡Q Zv Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí cÖe‡Üi †jL‡Ki

e³e¨‡K mg_©b K‡i wK ? †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

myLx gvbyl ggZvR D & xb Avng`

PwiÎwjwc

bvg eqm

†gvoj 50

KweivR 60

nvmy 45

ingZ 20

†jvK 40

[†gvo‡ji AmyL| weQvbvq ï‡q QUdU Ki‡Q| KweivR †gvo‡ji bvwo cix¶v Ki‡Q| †gvo‡ji AvZ¥xq nvmy wgqv Avi

†gvo‡ji wek¦vmx PvKi ingZ Avjx AmyL wb‡q K_v ej‡Q|

myLx gvbyl 45

GKRb‡K cvIqv †Mj, †h wb‡Ri kª‡g DcvwR©Z Avq w`‡q †Kv‡bvfv‡e RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i my‡L w`bvwZcvZ Ki‡Q| Zvi †Kv‡bv m¤c` †bB, d‡j †Pv‡ii fq †bB| myZivs kvwšZ‡Z Ny‡gv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i Zvi †Kv‡bv ywðšZvI †bB| wKš‘ †kl ch©šZ myLx gvbyl GKRb cvIqv †M‡jI †`Lv †Mj Zvi †Kv‡bv Rvgv †bB| myZivs †gvo‡ji mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡jv bv| †jL‡Ki e³e¨ Lye ¯có| Zv n‡jv, m¤c`B AkvwšZi KviY| myL GKUv Av‡cw¶K e¨vcvi| GKR‡bi A‡bK m¤ú` †_‡KI myL †bB| Avevi Av‡iKR‡bi wKQz bv _vK‡jI †m myLx _vK‡Z cv‡i|

†jLK cwiwPwZ

ggZvR D & xb Avng` cwðge‡½i gvj`n †Rjvq 1935 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq evsjv wefvM †_‡K mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi ci wZwb evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wel‡q miKvwi K‡j‡R `xN©w`b Aa¨vcbv †k‡l 1992 mv‡j Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| bvU¨Kvi I bvU¨vwf‡bZv wn‡m‡e wZwb evsjv‡`‡k GK L¨vwZgvb e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ iPbvÑbvUK : Ô¯vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZvÕ, ÔivRv Aby¯v‡ii cvjvÕ, ÔmvZ Nv‡Ui KvbvKwoÕ, ÔAvgv‡`i kniÕ, Ônvm¨ jvm¨ fvl¨Õ, cÖeÜ M‡elYv : Ôevsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki BwZe„ËÕ, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki w_‡qUv‡ii BwZe„ËÕ, bvUK wel‡q wewea cÖeÜ| GQvov wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Mí, Dcb¨vm I mim iPbv| mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb wkï GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨-cyi¯‹vi, evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`Kmn wewfbœ mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹v‡i f ~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. ÔA_©-Hk¦h©B my‡Li &KgvÎ wbqvgKÕÑ G welq Aej¤^‡b weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡Y)|

L. †Zvgvi Av‡kcv‡k wewfbœ †kªwY‡ckvi gvby‡qi gZvgZ Aej¤‡b myL wel‡q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki (GKK KvR)

bygbv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vwb cÖkœ :

1. ÔmyLx gvbylÕ bvwUKvi „k¨msL¨v KZ ?

K. GK L. yB

M. wZb N. Pvi

2. ÔmyLx gvbylÕ bvwUKvi †gvU PwiÎ msL¨v KZ ?

K. cuvP L. Qq

M. mvZ N. AvU

3. Ôg‡bi g‡a¨ AkvwšZ _vK‡j Jl‡a KvR nq bvÕ G K_vi A_© Kx ?

K. g‡bi cweÎZv my ’Zvi c ~e©kZ© L. cÖK…Z myL †gvngyw³i g‡a¨

M. wb‡j©vf n‡j my ’ _vKv hvq N. K…cYZvB abx‡`i g ~j AmyL

46 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

4. Ôm¤c`B AkvwšZi g ~j KviYÕG Dw³i fveMZ msMwZ Av‡Q †KvbwUi m‡½ ? K. AcPq Kibv, Afv‡e cobv L. jv‡fi ab wcucovq Lvq M. †jv‡f cvc, cv‡c g„Zz¨ N. AwZ †jv‡f ZuvZx bó

wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : GKRb †jv‡Ki AbšZ ¶zav| †m hv cvq ZvB Lvq| †ik‡bi Pvj, Mg, wiwj‡di †jvUvevwU K¤^j| Lvq †ijMvwo ch©šZ| e` nRg bv n‡q hvq †Kv_vq ? fvigy³ nevi Rb¨ QUdU Ki‡Q| wKš‘ nvRvi gvby‡li `xN©k¦v‡mi e` cÖfve †h Zvi Ici| †cU KvUv Qvov Dcvq †bB| Avur‡K I‡V †jvKwU| (†gvšZvwmi d¨v›Uvmx Aej¤^‡b)|

5. †jvKwU‡K Kvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq ? K. ingv‡bi L. †gvo‡ji M. nvmyi N. Kweiv‡Ri

6. ZzjbvUv G Kvi‡Y †h Zviv DfqB- i. ciab AcniYKvix ii. ‰bwZK Av`k© weewR©Z i i. wb ©q I gvbe‡cÖg k~Y¨

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. i I ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

DÏxcKwU c‡o mswk −ó cÖ‡kœ DËi `vI :

1. †Rv‡e` Avjx BDwbqb cwil‡`i GKRb m`m¨| GB wb‡q Uvbv cÂg ev‡ii g‡vZ wZwb wecyj †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ n‡jb| n‡ebB-ev bq †Kb ? GjvKvi gvby‡li AmyL-wemyL n‡j my ’ bv nIqv Aewa wZwb Zvi kh¨v Qv‡ob bv| mgm¨vq co‡j mgvavb wbwðZ bv nIqv ch©šZ Zvi gy‡L Abœ †iv‡P bv| †mB Zvi AmyL n‡j Muv‡qi †jvK †f‡O coj| †Pv‡Li cvwb‡Z eyK fvwm‡q cÖv_©bv Kij-Avj−vn, Zzwg Avgv‡`i †Rv‡e` fvB‡K my ’ K‡i `vI|

myLx gvbyl 47 K. Avqy‡e© kv¯Îg‡Z hviv wPwKrmv K‡i Zv‡`i Kx e‡j ? L. nvmy †gvo‡ji g„Zz¨ Kvgbv K‡i †Kb ? M. †Rv‡e` Avjxi m‡½ ÔmyLx gvby‡liÕ †h wgj Av‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. †gvoj hw` †Rv‡e` Avjxi g‡Zv n‡Zb Zvn‡j Zvi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ myLx gvby‡li Rvgv Zvjvk Ki‡Z n‡Zv bv|Ñ we‡k −lY Ki|

2. †mwjg mv‡ne bvbv Dcv‡q bvbv cš’vq m¤c‡`i cvnvo M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| b`xi cvo †f‡½ covi g‡Zv B`vwbs wewfbœ ARynv‡Z †m cvnv‡oi weivU weivU Ask nvZ Qvov n‡q hv‡”Q| iv‡_ ywðšZvq Nyg nq bv Zvi| Zvi g‡b n‡”Q hv‡K wZwb GK mgq my‡Li Drm ‡f‡e wQ‡jb ZvB n‡q D‡V‡Q GLb Amy‡Li g~j KviY| fvOb †hfv‡e †j‡M‡Q Zv‡Z †evSv hv‡”Q Ôcv‡ci ab cÖvqwð‡Ë¨B hv‡eÕ|

K. bvU¨Kvi ggZvR D & xb Avng`-Gi †ckvMZ cwiPq Kx ? L. nvmy †gvo‡ji dzdvZ fvB nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zvi AKj¨vY Kvgbv K‡i †Kb ? M. †gvoj Pwi‡Îi m‡½ †mwjg mv‡n‡ei Pwi‡Îi mv „k¨wU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ô†gvoj Avi †mwjg mv‡n‡ei Amy‡Li g ~j KviY Awfbœ m~‡Î Muv_vÕ Dw³wU we‡k −lY Ki|

wkí Kjvi bvbv w`K gy¯Zvdv g‡bvqvi

ÔAvb›` aviv ewn‡Q f~e‡YÕ- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Mv‡bi GB K_v¸wj‡Z wkí Kjvi g~j mZ¨wU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| me

gvbylB Rxe‡bi GB Avb›`‡K cvevi R‡b¨ KZ iKg †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q| Avb›` cÖKvk Rxebx kw³i cÖejZviB cÖKvk| Avb›`‡K Avgiv eywS iƒc-im-kã-¯ck©-MÜ BZ¨vwì mvnv‡h¨, Bw›`ªqmK‡ji mvnv‡h¨| gvbyl hLb Avb›` cvq ZLb †m Zvi gb‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z PvqÑbvbv iƒ‡c| ZvB m„wó n‡jv wPÎwkíx, b„Z¨ wkíx, msMxZ wkíx, Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K| cyivKv‡ji ¸nv gvbyl †_‡K ïiy K‡i eZ©gvb hyM ch©šZ gvbyl wb‡Ri cvIqv Avb›`‡K my›ì‡K Ab¨ gvby‡li g‡a¨ we¯Zvi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| ZvB m„wó n‡q‡Q bvbvb Avw½‡Ki wkí Kjv| †hgbÑwPÎKjv, fv¯‹h©, b„Z¨Kjv, msMxZ Kjv, Awfbq Kjv, Pjw”PÎ, ¯’vcZ¨ BZ¨vw` wewfbœgyLx Kjvfw½| cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB gvbyl Zvi wbZ¨ bZzb Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| wkí Kjvi we¯ZxY© A½‡b| wkí Kjvi GKwU A¯có A_© Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi wKš‘ wkíKjvi mwVK A_© Kx Avi wkíKjvi ¸Yv¸Y Kx, GB cÖkœ hw` †KD K‡i Zvn‡j, DËi †`qv KwVb n‡q c‡o| †hgb Mvb ï‡b fv‡jv jv‡M, Qwe †`‡L fv‡jv jv‡M, wKš‘ fv‡jv jv‡M †Kb, GB cÖkœ wb‡q gvby‡li gb wPšZv fvebv Ki‡Z jvM‡jv- †`Lv †Mj, mKj wkíKjvq iƒc Av‡Q, Q›` Av‡Q, myi Av‡Q, is Av‡Q, we‡kl Mob Av‡Q, mewKQz‡K mvRvevi GKwU myweb¨¯Z wbqg Av‡Q| GB wbqgwU jywK‡q _v‡K, wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i bv, my›`‡ii g‡a¨ wg‡jwg‡k GKUv eÜb m„wó K‡i| wbqgwU bv Rvb‡jI my›ì‡K †Pbv hvq| GKwU Dcgv †`qv hvK| c„w_exi me dzjB GKB wbqg †g‡b dzj bvg †c‡q‡Q| Avgiv †`‡L ewj my›ì| Gi wbqgwU n‡jv, GKB we› y †_‡K mKj cvcwo we› yi Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q _vK‡e| wKš‘ GK wbqg †g‡bB KZ iKg dzj| wbqg †g‡bI dzj ¯vaxb fv‡e dz‡U I‡V| †Zvgv‡ì GLb my›`‡ii wbqg Rvb‡Z n‡e bv, my›ì jvM‡jB my›ì ej‡e| my›ì †`L‡Z †`L‡ZB GKw`b my›`‡ii we‡kl we‡kl wbqg¸wj Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| ïay GBUzKz †R‡b iv‡Lv, my›ì‡K Rvbvi †h Ávb Zvi bvg b›`bZË¡| b›`bZË¡ gv‡b my›ì‡K we‡k−lY Kiv my›ì‡K AviI Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä Kiv| me my›`‡ii m„wói g‡a¨B GKUv iƒc Av‡Q, Zvi bvg ¯^vaxbZÑAci bvg hv Lywk ZvB Kiv| †h KvR mKj‡K Avb›` †`q Lywk K‡i, ZvB my›ì| ¯v_©ci ev AmsMZ Avwgi Lywk bq, A‡bK g‡b Lywki we¯Zvi Kiv Avwg| AÜKvi Ni Av‡jvwKZ Kievi R‡b¨ wbqg gvbv cÖ xc R¡vjv‡Z nq, N‡i AmsMZ Av¸b jvwM‡q Ni Av‡jvwKZ Kiv bq|

wkí Kjvi bvbv w`K 49

Avgv‡ì cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b, KZ iKg wRwbm cÖ‡qvRb nq- NwU evwU †_‡K weQvbv cÎ| ïay cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡jB gvbyl Lywk nq bv- gvby‡li gb e‡j cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡jB n‡e bv Zv‡K my›ì n‡Z n‡e| †hgb bKwk Kuv_v, iv‡Î weQvbvq Mv‡q w`‡q †kvevi Rb¨ GKwU mvgMÖx- †mUv †Zv my›ì Amy›ì nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wKš‘ GB cÖ‡qvR‡bi wRwbm‡K myB Avi iwOb myZv w`‡q Ac~e© bKkv K‡i mvwR‡q‡Q Muv‡qi euayiv| bKwk Kuv_v †`L‡jB my›ì jv‡M, wRwbmwUi cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v g‡bB c‡o bv| GB Kvi‡YB mKj Ávbx gvbyl e‡jb, me my›ìB mivmwi cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡bi KvR wgUj †Zv kixi‡K Z…ß Kij, Avi cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i †h my›ì Zv gb‡K Z…ß Kij| A_©vr cÖ‡qvRb Avi AcÖ‡qvRb wgwj‡qB gvby‡li †mŠ›`‡h©i Avkv c~Y© nq|

Gevi wewfbœ wkíKjv wb‡q msw¶ß K‡i wKQz ejv hvK| Qwe AvuKv| we‡k¦i mKj †`‡kB wkïiv Qwe Avu‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUivI Lye my›ì Qwe AvuK‡Z cv‡i| Qwe AvuKv gv‡b †`Lv †kLv| †QvUiv cÖK…wZ‡K †`‡L, gv-evev fvB-‡evb wgwj‡q GKUv mgvR‡K †`‡L| cÖwZw`‡bi †`Lv, welqe¯‘, is, Mob, AvK…wZ †`‡L wkï g‡bi Kíbvi m‡½ wg‡j wg‡k hvq| bvbv iKg Mí ï‡b †`‡ki K_v ï‡b, KweZv Qvov ï‡bI wkï g‡b Qwe ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K| GB mKj †`Lv A‡`Lv e¯‘ wb‡q wkïiv Qwe Avu‡K Kíbv ev¯Ze wgwj‡q| wb‡R‡ì g‡bi K_v cÖKvk Ki‡Z †k‡L|

mKj wkíKjvi g‡a¨ KZ¸wj g~j e¯‘ _v‡K †hgb we›`y, †iLv, is, AvKvi, MwZ ev Q›`, Av‡jvQvqv Mvp nvjKvi m¤cK© BZ¨vw`| GB mK‡ji wgj‡bB nq Qwe ev fv¯‹h©| Avi Av‡Q gva¨g, A_©vr †Kvb gva¨‡g wkí m„wó n‡q‡Q| wPÎKjvi gva¨g n‡jv Kvwj-Kjg, Rj is, c¨v‡÷j is, †Zj wgwkªZ is BZ¨vw`| †QvU‡ì Rb¨ c¨v‡÷j I Rj is eënvi Kiv mnR nq| evsjv‡`‡k cyiv Kv‡j Rj is w`‡qB Qwe AvuKZ wkíxiv| cyivZb cuyw_‡Z ZvjcvZvq AvuKv Qwei eû wb`k©b Av‡Q| eZ©gv‡bI Rj is AZ¨šZ wcÖq, Z‡e GLb Avi †KD ZvjcvZvq Avu‡K bv, KvM‡R Avu‡K|

fv¯‹h©| big gvwU w`‡q †Kv‡bv wKQzi iƒc †`qv ev k³ cv_i †K‡U †Kv‡bv Mob evbv‡bv| we‡kl GK ai‡bi QuvP evwb‡q MwjZ †gUvj †X‡j Mob evbv‡bv, GB ai‡bi KvR‡K e‡j fv¯‹h©| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †cvov gvwUi fv¯‹h© Lye cÖwm× wQj|

Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ ev KvjPvi M‡o D‡V‡Q bvbvb wkíKjvi KviyKvR w`‡q| mKj wkíxi GKwU `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q- †`‡ki HwZn¨‡K kª×v Kiv| evsjvq GKwU K_v Av‡QÑÔKvwj Kjg gb, †j‡L wZb RbÕÑKvwj bv‡g †`‡ki HwZ‡n¨ nvRvi eQi cÖevwnZ Kvwj, Kjg n‡jv wkí m„wói eZ©gvb miÄvg, Avi gb n‡jv eZ©gvb hy‡Mi m‡½ HwZ‡nï wgj K‡i wb‡R‡K cÖKvk Kivi gb| GKwU †`k‡K Rvbv hvq †`‡ki gvbyl‡K Rvbv hvq Zvi wkíKjv PP©vi aviv †`‡L| wkíKjv PP©v mK‡ji c‡¶ Acwinvh©|

50 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

kãv_© I UxKv

f~eb - c„w_ex, RMr, f~gÊj|

wkíKjv - wPÎKjv, fv¯‹h©, bvP, Mvb cÖf„wZ Gi AšZfy©³|

Rxebfi - Rxebe¨vcx ev mviv Rxeb a‡i|

im - mvwnZ¨ cvV K‡i ev Qwe †`‡L g‡b †h Abyf ~wZ Rv‡M|

cyivKvj - cÖvPxbKvj, A‡bK Av‡MKvi mgq|

¸nv-gvbyl - cÖvPxbKv‡j ¸nvq emevmKvix gvbyl|

fv¯‹h© - Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j (Sculpture) ¯‹íPvi| cv_i †Lv`vB K‡i ev gvwU w`‡q AvKvi ev Mob wbg©v‡Yi KvR|

¯’vcZ¨ - M„n ev febvw` wbg©v‡Yi KvR| Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j AvwK©‡U·vi|

cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb - cÖwZw`‡bi Rxeb|

bKwk Kuv_v - my›ì bKkv m„wó K‡i ˆZwi Kuv_v| evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKwk‡íi GKwU mg„× kvLv|

Mob - AvKvi, AvK…wZ, iƒc, Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K e‡j dg©| G iPbvq kãwU G A‡_©B eëüZ n‡q‡Q|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

iPbvwU cvV K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡b †mŠ›`h©‡eva m„wó n‡e| wPÎKjv, fv¯‹h© cÖf„wZ m¤c‡K© Zviv AvMÖnx n‡e| Zviv bZzb wKQz m„wói e¨vcv‡i AbycÖvwYZ n‡e|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

GB iPbvwU‡Z †jLK my›`‡ii aviYv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wPÎKjv, fv¯‹h© ¯’vcZ¨, msMxZ, b„Z¨, KweZv, me wKQzi ga¨ w`‡qB my›ì‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq| cÖK…wZ RM‡Z my›`‡ii cÖKvk N‡U bvbvfv‡e| Zv †`‡L gvbyl bZzb K‡i my›ì‡K m„wó K‡i| wewfbœ gva¨‡g P‡j m„wói GB cÖwµqv| KL‡bv †iLvi mvnv‡h¨, KL‡bv i‡Oi mvnv‡h¨, KL‡bv gvwU ev cv_‡ii mvnv‡h¨ my›ì‡K m„wó Kiv nq| my›ì †eva gvby‡li gb‡K Z…ß K‡i| gvbyl‡K Zv cwikxwjZ K‡i| my›`‡ii m„wó‡Z mK‡jiB †Póv Kiv DwPZ| †jLK cwiwPwZ

gy Zdv g‡bvqvi GKRb wPÎwkíx| Zuvi Rb¥ 1935 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤i, wSbvB`n †Rjvi g‡bvnicyi MÖv‡g| Kwe †Mvjvg †gv¯Zdv Zuvi wcZv| wZwb KjKvZv AvU© K‡j‡Ri K…Zx QvÎ| XvKvq PviyKjv K‡j‡R wZwb Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb I wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx‡Z gnvcwiPvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡k cv‡cU w_‡qUvi I A¨wb‡gkb wkíKjvq AvaywbKZv cÖPj‡b wZwb AMÖ ~‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Ôg‡bi K_vÕ bv‡g evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡b `xN©Kvj hver wkï‡ì Dc‡hvMx wkíKjv welqK GKwU RbwcÖq Abyôvb wZwb cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| 1972 mvj †_‡K cÖPvwiZ wkï cÖwZfv weKv‡ki j‡¶¨ eûj RbwcÖq ÔbZzb KuywoÕ Abyôv‡bi iƒcKvi wZwb| †Uwjwfk‡bi Abyôvb cÖ‡qvRbvq wZwb †gŠwjKZvi ¯v¶i †i‡L‡Qb| wewkó b„Z¨ cwiKíbvKvix, msMxZ cwiPvjK, 2q I lô mvd© †Mg‡mi mdj gvmKU wbg©vZv wZwb| ÔGKz‡k c`KÕmn eû c`K I cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb wZwb|

wkí Kjvi bvbv w`K 51

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ : K. mywbw ©ó welq Aej¤‡b Qwe AvuKvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡Y)| L. ‡kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©©xi AskMÖn‡Y ¯úó I my›ì n¯—v¶i cwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki| M. ev¯—‡e ev Qwe‡Z †`Lv †Zvgvi fv‡jv jvMv †Kv‡bv GKwU Av‡jvKwPÎ ev fv¯‹h© ev ¯’vcZ¨ m¤ú‡K© wZb-Pvi

Aby‡”Q‡ì GKwU iPbv †jL|

bgybv cÖkœ


1. gy Zvdv g‡bvqvi n‡jb GKRbÑ K. wPÎwkíx L. fv¯‹h© wkíx

M. ¯’vcZ¨ N. wkíxKviywkíx 2. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU †`k‡K Rvbv hvq

K. wkíKjv PP©v L.mvwnZ¨ PP©v M. weÁvb PP©v N.wPÎKjv PP©v

3. me my›ìB mivmwi cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ? i. cÖ‡qvR‡bi g‡a¨ †mŠ›`h© cÖKvk cvq bv ii. AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask gvbe gb‡K Z…ß K‡i iii. AcÖ‡qvRbxq As‡k †mŠ›`h© cÖKvk cvq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. i I ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : dv‡qR Avn‡g` Kw¤cDUvi mv‡q‡Ý Abvm© co‡Q, mviv¶Y Zvi iy‡gi ìRv Rvbvjv eÜ K‡i Kw¤cDUvi wb‡q †m e‡m _v‡K| †QvU †evb c~wY©gvi iv‡Z Qv‡` wM‡q Puv` †`L‡Z ej‡j †m e‡j- Qv‡` †h‡q Puv` †`Lvi wK Av‡Q, Rvbvjv w`‡qB †Zv Puv` †`Lv hvq| Avi me mgq gyLUv †Kgb M¤¢xi K‡i e‡m _v‡K| mevi mv‡_ wg‡kI bv| 4. DÏxc‡Ki dv‡q‡Ri g‡b Kx‡mi Afve Av‡Q ? K. Avb‡›ì L. fv‡ei M. Abyf~wZi N. AvKv•¶vi 5. wkíKjvi bvbv w`K cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K dv‡q‡Ri D³ Afve‡eva _vKvi KviY- K. wkíx g‡bi Afve L. wkíKjvi cÖwZ Abvmw³ M. mvwnZ¨ PP©vi Afve N. cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Abvmw³

52 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

1. †g‡niy‡bœmv Gevi Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡q evsjv wefv‡M fwZ© n‡q‡Q| bexbeiY †k‡l evÜex‡ì mv‡_ K¨v¤cvm Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z G‡jv †K›`ªxq jvB‡eªwii mvg‡b| †mLv‡b †`‡L- GK nv‡Z e› yK a‡i GK cv‡qi Ici ùvwo‡q Av‡Q wekvjvKvi GK fv¯‹h©| bvg- mskßK| wbwðZ g„Zz¨ †R‡bI †h m¤§yL cv‡b GwM‡q hvq Zv‡KB e‡j mskßK| 71-Gi gyw³‡hv×v‡ì exi‡Z¡i K_v ¯§iY K‡i GB g~wZ©wU evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| gbUv f‡i †Mj †g‡niy‡bœmvi|

K. ¯’vcZ¨ Kx ? L. cÖ‡qvRb Avi AcÖ‡qvRb wg‡jB gvby‡li †mŠ›`‡h©i Avkv c ~Y©- K_vwU eywS‡q wjL| M. K¨v¤cv‡m †g‡niy‡bœmv wkíKjvi †Kvb w`KwU †`‡L‡Q? Gi eY©bv `vI| N. †g‡niy‡bœmvi †`Lv w`KwUB wkíKjvi cÖavb w`K- gšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki| 2. b›`jvj emy Zuvi wkíKjv MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb- Ô†h m„wói g‡a¨ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb mvab A‡c¶v A‡nZzK Avb›`

†ewk, hvnv‡Z gvby‡li ˆRe A‡c¶v AvwZ¥K I gvbwmK Avb›` m„wó †ewk, Zvnv‡K Avgiv jwjZKjv ewjqv AvL¨vwqZ Kwi‡Z cvwi| Avevi hvnv‡K Avgiv jwjZKjv ewj ZvnvI Av‡iK w`K nB‡Z KviyKjv †kªwYfy³ nB‡Z cv‡i| ¯’cwZwe`¨v cÖm~Z myig¨ cÖvmv`‡K hLb gvby‡li emevm Dc‡hvMx Kwiqv †`wL ZLb Zvnv Kviywkí| Avevi Dnv‡K hLb iƒcgq Amxg †mŠ›`h© m„wó wn‡m‡e †`wL ZLb Zvnv PviyKjv|Õ

K. cyivKvj k‡ãi A_© Kx ? L. wkíKjv PP©v mK‡ji c‡¶ Acwinvh© †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki jwjZKjv ej‡Z wkíKjvi bvbv w`K cÖe‡Üi †h welqwU‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. PviyKjv I PviyKjvi mgwš^Z iƒc wkíKjv- wkíKjvi bvbv w`K cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K we‡k −lY Ki|

gsoyi c‡_ wecÖ vk eoyqv

m‡Üï Av‡jv-Avuavwi‡Z, 24 †g, 2001, wgqvbgv‡ii mxgvšZ kni gsoyi c‡_ †b‡g Avgvi †bvL, †PvL, Kvb I ü`q A‡Pbv Av‡e‡M Dc‡P coj| gsoy Avgv‡ì †UKbv‡di Icv‡i| gvSLv‡b bvd b`x| gsoy evg©vi cwðg mxgv‡šZi kni| weªwUk hy‡Mi eû Av‡M †_‡KB PÆMÖv‡gi m‡½ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM| KL‡bv wQbœ, KL‡bv wbiew”Qbœ| cv`wi †g‡÷ªv †mevw÷b gvbwiK mß`k kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡_© GB c‡_| ZviI GKk eQi Av‡M cZ©ywMRiv PÆMÖv‡g emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| Zviv wb‡R‡ì emwZi RvqMv‡K e¨v‡Êj ejZ| PÆMÖv‡g GL‡bv e¨v‡Êj †ivW Zv‡ì ¯§„wZ enb Ki‡Q| m‡Üï Avuavi Nwb‡q Avmvi ci Avgiv Awfevmb I ïé `dZi †_‡K Qvov †c‡q LuvPv-Qvov cvwLi g‡Zv Dovj w`jvg| GB c‡_ Avm‡Z †c‡i Lywk n‡qwQ, c‡_ AvivKvb co‡e, AvivKvb iv‡Rï aŸsmcÖvß cÖvPxb ivRavbx gªvDK-D †`L‡Z cve| GK mgq AvivKvb evg©v †_‡K Avjv`v ¯^vaxb ivR¨ wQj| Zvi cwiwa wQj DË‡i †dbx b`x †_‡K Av›`vgvb mvM‡ii KvQvKvwQ cy‡iv e‡½vcmvMi DcK~j| †mLv‡b G‡m c‡owQ GLb| AvivKvb iv‡Rï ivRmfvq †`ŠjZ KvRx, AvjvIj mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb| ‡Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K PÆMÖv‡gi cv‡k Aciƒc wgqvbgv‡ii K_v ï‡b G‡mwQ iƒcK_vi M‡íi g‡Zv, AvR Zv ev¯Z‡e †f‡m DVj m‡Üï Av‡jvQvqvq| AÜKvi cÖvq Mvp n‡q G‡m‡Q| AvKv‡k †g‡Ni †Kv‡j ïK¬c‡¶i Puv`| Avgvi nv‡Z I Kuv‡a †SvjvSzwj| ïé Awd‡mi †PŠnwÏ †cwi‡q cÂvk K`g bv †h‡ZB euv w`‡K eo eo †i¯Ziv, cÖvq Rbgvbenxb| Wvb w`‡K †gvo Nyi‡ZB GK wgqvbgvi Kzgvix cvbx‡qi cmiv wb‡q e‡m‡Q| G‡Kev‡iB Szcwo †`vKvb| Kzgvixi †`vKv‡bi cv‡kB Avi GKwU †m iKg †`vKvb| Zvici mvg‡bB ïiy n‡q‡Q evwoNi I †`vKvb| c‡_ †b‡g c‡o‡Q ZiyY-ZiyYx, †g‡q-cyiyl| c‡_ c‡_ wgqvbgv‡ii iw½jv hyeZx-ZiyYxiv| Kjnv‡m¨ gyLi| evwoi mvg‡b, †`vKv‡bi evB‡i ùvwo‡q Av‡Q †KD †KD| hyeK, hyeZx, †cÖŠp, e„×| wgqvbgv‡ii mevB jyw½ c‡i| †g‡q‡ì ci‡b jyw½ I Sjg‡j e −vDR RvZxq Rvgv ev †MwÄ| Pz‡j dzj †MvuRv, wPiywb I wieb-wd‡Z| cvk w`‡q GKUv cvBK¨v P‡j hv‡”Q| wZb PvKvi wiKkv, †hgb †gvUi evB‡Ki cv‡k Avi GKUv PvKv jvwM‡q K¨vwiqv‡i eD ev”Pv em‡Z cv‡i, GI cÖvq †Zgwb| mviv wgqvbgv‡i Avgv‡ì wiKkvi e`‡j cvBK¨v| ¯’vbxq gymjgvbiv Gi GK‡PwUqv PvjK| gsoyi eëmvI cÖvq I‡ì `L‡j, Avi wn› yivI Av‡Q| Giv PÆMÖvg †_‡K

56 gsWyi c‡_

kãv_© I UxKv wbiew”Qbœ - GKUvbv| Aweivg| wbišZb|

cv`wi - wLª÷vb ag©cÖPviK|

Awfevmb - ¯^‡`k †Q‡o Ab¨ †`‡k emevm|

ïé `dZi - cY¨ ª‡eï Avg`vwb ißvwbi Ici Ki avh© K‡i Ggb Awdm|

†`ŠjZ KvRx - m‡Zi kZ‡Ki Kwe| AviKvb ivRmfvq mvwnZ¨ PP©v K‡ib| †jvivP›`ªvYx Kv‡eï iPwqZv|

AvjvIj - m‡Zi kZ‡Ki Kwe| AviKvb ivRmfvq mvwnZ¨ PP©v K‡ib| cÙveZx Zuvi †kªô iPbv|

ïK¬c¶ - Agvem¨vi ci †_‡K c ~wY©gv ch©šZ P› ªKjvi evovi d‡j|

K¨vwiqvi - Mvwoi †cQ‡b _vKv gvjcÎ ev Rb cwien‡Yi RvqMv|

M−vfm - `¯Zvbv, nvZ‡gvRv|

gvjwKb - gwnjv gvwjK| gvwj‡Ki ¿x|

nvgvbw`¯Zv - `ªe¨mvgMÖx u‡ov Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ cvÎ I `Ê|

gnv‡_‡iv - ‡eŠ× ag©xq cÖavb ¸iy|

P¨v - wgqvbgv‡ii UvKv

Pxei - ‡eŠ× wf¶z‡ì cwi‡aq ˆMwiK †cvkvK we‡kl|

dzw` - gvqvbgvi AÂ‡ji †eŠ× mbœ¨vmx ev cy‡ivwnZ|

c¨v‡MvWv - †eŠ×gw›ì|

j¶v - Mvjv| jvj e„¶im we‡kl|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

iPbvwU cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv cÖwZ‡ekx GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ I ms¯‹…wZi iƒc m¤c‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡e| IB †`k

m¤c‡K© Zv‡ì g‡b fv‡jvevmv mÂvwiZ n‡e|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

Avgv‡ì c~e© w`‡Ki cÖwZ‡ekx †`k wgqvbgvi| †mB †`k åg‡Yi d‡j †jLK †hme AwfÁZv jvf K‡ib Zvi wKQz weeiY GB iPbvq cwi‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| wgqvbgv‡ii cwðg mxgv‡šZi kni gsoy w`‡q †jL‡Ki IB †`k mdi ïiy n‡qwQj| gsoyi gvby‡li †cvlvK-cwi”Q`, Lv`¨vf¨vm, eëmv-evwYR¨ m¤c‡K© GKwU aviYv GB iPbv †_‡K cvIqv hvq| gsoy‡Z emevmiZ wewfbœ a‡g©i †jvK m¤c‡K©I cwiPq Av‡Q G‡Z| ‡mLvbKvi †g‡qiv A‡bKUv ¯vaxbfv‡e eëmv-evwYR¨ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki PÆMÖvg †_‡K A‡b‡K gsoy‡Z wM‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Q| Avevi GKB ivLvBb m¤cÖ v‡qi †jvK Av‡Q gsoy‡Z I evsjv‡`‡ki cUzqvLvjx‡Z| d‡j y †`‡ki fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi wgjI †jLK Gfv‡e Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qb| GK mg‡q gsoy wQj AvivKvb bv‡gi GK ¯vaxb †`‡ki Ask| AvivKv‡b wQj gymjgvb‡ì kvmb| wgqvbgv‡i †eŠ× ag©vej¤x‡ì cÖvavb¨ _vK‡jI gsoy‡Z D‡j −L‡hvM¨ msL¨K gymjgv‡bi emevm j¶ K‡i‡Qb †jLK|

mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 57

†jLK cwiwPwZ

wecÖ vk eoyqvi Rb¥ 1940 mv‡ji 20 †m‡Þ¤i PÆMÖv‡gi BQvgZx MÖv‡g| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv wel‡q

mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi ci wZwb wkï GKv‡Wgx‡Z Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| mnKvix cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e wZwb Aemi MÖnY

K‡ib| wZwb Mí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK I cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb, wj‡L‡Qb wkï‡Zvl Mí Dcb¨vm| Zuvi D‡j −L‡hvM¨ MÖ‡š’i

g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †QvUMí : Ôhy×R‡qi MíÕ, ÔMvOwPjÕ, Dcb¨vm : Ôgyw³‡hv×vivÕ, cÖeÜ : ÔKweZvq evKcÖwZgvÕ; bvUK

ÔKzg‡ovjZv I cvwLÕ; Rxebx : Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ (1988), Ôcj−xKwe RmxgDÏxbÕ, wkï‡Zvl Mí : Ôm~h© jy‡Vi MvbÕ,

wkï‡Zvl Dcb¨vm : Ô†iveU I dzj †dvUv‡bvi inm¨Õ| wZwb `yevi AMÖYx e¨vsK wkïmvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi Ges evsjv

GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. ÔgsWyi c‡_Õ ågb KvwnbxwUi †Kvb †Kvb welq †Zvgv‡K Avb›` `vb Ges AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q Zvi weeiY `vI|

L. †Zvgvi e¨w³MZ åg‡Yi weeiY w`‡q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki m( GKK KvR, Qwe †fŠ‡MvwjK wPÎ BZ¨vw`

ms‡hvRb Kiv hv‡e)| bgybv cÖkœ


1 wgqvbgv‡i †eŠ× wf¶z‡ì Kx ejv nq ?

K. cy‡ivwnZ L. dzw½

M. eªvþY N. gnv‡_‡iv

2. wf¶z‡ì cwi‡aq Pxei †`L‡Z †Kgb ?

K. Kuva KvUv †MwÄi gZ L. †mjvB wenxb jyw½i gZ

M. †mjvB Kiv jyw½i gZ N. †Kvg‡ii †e‡ëi gZ

3. me‡`‡ki †jvK we‡`wk‡ì wPb‡Z cv‡i-

i. †cvkvK cwiPQ` †`‡L

ii. PvjPjb †`‡L

iii. Lvevi `vevi †`‡L



58 gsWyi c‡_

DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Aby vk¼i ivq d«v‡Ýi c¨vwim wb‡q †jLv cvix cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb- Òcvixi hviv Avmj Awaevmx, Lye LvU‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zv‡ì mybvg Av‡Q| †g‡qiv Mí Kivi mgqI Rvgv †mjvB K‡i| Rvgv-Kvc‡oi kLUv divkx‡ì Am¤¢e iKg †ewk, we‡kl K‡i divmx †g‡q‡ì I wkï‡ìÓ|

4. DÏxc‡K gsoyi c‡_ cÖe‡Üi wgqvbgvievmxi ms¯‹…wZi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv njÑ

i. †fvRb wejvwmZv

ii. f~lY wejvwmZv

iii. kªgwbôv



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

1. bvi‡Kj kªxjsKvb‡ì Aw¯Z‡Z¡i m‡½ RwoZ| bvi‡Kj †Zj Qvov Zviv †Kv‡bv Lvevi ivbœv K‡i bv|

Kvwi‡Z bvi‡Kj †Zj QvovI ¸uov ïuUwK gvQ eënvi Kiv nq| GB ¸uov ïuUwK‡K Zviv gmjvi Ask

wn‡m‡e †`‡L| Giv ivbœvq cÖPzi Migmjv Ges jvj gwiP eënvi K‡i|

2. kªxjsKvi iv¯ZvNv‡U †h me ZiyYx‡K †`Lv hvq Zv‡ì †Pnvivq AvKl©Yxq wKQz †bB| Giv †KD

mvR‡MvRI g‡b nq K‡i bv| Sjg‡j †cvkv‡Ki e`‡j gwjb †cvkvK c‡i †ei nq| mevB †Kgb K‡i

†hb nv‡U|

K. †mjvB wenxb jyw½i g‡Zv e¯‘wUi bvg Kx ?

L. ev‡Êj †ivW Zv‡ì ¯§„wZ enb Ki‡Q- ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

M. DÏxcK-1 G gsoyi c‡_ ågY Kvwnbxi †h w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI|

N. DÏxcK-1 Ges DÏxcK-2 wg‡j wgqvbgvi evmxi RxebhvÎv I ms¯‹…wZi cy‡iv w`KwUB cÖKvk

‡c‡q‡Q gsoyi c‡_ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K gšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki|

evsjv beel© kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb

evsjv m‡bi cÖ_g gv‡mi bvg êkvL| cqjv êkv‡L evOvwji beel© Drme| beel© mKj †`‡ki, mKj RvwZiB

Avb›` Drm‡ei w`b! ïay Avb›`-D”Q¡vmB bv, mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vY KvgbviI w`b| AvgivI myL-kvwšZ-mg„w× I Kj¨v‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv wb‡qB gnv-a~gav‡gi m‡½ Avgv‡ì beel© Drme D &hvcb Kwi| G‡K Ab¨‡K ewj : ïf beel©| evsjv beel© GLb Avgv‡ì cÖavb RvZxq Drme| cÖwZ eQiB G-Drme wecyj gvby‡li AskMÖn‡Y wekvj †_‡K wekvjZi n‡q DV‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k †h GZUv cÖv‡Yi Av‡e‡M Ges Mfxi fv‡jvevmvq G Drme D &hvwcZ nq Zvi KviY cvwK¯Zvb Avg‡j c~e©-evsjvi evOvwj‡K G-Drme cvjb Ki‡Z †`qv nqwb| ejv n‡q‡Q, GUv cvwK¯Zvwb Av`‡k©i cwicš’x| †m-e³e¨ wQj evOvwji ms¯‹…wZi Ici GK Pig AvNvZ| evOvwj Zvi ms¯‹…wZi Ici G AvNvZ mn¨ K‡iwb| Zviv Gi weiy‡× iy‡L uvwo‡q‡Q| ag©-eY©-†MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj evOvwji G-Drme‡K RvZxq QywUi w`b †NvlYvi `vwe Rvwb‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †m-`vwe AMÖvn¨ n‡q‡Q| d‡j c~e©-evsjvi evOvwj dzu‡m D‡V‡Q| †mv”Pvi n‡q D‡V‡Q cÖwZev‡`| Gfv‡eB c~e©-evsjvq evOvwj RvZxqZvev` Ges evOvwj RvwZmËv MV‡bi cÖwµqvi m‡½ hy³ n‡q hvq evsjv beel© Ges Zvi D`&hvc‡bi Av‡qvRb| 1954 mv‡ji c~e©-evsjvi mvaviY wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jxM miKvi‡K wecyjfv‡e civwRZ K‡i hy³d«‡›Ui miKvi MwVZ n‡j gyL¨gšÎx I evOvwj‡ì RbwcÖq †bZv †k‡i evsjv G. †K. dRjyj n‡Ki miKvi evsjv bee‡l© QywU †NvlYv K‡ib Ges †`kevmx‡K bee‡l©i ï‡f”Qv I Awfb›`b Rvbvb| †mUv wQj evOvwji GK Zvrch©c~Y© weR‡qi w`b| wKš‘ †m-weRq ¯’vqx nqwb| hy³d«›U †f‡O w`‡q Ges mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡i Zv mvgwqKfv‡e iy‡L w`‡q‡Q ˆ¯ivPvix cvwK¯Zvb miKvi| Zey c~e©-evsjvi evOvwj wcQy n‡Vwb| miKvwifv‡e Avi beel© D &hvwcZ nqwb cvwK¯Zvb Avg‡j; wKš‘ †emiKvwifv‡e D &hvwcZ n‡q‡Q cÖej AvMÖn I MfxiZi Drmvn-DÏxcbvq|

60 evsjv beel© g‡a¨ me‡P‡q mymsMwVZ Ges mycwiKwíZ D`&‡hvM MÖnY K‡i mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôvb QvqvbU (1961)| 1967 mvj †_‡K igbvi cvKzog~‡j QvqvbU bee‡l©i †h-Drme ïiy K‡i ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq evavnxb cwi‡e‡k GLb Zv RbM‡Yi wecyj AvMÖn-DÏxcbvgq AskMÖn‡Y †`‡ki me©e„nr RvZxq Abyôv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ivRavbx XvKvi beel© Drm‡ei wØZxq cÖavb AvKl©Y XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PviyKjv Abyl‡ì QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì eY©vX¨ g½j †kvfvhvÎv| GB †kvfvhvÎvq gy‡Lvk, KvU©ybmn †h-me mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡nï cÖZxKag©x wPÎ enb Kiv nq Zv‡Z Avengvb evOvwj‡Z¡i cwiPq Ges mgKvjxb mgvR-ivRbxwZi mgv‡jvPbvI _v‡K| Gevi Avgiv evsjv mb I beel© D`&hvc‡bi K_v ewj| evsjv m‡bi BwZnvm GL‡bv my¯úófv‡e Rvbv hvqwb| Z‡e AwaKvsk HwZnvwmK I cwÊZB g‡b K‡ib gyMj mgªvU AvKei Pv› ª wnRix m‡bi m‡½ fviZe‡l©i †mŠi m‡bi mgš^q mvab K‡i 1556 mvj ev 992 wnRwi‡Z evsjv mb Pvjy K‡ib| AvaywbK M‡elK‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib gnvgwZ AvKei me©fviZxq †h Bjvnx mb cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi wfwË‡ZB evsjvq AvKe‡ii †Kv‡bv cÖwZwbwa ev gymjgvb myjZvb ev beve evsjv m‡bi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †mRb¨B G‡K ÔmbÕ ev ÔmvjÕ e‡j D‡j −L Kiv nq| ÔmbÕ K_vwU Aviwe, Avi ÔmvjÕ n‡jv dviwm| GL‡bv mb ev mvjB e¨vcKfv‡e Pvjy| Z‡e e½vãI e‡jb †KD †KD| evsjv mb Pvjy nevi ci beel© D`&hvc‡b bvbv AvbyôvwbKZv hy³ nq| beve Ges Rwg`v‡iiv Pvjy K‡ib Ôc~Y¨vnÕ Abyôvb| cqjv êkv‡L cÖRviv beve ev Rwg`vi evwo‡Z AvgwšÎZ n‡Zb, Zv‡ì wgwógyLI Kiv‡bv n‡Zv| cvb-mycvwiiI Av‡qvRb _vK‡Zv| Z‡e Zvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv LvRbv Av`vq| gyiwk`vev‡ì bev‡eiv G Abyôvb Ki‡Zb| evsjvi Rwg`v‡iivI Ki‡Zb G Abyôvb| Rwg`vix D‡V hvIqvq G Abyôvb GLb jyß n‡q‡Q| cqjv êkv‡Li wØZxq e„nr Abyôvb wQj ÔnvjLvZvÕ| G AbyôvbwU Ki‡Zb eëmvqxiv| evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb| ZvB dm‡ji †gŠmy‡g dmj wewµi UvKv nv‡Z bv G‡j K…lKmn cÖvq †KDB bM` UvKvi gyL Lye GKUv †`L‡Z †cZ bv| d‡j mviveQi evwK‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm bv wK‡b Zv‡ì Dcvq wQ‡jv bv| cqjv êkv‡Li nvjLvZv Abyôv‡b Zviv †`vKvbx‡ì evwKi UvKv wgwU‡q w`‡Zb| AšZZ AvswkK cwi‡kva K‡iI bZzb eQ‡ii LvZv Lyj‡Zb| nvjLvZv Dcj‡¶ †`vKvbxiv Svji KvUv jvj bxj meyR †e¸wb KvMR w`‡q †`vKvb mvRv‡Zb| a~cay‡jv R¡vjv‡bv n‡Zv| wgwógyL Kiv‡bv n‡Zv MÖvnK-LwiÏvi‡ì| nvwm-VvÆv, MíMvQvi g‡a¨ e‡Kqv Av`vq Ges Drm‡ei Avb›` Dc‡fvM `yB-B m¤úbœ n‡Zv| nvjLvZvI GLb Avi †Zgb mvo¤^‡i D`&hvwcZ nq bv| GLb gvby‡li nv‡Z bM` cqmv Av‡Q| evwK‡Z wewKwKwb GLb Avi Av‡Mi g‡Zv e¨vcK AvKv‡i nq bv| evsjv bee‡l©i Avi GKwU cÖavb Abyôvb nj êkvLx †gjv| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b êkv‡Li cÖ_g w`‡b evwl©K †gjv e‡m| GBme †gjvi A‡bK¸‡jvB †ek cyi‡bv| GB †gjv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Lye cÖvPxb VvKziMuv †Rjvi ivbxks‰Kj Dc‡Rjvi †bKgi‡ì †gjv Ges PÆMÖv‡gi gnvgywYi †eŠ×c~wY©gv †gjv| GK mg‡q GBme †gjv Lye a~gav‡gi ga¨ w`‡q AbywôZ n‡Zv| †m-†gjv GL‡bv e‡m, Z‡e Av‡Mi †m †RŠjym GLb Avi †bB| Av‡M MÖvg-evsjvi GB evwl©K †gjv¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ wQ‡jv AmvaviY| KviY ZL‡bv mviv‡`‡k we¯Z„Z †hvMv‡hvM I hvZvqvZ eë¯’v M‡o I‡Vwb| d‡j gvby‡li RxebhvÎv wQj ¯’wei| GLb †hgb †`‡ki GK cÖvšZ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šZ †h‡Z GK w`‡bi †ewk jv‡M bv| Av‡M Zv m¤¢e wQ‡jv bv| †bŠKv, †Nvovi Mvwo, Miyi, †gv‡li Mvwo‡Z gvbyl ev cY¨ cwien‡b eûmgq ev K‡qKw`b †j‡M †hZ| GLb bZzb bZzb cvKv iv¯Zv I `ªyZMwZi hvbevnb Pvjy nIqvq †m-mgm¨v Avi †bB| Av‡M GBme AvÂwjK †gjv †_‡KB gvbyl mviv eQ‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ wK‡b ivLZ| ZvQvov GBme †gjv AÂj we‡k‡li gvby‡li wgjb †gjvqI cwiYZ n‡Zv| bvbv msev` Av`vb-cÖ`vb, bvbv wel‡q gZ wewbg‡qiI Av`k© ¯’vbI wQj GB me †gjv| Avevi evrmwiK we‡bv`‡bi RvqMvI wQj †gjv| †gjvq _vKZ KweMvb, KxZ©b, hvÎv, M¤¢xiv Mvb, cyZzj bvP, bvMi †`vjvmn bvbv Avb›`-Av‡qvRb| bee‡l©i IB wZbwU cÖavb me©Rbxb Drme QvovI eû AvÂwjK Drme Av‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ PÆMÖv‡gi jvjw`wN gq`v‡b AbywôZ ejx †Ljv we‡kl D‡j −L‡hvM¨| 1907 mvj †_‡K K·evRvimn e„nËi PÆMÖv‡gi bvbv¯’v‡b GB †Ljvi cÖPjb Av‡Q| GB weL¨vZ Kzw¯Z †Ljv‡KB ejv nq ejx †Ljv| Ave`yj AvwRR bv‡gi GK e¨w³ G †Ljvi cÖeZ©b K‡ib e‡j G‡K ÔAve`yj AvwR‡Ri ejx †LjvÕI ejv nq|

evsjv beel© 61

AvgvwbI bee‡l©i GKwU cÖvPxb AvÂwjK gv½wjK Abyôvb| GwU cÖavbZ K…l‡Ki cvwievwiK Abyôvb| ˆPÎ gv‡mi †klw`‡bi mÜ¨viv‡Z M„nKZ©x GK nuvwo cvwb‡Z ¯í cwigvY AcK¡ Pvj †Q‡o w`‡q mvivivZ wfR‡Z †`b Ges Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU KwP Av‡gi cvZvhy³ Wvj ewm‡q iv‡Lb| cqjv êkv‡Li m~h© IVvi Av‡M Ni Svoy w`‡q M„nKZ©x †mB nuvwoi cvwb mviv N‡i wQuwU‡q †`b| c‡i †mB †fRv Pvj mKj‡K †L‡Z w`‡q Av‡gi Wv‡ji KwP cvZv nuvwoi cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q evwoi mK‡ji Mv‡q wQuwU‡q †`b| Zv‡ì wek¦vm G‡Z evwoi mK‡ji Kj¨vY n‡e| bZzb eQi n‡e myL, kvwšZ I mg„w×i| G Abyôvb GLb Lye GKUv †`Lv hvq bv| bee‡l©i G ai‡bi Av‡iv bvbv Abyôvb Av‡Q| †Zvgiv wbR wbR GjvKvq †LuvR wb‡j Zvi mÜvb cv‡e| †Zvgv‡ì m‡½ cwiPq NU‡e bvbv HwZn¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK êwP‡Îï| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox GjvKvqI bee‡l©i Drme nq bvbv Avb›`gq µxov-†KŠZ‚‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q Giv êmye, mvsMÖvB I weRy wZbwU‡K GKÎ K‡i ÔêmvexÕ bv‡g Drme K‡i| MÖvg-evsjvq bee‡l© bvbv †LjvayjviI Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Zv| gvwbKMÄ gyÝxM‡Ä n‡Zv Miyi †`Šo, nvWyWy †Ljv, eªvþYevwoqvq †gvi‡Mi jovB, wK‡kviMÄ, †bÎ‡KvYv, bovB‡j luv‡oi jovB cÖf„wZ| AvaywbKKv‡ji be Avw½‡Ki el©eiY Drm‡ei m~Pbv nq †KvjKvZvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Ges kvwšZwb‡KZ‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i D‡`¨v‡M| †mB aviv ax‡i ax‡i mviv evsjvq Qwo‡q c‡o| Avgv‡ì beel© Drme Õ52 m‡bi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ci bZzb ¸iyZ¡ I Zvrch© jvf K‡i| Av‡M mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb QvqvbU-Gi Av‡qvR‡bi K_v e‡jwQ| GQvov evsjv GKv‡Wgx‡Z êkvLx I KviycY¨ †gjv Ges †MvUv wek¦we`¨vjq I igbv GjvKv cqjv êkv‡Li w`‡b j¶ gvby‡li c`PviYvq gyLi n‡q I‡V| bZzb cvRvgv-cvÄvwe c‡i †Q‡jiv Ges bvbv is‡qi kvwo c‡i gwnjv I evwjKviv GB Abyôvb‡K ewY©j K‡i †Zv‡j| iex›`ªmsMxZ, bRiy‡ji Mvb, †jvKmsMxZ Ges euvwki my‡i gv‡Zvqviv n‡q I‡V mg‡eZ Avevj-e„×-ewbZv| Avb›`gq I †mŠnv © c~Y© GB cwi‡ek AvaywbK evOvwj Rxe‡bi GK †MŠiegq welq|

kãv_© I UxKv

cvwK¯—v‡b Avgj Ñ 1947 †_‡K 1971 wLªóv‡ãi c~e© ch©š— mgq|

QvqvbU Ñ evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi GKwU HwZnëvwnZ cÖwZôvb|

g½j †kvfvhvÎv Ñ gvby‡li g½jKvgbv K‡i †h wgwQj Kiv nq|

Avengvb Ñ hv Av‡M wQj Ges GL‡bv Av‡Q|

cyY¨vn Ñ cy‡Yï Rb¨ Av‡qvwRZ Abyôvb|

nvjLvZv Ñ c‡njv ‰ekv‡L Av‡qvwRZ Abyôvb-we‡kl|

KweMvb Ñ evsjA Mv‡b we‡kl aviv| „Rb MvqK cvjv K‡i G‡K A‡bï hyw³ LÛb K‡ib Mv‡b Mv‡b|

KxZ©b Ñ ¸Y-eY©bv, msKxZ©b, †è-‡èxi gwngv ev hk cÖPvig~jK msMxZ|

hvÎv Ñ cÖvPxb evsjvi „k¨ Kve¨, g‡Â bvP¨vwfbq|

‰emvix Ñ êmye, mvsMÖvB, weRy-Gi cÖ_g wZbwU e‡Y©i mgvnvi|

VvKzi cwievi Ñ iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cwievi|

wek¦we`¨vjq Ñ GLv‡b XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

62 evsjv beel©

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv evOvwji RvZxq ms¯‹…wZi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Drme m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv cv‡e| Zviv DrmyK cvnvox‡ì AskMÖnY m¤ú‡K©I Rvb‡e| GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡qvRb KxfA‡e evOvwji ivR‰bwZK NUbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q wk¶v_©xiv ZvI AeMZ n‡e|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

evsjv beel© evOvwji‡ LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Drme| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k †h ¯vaxb n‡Z ‡c‡i‡Q, Zvi †cQ‡b bee‡l©i †cÖiYvI mwµq wQj| KviY cvwK¯—vwbiv evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Drme beel© D &hvc‡b evaA w`‡qwQj Ges Gi cÖwZev‡` i“‡L `vuwo‡qwQj Zviv| evOvwji ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi m‡½ mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm, we‡kl K‡i beel© D &hvc‡bi BwZK_v we‡k Av‡Q| AvRI bee‡l© g½j †kvfvhvÎv †ei Kvi ns| bee‡l©i Drme evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Drm‡e cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

evsjv mb †K, K‡e cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb G wY‡q gZvš—i _AK‡jI a‡i †bIqv nq mgªvU AvKe‡ii mgq G m‡bi MYbv Avi¤¢ nq| c‡i Rwg`vi I bev‡eiv c~b¨vn Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Zb| bee‡l© nvjLvZv, êkvLx †gjv, †Nvo‡`Šo, wewfbœ †jvK‡gjvi Av‡qvRb K‡i mvaviY gvbyl G Drme‡K cÖv‡Y aviY K‡i‡Q| evOvwj M„wnbxivI Avgvwbmn bvbv eªZ-Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g eQ‡ii cÖ_g w`bwU D &hvcb K‡i _v‡K| cvnvox AevOvwji Rb‡MvôxI êmvex Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i Zviv beel© D &hvcb K‡i|

m~Pbvi ci †_‡K GB beel© cvj‡b bvbv gvÎv ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e G Drme‡K iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cwievi we‡kl cyi“Z¡ w`‡q cvjb Kivq †m Av‡qvRb †`kgq Qwo‡q c‡o| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ci †_‡K AvgivI beel© Drme e¨vcKfv‡e cvjb Avi¤¢ Kwi Ges GLb GB Drme evOvwji Rxe‡b GK †MŠiegq Aa¨v‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb 1940 mv‡ji 29†k wW‡m¤i gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi wmsMvBi _vbvi PvwiMÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg gvngy yi ingvb Lvb Ges gv‡qi bvg kvgmybœvnvi Lvbg| wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1962 mv‡j mœvZK (m¤§vb) Ges 1963 mv‡j mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib|

†ckvMZ Rxe‡b wZwb wewfbœ K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbv K‡ib Ges evsjv GKv‡Wgxi cwiPvjK, wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK I RvZxq Rv yN‡i gnvcwiPvjK wQ‡jb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb †jLK, M‡elK I †dvK‡jviwe` wn‡m‡e †`‡k-we‡`‡k L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi iwPZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv : cÖeÜMÖš’- Ôbvbv cÖm½Õ, ÔMYm½xZÕ, ÔgvwU †_‡K gnxiynÕ, Ôe½eÜzi m‡½ Avjvc I cÖvmw½K K_KZvÕ, Ôgy³eyw×, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv I mgKvjÕ, ÔAvaywbK †dvK‡jvi wPšZvÕ, Ô†dvK‡jviPP©vÕ BZ¨vw`| ig¨-iPbv : ÔXvKvB i½iwmKZvÕ, ÔMÖvg evsjvi i½iwmKZvÕ BZ¨vw`| wkï mvwnZ¨ : Ô ywbqv gvZv‡bv wek¦KvcÕ, Ô†jfx eªvþ I †ZbvjxivgÕ| †QvU‡ì Awfavb (†hŠ_)|

kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb Zuvi wecyj Kg©RM‡Zi ¯xK…wZ ¯iƒc AMÖYx e¨vsK cyi¯‹vi, Kvjykvn cyi¯‹vi, `x‡bkP› ª †mb †dvK‡jvi cyi¯‹vi, Ave yi ie †PŠayix ¯§„wZ M‡elYv cyi¯‹vi, †Ìqvb †gvZ©Rv cyi¯‹vi, knx` †mvnivIqv ©x RvZxq M‡elYv cyi¯‹vi I evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi I GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡i|

mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 63

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. †Zvgvi GjvKvi †jvKR ms¯‹…wZi cwiPq `vI (GKK KvR)

L. evsjv bee‡l©i HwZn¨ I ˆewkó¨ i¶v K‡i Zzwg †Zvgvi we`¨vj‡q Kx ai‡Yi Abyôvb Av‡qvRb Ki‡e †m

m¤ú‡K© GKwU i“c‡iLv ˆZwi Ki| (GKK KvR) bgbv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. evsjv mb Pvjy Kiv nq †Kvb mv‡j? K. 1556 L. 1561 M. 1954 N. 1967 2. mvj K_vwU †Kvb fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q? K. Aviwe L. evsjv M. dviwm N. D y© 3. evsjv beel© evOvwj RvwZmËvi m‡½ hy³ KviY-

i. G Drme Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZi Ask ii. G mgq Avgiv bZzb Kvco c‡o Avb›` Kwi iii. GwU cÖwZev` cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gva¨‡g AwR©Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. i I ii M. i I iii N. ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 4 I 5 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : UzUzj †Uwjwfk‡b ga¨hy‡Mi bee‡l©i Abyôv‡bi wKQz Ask †`LwQj| †mLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q abx Mixe mevB Rvgv Kvco c‡o Rwg`vi evwo‡Z `vIqvZ †L‡Z hv‡”Q| †mLv‡b Zviv LvIqv `vIqv †k‡l Rwg`vi‡K Lywkg‡b Rwgi evwK cwi‡kva K‡i wd‡i Avm‡Q| 4. UzUz‡ji †`Lv AbyôvbwU‡K wK ejv nq? K. nvjLvZv L. cyY¨vn M. ‰emvex N. bevbœ 5. G ai‡bi Abyôv‡bi †cQ‡b g~jZ D‡Ïk¨ wQj †KvbwU? K. A_©‰bwZK L. ivR‰bwZK M. mvgvwRK N. ag©xq

64 evsjv beel© m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. mxgv I ˆPZx yB evÜex| AvR Zv‡`i Lye Avb‡›`i w`b KviY AvR beel©| Zviv yR‡b jvj cvo mv`v kvwo c‡o P‡j hvq igbvi eUg~‡j| †mLv‡b KZ gvby‡li wfo| †Q‡j, †g‡q ey‡ov ev”Pv mevB †mu‡R‡Q bZzb mv‡R| †mLv‡b mxgvi Lvjv‡Zv †evb Zšxi mv‡_ †`Lv| mxgv Lvjv Lvjy mevi †LuvR †cj Zšxi Kv‡Q †_‡K| †QvU Lvjv‡Zv †ev‡bi Rb¨ wK‡b w`j bvbv †Ljbv| wb‡Ri evwoi Rb¨ wK‡b wbj Kzjv, Szwo, nvwo cvwZj BZ¨vw`| ˆPwZ g‡bi Avb‡›` †M‡q DVj

ÔZvcm wbk¦vm ev‡q gygyl©y‡i `vI Dfv‡q, erm‡ii AveR©bv yi n‡q hvK g~‡Q hvK M−vwb, Ny‡P hvK Riv AwMœmœv‡b ïwP †nvK aiv| K. evsjv mb Pvjy K‡ib †K? L. nvjLvZv ej‡Z wK †evSvq? M. ‰PwZi Mv‡b bee‡l©i †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? N. DÏxc‡Ki beel© cÖe‡Üi g~j myiwUB †hb dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Dw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|

evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v ûgvqyb AvRv`

†Kv_v †_‡K G‡m‡Q Avgv‡ì evsjv fvlv ? fvlv wK Rb¥ †bq gvby‡li g‡Zv ? ev †hgb exR †_‡K MvQ R‡b¥ †Zgbfv‡e Rb¥ †bq fvlv ? bv, fvlv gvbyl ev Zi“i g‡Zv Rb¥ †bq bv| evsjv fvlvI gvbyl ev Zi“i g‡Zv Rb¥ †bqwb, †Kv‡bv KwíZ ¯M© †_‡KI Av‡mwb| GLb Avgiv †h evsjv fvlv ewj GK nvRvi eQi Av‡M Zv wVK Ggb wQj bv| GK nvRvi eQi ciI wVK Ggb _vK‡e bv| fvlvi ag©B e`‡j hvIqv| evsjv fvlvi Av‡MI G‡`‡k fvlv wQj| †m fvlvq G‡`‡ki gvbyl K_v ejZ, Mvb MvBZ, KweZv evbvZ| gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L e`‡j hvq fvlvi aŸwb| iƒc e`‡j hvq k‡ãi, e`j N‡U A‡_©i| A‡bKw`b †K‡U †M‡j g‡b nq fvlvwU GKwU bZzb fvlv n‡q D‡V‡Q| Avi †m fvlvi e`j N‡UB Rb¥ n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlvi| AvR †_‡K GK k eQi Av‡MI KviI †Kv‡bv ¯có aviYv wQj bv evsjv fvlvi BwZnvm m¤c‡K©| †KD RvbZ bv KZ eqm G fvlvi| ms¯‹…Z fvlvi A‡bK kã eëüZ nq evsjv fvlvq| GK `j †jvK g‡b Ki‡Zb IB ms¯‹…Z fvlvB evsjvi Rbbx| evsjv ms¯‹…‡Zi †g‡q| Z‡e yóz †g‡q, †h gv‡qi K_vg‡Zv P‡jwb| bv P‡j P‡j Ab¨ iKg n‡q †M‡Q| Z‡e Dwbk kZ‡KB Av‡iK `j †jvK wQ‡jb, huviv g‡b Ki‡Zb evsjvi mv‡_ ms¯‹…‡Zi m¤cK© †ek ` ~‡ii| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, evsjv wVK ms¯‹…‡Zi Kb¨v bq| A_©vr mivmwi ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K DrcwË N‡Uwb evsjvi| N‡U‡Q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlv †_‡K| ms¯‹…Z wQj mgv‡Ri DuPz‡kªwYi gvby‡li †jLvi fvlv| Zv K_¨ wQj bv| K_v ejZ gvby‡liv bvbv iKg ÔcÖvK…ZÕ fvlvq| cÖvK…Z fvlv n‡”Q mvaviY gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi K_¨ fvlv| Zuviv wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, ms¯‹…Z †_‡K bq, cÖvK…Z fvlv †_‡KB D™¢e N‡U‡Q evsjv fvlvi|

wKš‘ bvbv iKg cÖvK…Z wQj fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ AÂ‡j| Zvn‡j †Kvb cÖvK…Z †_‡K D™¢e N‡UwQj evsjvi ? G

66 evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v

m¤c‡K© cÖ_g ¯có gZ cÖKvk K‡ib RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimb| eû cÖvK…‡Zi GKwUi bvg gvMax cÖvK…Z| Zuvi g‡Z, gvMax cÖvK…‡Zi †Kv‡bv c~e©vÂjxq iƒc †_‡K Rb¥ †bq evsjv fvlv| c‡i evsjv fvlvi D™¢e I weKv‡ki we —…Z BwZnvm iPbv K‡ib W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ges Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L ¯có aiv †`q evsjv fvlvi BwZnvm| †h BwZnvm ejvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì GKUz wcwQ‡q †h‡Z n‡e| wcwQ‡q †h‡Z n‡e Aš—Z K‡qK nvRvi eQi| BD‡ivc I Gwkqvi †ek wKQz fvlvi aŸwb‡Z, k‡ã j¶ Kiv hvq Mfxi wgj| G fvlv¸‡jv †h me AÂ‡j wQj I GLb Av‡Q, Zvi me‡P‡q cwð‡g BD‡ivc Avi me‡P‡q c~‡e© fviZ I evsjv‡`k| fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv G fvlv¸‡jv‡K GKwU fvlves‡ki m`m¨ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| IB fvlveskwUi bvg B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvesk ev fviZx-BD‡ivcxq fvlvesk| B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlves‡k Av‡Q A‡bK¸‡jv fvlv-kvLv, hvi GKwU n‡”Q fviZxq Avh©fvlv| fviZxq Avh©fvlvi cÖvPxb fvlv¸‡jv‡K ejv nq cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv| cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi cÖvPxb iƒc cvIqv hvq F‡M¦‡ì gš¿ ‡jv‡Z| G¸‡jv m¤¢eZ wjwLZ n‡qwQj whïwLª‡÷i R‡b¥iI GK nvRvi eQi Av‡M, A_©vr 1000 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã| †e‡ì †k −vK¸‡jv cweÎ we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi Abymvixiv †m¸‡jv gyL¯’ K‡i ivLZ| kZvãxi ci kZvãx †K‡U †h‡Z _v‡K| gvbyl ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †h fvlv eënvi KiZ e`‡j †h‡Z _v‡K †m fvlv| GK mgq mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q y‡e©va¨ n‡q I‡V †e‡ì fvlv ev êw`K fvlv| ZLb e¨vKiYweìv bvbv wbqg wewae× K‡i GKwU gvbm¤cbœ fvlv

m„wó K‡ib| GB fvlvi bvg Ôms¯‹…ZÕ, A_©vr wewae×, cwikxwjZ, ï× fvlv| wLª÷c~e© 400 A‡ãi Av‡MB G fvlv wewae× n‡qwQj| whïi R‡b¥i Av‡MB cvIqv hvq fviZxq Avh©fvlvi wZbwU —i| cÖ_g —iwUi bvg êw`K ev êw`K ms¯‹…Z| wLª÷c~e© 1200 Aã †_‡K wLª÷c~e© 800 Aã G fvlvi Kvj| Zvici cvIqv hvq ms¯‹…Z| wLª÷c~e© 800 A‡ãi w`‡K GwU m¤¢eZ wewae× n‡Z _v‡K Ges wLª÷c~e© 400 A‡ãi w`‡K e¨vKiYwe` cvwYwbi nv‡ZB GwU P~ovš—fv‡e wewae× nq| êw`K I ms¯‹…Z‡K ejv nq cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv| cÖvK…Z fvlv¸‡jv‡K ejv nq ga¨fviZxq Avh©fvlv| †gvUvgywUfv‡e wLª÷c~e© 450 Aã †_‡K 1000 wLª÷vä ch©š— G fvlv¸‡jv K_¨ I wjwLZ fvlviƒ‡c fvi‡Zi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cÖPwjZ _v‡K| G cÖvK…Z fvlv¸‡jvi †kl —‡ii bvg Acåsk A_©vr hv Lye weK…Z n‡q †M‡Q| wewfbœ Acåsk †_‡KB Drcbœ n‡q‡Q bvbvb AvaywbK fviZxq Avh©fvlv- evsjv, wnw›`, ¸RivwU, gvivwV, cvÄvwe cÖf„wZ fvlv| W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq g‡b K‡ib, c~e© gvMax Acåsk †_‡K D™¢ ~Z n‡q‡Q evsjv; Avi Avmvwg I Iwoqv fvlv| ZvB evsjvi mv‡_ Lye Nwbô m¤cK© Avmvwg I Iwoqvi| Avi K‡qKwU fvlvi Nwbô AvZ¥xqZv i‡q‡Q evsjvi m‡½; †Kbbv †m¸‡jvI R‡b¥wQj gvMax Acås‡ki Ab¨ ywU kvLv †_‡K| IB fvlv¸‡jv n‡”Q ‰gw_wj, gMwn, †fvRcywiqv| W±i gyn¤§` knx yj−vn& evsjv fvlvi DrcwË m¤c‡K© Aek¨ GKUz wfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡ib| wZwb GKwU cÖvK…‡Zi bvg e‡jb †MŠox cÖvK…Z| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, †MŠox cÖvK…‡ZiB cwiYZ Ae¯’v †MŠo Acåsk †_‡K DrcwË N‡U evsjv fvlvi|

kãv_© I UxKv

Ziy - e„¶, MvQ| fvlvZvwË¡K - fvlvi DrcwË I µgweKvk m¤c‡K© huviv M‡elYv K‡ib| kZvãx - GKk eQi| ‡k−vK - ms¯‹…Z fvlvq iwPZ KweZv, c`¨| `y‡e©va¨ - hv †evSv KwVb, mn‡R †evSv hvq bv Ggb| wewae× - wbqg Øviv kvwmZ, wbq‡gi Aaxb| Nwbô - wbKU, wbweo, Lye Kv‡Qi| D™¢~Z - Drcbœ, RvZ| DrcwË - m~Pbv, ïiy, Rb¥|

mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 67

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v_©x evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| gvZ…fvlv evsjvi cÖwZ Zvi ggZ¡‡eva RvM‡e Ges †m †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× n‡e| cvV-cwiwPwZ evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v cÖeÜwU ûgvqyb AvRv‡ì K‡Zv b`x m‡ivei ev evOjv fvlvi Rxebx MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cÖe‡Ü †jLK evsjv fvlvi DrcwË m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| fvlvi ag©B n‡”Q e`‡j hvIqv| gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L e`‡j hvq fvlvi aŸwb| k‡ãiI e`j N‡U Ges †m m‡½ k‡ãi A‡_©iI| GK mgq aviYv Kiv n‡Zv evsjv G‡m‡Q ms¯‹…Z †_‡K| ZLbKvi w`‡b ms¯‹…Z wQj DPz‡kªwYi gvby‡li †jLvi fvlv| mvaviY gvbyl K_v ejZ cÖvK…Z fvlvq Avi G cÖvK…Z †_‡K evsjv fvlvi Rb¥| B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki GKwU n‡”Q cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv| G cÖvK…Z fvlv¸‡jvi weK…Z iƒc n‡”Q Acåsk| W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq g‡b K‡ib, c ~e©-gvMax AcÖåsk †_‡K evsjv fvlvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj −vni g‡Z †MŠox cÖvK…‡Zi cwiewZ©Z iƒc †MŠox Acåsk| †MŠox Acåsk †_‡KB Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q evsjv fvlv| †jLK cwiwPwZ ûgvqyb AvRv` 1947 wLªóv‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi Rb¥¯’vb gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi kªxbMi _vbvi ivwoLvj MÖv‡g| GKRb K…Zx QvÎ wn‡m‡e wZwb Zuvi wk¶vRxeb †kl K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï GKRb M‡elK wn‡m‡e wZwb L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Qb| Zuvi M‡elYv MÖš’ n‡”Q kvgmyi ivngvb : wbtm½ †kicv, evK¨ZË¡ I wK‡kvi cvVK‡ì Rb¨ †jLv `ywU MÖš’ jvjbxj `xcvewj, K‡Zv b`x m‡ivei| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’i g‡a¨ A‡jŠwKK Bw÷gvi I R¡‡jv wPZvevN D‡j−L‡hvM¨| wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| ûgvqyb AvRv` 2004 mv‡ji 12 AvM÷ Rvg©vwbi wgDwbL kn‡i g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kg©-Abykxjb

K. evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v wb‡q GKwU Av‡jvPbv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_x©i AskMÖn‡Y ûgvqyb AvRv` iwPZ ÔK‡Zv b`x m‡ivei ev evOjv fvlvi RxebxÕ kxl©K MÖš’wU msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡j fv‡jv nq|)

L. ‡Zvgvi GjvKvi AvÂwjK kã¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i †kªwYwk¶‡Ki wbKU Rgv `vI (GKK KvR) bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ : 1. A‡b‡KB †Kvb fvlv‡K evsjvi Rbbx g‡b KiZ ? K. wnw›` L. ¸RivwU M. ms¯‹…Z N. gvivwV 2. †KvbwU DuPz †kªwYi gvby‡li †jLvi fvlv wQj ? K. evsjv L. ms¯‹…Z M. cÖvK…Z N. ‰gw_wj

68 evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v

3. cÖvK…Z fvlv ej‡Z †evSvq-

K. MYgvbyl mPivPi †h fvlvq K_v e‡j

L. wkw¶Z RbMY †h fvlvq K_v e‡j

M. AÂj we‡k‡li gvbyl †h fvlvq K_v e‡j

N. †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©xiv †h fvlvq K_v e‡j

4. Dwj −wLZ kãwUi weeZ©‡bi wØZxq ¯ZiwUi bvg Kx?

K. ms¯‹…Z L. cÖvK…Z

M. ‰ew`K N. Avh©

5. D³ ¯ZiwU m¤c‡K© mwVK Z_¨ n‡jv-

i. GwU fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡j cÖPwjZ

ii. GB ¯Z‡ii weewZ©Z iƒcB fviZe‡l©i bZzb fvlv

iii. GB ¯ZiwU eZ©gv‡b LyeB RbwcÖq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK DËi?


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. cviwgZv Aóg †kªwYi QvÎx| GKw`b evsjv e¨vKi‡Y fvlvi wewfbœ êwkó¨ covi mgq y‡Uv ‰ewk‡óï w`‡K Ii bRi AvU‡K †Mj| êwkó¨ ywU n‡jv- (K) fvlv hZ KwVb kã w`‡qB ïiy †nvK bv †Kb, µgvš‡q eënv‡ii d‡j Zv mnR I mij n‡q I‡V| †hgb- Pµ > P° > XvKv, Pg©Kvi > P¤§Avi > Pvgvi, n¯Z > nÌ > nvZ BZ¨vw`| Ges GKmgq GiKg mijxKiY n‡Z n‡Z GKwU bZzb fvlviB D™¢e nq| (L) Kv‡ji cwiµgvq GKwU fvlv ¯’vwbK I KvwjK wewfbœ êwkó¨ aviY K‡i eûiƒcx n‡q I‡V| †hgb- B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxqvb fvlvesk †_‡K mviv c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mv‡o wZb nvRv‡ii g‡Zv fvlv Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| I fve‡Z _v‡K|

K. cvwYwbi e¨vKiY MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx ?

L. GK`j †jvK evsjv‡K Ôms¯‹…‡Zi †g‡qÕ g‡b KiZ †Kb ?

M. bs êwkó¨wUi ga¨ w`‡q Ôevsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_vÕ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?

N. cviwgZvi cwVZ L. bs êwkó¨wU Ôevsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_vÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K we‡k −lY Ki|

gvbeag© jvjb kvn&

me †jv‡K Kq jvjb Kx RvZ msmv‡i|

jvjb Kq, †R‡Zi Kx iƒc, †`Ljvg bv G bR‡i ||

†KD gvjv, †KD Zm&we Mjvq,

ZvB‡Z Kx RvZ wfbœ ejvq,

hvIqv wKsev Avmvi †ejvq

†R‡Zi wPý iq Kvi †i||

M‡Z© †M‡j K~cRj Kq,

M½vq †M‡j M½vRj nq,

g~‡j GK Rj, †m †h wfbœ bq,

wfbœ Rvbvq cvÎ-Abymv‡i||

RMr †e‡o †Z‡Ri K_v,

†jv‡K †MŠie K‡i h_v-Z_v,

jvjb †m †R‡Zi dvZv

wewK‡q‡Q mvZ evRv‡i||

gvbeag© 71

kãv_© I UxKv

Kq Ñ e‡j|

†R‡Zi Ñ Rv‡Zi|

hvIqv wKsev Avmvi †ejvqÑ Rb¥ ev g„Zzï mgq|

K ~cRj Ñ Kz‡qvi cvwb|

M½vRj Ñ M½v b`xi cvwb| GLv‡b cweÎ A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| M½vi Rj wn›`y‡ì Kv‡Q cweÎZvi cÖZxK|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xiv eyS‡Z m¶g n‡e †h, ag© ev m¤cª`vqMZ cwiwPwZi †P‡q gvbyl wn‡m‡e cwiPqUvB eo| wk¶v_©xiv RvZ-cvZ ev ag© wb‡q evovevwo ev wg‡_¨ Me© Kiv †_‡K weiZ n‡e|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

Ôme †jv‡K Kq jvjb Kx RvZ msmv‡iÕ MvbwU Ôgvbeag©Õ KweZv wn‡m‡e G MÖ‡š’ M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| G KweZvq jvjb dwKi gvby‡li RvZ-cwiPq wb‡q cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡i‡Qb| wb‡R †Kv‡bv a‡g©i ev Rv‡Zi Ggb cÖkœ jvjb m¤c‡K© Av‡MI wQj GL‡bv Av‡Q| jvjb e‡j‡Qb, RvZ‡K wZwb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© g‡b K‡ib bv| gbyläg©B g~jK_v| Rb¥-g„Zz¨ Kv‡j Kx †Kv‡bv gvbyl Zmwe ev Rcgvjv aviY K‡i _v‡K? †m-mgq †Zv mevB mgvb| gvbyl RvZ I ag©‡f‡` †h wfbœZvi K_v e‡j jvjb Zv wek¦vm K‡ib bv|

Kwe-cwiwPwZ

jvjb kvn& gvbeZvev`x giwg Kwe| mvaK wmivR muvB ev wmivR kvn&i wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY Kivi ci wZwb jvjb muvB ev jvjb kvn& bv‡g cwiwPwZ AR©b K‡ib| Mv‡b wZwb wb‡R‡K dwKi jvjb wn‡m‡eI D‡j −L K‡i‡Qb| cÖvwZôvwbK we`¨vjvf bv Ki‡jI wb‡Ri wPšZv I mvabvq wZwb wn›`y I gymjgv‡bi ag©xq kv¯Î m¤c‡K© we‡kl Ávb AR©b K‡ib| GB Áv‡bi m‡½ wb‡Ri AwfÁZv I Dcjwäi wgj‡b wZwb bZzb GK `k©b cÖPvi K‡ib| Mv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Zuvi GB `k©b cÖKvk ‡c‡q‡Q| Aa¨vZ¥fve I giwg ime¨Äbv Zuvi Mv‡bi we‡kl êwkó¨| wZwb mnmªvwaK Mvb m„wó K‡ib|

jvjb kvn& 1772 wLªóv‡ã wSbvB`n, gZvšZ‡i Kzwóqvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1890 wLªóv‡ãi 17B A‡±vei Kzwóqvi †QDwiqvq Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

K. †Zvgvi Pviw`‡K bvbv †kªwY‡ckv I ag©-eY© †Mv‡Îi gvbyl i‡q‡Q| G‡ì m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi mncvVx‡ì g‡bvfve †R‡b GKwU M‡elYv wbeÜ ˆZwi Ki| wk¶K‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K wePvi-we‡k −lY K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| RvwZ, ag©, †MvÎ, †kªwY‡ckv wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvbylB †h kªØv I m¤§vb cvIqv †hvM¨-GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e|

72 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. gvby‡li †Kvb cwiPqwU eo nIqv DwPZ? K. mvgvwRK cwiPq L. ag©xq cwiPq M. gvbyl cwiPq N. †ckvi cwiPq

2. jvj‡bi g‡Z gvby‡li Rb¨ ¶wZKiÑ

i. Rv‡Zi eovB

ii. K~‡ci Rj

iii. esk †KŠwjb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i I iii

DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 3. jvjb kvn& iwPZ MvbwU Ôgvbeag©Õ wk‡ivbv‡g M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| wk‡ivbvgwUi gg©v_© wb‡Pi †Kvb cOw³‡Z cÖKvk

†cÖ‡q‡Q? K. G‡mv AvR gywV gywV gvwL †m Av‡jv! L. ïb n gvbyl fvB mevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB| M. Kv‡jv Avi a‡jv evwn‡i †Kej wfZ‡i mevi mgvb ivOv| N. c_wkï, biwkï, w`w` gv‡S c‡o † uvnv‡i euvwaqv w`j cwiPq †Wv‡i|

4. D³ gg©v‡_© g~jZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q jvjb kvnÕiÑ

i. a‡g©i cÖwZ Awek¦vm

ii. Amv¤cª`vwqK †PZbv

iii. gvbeZv‡eva wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. i I iii

mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 73 m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

5. RMr Rywoqv GKRvwZ Av‡Q

†m RvwZi bvg gvbyl RvwZ;

GK c„w_exi ¯Z‡b¨ jvwjZ

GKB iwe kkx †gv‡`i mv_x|

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Kwe-cwiwPwZ

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bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. gw¶Kvi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU?

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L. †evjZv N. dwos

2. biK‚‡j ab¨ †K?

K. ¶gZvevb e¨w³ L. `xN©Rxex gvbyl

M. whwb KxwZ©gvb N. gw›`‡ii †meK

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L. †i‡Lv, gv, `v‡m‡i g‡b, G wgbwZ Kwi c‡`|

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i. „p wek¦vm

ii. mywPwšZZ wm×všZ

iii. Mfxi AvKzjZv

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e½f~wgi cÖwZ 77

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80 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

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82 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

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Ô yB weNv RwgÕ GKwU Kvwnwb-KweZv| GwU iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔK_v I KvwnwbÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| `wi ª K…lK D‡cb Afve-AbU‡b eÜK w`‡q Zuvi cÖvq me Rwg nvwi‡q‡Q| evwK wQj gvÎ yB weNv Rwg| wKš‘ Rwg`vi Zuvi evMvb evov‡Z †m Rwgi `Lj wb‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ mvZ cyiy‡li ¯§„wZ weRwoZ †m Rwg D‡cb w`‡Z bv PvB‡j Rwg`v‡ii †µv‡ai wkKvi nq †m| wg‡_¨ gvgjv w`‡q Rwg`vi †m Rwg `Lj K‡i †bq| wf‡UQvov n‡q D‡cb eva¨ nq c‡_ †eiy‡Z| mvay n‡q †m MÖvg-MÖvgvšZ‡i †Nv‡i| wKš‘ ˆcZ…K wf‡Ui ¯§„wZ †m fyj‡Z cv‡i bv| GKw`b wPi-cwiwPZ MÖv‡g †m wd‡i Av‡m| MÖv‡gi Ab¨ mewKQz wVKVvK _vK‡jI Zvi wf‡U AvR wbwðý| wKš‘ nVvr †m j¶ K‡i Zvi †QvU †ejvi ¯§„wZ-weRwoZ †mB Avg MvQwU GLbI Av‡Q| †mB Avg Mv‡Qi QvqvZ‡j e‡m K¬všZ-kªvšZ D‡cb cig kvwšZ Abyfe Kij| Zvi g‡b coj, S‡oi w`‡b KZ bv Avg †m Kzuwo‡q‡Q GLv‡b| nVvr evZv‡mi SvcUvq GKUv cvKv Avg coj Zvi †Kv‡ji Kv‡Q| AvgwU‡K †m Rbbxi †mœ‡ni `vb g‡b K‡i MÖnY Kij| wKš‘ ZLbB Qz‡U G‡jv gvjx| mvay D‡cb‡K †m Avg-‡Pvi e‡j MvjvMvwj Ki‡Z _vKj| D‡cb‡K Rwg`v‡ii wbKU nvwRi Kiv n‡jv| D‡cb Rwg`v‡ii Kv‡Q AvgwU wf¶v wn‡m‡e PvB‡j Rwg`vi Zv‡K mvay‡ekx †Pvi e‡j wg_¨v Acev` w`j| GB KweZvi gva¨‡g Kwe †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, mgv‡R GK †kªwYi jy‡Uiv weËevb cÖej cÖZvc wb‡q evm K‡i| Zviv mvaviY gvby‡li m¤c` jyU K‡i m¤c`kvjx nq| Zviv A_©, kw³ I `vc‡Ui †Rv‡i Ab¨vq‡K b¨vq, b¨vq‡K Ab¨vq e‡j cÖwZôv K‡ib| Ô yB weNv RwgÕ KweZvwU‡Z Kwe G‡ì ¯iƒc Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Kwe cwiwPwZ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wek¦Kwe, wek¦bw›`Z Kwe| KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Zuvi Rb¥ 1861 wLªóv‡ãi 7B †g, 1268 e½v‡ãi 25 †k êkvL| †Q‡j‡ejvq we`¨vj‡qi euvavaiv cov‡kvbvq Zuvi gb e‡m wb| covïbvi Rb¨ Zuv‡K Iwi‡q›Uvj †mwgbvwi, bg©vj ¯‹zj, †e½j GKv‡Wwg-Gme wk¶v-cÖwZôv‡b fwZ© Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ cvV †kl Kievi Av‡MB wZwb †mme †Q‡o †`b| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB Zuvi Kwe-cÖwZfvi D‡b¥l N‡U| mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvq Amvgvb¨ `¶Zvi ¯v¶i †i‡L‡Qb wZwb| KweZv, msMxZ, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, ågYKvwnwb, igïPbv BZ¨vw` mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB Zuvi c`PviYv wQj ¯”Q›`, D¾¡j| wZwb GKvav‡i Kwe, `vk©wbK, MxwZKvi, myiKvi, wk¶vwe`, wPÎwkíx, bvU¨-cÖ‡hvRK I Awf‡bZv| 1913 wLªóv‡ã Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyw`Z ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kv‡eï Rb¨ wZwb Gkxq‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv : ÔgvbmxÕ, Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ, ÔwPÎvÕ, ÔejvKvÕ, ÔKíbvÕ, Ô¶wYKvÕ, Ô†muRywZÕ, ÔcybðÕ, Ôˆb‡e`¨Õ, Ôc~iexÕ, ÔgûqvÕ I †kl †jLv| Avgv‡ì RvZxq msMxZ Avgvi Ô†mvbvi evsjvÕ ZuviB †jLv| iex›`ªbv_ 1941 wLªóv‡ãi 7B AvM÷ (22 kªveY), (1348 e½vã) KjKvZvq g„Zëib K‡ib| Kg©-Abkxjb K. KweZvwU †Zvgvi wbR¯^ fvlvq M‡í, bvwUKvq ev eY©bv`g©x M‡`¨ iƒcvwqZ Ki| L. †Zvgvi Rvbv †Kv‡bv K…l‡Ki AZ¨vPvwiZ Rxe‡bi GKwU Kvwnwb wjwceä Ki (GKK KvR)| N. KweZvwUi bvUïƒc `vI Ges †kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi mn‡hvwMZvq Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki|

mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 83 bgybv cÖkœ


1. Ô yB weNvÕ Rwg †Kvb ai‡bi KweZv ? K. Kvwnwb KweZv L. MxwZKweZv

L. PZz ©kc`x KweZv N. ¯^‡`k‡cÖ‡gi KweZv

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i. ¯§„wZKvZiZv

ii. ¯ck©KvZiZv

iii. Aby`viZv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

3. evey mv‡n‡ei †fvMev`x gvbwmKZv dz‡U D‡V‡Q †h Pi‡YÑ

i. evey Kwn‡jb, ey‡SQ D‡cb, G Rwg jBe wK‡b

ii. †c‡j yB we‡N, cÖ Z G w`‡N mgvb nB‡e Uvbv

iii. G RM‡Z nvq, †mB †ewk Pvq Av‡Q hvi f~wi f~wi


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4 DÏxc‡K wg. kvwg‡gi gvbwmKZvq Ô yB weNv RwgÕ KweZvi †Kvb Abyf~wZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?

K. ¯^‡`kcÖxwZ L. cÖK…wZcÖxwZ

L. ¯^yRvZ¨cÖxwZ N. gZ©¨cÖxwZ

5. D³ Abyf~wZ dz‡U D‡V‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y ?

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N. Zey wbwkw`‡b fywj‡Z cvwi‡b, †mB yB weNv Rwg|

84 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

MvRxcyi †PŠiv¯Zvi Kv‡Q gwZb wgqvi †QvÆ GK Pv‡qi †`vKvb| Avi †`vKv‡bi cv‡kB M‡o D‡V‡Q ÔKÕ nvDwRs †mvmvBwUi wekvjvKvi G¨vcvU©‡g›U| GKw`b mKv‡j gwZb †`‡L, Zvi †`vKvb G¨vcvU©‡g‡›Ui mxgvbv cÖvPx‡ii g‡a¨ AvU‡K †M‡Q| †m ey‡S †Mj Avi wKQzB Kivi †bB| DcvqvšZi bv †`‡L †m iv¯Zvq iv¯Zvq Ny‡i Ny‡i d¬v‡· K‡i Pv wewµ K‡i msmvi Pvjvq Avi D`vm „wó‡Z MMbPzw¤ AÆvwjKv¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q `xN©k¦vm Qv‡o|

K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi KZ wLªóv‡ã †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb|

L. ÔivRvi n¯Z K‡i mg¯Z KvOv‡ji ab PzwiÕÑ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q

M. ÔKÕ nvDwRs †mvmvBwUi Kvh©µ‡g Ô yB weNv RwgÕ KweZvi evey mv‡ne Pwi‡Îi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI|

N. DÏxc‡Ki gwZb Ô yB weNv RwgiÕ †kvwlZ D‡c‡bi mv_©K cÖwZwbwa wK bv, †Zvgvi g‡Zi mc‡¶ hyw³ `vIÕ

cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j Kvwgbx ivq

Kwi‡Z cvwi bv KvR, m`v fq, m`v jvR msk‡q m¼í m`v U‡j, cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j| Avov‡j Avov‡j _vwK, bxi‡e Avcbv XvwK, m¤§y‡L PiY bvwn P‡j, cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j| ü`‡q ey ey g‡Zv, D‡V ïå wPšZv KZ, wg‡k hvq ü`‡qi Z‡j cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j| Kuv‡` cÖvY m‡e, AvuwL heyZ‡b ï®‹ ivwL wbigj bq‡bi R‡j cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j| GKwU †mœ‡ni K_v cÖkwg‡Z cv‡i e¨_v P‡j hvB D‡c¶vq Q‡j cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j| gnr D‡Ï‡k¨ h‡e GK mv‡_ wg‡j m‡e cvwi bv wgwj‡Z †mB `‡j cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j| weavZv w`‡Qb cÖvY _vwK m`v wgªqgvY kw³ g‡i fxwZi Ke‡j cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j|

86 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv kãv_© I UxKv

m`v Ñ memgq|

mskq Ñ m‡›`n| wØav|

msKí Ñ g‡bi „p B”Qv|

msk‡q msKí m`v U‡j Ñ g‡bi „p BPQv c~iY Kivq evav ˆZwi nq|

ïå Ñ mv`v| GLv‡b cwi®‹vi ev Agwjb A‡_© eëüZ|

h‡e Ñ hLb|

cÖkwg‡Z Ñ Dckg NUv‡Z, wbeviY Ki‡Z|

cÖkwg‡Z cv‡i e¨_v Ñ hšÎYvi Dckg NUv‡Z cv‡i|

D‡c¶v Ñ MÖvn¨ bv Kiv| Ae‡njv Kiv| ¸iyZ¡ bv †`qv|

Qj Ñ QzZv, IRi|

wgªqgvY Ñ KvZi| welv`MÖ —|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

G KweZv cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv wbtms‡KvP wP‡Ë Rxebc‡_ cwiPvwjZ nIqvi Aby‡cÖiYv jvf Ki‡e| †K Kx ejj Zv

†f‡e wb‡R‡K ¸wU‡q ivLvi cÖeYZv †_‡K Zviv gy³ nIqvi †Póv Ki‡e|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

†Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j †KD †KD A‡bK mgq wØavMÖ ’ nq| †K Kx g‡b Ki‡e, †K Kx mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡e GB †f‡e

Zviv e‡m _v‡K| Gi d‡j KvR G‡Mvq bv| huviv mgv‡R Ae`vb ivL‡Z Pvb Zuv‡ì wØav Ki‡j Pj‡e bv| „p

g‡bvej wb‡q, †jvKj¾v I mgv‡jvPbv‡K D‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y gnr KvR Ki‡Z n‡j fqfxwZ

ms‡KvP D‡c¶v K‡i GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e|

Kwe cwiwPwZ

1864 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m ewikv‡ji evmÛv MÖv‡g Kvwgbx iv‡qi Rb¥| 1886 mv‡j KjKvZvi †e_yb K‡jR †_‡K

ms¯‹…‡Z Abvm©mn we. G. cvm K‡i IB K‡j‡RB Aa¨vcbvq wbhy³ nb| Kvwgbx iv‡qi KweZvq iex› ªbv‡_i cÖfve

¯có| Avb›`-†e`bvi mnR-mij cÖKv‡k Zuvi KweZv Zvrch© AR©b K‡i‡Q| Zuvi †jLv †QvU‡ì KweZv msMÖ‡ni bvg

Ges Ô¸ÄbÕ| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K RMËvwiYx ¯Y©c`‡K f~wlZ K‡i| 1933 mv‡ji 27†k †m‡Þ¤i Zuvi g„Zz¨

nq|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ kxl©K KweZvi welqe¯‘i Dci wfwË K‡i †Zvgvi wKsev †Zvgvi cwiwPwZ †jvKR‡bi

mgm¨v wb‡q Mí, bvwUKv ev cÖeÜ iPbv Ki (GKK KvR)|

c‡Q †jvK wKQz e‡j 87

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ :

1. gnr KvR m¤cv`‡b †KvbwU‡K D‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e ? K. ms‡KvP L. mskq L. msKí N. evav

2. Av‡Z©i cv‡k uvov‡Z wM‡qI Kwe Kvwgbx ivq †Kb D‡c¶v K‡i P‡j hvb ? K. †ivMvµvšZ nIqvi f‡q L. mgv‡jvPbvi f‡q M. mn‡hvwMZvi f‡q N. †QvU nIqvi f‡q

3. Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvwU cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ gv‡S †Kvb ai‡bi Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó K‡i ? K. fqnxbZv L. c‡ivcKvwiZv M. mvnwmKZv N. ms‡KvPnxbZv

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 5 I 6 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : gvmy MÖv‡gi †eKvi‡ì hyeK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi M‡o †Zvjvi cwiKíbv K‡i| †m fv‡e GK mgq cÖPzi Avq n‡e, †eKviiv ¯^wbf©i n‡e| wKš‘ hw` †m G Kv‡R mdj n‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j Zvi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡e| ZvB †m Avi cwiKíbv ev` †`q| 4. DÏxc‡Ki gvmy‡ì gv‡S Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvi †Kvb we‡kl w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q ?

K. fxiyZv L. mskq L. nZvkv N. `ye©jZv

5. Kvwgbx iv‡qi „wó‡ZB gvmy‡ì G D‡`¨vM mdj Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ i . „p msKíe× n‡j ii. mKj mskq `~i Ki‡j iii. mvnmx c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡j


88 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wb‡Pi KweZvsk c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. wb› y‡K‡i evwm Avwg mevi †P‡q fv‡jv hyM-Rb‡gi eÜz Avgvi Avuavi N‡ii Av‡jv| mevB †gv‡i Qvo‡Z cv‡i eÜz hviv Av‡Q wb› yK †m Qvqvi g‡Zv _vK‡e cv‡Q cv‡Q| wek¦R‡b wbt¯ K‡i, cweÎZv Av‡b mvaK R‡b wb¯Zvwi‡Z Zvi g‡Zv †K Rv‡b ? webvg~‡j¨ gqjv ay‡q K‡i cwi®‹vi, wek¦ gv‡S Ggb `qvj wgj‡e †Kv_v Avi ? wb›`yK †m †eu‡P _vKzK wek¦wn‡Zi Z‡i Avgvi Avkv c ~Y© n‡e Zvnvi K…cv f‡i|

K. m`v kãwUi A_© Kx ? L. msk‡q m¼í m`v U‡jÑ†Kb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki wb› yK I Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvq wb› y‡Ki mv „‡k¨i w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡Ki wb› y‡Ki cÖfve Avi Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvq ewY©Z wb› y‡Ki cÖfve‡K GKm~‡Î Muv_v hvq Kx ? hyw³mn eywS‡q †jL|

2. MÖx‡®§i QzwU n‡j kwdK evwo‡Z Av‡m| K‡qKRb †eKvi hyeK I mncvVx eÜz‡K wb‡q cwiKíbv K‡i MÖv‡g ˆbkwe`¨vjq †Lvjvi| mevB Zvi G cÖ¯Zve‡K ¯vMZ Rvbvq| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eBcÎ, Ni, wk¶K meB wbe©vPb K‡i| Ggb mgq MÖv‡gi GK †jvK, e‡j BZtc~‡e© Kvgvj gv÷v‡ii g‡Zv gvbyl G Kv‡R †dj ‡g‡i‡Q, †mLv‡b KwP wkïiv Lyj‡e ˆbk we`¨vjq| Zvn‡j wm× av‡b MR Avm‡e| GK_v ï‡b Zviv `‡g hvq|

K. msKí kãwUi A_© Kx ? L. GKwU †mœ‡ni K_vq Kxfv‡e Avgv‡`i e¨v_v `~i n‡Z cv‡i ? M. kwd‡Ki D‡`¨vM e¨vnZ nIqvi KviY Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| N. kwd‡Ki gv‡S †m ai‡bi cwieZ©b G‡j †m Zvi cwiKíbv‡K ev¯ZevwqZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡Zv Zv Ôcv‡Q

†jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K hyw³mn †jL|

bvix KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg

mv‡gï Mvb MvBÑ

Avgvi P‡¶ cyiyl-igYx †Kv‡bv †f`v‡f` bvB|

we‡k¦i hv-wKQz gnvb m„wó wPi-Kj¨vYKi

A‡a©K Zvi Kwiqv‡Q bvix, A‡a©K Zvi bi|

we‡k¦ hv-wKQz Gj cvc-Zvc †e`bv Akªyevwi

A‡a©K Zvi Avwbqv‡Q bi, A‡a©K Zvi bvix|

RM‡Zi hZ eo eo Rq eo eo Awfhvb

gvZv fMœx I ea~‡ì Z¨v‡M nBqv‡Q gnxqvb|

†Kvb& i‡Y KZ Lyb w`j bi, †jLv Av‡Q BwZnv‡m,

KZ bvix w`j wmuw_i wmu`yi, †jLv bvB Zvi cv‡k|

KZ gvZv w`j ü`q Dcvwo KZ †evb w`j †mev,

ex‡ii ¯§„wZ-¯Z‡¤¢i Mv‡q wjwLqv †i‡L‡Q †Kev?

†Kv‡bv Kv‡j GKv nq‡Kv Rqx cyiy‡li Zievwi,

†cÖiYv w`qv‡Q, kw³ w`qv‡Q weRq-j²x bvix|

†m-hyM n‡q‡Q evwm,

†h hy‡M cyiyl `vm wQj bv‡Kv, bvixiv AvwQj `vmx|

†e`bvi hyM, gvby‡li hyM, mv‡gï hyM AvwR,

†Kn iwn‡e bv e›`x KvnviI, DwV‡Q W¼v evwR|

bi hw` iv‡L bvixi ew›`, Z‡e Gi ci hy‡M

Avcbvwi iPv H KvivMv‡i cyiyl gwi‡e fy‡M|

hy‡Mi ag© GB Ñ

cxob Kwi‡j †m-cxob G‡m cxov †`‡e †Zvgv‡KB| dg©v -12, mvwnZ¨ KwYKv- 8g

90 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv kãv_© I UxKv mvg¨ Ñ mgZv| mK‡ji R‡b¨ mg AwaKvi| gnxqvb Ñ mygnvb| GLv‡b gwngvw¤Z A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| iY Ñ hy×| jovB| KZ bvix w`j wmuw_i wmu yi Ñ AmsL¨ bvix ¯^vgx‡K nvwi‡q‡Q| KZ gvZv w`j ü`q Dcvwo Ñ ü`qfiv ggZv w`‡q DrmvwnZ Kij bvix| weRq-j²x bvix Ñ R‡qi wbqšZv †èx wn‡m‡e bvix‡K Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| W¼v Ñ RqXvK| iPv Ñ iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb| m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb| cxob Ñ AZ¨vPvi| wbh©vZb| kvixwiK Kó cÖ`vb| cxov Ñ hšÎYv| Kó| †e`bv| cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

KweZvwU cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv bvixi cÖwZ kª×vkxj n‡e| gvbemf¨Zvq bvixi Ae`vb †h cyiy‡li †P‡q Kg bq Zv †R‡b bvixi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ mnvbyf ~wZkxj n‡e| cvV-cwiwPwZ

ÔbvixÕ KweZvwU KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi Ômvgëv`xÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| mvgëv`x Kwe Ôbi-bvixÕ Dfq‡KB gvbyl wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb| wZwb RM‡Z bi I bvixi mvg¨ ev mgvb AwaKv‡i Av¯’vevb| Zuvi g‡Z, c„w_ex‡Z gvbemf¨Zv wbg©v‡Y bvix I cyiy‡li Ae`vb mgvb| wKš‘ BwZnv‡m cyiy‡li Ae`vb hZUv †jLv n‡q‡Q bvixi Ae`vb ZZUv †jLv nq wb| wKš‘ GLb w`b G‡m‡Q mg AwaKv‡ii| ZvB bvixi Ici wbh©vZb Pj‡e bv, Zuvi AwaKvi‡K ¶zbœ Kiv Pj‡e bv| bvix-cyiyl mevB‡K my›ì I D¾¡j fwel¨r iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e mw¤§wjZfv‡e| Kwe-cwiwPwZ

KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 1899 wLªóv‡ãi 15B †g (evsjv 1306 mv‡ji 11B ˆR¨ô) ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Pziywjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb we`¨vj‡qi cov‡kvbv †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| `kg †kªwYi QvÎ _vKvKv‡j cÖ_g gnvhy× ïiy n‡j wZwb ¯‹zj †Q‡o evOvwj c›U‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| hy× †kl n‡j 1919 wLªóv‡ã evOvwj c›Ub †f‡O †`qv nq| bRiyj KjKvZvq wd‡i G‡m mvwnZ¨PP©vq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| G mgq ÔmvßvwnK weRjxÕ cwÎKvq Zuvi Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvwU cÖKvwkZ n‡j Pviw`‡K mybvg Qwo‡q c‡o| Zuvi KweZvq civaxbZv I Ab¨v‡qi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q| AwePvi I †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× wZwb Zuvi †jLvq cÖej cÖwZev` K‡ib| GRb¨ Zuv‡K we‡ ªvnx Kwe ejv nq| Zuvi iPbvewj Am¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbvi GK DËg `„óvšZ| KweZv, msMxZ, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ I Mí-mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvq Avgiv Zuvi cÖwZfvi D¾¡j cwiPq †c‡q _vwK| evsjvq wZwb Bmjvwg Mvb I MRj wj‡L cÖksmv †c‡q‡Qb| †jLvq wZwb Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi eënv‡i KzkjZv †`wL‡q‡Qb| yf©vM¨ †h, gvÎ †ZZvwj−k eQi eq‡m wZwb KwVb †iv‡M AvµvšZ nb Ges Zuvi mvwnZ¨mvabvq †Q` N‡U| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j Kwe‡K XvKvq G‡b evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ vb Kiv nq| wZwb Avgv‡ì RvZxq Kwe| Zvui weL¨vZ MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-AwMœexYv, we‡li evukxg mvgëv`x, me©nviv, wmÜz-wn‡›`vj, PµevKg wi‡³i †e`b BZ¨vw`| Kwe 1976 mv‡ji 29†k AvMó XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kwe 1976 mv‡ji 29 AvM÷ XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

bvix 91

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. †Zvgvi cwiwPwZRb‡ì g‡a¨ Ggb †Kv‡bv bvixi Rxebv‡jL¨ iPbv K‡iv hvi Kg©RMr wb‡q Zzwg Me© Ki‡Z cvi (GKK KvR)

L. bvix-cyi“‡li g‡a¨ †f`v‡f‡ì ¯îƒc wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ †Zvgvi mncvVx‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU M‡elYv Pvjv‡Z cvi| Gi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ_‡gB cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- 1. msmv‡i me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~b© †K? DËi n‡Z cv‡i bvix, cyi“l, A_ev DfqB|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg KZ mv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡ib ?

K. 1919 L. 1972

L. 1975 N. 1976

2. ex‡ii ¯§„wZ¯Z‡¤¢i Mv‡q †KvbwU †jLv †bB ?

K. †ev‡bi †mev L. bvixi wmuw_i wmu yi

L. fwMœi AvZ¥Z¨vM N. ea~‡ì AvZ¥Z¨vM

3. Ôcxob Kwi‡j †m cxob G‡m cxov †`‡e †Zvgv‡KBÕÑPiYwUi mv‡_ mv „k¨c~Y © cÖevèvK¨Ñ

i. BUwU gvi‡j cvU‡KjwU †L‡Z nq

ii. †hgb Kg© †Zgb dj

iii. g‡šÎi mvab wKsev kixi cvZb




wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

MYmsMxZ wkíx Kv½vjx mywdqv RxweKvi ZvwM‡` †Kv`vj UzKwi-wb‡q cyiyl kªwgK‡ì mv‡_ gv_vq Nvg cv‡q †d‡j gvwU Kv‡U| w`b †k‡l gRywi wb‡Z wM‡q †`‡L cyiyl kªwgK‡ì †Ìqv n‡PQ y‡kv UvKv Avi Zv‡K †Ìqv nj GK‡kv UvKv| Gi KviY wR‡Ám Ki‡j gvwjK e‡jÑ GUvB wbqg!

92 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

4. DÏxcKwUi mv‡_ bvix KweZvi fveMZ H‡Kï w`KwU njÑGUvB wbqg! i. êlg¨ ii. †kvlY iii. mvg¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

5. D³ fve wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ? K. A‡a©K Zvi Kwiqv‡Q bvix A‡a©K Zvi bi L. KZ bvix w`j wmuw_i wmu yi †jLv bvB Zvi cv‡k M. †e`bvi hyM, gvby‡li hyM, mv‡gï hyM AvwR N. †Kvb Kv‡j GKv nqwb †Kv Rqx cyiy‡li Zievix

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. †Rmwgb bvgwU GLb UK Ae `¨v Kvw›Uª| GKRb bvix n‡q RvwZmsNmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k wbe©vPbÑmsµvšZ KvR K‡i‡Qb| m¤cÖwZ PÆMÖvg wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb wbe©vP‡bi g‡Zv wekvj Kg©hÁ wZwb K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mgvß K‡i‡Qb| wiUvwb©s Awdmvi wn‡m‡e wZwb Ab¨vb¨ cyiyl mnKg©x‡ì KvQ †_‡K h_vh_ mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q‡Qb| bvix e‡j †Kv_vI Zv‡K mgm¨vq co‡Z nq wb|

K. ÔbvixÕ KweZvwU KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ ? L. Kwe eZ©gvb mgq‡K Ô†e`bvi hyMÕ ej‡Z Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? M. †Rmwgb Uzwji Kvh©µ‡g ÔbvixÕ KweZvi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI| N. DÏxc‡K Kwe KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi Abyf~wZi cÖwZdjb NU‡jI ÔbvixÕ KweZvq Kwe AviI †ewk

ev•gqÑe³e¨wU we‡k −lY Ki| 2. R‰bK mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z weªwUk fvi‡Z e½xq gymjgvb bvix mgvR wQj AÁZv, Kzms¯‹vi I ag©xq wewa-

wb‡l‡ai wbM‡o Ave×| wbi¶iZv, Awk¶v I mvgvwRK †f`Ñeyw×I wQj Zv‡ì Rb¨ wbqwZi g‡Zv mZ¨| Aeiy× RxebÑhvc‡b Af¨¯Z GK Amnvq Rx‡e Zviv cwiYZ n‡qwQ‡jb| G‡ì‡K Av‡jvi RM‡Z Avbvi Rb¨ †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb AvRxeb msMÖvg K‡i †M‡Qb| Zvui e³e¨ ÑÔAvgiv mgv‡RiB Aa~©| Avgiv cwoqv _vwK‡j mgvR DwV‡e Kxfv‡e ? †Kvb GK cv evwaqv ivwL‡j †m †LuvovBqv KZ yi Pwj‡e ? cyiy‡li ¯^v_© Ges Avgv‡ì ¯^v_© wfbœ b‡n, GKB|Õ

K. KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg‡K KZ mv‡j G †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ †Ìqv nq ? L. Ômv‡gï MvbÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? M. R‰bK mgv‡jvP‡Ki gZwU ÔbvixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwUi mv‡_ mv „k¨cyY© e¨vL¨v Ki| N. †eMg †iv‡Kqvi e³e¨ †hb KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi K_viB cÖwZaŸwbÑÔbvixÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K

Dw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|

Avevi Avwme wd‡i Rxebvb›` `vk

Avevi Avwme wd‡i avbwmuwowUi Zx‡iÑGB evsjvq

nq‡Zv gvbyl bqÑnq‡Zv ev k•LwPj kvwj‡Ki †e‡k;

nq‡Zv †fv‡ii KvK n‡q GB KvwZ©‡Ki bev‡bœi †`‡k

Kzqvkvi ey‡K †f‡m GKw`b Avwme G KuvVvj-Qvqvq;

nq‡Zv ev nuvm n‡evÑwK‡kvixi NyOyi iwn‡e jvj cvq,

mvivw`b †K‡U hv‡e Kjwgi MÜfiv R‡j †f‡m †f‡m;

Avevi Avwme Avwg evsjvi b`x gvV †LZ fv‡jv‡e‡m

Rjv½xi †XD‡q †fRv evsjvi G meyR KiyY WvOvq;

nq‡Zv †`wL‡e †P‡q my`k©b Dwo‡Z‡Q mÜ¨vi evZv‡m;

nq‡Zv ïwb‡e GK j²x‡cuPv WvwK‡Z‡Q wkgy‡ji Wv‡j;

nq‡Zv LB‡qi avb Qov‡Z‡Q wkï GK DVv‡bi Nv‡m;

iƒcmvi †Nvjv R‡j nq‡Zv wK‡kvi GK mv`v †Quov cv‡j

wWOv evq; ivOv †gN muvZiv‡q AÜKv‡i Avwm‡Z‡Q bx‡o

†`wL‡e aej eK; Avgv‡iB cv‡e Zzwg Bnv‡`i wf‡o|

94 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

kãv_© UxKv k•LwPj Ñ GK ai‡bi mv`v wPj| NyOyi Ñ b~cyi, cv‡qi AjsKvi| WvOv Ñ ïK‡bv RvqMv, ¯’jf~wg| my`k©b Ñ GK ai‡bi ¸e‡i †cvKv| j²x‡cuPv Ñ myj¶Yhy³ †cuPv| wWOv Ñ †QvU †bŠKv| bx‡o Ñ cvwLi evmvq| aej Ñ mv`v| bevbœ Ñ bZzb avbKvUvi ci Avgv‡ì †`‡k G Drme nq| G Drm‡e `ya, ¸o, bvi‡K‡ji m‡½ wgwk‡q bZzb

AvZc Pv‡ji fvZ LvIqv nq| avbwmwo Ñ SvjKvwV †Rjvq avbwmwo bv‡g GKwU b`x wQj| GLb b`xwU g‡i †M‡Q| Kwe Zuvi KweZvq G

b`xwUi bvg eënvi K‡i‡Qb| iƒcmv Ñ Lyjbv kn‡ii cvk w`‡q cÖevwnZ GKwU b`xi bvg| G bv‡g SvjKvwV †RjvqI GKwU †QvU b`x

Av‡Q| Rjv½x Ñ Kwe GLv‡b b`x‡K Rjv½x (A_©vr Rj hvi A‡½) bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`k‡K

Kwe Rjv½xi †XD‡q †fRv evsjv e‡j‡Qb| KvwZ©‡Ki bev‡bœi †`‡k – Kwe wb‡Ri Rb¥f~wg evsjv‡`k‡K bev‡bœi †`k e‡j‡Qb| bevbœ A_© bZzb fvZ| KvwZ©K gv‡m N‡i

bZzb& avb Zz‡j K…l‡Kiv bevbœ Drm‡e †g‡Z I‡V| cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v_©xiv evsjvi cÖK…wZi iƒc‰ewP‡Îï cÖwZ AvKl©Y Abyfe Ki‡e| Zv‡ì g‡b wb‡Ri †`‡ki cÖwZ ggZ¡‡ev‡ai RvMiY NU‡e| cvV-cwiwPwZ G KweZvwU Kwei Ôiƒcmx evsjvÕ Kve¨ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q| Kwe G KweZvq †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, wZwb wb‡Ri †`k‡K LyeB fv‡jvev‡mb| wcÖq Rb¥f~wgi AZ¨šZ Zz”Q wRwbm¸‡jv Zuvi `„wó‡Z my›ì n‡q aiv c‡o‡Q| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, hLb Zuvi g„Zz¨ n‡e ZLb †`‡ki m‡½ Zuvi ggZvi euvab †kl n‡e bv| wZwb evsjvi b`x, gvV, dm‡ji †LZ‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m k•LwPj ev kvwj‡Ki †e‡k G‡`‡k wd‡i Avm‡eb| Avevi KLbI ev †fv‡ii KvK n‡q Kzqvkvq wg‡k hv‡eb| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i, wZwb nuvm n‡q mvivw`b Kjwgi M‡Ü fiv we‡ji cvwb‡Z †f‡m †eov‡eb| GgbwK w`‡bi †k‡l †h mv`v e‡Ki `j †g‡Ni †Kvj †Nu‡l bx‡o wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡ì gv‡SI Kwe‡K Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e| Gfv‡e wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcgq cÖK…wZi m‡½ wg‡k hv‡eb| KweÑcwiwPwZ Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk 1899 wLªóv‡ãi 17B †deªyqvwi ewikvj kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 1921 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Gg.G. cvk K‡ib| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e Zuvi Kg©Rxe‡bi ïiy nq Ges wZwb wewfbœ mg‡q KjKvZv wmwU K‡jR, w`wj− ivghk K‡jR, ewikvj eªR‡gvnb K‡jR, LoMcyi K‡jR, ewilv K‡jR I nvIov K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| GK mgq wZwb mvsevw`KZv †ckvI Aej¤b K‡iwQ‡jb| Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZvq evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZi is I iƒ‡ci wewPÎ cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| A‡bK ARvbv MvQ, cï-cvwL I jZvcvZv Zuvi KweZvq bZzb cwiP‡q aiv c‡o‡Q| cÖK…wZ‡cÖwgK GB Kwe cÖK…wZ †_‡KB Zuvi KweZvi iƒcim msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| KweZv QvovI wZwb Mí, Dcb¨vm I cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb 1954 mv‡ji 22†k A‡±vei KjKvZvq GK Uªvg `~N©Ubvq wbnZ nb|

Avevi Avwme wd‡i 95

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ : K. KweZvwUi „k¨wPÎ Aej¤‡b GKwU wPÎv¼b cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki †kªwYi mKj wk¶v_x©i Ask Mn‡Y)|

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ :

1. avbwmwo wK‡mi bvg ? K. b`xi L. kn‡ii M. av‡bi N. MÖv‡gi

2. ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvwU Kwei †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q ? K. a~mi cvÊywjwc L. iƒcmx evsjv M. SivcvjK N. ebjZv †mb

3. Ômvivw`b †K‡U hv‡e Kjwgi MÜ fiv R‡j †f‡m †f‡mÕÑGLv‡b mvivw`b †K‡U hv‡e Kvi ? K. nuv‡mi L. wK‡kvixi M. Kv‡Ki N. Kwei

wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Ô†Mvaywj jM‡b RM`x‡k ¯§i‡Y we`vq jBe Rb‡gi Z‡i jyKvBe Avwg mÜ¨vi Avuav‡i evsjv gv‡qi †µv‡oÕ

4. DÏxc‡K ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q ? K. ¯^‡`kPZbv L. g„Zz¨‡PZbv M. cÖK…wZ‡PZbv N. ag©‡PZbv

5. D³ mv „k¨c~Y© w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y ? L. Avevi Avwme wd‡i avbwmwowUi Zx‡i GB evsjvq M. nq‡Zv †`wL‡e †P‡q my k©b Dwo‡Z‡Q mÜ¨vi evZv‡m N. Avevi Avwme Avwg evsjvi b`x gvV †LZ fv‡jv‡e‡m wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?


96 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

1. cj −xi mš—vb †mŠwgK DPPgva¨wgK cix¶vq DËxY© n‡q D”P wk¶v‡_© d«vÝ hvq| †mLvbKvi mycÖ Z ivRc_, D`¨vb, wbg©j cÖK…wZ Zvi Lye fvj jv‡M| iv¯ZvNvU, †ij‡÷kb, evm-÷‡cR me RvqMvq †`wk-we‡`wk ¯§iYxq e¨w³e‡M©i g~wZ © ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g divwm‡`i †`k‡cÖg †`‡L †m wew¯§Z nq| I‡`i K¨v‡c wgDwRqvg mewKQzB Zv‡K AvK…ó K‡i| D”Pwk¶v †kl K‡i AwgZ ¯’vqxfv‡e †mLv‡b †_‡K hvq| divwm †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖve‡j¨ µgk a~mi n‡q hvq Zvi AZxZ¯§„wZ|

K. DVv‡b LB‡qi avb Qovq †K ? L. gvbyl bv n‡q k•LwPj, kvwj‡Ki †e‡k Rxebvb›` `vk G‡`‡k wdi‡Z Pvb †Kb ? M. DÏxcKwU ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwUi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i ? eY©bv Ki| N. Awg‡Zi AbyfywZ Avi Rxebbv›` `v‡ki AbyfywZ GKm~‡Î Muv_vÑDw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|

2. evsjvi nvIqv evsjvi Rj ü`q Avgvi K‡i mykxZj GZ myL kvwšZ GZ cwigj †Kv_v cve Avi evsjv Qvov|

K. ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Kve¨ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q ? L. evsjvi meyR KiyY WvOv ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ? M. DÏxcK Aej¤‡b Avevi Avwme wd‡i KweZvi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i eY©bv `vI| N. †Kv_v cve Avi evsjv QvovÑK_vwUi m‡½ Kwe Rxebvb›` `v‡ki evsjvq wd‡i Avmvi AvKv•Lv Kxfv‡e

m¤cwK©ZÑA‡jvPbv Ki|

†`k RmxgD & xb

†L‡Zi c‡i †LZ P‡j‡Q, †L‡Zi bvwn †kl

meyR nvIqvq yj‡Q I Kvi G‡jv gv_vi †Kk|

†mB †K‡k‡Z Mqbv civq cÖRvcwZi SuvK,

PÂz‡Z Rj wQUvq †m_v Kvj Kvj KvK|

mv`v mv`v eK-K‡biv i‡P †m_vq gvjv,

kirKv‡ji wkwki †m_v R¡vjvqgvwbK Avjv|

Zvwi gvqvq †_vKv †_vKv †`v‡j av‡bi Qov;

gvi AvuP‡ji cik †hb mKj Afve-niv|

e‡bi c‡i eb P‡j‡Q e‡bi bvwn †kl,

dz‡ji d‡ji myevm fiv G †Kvb cwii †`k?

wbweo Qvqvq Avuavi Kiv cvZvi cvivevi

iwei Av‡jv LÊ n‡q bvP‡Q cv‡q Zvi|

myevm dz‡ji ey‡bvU Kiv e‡bi wjwcLvwb,

Wv‡ji †_‡K Wv‡ji c‡i wdi‡Q cvwL Uvwb|

KwP KwP e‡bi cvZv Kuvc‡Q Zvwi my‡i

†QvU †QvU †iv‡`i u‡ov Zjvq bv‡P Ny‡i

gv_vi c‡i Kv‡jv Kv‡jv †gNijv G‡m †f‡o

ey‡bv nvwZi `j G‡m‡Q AvKvkLvwb †Q‡o|

b`xi c‡i b`x †M‡Q b`xi bvwn †kl,

KZ ARvb Muv †cwi‡q KZ bv Rvb †`k|

mvZ mvM‡ii cY¨ P‡j mI`vM‡ii bvq

myavi aviv Mwo‡q c‡o MÄ-bMi Qvq|

PLvq gyLi evjyi Piv nv‡m KZB Zx‡i

dz‡ji e‡b iwOb n‡q hvq ev Kfy ax‡i

`ªyZ wgbvi-†mŠa P ~ovi †Kvj †Nuwl‡q hvq

KZ kni nvU-e›`i-evRvi †d‡j evq|

KZ bv‡qi fvwUqvwji Mv‡b D`vm n‡q

b`xi c‡i b`x P‡j †Kvb ARvbvq e‡q|

98 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv kãv_© I UxKv

meyR nvIqv Ñ meyR †L‡Zi Ici e‡q hvIqv evZvm‡K Kwe meyR nvIqv iƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| meyR nvIqvq yj‡Q I Kvi G‡jv gv_vi †Kk Ñ k‡mï †`vjvqgvb meyR WMv‡K gv_vi G‡jvPz‡ji m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mB †K‡k‡Z Mqbv civq cÖRvcwZi SuvK Ñ k‡mï †`vjvqgvb WMvi Ici SuvK SvuK cÖRvcwZ Do‡Q Ñ em‡Q| ~i †_‡K g‡b nq k‡mï WMv †hb AjsKvi c‡i †m‡R‡Q| PÂz Ñ ‡VuvU| Avjv Ñ Av‡jv| KweZvi wg‡ji Rb¨ Kwe Av‡jv‡K Avjv wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb| kirKv‡ji wkwki †m_v R¡vjvq gvwbK Avjv Ñ Nv‡mi Ici ki‡Zi wkwki R‡g| mKv‡j Zvi Ici †iv` co‡j Zv R¡jR¡j K‡i I‡VÑ†hb gwYi Av‡jv| gvi AvuP‡ji cik †hb mKj Afve niv Ñ gv‡qi AvuPj mšZv‡bi †mœ‡ni Avkªq| †Zgwb †mvbvi dmj †c‡j gvby‡li Afve †Nv‡P| myevm d‡ji ey‡bvU Kiv e‡bi wjwcLvwb Ñ myMÜx dz‡j dz‡j f‡i I‡V eb| ey‡bv nvwZi `j G‡m‡Q AvKvkLvwb †Q‡o Ñ Kv‡jv †gN †_‡K e„wó bvg‡Q| KweKíbv Ki‡Qb †hb ey‡bv nvwZ cvwb wQUv‡”Q| bvq Ñ †bŠKvq| myavi aviv Mwo‡q c‡o MÄ-bMi Qvq Ñ mI`vMiiv kn‡i-M‡Ä bvbv mvgMÖx †cŠ‡Q w`‡q gvby‡li myLx Ñ Rxebhvc‡b mnvqZv K‡i| PLv Ñ PµevK cvwL| cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ G KweZv cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z wkL‡e| cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© m¤c‡K© m‡PZb n‡e| Zv‡ì g‡b †`‡ki cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva m„wó n‡e|

cvV-cwiwPwZ Ô†`kÕ KweZvwU RmxgD & x‡bi ÔgvwUi KvbœvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| G KweZvq Kwe MÖvgevsjvi cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li Qwe dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| MÖvgevsjvi cÖK…wZi GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q w`MšZÑwe¯Z…Z av‡bi †LZ, †mLv‡b cvL-cvLvwji Avbv‡Mvbv, ki‡Zi †kvfv, dm‡ji nvZQvwb| wKš‘ gv‡V †h †mvbvi dmj d‡j wbt¯ f~wgnxb gvbyl †m dm‡ji AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ| MÖv‡gi Avi GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q eb-ebvbx| dz‡j I d‡ji m¤¢v‡i I bvbv ebR m¤c‡` ficyi †m-me| MÖvg evsjvq e‡q †M‡Q KZÑbv b`x| †mB b`x‡Z †bŠKv fvmvq gvwS| mI`vM‡ii `j kn‡i-M‡Ä mI`v †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi bvbv Afve †gUvq| wKš‘ †mB b`x‡ZI wbt¯^ f~wgnxb gvby‡li †Kv‡bv AwaKvi †bB| Gfv‡eB Kwe MÖv‡gi ewÂZ `wi ª gvbyl‡ì cÖwZ Zuvi mnvbyf~wZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|

†`k 99

Kwe cwiwPwZ

Kwe RmxgD & xb 1903 wLªóv‡ãi 1jv Rvbyqvwi dwi`cyi †Rjvi Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖv‡g, gvZzjvj‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi

wcZ…wbevm dwi`cy‡ii †Mvwe›`cyi MÖv‡g| 1931 wLªóv‡ã wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨

Gg. G. cvm K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡bi ïiy‡Z wZwb cvuP eQi XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| c‡i wZwb

miKv‡ii Z_¨ I cÖPvi wefv‡M D”Pc‡` †hvM †`b| QvÎRxe‡bB wZwb KweZv wjL‡Z ïiy K‡ib| wZwb hLb

wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ ZLb Zuvi †jLv ÔKeiÕ KweZvwU we‡klfv‡e cÖkswmZ nq| Zuvi KweZvq Avgiv cwj−i gvbyl I

cÖK…wZi mnRÑmy›ì iƒcwU †`L‡Z cvB| cwj−i gvwU I gvby‡li m‡½ Zuvi Kweü`q †hb GK n‡q wg‡k Av‡Q| Zuvi

D‡j −L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : Mv_vKve¨ : ÔbKmxKuv_vi gvVÕ, Ô†mvRb evw`qvi NvUÕ, Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔivLvjxÕ, ÔgvwUi KvbœvÕ; bvUK :

Ô†e‡ì †g‡qÕ; Dcb¨vm : Ô†evev KvwnbxÕ; Mv‡bi msKjb : ÔiwOjv bv‡qi gvwSÕ; Zvi wkï‡Zvl : ÔnvmÕy, ÔGK cqmvi

euvkxÕ, ÔWvwjgKzgviÕ; ¯§„wZK_v : VvKzievwoi AvwObvq; ågYKvwnbx : P‡j gymvwdi| wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K

Zuv‡K m¤§vbm~PK wWwjU wWwMÖ cÖ vb Kiv nq| wZwb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib| 1976 wLªóv‡ã

13B gvP© XvKvq wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ : K. msev` cvV, Abyôvb Dc¯’vcb I Ave„wËi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI| cÖwZwU wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g

cv_©‡Kï welqwU ¯úó K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| L. †Zvgvi †`k I †`‡ki cÖK…wZ wb‡q Qov, KweZv, Mí BZ¨vw` wj‡L †kªwY‡Z cÖ`k©Y‡Z cÖ`k©‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki

(†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡Y)|

bygbv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ : 1. Ô†`kÕ KweZvwU Kwei †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K PwqZ ?

K. bKmxKuv_vi gvV L. †mvRb evw`qvi NvU M. gvwUi Kvbœv N. ivLvjx

2. kir Kv‡ji wkwki †m_v R¡vjvq gvwbK Avjv| ÕÑG K_vi Zvrch©: i. wkwki †iv‡ì y wZ we”QziY ii. wkwk‡ii UjUjvqgvb Ae¯’v iii. kvi`xq cÖK…wZi D¾¡j iƒc


3. Kwe gvZ…‡mœ‡ni mgZzj¨ we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb †KvbwU‡K ? K. av‡bi Qov L. dz‡ji myevm M. cvZvi cvivevi N. †iv‡ì u‡ov

100 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

DÏxcKwU Ô‡`kÕ DÏxcKwU c‡o cªkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : Avgvi evwoi Muv‡qi c‡_ meyR gv‡Vi av‡i A ~i e‡bi nvZQvwb fvB gb †h m`vB Kv‡o| mKvj muv‡S Avcb Kv‡R ivLvj †M‡q hvq nvIqvq ywj av‡bi wk‡l WvK †` e‡j Avq|

4. DÏxcKwU Ô†`kÕ KweZvi m‡½ †Kvb welqMZ w`K †_‡K msMwZ iPbv K‡i ? i. cÖK…wZ

ii. gvbyl iii. dmj

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

5. Dwj −wLZ msMwZi AšZwb©wnZ HK¨MZ w`KwU njÑ K. †`k‡cÖg L. cÖK…wZ †cÖg M. ¯^„RvZ¨‡eva N. gvbe‡cÖg

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I Avgvi evsjv gv †Zvi AvKzj Kiv iƒ‡ci myavq ü`q Avgvi hvq Rywo‡q I Avgvi evsjv gv‡Mv| dv¸‡b †Zvi K…òPzov cjvk e‡b Kx‡mi nvwm ˆPZxiv‡Z D`vm my‡i ivLvj evRvq euv‡ki evukx|

L. Pòz kãwUi A_© Kx ? M. Ôgvi AvuP‡ji cik †hb mKj Afve nivÕÑK_vwUi A_© eywS‡q ej| N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g Pi‡Y Ô†`kÕ KweZvi †h Abyf~wZi QvqvcvZ Av‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| O. DÏxcK Avi Ô†`kÕ KweZvwU †hb GKB my‡i euvavÑwe‡k−lY Ki|

b`xi ¯cœ

ey×‡è emy †Kv_vq P‡j‡Qv ? Gw`‡K G‡mv bv! `z‡Uv K_v †kv‡bv w`wK, GB bvIÑGB PKP‡K, †Qv‡Uv, bZzb iy‡cvi wmwK| †QvKvbyi Kv‡Q `y‡Uv Avwb Av‡Q, †Zvgvq w`w”Q ZvI, Avgv‡ì hw` †Zvgvi m‡½ †bŠKvq Zz‡j bvI| †bŠKv †Zvgvi Nv‡U euvav Av‡QÑ hv‡e wK A‡bK ` ~‡i? cv‡q cwo, gvwS, mv‡_ wb‡q P‡jv †gv‡i Avi †QvKvby‡i| Avgv‡i †P‡bv bv? Avwg †h KvbvB| †QvKvby Avgvi †evb| †Zvgvi m‡½ †eov‡ev Avgiv †gNbv, cÙv, †kvb| †kv‡bv, gv GLb Nywg‡q Av‡Qb w`w` †M‡Q BkKz‡j, GB dvu‡K †gv‡iÑAvi †QvKvby‡iÑ †bŠ‡Kvq bvI Zz‡j| †Kv‡bv fq †bBevevi eKzwb †Zvgvq n‡e bv †L‡Z, hZ †`vl me AvgivÑbv, Avwg GKv †b‡ev gv_v †c‡Z| A‡bK i‡Oi cvj Av‡Q, gvwS? †eMywb, ev`vwg, jvj? nj‡Ì?ÑZ‡e †mUv `vI AvR, †eMywbUv w`‡qv Kvj| me¸‡jv b`x †`Lv‡e wKš‘! Av‡M cÙvq P‡jv, ycy‡ii †iv‡` Sjg‡j Rj

e‡q hvq Q‡jvQ‡jv| ï‡q-ï‡q †`wL AevK AvKvk, AvKvk g¯Z e‡ov, c„w_exi me bxj is eywS †mLv‡b K‡i‡Q R‡ov| Suv‡K Suv‡K †eu‡K H `¨v‡Lv cvwL D‡o P‡j hvq ~‡i DuPz †_‡K Iiv †`L‡Z Kx cvq †gv‡i Avi †QvKvby‡i? IUv Kx? †R‡ji †bŠKv? ZvB †Zv! 102 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv Rvj †U‡b †Zvjv `vq,

iƒ‡cvwj b`xi iƒ‡cvwj BwjkÑ Bk, †Pv‡L Sjmvq! Bwjk wKb‡j? ÑAvt, †ek, †ek, Zzwg Lye fv‡jv, gvwS| Dbyb aivI, †QvKvby †`LvK ivbœvi KvimvwR| cBVvq e‡m †auvqv-IVv fvZ, UvUKv Bwjk-fvRvÑ ‡QvKvby †i, ZzB AvKv‡ki ivbx, Avwg cÙvi ivRv| LvIqv n‡jv †kl, Avevi PjwQ `yj‡Q †QvÆ bvI, nvjKv big nvIqvq †Zvgvi jvj cvj Zz‡j `vI| †`wL e‡m e‡m AvKv‡ki is Kx Avðh© bxj †Qv‡Uv cvwL AviI †Qv‡Uv n‡q hvq AvKv‡ki gy‡L wZj| mvivw`b †M‡jv, m ~h© jy‡Kv‡jv R‡ji Zjvi N‡i †mvbv n‡q R¡v‡j cÙvi Rj Kv‡jv n‡jv Zvi c‡i| mÜ¨vi ey‡K Zviv dz‡U I‡VÑ Gevi bvgvI cvj, Mvb a‡iv, gvwS; R‡ji kã SzcSzc †`‡e Zvj| †QvKvbyi †PvL Ny‡g Xy‡j Av‡m Avwg wVK †R‡M AvwQ Mvb MvIqv n‡j Avgvq A‡bK Mí ej‡e, gvwS? ïb‡Z ïb‡Z Avwg Ny‡gvB weQvbv evwjk webvÑ gvwS, Zzwg †`‡Lv †QvKvby‡i, fvB, I e‡ovB fxZz wKbv| Avgvi R‡b¨ wK”Qz †f‡ev bv Avwg †Zv e‡ovB cÖvq So G‡j †W‡Kv Avgv‡iÑ†QvKvby †hb my‡L Nyg hvq| me bvI, gvwS, PKP‡K wmwK GB Avwb `y‡Uv, ZvI| j²x †Zv, †gv‡iÑAvi †QvKvby‡i †bŠKvq Zz‡j bvI| b`xi ¯^cœ 103

kãv_© I UxKv wmwK Ñ Pvi Avwb g~‡jï gy`ªv ev 25 cqmvi gy ªv| Avwb Ñ GK UvKvi †lvj fv‡Mi GK fvM g~‡jï gy ªv| ‡kvY Ñ GKwU b`xi bvg| cvj Ñ evZv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Pvjvevi Rb¨ †bŠKvq LvUv‡bv Kvc‡oi c ©v| KvimvwR Ñ K~U‡KŠkj| GLv‡b PgrKvwiZ¡ A‡_© Kvwe¨K eënvi| m~h© jyKv‡jv Ñ m~h© A¯Z †Mj|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

GB KweZv cvV Kivi Kvi‡Y wk¶v_©x‡ì Kíbvkw³i cÖmvi NU‡e| cÖK…wZ I †`‡ki cÖwZ AvKl©Y evo‡e| fvB‡ev‡bi mym¤cK© e„w× NU‡e|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

ey×‡è emyi Ôb`xi ¯^cœÕ KweZvq b`x Ges †bŠågY wb‡q GK wK‡kv‡ii Kíbv iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q| yišZ GK wK‡kvi

Zvi †QvU †evb‡K wb‡q †bŠKv‡Z D‡V b`xi ci b`x cvi n‡q Zv‡ì g‡bi AvKv•¶v c~iY Ki‡Z Pvq| †bŠKvi bvbv i‡Oi cvj, bxj i‡Oi AvKvk, Suv‡K Suv‡K cvwLi D‡o Pjv, iƒcwj Bwjk gvQ, †bŠKvq ivbœv Kiv, mÜ¨vq Mvb MvIqv,

MíKivÑGZ wKQz wK‡kvi g‡b Mfxi ¯^cœ wb‡q Av‡m| cvkvcvwk †ev‡bi cÖwZ fvB‡qi `vwqZ¡ I Avì cÖKv‡ki

PgrKvi wb`k©b Av‡Q G KweZvq|

Kwe-cwiwPwZ

ey×‡è emy eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| wZwb KweZv, Qov, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ, bvUK, ågYÑKvwnwb, ¯§„wZK_v,

Abyev`, m¤cv`bv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K mg„× K‡i‡Qb| 1930 wLªóv‡ã wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K

Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z mœvZK (m¤§vb) Ges c‡ii eQi cÖ_g †kªwY‡ZB mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| cÖ_‡g

mvsevw`KZv Ges c‡i Aa¨vcbv‡K wZwb †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| XvKvi cyivbv cëb †_‡K Zuvi I AwRZ `‡Ëi †hŠ_

m¤cv`bvq mwPÎ gvwmK cwÎKv ÔcÖMwZÕ (1927-1929) cÖKvwkZ nq| wZwb ÔKweZv cwÎKvÕ bv‡gI GKwU cwÎKv m¤cv`bv K‡ib| iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii KveïxwZi evB‡i c„_K Kveävivi cÖwZôvZv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb Kwe ey×‡è

emyi iPbv‰kjx ¯^ZšÎ I g‡bvÁ| Zvi iwPZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv KweZv: gg©evYx, e›`xi e›`bv, K¼veZx,

gi‡Pcov, †c‡i‡Ki Mvb; Dcb¨vm : mvov, jvj †gN, wZwL †Wvi: Mí : †iLvwPÎ, GKwU Rxeb I K‡qKwU g„Zz : bvUK : gvqv-gvjÂ, Zc¯^x I Ziw½wb BZ¨vw`| e×‡è emy 1908 wLªóv‡ãi 30†k b‡f¤î Kywgj −vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|

Zvui ˆcZ…K wbevm weµgcyi A_©vr eZ©gv‡bi gywÝM‡Ä| 1974wLªóv‡ãi 18B gvP© wZwb KjKvZvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb K. ‡Zvgvi fv‡jv jvMvi ¯cœ wb‡q KweZv, Mí ev bvwUKv ˆZwi Ki (GKK KvR) L. Ôb`xi ¯^cÕKweZvwUi GKwU M`ï~c Dc¯’vcb Ki|

104 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. cÖ_g w`b †bŠKvq †Kvb i‡Oi cvj LvUv‡bvi K_v ejv n‡qwQj?

K. †e¸wb L. ev`vwg M. jvj N. njy

2. †Kv_vq P‡j‡Qv? Gw`‡K G‡mv bv! `y‡Uv K_v †kv‡bv w`wK

PibwU‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q‡QÑ K. Av‡`k L. wb‡ ©k M. Aby‡iva N. Abybq

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wK‡kvi †gviv Elvi Av‡jv, Avgiv nvIqv `yišZ gbwU wPi euvab nviv cvwLi gZ DošZ| 3. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq Pi‡Yi A‡_©i mv‡_ wgj cvIqv hvq wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Yi A‡_©i?

K. cv‡q cwo, gvwS mv‡_ wb‡q P‡jv, †gv‡i Avi †QvKvby‡i L. †QvKvby‡i, ZzB AvKv‡ki ivbx, Avwg cÙvi ivRv M. j² †Zv, †gvi-Avi †QvKvby‡i, †bŠKvq Zz‡j bvI N. GB duv‡K †g‡i-Avi †QvKvby‡i, †bŠKvq Zz‡j bvI

4. D³ wgj-G †h Av‡eM dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv n‡”QÑ i. wK‡kvi-g‡bi D”Q¡vm ii. fvB I †ev‡bi mwZ¨Kvi gh©v`v iii. Kíbvi Aeva cÖevn

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 5. byiy, kwd, Av‡qkv, †invbv eo‡`i „wó Gwo‡q cixi w`wNi cv‡o wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| evwo †_‡K wb‡q G‡m‡Q

Pvj, Wvj, wWg, gmjvÑmewKQz| Rwg‡q wcKwbK n‡e| ivbœvi ayg †j‡M‡Q| ivbœv †kl n‡ZB byiyi †`Lv‡`wL mevB Suvwc‡q coj w`wNi R‡j| `vcv`vwc †hb †kl n‡ZB Pvq bv| †k‡l †invbvi †PuPv‡gwP‡Z mevB G‡m KjvcvZvq cvZ †c‡o †L‡Z emj| Lvevi gy‡L w`‡qB G Ii gy‡Li w`‡K ZvKv‡”Q| bybÑbyb †`Iqv nq wb †h| Avevi GK `dv †n‡m wb‡q mevB McvMc wLPzwo †L‡Z e‡m †Mj| LyDe ¶zav †c‡q‡Q †h! K. ycy‡ii †iv‡` Rj †Kgb K‡i e‡q P‡j? L. ‡bŠKv-åg‡Yi wewbg‡q KvbvB gvwS‡K wK w`‡Z †P‡qwQj-e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ KweZvi Kx Awgj j¶¨ Kiv hvq-Av‡jvPbv Ki| N. welqe¯‘ wfbœ n‡jI DÏxcK I KweZvwU wK‡kvig‡bi Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki w`K †_‡K AwfbœÑwe‡k−lY Ki|

Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv

mywdqv Kvgvj †gŠmywg dz‡ji Mvb †gvi K‡É Rv‡M bv‡Kv Avi

Pvwiw`‡K ïwb nvnvKvi|

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gvwU Ai‡Y¨i cÖv‡Y Pvq

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Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv! Rv‡Mv AvwR,

gg©‡i gg©‡i I‡V evwR

e„‡¶i e‡¶i ewýR¡vjv

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AvZ¥vi Avb›` Av‡bv, Av‡bv hviv iwnqv‡Q RvwM

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dg©v – 14 , mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

106 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

kãv_© I UxKv

¶zavZ© fqvZ© „wó Ñ cÖK…wZ‡Z dzj I dm‡ji m¤¢vi K‡g hvIqvq gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡ ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o‡Q| wejxb nIqvi Avk¼vq gvbyl fxZ|

¤ −vb Ñ gwjb| ¶wi‡Q Ñ Pz‡q Pz‡q co‡Q| cj −e Ñ Mv‡Qi bZzb cvZv| Wv‡ji bZzb cvZvhy³ AvMv| †mLv‡b ¶wi‡Q †mœn cj −‡ei wbweo Qvqvq Ñ gvwUi ggZv im †c‡q e„¶kvLvq bZzb cvZv MwR‡q‡Q| Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv Ñ Kwe e„¶-Kb¨v‡ì †R‡M IVvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡PQb cÖK…wZ‡K Avevi k¨vgjÑ mey‡R d‡j Ñ d‡j-dz‡j fwi‡q †Zvjvi R‡b¨| e„‡¶i e‡¶i ewýR¡vjv Ñ gvbyl cÖK…wZi Ici n¯Z‡¶c Kivq eb DRvo n‡”Q| e„¶wbab evo‡Q| e„‡¶i ey‡K ZvB hšÎYvi Av¸b| †gwj †jwjnvb wkLv Ñ Kwe ZiyKb¨v‡K AvnŸvb Rvbv‡PQb Zvi kvLvq kvLvq Av¸b iOv dzj dzwU‡q AvKv‡k kvLv we¯Zvi Ki‡Z| K¼Y Ñ KuvKb, bvixi nv‡Zi Aj¼vi we‡kl| gyg~ly© Ñ g„ZcÖvq| giYvcbœ| g‡i hv‡”Q Ggb| aiv-cÖvY Ñ c„w_exi Rxeb| AZ› ª Ñ Z› ªvnxb| Nygnxb| wbNy©g| wb ªvnxb| bqb Ñ †PvL| cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

G KweZv cv‡Vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©xiv cÖK…wZRM‡Zi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj n‡e| cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fv‡M AvMÖnx n‡e Ges aes‡mi nvZ †_‡K cÖK…wZ‡K i¶v Kivq m‡PZb n‡e| cvV-cwiwPwZ

ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕ KweZvwU mywdqv Kvgv‡ji ÔD`vË c„w_exÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| cÖK…wZi iƒc-m‡PZb Kwe Pvicv‡ki AiY¨-wbab j¶ K‡i e¨w_Z| ZvB †gŠmywg dz‡ji Mvb Avi Zvi K‡É Rv‡M bv| eis Pvicv‡k meyR cÖK…wZi wejxb nIqv †`‡L Zuvi gb nvnvKvi K‡i I‡V| Kwe ZvB AiY¨-Kb¨v‡ì RvMiY cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| wZwb Pvi w`‡K w`‡K Avevi meyR e„‡¶i mgv‡ibn m„wó †nvK; dz‡j I dm‡j f‡i DVyK c„w_ex; gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡ i¶v cvK wecbœZvi nvZ †_‡K| Kwe cwiwPwZ

mywdqv Kvgvj 1911 mv‡ji 20†k Ryb ewikvj †Rjvi kv‡q¯Zvev` MÖv‡g Zuvi gvgvi evwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm wQj Kzwgj −vq| †m Avg‡j †g‡q‡ì †jLvcovi †gv‡UB my‡hvM wQj bv| wZwb wb‡Ri †Póvq †jLvcov wk‡L †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB KweZvPP©v ïiy K‡iwQ‡jb| wKQzKvj wZwb KjKvZvi GKwU we`¨vj‡q wk¶KZv K‡ib| my xN©Kvj a‡i mvwnZ¨PP©v, mgvR‡mev I bvixKj¨vY-g~jK bvbv Kv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi KweZv mnR, fvlv myjwjZ, Q›` e¨Äbvgq| Kwe mywdqv Kvgv‡ji D‡j −L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv : muv‡Si gvqv, gvqv KvRj, Ô†gvi hv y‡ì mgvwa c‡iÕ| Zuvi MíMÖš’ : †Kqvi KuvUv; ¯§„wZK_vg~jK MÖš’ : ÔGKvË‡ii WvBwiÕ; wkï‡ì Rb¨ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb : ÔBZj weZjÕ I ÔbIj wK‡kv‡ii ìev‡iÕ| Rv‡Mv Zv‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv 107

Kwe mywdqv Kvgvj Zuvi KwecÖwZfvi Rb¨ A‡bK cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb| †mme n‡jv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, †gvnv¤§` bvwmiDwÏb ¯^Y©c`K, GKz‡k c`K, eyjeyj jwjZKjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, gy³aviv mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi BZ¨vw`| wZwb 1999 mv‡ji 20 †k b‡f¤î XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kg©-Abykxjb

` ~lYgy³ cÖK…wZ i¶vq †cv÷vi c−vKvW©mn i¨vwji Av‡qvRb Ki| (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi `jMZ KvR)|

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ : 1. †gŠmy‡g dz‡ji Mvb Kvi K‡É Avi Rv‡M bv ?

K. mvaviY gvby‡li L. mywdqv Kvgv‡ji M. Ai‡Yï N. cvwLi

2. Kwe †Kb e¨w_Z nb ? K. dzj-dj bv _vKvq L. †gŠmywg Mvb †kvbvq M. AiY¨-wbab j¶¨ K‡i N. e„‡¶i ewýR¡vjv †`‡L

3. Kwe AiY¨-Kb¨v‡ì †R‡M IVvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb †Kb ? K. c„w_ex‡Z mey‡Ri we¯Zv‡ii Rb¨ L. gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡ i¶vi Rb¨ M. fv‡jvfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ N. †gŠmywg dzj †`Lvi Rb¨

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : c„w_exi RbmsL¨v µgvMZfv‡e †e‡o Pj‡Q| G evowZ RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ cÖwZwbqZ Kg‡Q Avevw` Rwg, eb, R½j| d‡j e„w× cv‡”Q êwk¦K DòZvÑNU‡Q cwi‡ek wech©q| welqwU Dcjwä K‡i gwdR Luv e„¶‡gjv †_‡K cÖPzi Pviv wK‡b G‡b GjvKvi †eKvi hyeK‡ì wb‡q e„¶‡ivcb Awfhvb ïiy K‡i| 4. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z evowZ RbmsL¨vi d‡j m„ó mgm¨vwU ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕ KweZvi †Kvb Ae¯’v‡K

wb‡ ©k K‡i ? K. dzj-djk~b¨ c„w_ex L. e„¶-k~b¨ c„w_ex M. wbwe©Pv‡i e„¶wbab N. e„‡¶i mgv‡ivn m„wó

5 G Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕ KweZvq †h wb‡ ©kbv i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ i. jvMvI MvQ, euvPvI †`k ii. e„¶ gvwUi gyw³`vZv iii. Pvwiw`‡K mey‡Ri mgv‡ivn m„wó †nvK


108 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1. †`v‡qj cvwL evmv †eu‡a‡Q Rev Mv‡Q| mvwKe Zvi bZzb Ni †Zvjvi Rb¨ AvwObvi Ab¨vb¨ Mv‡Qi mv‡_ Rev

MvQI †K‡U †d‡j| †`v‡q‡ji †Pv‡L-gy‡L evmv nviv‡bvi †e`bv| †`v‡qj Avi Mvb Mvq bv| dz‡ji mv‡_ †Ljv K‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K wbjq Zvi evwoi AvwObvi Lvwj RvqMvq dzj dj I Ab¨vb¨ MvQ jvMvq| MvQ¸‡jv‡K †m wb‡Ri gZ fv‡jvev‡m| Zvi evMvb †`‡L mK‡ji †PvL Ryovq| cvwLiv Zvi evMv‡b P‡j Av‡m| Zviv Mv‡Q Mv‡Q Ny‡i †eovq| wewfbœ d‡ji MvQ †_‡K Lv`¨ †RvMvo K‡i, dz‡ji mv‡_ †Ljv K‡i, Mvb Mvq|| w`‡bi †k‡l wbwðZ g‡b evmvq wd‡i Nygvq| wbjq †`‡L A‡b‡KB MvQ jvMv‡Z DØy× nq|

K. Mv‡Qi bZzb cvZv‡K Kx e‡j? L. Ôe„‡¶i e‡¶i ewýR¡vjvÕ ej‡Z Kx eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q ? M. †`v‡q‡ji Awfe¨w³‡Z ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕ KweZvi †Kvb êwkó¨wU dz‡U D‡V‡Q,

e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki wbj‡qi Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨B Kwei cÖZ¨vkvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| e³e¨wU g ~j¨vqb Ki|

2. wmW‡ii Lei ï‡b wZwZ‡ii fxlY gb Lvivc| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M gvbyl Ni-evwo nviv, Lvevi †bB| Kx fxlY

wecbœ gvbyl| A_P Gi Rb¨ gvbylB A‡bKUv `vqx| gvbyl MvQ †K‡U eb DRvo Ki‡Q| d‡j êwk¦K DòZv evo‡Q| Gme †`‡L wZwZi Abyfe K‡i GKUv wKQz Ki‡e| †m Zvi eÜz‡ì wb‡q evwoi Lvwj AvwObvq, Qv‡` MvQ jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j| ZvQvov MvQ †K‡U eb DRvo Kivi weiy‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| †m fv‡e GB my›ì ebB Avgv‡ì euvwP‡q‡Q A‡bK †ewk ¶wZi nvZ †_‡K| wZwZi ¯cœ †`‡L dz‡jÑd‡j fiv m‡ZRÑmeyR cÖK…wZi|

K. Kwe mywdqv Kvgvj GLb Avi Kx‡mi Mvb ïb‡Z cvb bv ? L. ¶zavZ© fqvZ© „wó ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? M. wZwZ‡ii gb Lviv‡ci welqwUi mv‡_ ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕKweZvi †Kvb w`KwUi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv

hvq ? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. wZwZi †hb Kwei †mB AiY¨ÑKb¨vDw³wUi h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|

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K. 21 L. 22 M. 23 N. 25

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116 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv bgybv cÖkœ

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K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. ii I iii

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