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3Vegan On The Road

Many vegans have found themselves starving while they are traveling and not being able to fi nd any foods free of animal products on the road. When you have your kitchen orga-

nized and a variety of vegan options around your kitchen its diffi cult to adjust to staying in hotels, spending days in your car, and eating food bought in gas stations.

Stock up with snacks for the road, and dont be afraid of tak-ing too much. Nuts, healthy granola and some vegan en-ergy bars are convenient foods to pack and eat when traveling, but at the end of the day if you want a full meal, these small snacks wont satisfy your hun-ger. Unless you are traveling in a trailer, you probably dont have an oven or even a micro-

wave to cook food, but there are many products you can take with yourself and enjoy without cooking such as putting a full salad in a container or making a whole grain sandwich with some almond butter or hum-mus.

If you are stuck in your car driving to another state or country, ideally youll drive by a few Whole Foods where you dont have to worry about fi nd-ing delicious vegan food and have a large variety to choose from, but most of the time all you can rely on is the dread-ful gas station food. Most gas

stations are fi lled with only processed foods, but you can always fi nd some fruits, nuts or vegetables to enjoy while driving. You can come across a few restaurants where you can fi nd vegan appetizers, but you should always ask the waiter/waitress to make sure the foods dont have any animal products in them.

On the road many vegans drink their nutrients; you can make your own fresh organic juice at home before you leave or just add nutrients to what you regularly drink in the mornings (ie. squeeze some lemon juice

into your tea) to stay healthy. Vegan protein shakes (cowsmilk replaced with almond, soy or coconut milk) are sometimes also a great option if you know you wont have time to stop by for food because they supply you with most of the nutrientsyou need to make it through the day, but still shouldnt be a re-placement for solid foods.

Every vegan should be pre-pared to be faced with diffi cul-ties of fi nding something to eatin a new environment, so the key is to plan ahead of time, pack extra food and not being afraid to ask the locals for help.

Jefferson county Sheriffs officeSuspect wanted for dragging deputy

Jeff co deputys injuries non-life threatening

Jeff erson County, CO. On January 29, 2015, at 10:30 p. m., a Jeff erson County Sheriff s deputy was dispatched to the 5600 block of Yank St. to in-vestigate a suspicious vehicle parked in the neighborhood. Th e deputy contacted a male driver and engaged him in dia-logue to try to determine his identity and reason for being in the neighborhood. During the course of the contact, the sus-pect became nervous and agi-tated. At one point the suspect started the vehicles engine and quickly accelerated away from the curb, causing the deputy to be dragged a short distance un-

til he fell to the pavement. Th e suspect vehicle fl ed the area and could not be re-located.

Th e Jeff erson County Sher-iff s deputy was transported to a local hospital where he was treated and released with minor injuries.

Th rough the course of the investigation, investigators identifi ed the suspect as An-drey Pavlovich Mishenin (dob 02/14/91). Mishenin has an ac-tive warrant for his arrest for 2nd degree assault related to this incident. Mishenin is de-scribed as a white male, 57 tall, 155 lbs., with brown hair, brown eyes and a goatee.

Th e suspect was driving a gold or yellow 2003 Jeep

Wrangler with a soft top and temporary Ohio license plate #V391969.

Anyone with information regarding the suspect or his whereabouts is urged to call the Jeff co Sheriff s Offi ce tip line at 3032715612.

Please assist us by posting this information on any media outlets including Internet por-tals and social networks associ-ated with your media group and accessible to the Russian Dias-pora of Colorado. Th i s r equest is urgent and we appreciate your assistance in advance. We value your participation in the eff ort to keep Colorado safe.

Law enforcement officers and agencies play various rolesThe first call many people

make during an emergency is to their localpolice depart-ment. Police officers and oth-er law enforcement personnel are instrumental in keeping citizens safe and protecting personal property, acting as keepers of the law and mak-ing sure laws are obeyed.

Despite the services they provide and the risks they take every day, law enforce-ment officers are often taken for granted. Until an officer loses his or her life while on the job, little fanfare is given to the difficult role ourpoliceofficers play every day.

Responsibilities of officers and other law enforcement workers vary depending on their rank and location, but most would agree they play a vital role at all levels from local to national govern-ments. Here are some notable law enforcement organiza-tions in North America.

* U. S. Park Police: Believeit or not, the Park Police is the oldest uniformed federal law enforcement agency in

the United States. Created in 1791 by George Washington, the Park Police is a sepa-rate, specialized unit of the National Park Service. The main areas of patrol for the United States Park Police in-clude Washington, D.C., the Gateway National Recreation Areas in New York City, and the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Fran-cisco.

* Royal Canadian MountedPolice: The Canadian policeforce is broken down into three levels: Municipal, pro-vincial and federal. All but three provinces hand over their provincial law enforce-ment responsibilities to the Royal Canadian Mounted Po-lice. Commonly referred to as The Mounties, the Royal Canadian Mounted Policeare both a federal and nation-al police force and have an unusually large scope of du-ties. The officers may handle enforcing federal laws such as counterfeiting, drug traf-ficking and organized crime, while also handling forensic

identification, emergency re-sponses and other traditional police duties at the provincial level.

* Boston Police Depart-ment: The first local, mod-ern police department estab-lished in the United States was the Boston Police De-partment, which was founded in 1838. It is the second old-est municipal police force in the country behind only the Philadelphia Police Depart-ment. Before the establish-ment of a formal police de-partment in Boston, residents of the city engaged in a night watch. Watchmen carried a badge, rattle and a pole that was painted blue-and-white. The pole had a hook on one end to make it easier to ap-prehend fleeing criminals. Today, the Boston Police is one of the largest police de-partments in the country.

* New York City Police De-partment: Individuals look-ing to join the largest munici-pal police force in the United States need look no further than the NYPD. According

to the NYPD administration, there are currently around 34,500 uniformed officers in the force. Established in 1845, the primary responsi-bilities of the NYPD involve law enforcement within the five boroughs of New York City.

* United States Mint Police:The Mint Police are respon-sible for ensuring the protec-tion of government valuables. Established in 1792, it is one of the oldest law enforce-ment agencies in the country and has the responsibility for protecting the United States Mint and the United States Treasury. The Mint Police are stationed all over the country, from California to Colorado to Pennsylvania.

* United States Coast Guard: Law enforcement in the United States even extends to the waters that surround the country. The U. S. Coast Guard is the nations primary maritime law enforcement agency and has multifaceted jurisdic-tional authority in the wa-

ters of the United States. TheCoast Guard generally han-dles water emergencies, drug interdiction and inspection of fishing vessels. The CoastGuard also plays a role in preventing illegal immigra-tion. The Coast Guard is adivision of the Departmentof Homeland Security.

* Campus police: Manycolleges and universities, and even some high schools, em-ploy campus police. Usuallythese are sworn police offi-cers who are employed by the school to protect the cam-pus personnel, students and surrounding areas. Campuspolice officers on-campuslocation typically enables them respond more quickly to school-centered emergen-cies than a city police forcelocated off-campus.

Law enforcement officersprovide a unique and valu-able service to communities big and small. Whatever theirspecific role, the men and women who wear the uni-form are vital to the safety of the country.

Svetlana Mikhaylova, Denver.

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In Boston and Aurora, Jurors May Risk Mental Health for Justiceby Stephanie Pappas

In Massachusetts and Colora-do right now, thousands of ordi-nary citizens are answering jury summons, undergoing screen-ings that will decide if they will sit on the panels that will deter-mine the fate of two young ac-cused killers.

Jury selection is underway in both the Boston Marathon bombing trial of 21-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, who is ac-cused of killing four people and wounding 260 more at the 2013 race, and in the Aurora Th eater shooting trial of 27-year-old James Eagan Holmes, who has been charged with killing 12 and wounding 70 in a mass shooting during a showing of the movie Th e Dark Knight Rises.

Unfortunately, experts say, the trauma that these crimes may have infl icted on the people liv-ing in and around Aurora, Colo-rado, and Boston is likely to be magnifi ed for anyone who goes through the jury selection pro-cess, and especially for the jurors who are ultimately chosen to hear these cases. Th ey will have to watch and listen to graphic testimony, including pictures of wounded and dead victims at the crime scenes. In the case of the Boston bombing trial, jurors will likely have to watch securi-ty-video footage of the death of the youngest victim, 8-year-old Martin Richard, Th e Washing-ton Post reported.

Th e juror is going to be ex-posed to emotional testimony, oft en observing graphic visual evidence, autopsies and crime-scene photos, said James Acker, a professor of criminal justice at the State University of New York in Albany and one of the direc-tors of the Capital Jury Project, a research eff ort to understand jury decision making in death-penalty cases.

For all of these reasons, Acker told Live Science, you can just envision stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, going up.Th e jurys mental health

Indeed, research on the men-tal health of jury members bears out Ackers predictions. For ex-ample, in a 1992 study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, researchers interviewed 40 jurors who served in one of four criminal trials. Two were murder trials, one was a child abuse case and the fourth in-volved of charge of illegally sell-ing pornographic videos. Th e researchers found that 27 out of 40 jurors had at least one physi-cal or psychological problem stemming from the trial, includ-ing sleeplessness, nightmares, diffi culty eating and long-lasting anxiety.

A female juror on one murder trial which dealt with the rape,

beating and murder of a young woman by a man who posed as a door-to-door salesman de-scribed her fl ashbacks:

Im paranoid, she said. I cant shake it. I went to the Smoky Mountains, and twice, I ran into a fellow who looked like him. I fl ipped out. I got hys-terical, shook and just ran I dreamed he broke into my apart-ment on several occasions.

Such reactions arent uncom-mon, said Michael Antonio, a professor of criminal justice at West Chester University in Pennsylvania who has studied jury psychology and mental health. In his research, one ju-ror described breaking down on vacation aft er walking through a rock-strewn fi eld because the victim in the trial shed heard a year or two before had been bludgeoned to death by a boul-der.

Even in trials involving mild-er crimes, like the obscenity trial in the 1992 study, jurors can fi nd the proceedings upsetting. Several female jurors described having trouble having sex with their husbands aft er having to watch the pornographic videos in question, which they found disturbing.Aggravating factors

Capital cases tend to be more traumatizing than typical crimi-nal procedures, Acker said. Th e trials are oft en lengthy, which can result in fi nancial hardship for jurors who are not compen-sated for months of leave from their jobs. Th e crimes discussed are, by defi nition, horrendous murders. And community and media scrutiny can be intense.

Th e sense of the responsibil-ity felt by the juror to the off end-er, the victims and to the com-munity from which the juror has come, and will return, may cause divided emotions, Acker said.

In the cases of Aurora and Boston, the trials are national news.

Th ose jurors are going to be scrutinized by everybody, regardless of what they fi nd or dont fi nd, Antonio said.

An interview that Antonio and his team conducted with one juror highlights the responsibil-ity jurors feel in life-and-death

decisions, he said. Th e woman had been on the jury in a death-penalty trial, and the defendant wound up being sentenced to life in prison, rather than getting the death penalty. Not long aft er, the juror saw the victims fam-ily in the grocery store and had a breakdown, fearing how the family would react to one of the people whod spared the killers life.

In interviews with 1,198 ju-rors of capital cases, Antonio and his colleagues found that 711 or 59 percent described the expe-rience as upsetting. Moreover, 36 percent had anxiety symp-toms, including a loss of appetite, trouble sleeping and nightmares. Women reported more symp-toms than men, with 70 percent of women and half of men call-ing capital jury duty upsetting, the researchers reported in Th e Justice System Journal in 2008.

Interestingly, the study also found that the emotional impact of a trial didnt change much based on whether juries decided on life or death for the convict-ed. In cases where the sentence was death, 63 percent of jurors said the experience was upset-ting, versus 57 percent in cases where they decided against the death penalty. Furthermore, the sentence chosen did not aff ect whether jurors had problems eating or sleeping.

Isolation can worsen the stress, as jurors are not allowed to discuss the trial or their feel-ings about it with anyone, in-cluding one another. Th at rules out counseling during the trial. Some court systems off er jurors counseling aft er the trial, and of-fi cials in Aurora have said that professional counseling will be off ered aft er the Holmes trial. However, the availability of this service varies from state to state and from trial to trial.

Aft er their fi ndings about juror stress, Antonio and a col-league attempted to get post-jury-duty workshops off the ground at some of their local courthouses.

Some had interest; others did not, he said. Th e workshops never materialized due to a lack of time. And although lawyers and judges are aware that jury

duty can take an emotional toll on people, most courts lack formal proceedings, or even re-quirements, that judges debrief the jury aft er the trial, Antonio said.]Stress and justice

Although jury duty is a known burden for jurors, it is less clear how the emotional fallout of be-ing on a capital jury may aff ect justice. What is known, however, is that even as capital juries feel a huge weight of responsibility in making the right decision, they oft en come to verdicts without living up to the legal standards set by the Supreme Court.

Aft er a series of Supreme Court cases in the 1970s, states were forced to off er juries guid-ance on how to weigh mitigating and aggravating factors in the crime, and to split the decision-making process into two stages: Juries are supposed to decide fi rst whether a defendant is guilty, and then later arrive at a sentence in a second phase of the trial, aft er hearing from the pros-ecution and defense.

William Bowers, another co-director of the Capital Jury Project, has found that jurors frequently fail to separate the two decisions. In interviews with 1,198 jurors from 353 separate capital trials, half of the jurors told us that they knew what the punishment should be at the guilt stage of the trial, Bowers told Live Science. Whats more, those jurors reported sticking to that conclusion throughout the sentencing phase of the trial, refusing to change their minds in response to aggravating or mitigating evidence presented in court.

Th ats pretty fi rm confi rma-tion that it wasnt working the way it was supposed to, Bowers said.

Similarly, defendants are sup-posed to be protected by the Fift h Amendment, which guar-antees the right to remain silent. But here, messy human emotion comes into play, too. Antonio and his colleagues analyzed Cap-ital Jury Project data and found that when a defendant failed to testify during the guilt stage of the trial, 27 percent of jurors felt the silence implied guilt, and 10 percent said it implied a lack of remorse. When the defendant stayed silent during the sentenc-ing phase, nearly 10 percent said it implied the defendants guilt, and 22 percent of jurors said the lack of testimony indicated a lack of remorse. Th e fi ndings were published in the journal Judica-ture in 2005.

Th e jurors in the study knew they werent supposed to consid-er the defendants silence in their decision making but told the re-searchers that it was diffi cult to set aside.

I dont care how much they

instruct you there is alwaysthat question, one juror said. Ithink it was nagging in the back of my brain, but I also tried very hard to make sure the evidencecorroborated guilt.

Jurors are always given in-structions about how to approach the sentencing decision, Bowerssaid, but the legal language canremain diffi cult to parse. Oft en, jurors end up weighing evidencethat may shorten or lengthen adefendants sentences by sortof down-home personal feel-ings, he said. One juror may feelstrongly that a defendant whowas abused during childhood deserves a shorter sentence,whereas the juror sitting nearby might see childhood abuse as no excuse at all, Bowers said.

But in any case, as the jurorsdeliberate, they oft en become entrenched in their positions,research shows. Th is biased as-similation aff ect was describedin a 1979 study in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy. In that study, students were shown evidence either proving that capital punishment deterscrime or evidence proving thatit does not. Both the students who had previously favored thedeath penalty, as well as thosewho were against it, accepted theevidence that supported their own pre-existing beliefs andpicked apart the evidence thatdidnt.

A jury deliberation oft endeteriorates into a personality confl ict dispute between the two sides, Bowers said. Th is canstress jurors further, particularly if they feel bullied or regret giv-ing in to a verdict or sentencethey did not originally want to hand down.

Th e pressure can be worstfor holdouts. Juries must unani-mously agree on a death sen-tence, so just one outlier canhang a jury. A hung jury, howev-er, means a retrial, which judges are keen to avoid. Th us, judgeswill oft en insist that juries de-liberate for days to try to reach aunanimous decision.

Just imagine you against11 other people, Antonio said.And the other people want toget the heck out of there. Some of the most anguished jurorsinterviewed in the Capital Jury Project were holdouts for life sentences who eventually cavedto the pressure for a death sen-tence.

Researchers havent looked directly at whether jurors whoare more mentally aff ected by the trial are more likely to disregard legal criteria, but it is a concern-ing possibility, Acker said.

People may well be aff ectedby what theyve seen and heard, and theyre thus distracted frompaying attention to the legal cri-teria that ought to be guiding their decisions, Acker said.


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Mistaken Identity? 10 Contested Death Penalty Casesby Stephanie Pappas

Th e Death Penalty in America

Despite controversy, capital punishment still enjoys wide-spread support in the United States. According to a 2009 Gal-lup poll, 65 percent of Ameri-cans support the use of the death penalty.

Of course, every death penalty case comes wrapped in some degree of debate, given deep disagreement over whether the death penalty is ever moral. Here is a by-no-means-exhaustive list of some of the most controversial cas-es of the 20th and 21st centu-ries:

Sacco and Vanzetti: Italian Anarchists (1927)

Death penalty controversy is not a new phenomenon. Italian immigrants Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were executed in 1927 aft er a highly contested series of trials over the shooting death of two men during a 1920 armed rob-bery.

Sacco and Vanzetti were fol-lowers of Italian anarchist Lu-igi Galleani, and anti-Italian sentiment almost certainly played a role in their execution, said Michael Radelet, a death penalty expert at the Univer-sity of Colorado, Boulder. Th e accused men waged a then-unprecedented six-year legal battle that went all the way to the Supreme Court twice, and public fi gures (Albert Einstein among them) called for new trials. But even a confession to the murders by another man, ex-convict Celestino Ma-deiros, could not save Sacco and Vanzettis lives. Th ey died in the electric chair on Aug. 23, 1927. Later, several anarchist leaders spoke out to say that Sacco was guilty but Venzetti was not, though historians still debate whether either man re-ally pulled the trigger.

Th e Scottsboro Boys: Race in Alabama (1931)

Based on the judgment of all-white juries, eight black teenage boys were sentenced to death for the rape of two white women on a freight train in 1931 (Roy Wright, above, only 12, was judged too young for the electric chair). Th e trials took place in just a day with a

lynch mob demanding the sur-render of the teenagers outside the jail before the trials and the only lawyers who would defend the accused included a retiree

who hadnt tried a case in years and a Tennessee real estate lawyer unfa-miliar with Alabama law.

Th e convictions led to demonstra-tions in the heav-ily black neighbor-hood of Harlem in New York City, and the case eventually made it to the Su-

preme Court, where the convic-tions were reversed because of the lack of an adequate defense. Amid enormous public interest, charges were dropped against four of the men. Th ree were re-sentenced to life in prison; a fourth, Clarence Norris, was re-sentenced to death, later reduced to life in prison. Gov. George Wallace pardoned Norris in 1976. To this day, the Scottsboro case is still shorthand in public dialogue for unfair, racially bi-ased convictions and sentencing.

Bruno Hauptman: Th e Lindbergh Baby (1932)

Th e abduction and murder of the 20-month-old son of Charles and Anne Lindbergh was known as Th e Crime of the Century in 1932. Two years later, German

immigrant Bruno Hauptmann was arrested aft er allegedly spending some of the ransom money given by the Lindberghs before they knew that their baby was dead.

Th e crime of the century led to the trial of the century, with Hauptmann maintaining his in-nocence to the end. Later analy-ses would question much of the evidence that sent Hauptmann to his death, including eyewit-ness accounts and a lack of Hauptmanns fi ngerprints at the scene. Books have been written both supporting the 1932 verdict and refuting it, and Hauptmanns widow fought until her death in 1994 to have her dead husbands conviction overturned.

Above, Lindbergh testifi es at Hauptmanns trial.

Caryl Chessman: Death Penalty Without Murder (1960)

Californian Caryl Chessman became a fl ashpoint for anti-death-penalty sentiment in the 1950s. Chessman was convicted of robbery, kidnapping and rape in 1948; the jury determined that Chessman had caused bodily harm during one of the kidnap-pings, making him eligible for death.

From death row, Chessman wrote books maintaining his in-nocence and insisting that his original confession had been coerced. Th ere was widespread outrage over the case. Among his supporters, Chessman counted former fi rst lady Eleanor Roos-evelt, writer Ray Bradbury and poet Robert Frost.

Chessman missed his chance at a stay of execution (his ninth) on May 2, 1960. As the gas chamber at San Quentin Prison fi lled with toxic fumes, a legal secretary called San Quentin State Prison (pictured above) to

say that a federal judge had issued one more stay of ex-ecution. But it was too late for Chess-man, who gasped a few times and died.

Carlos De Luna: Th e Wrong Man?

Th e state of Texas put Carlos De Luna

to death in 1989 for the killing of a convenience store clerk in 1983. Until the end, De Luna maintained his innocence; years aft er his death, in 2006, the Chi-

cago Tribune reported that an-other man, Carlos Hernandez, had bragged about stabbing the clerk to friends and family.

He said he was the one that did it, but that they got some-body else his stupid tocayo for that one, Dina Ybanez, an ac-quaintance of Hernandez, told the Tribune. Tocayo means namesake in Spanish.

A detective in Corpus Christi, Texas, where the killings took place, told the Tribune that the investigation surrounding the death was sloppy and that detec-tives failed to follow up on tips

that Hernandez was talking about the kill-ing. Th e Tribune in-vestigation also turned up questions about whether the killing was really a robbery and about eyewitness identifi cations of De Luna though some of De Lunas actions, including lying to po-

lice about his whereabouts that night, left some prosecutors still convinced of De Lunas guilt.

Teresa Lewis: A Woman on Death Row (2010)

Th e fi rst woman to die by lethal injection in the state of Virginia, Teresa Lewis was con-victed of paying to have her hus-band and stepson murdered in 2002. Her case drew out-cry, because testing had pegged Lewis IQ at 72, just two points above that classifi ed as intellectually disabled. Lewis attorneys advised her to plead guilty in hopes of leniency, but she instead received the death penalty. Th e two hit-men who killed her hus-band and stepson received life sentences.

Her supporters, among them legal novelist John Grisham, sent thousands of appeals for clem-ency to Virginia Gov. Bob Mc-Donnell, to no avail. Lewis was executed on Sept. 23, 2010.

Duane Buck: Racial Bias? (2011)

In a rare move on Sept. 15, 2011, the Supreme Court halted

the execution of Texas deathrow inmate Duane Buck. Th estay was a surprise, because theSupreme Court rarely jumps inon death penalty cases unless there is doubt about the defen-dants innocence; in this case, itwasnt Bucks guilt that led the Supreme Court to step in, butthe testimony of a psychologistat his sentencing who said thatblack criminals were more likely to commit violence in the future than criminals of other races.

(Buck was convicted of killing his ex-girlfriend and her friendin 1995.)

Th e psychologists commenthas led to cries of racial bias, and in 2000, then-Texas Attorney General John Cornyn (now aU.S. senator) recommended that six cases in which the psycholo-gist gave the racially tainted tes-timony be reopened.

All the cases but Bucks were, and all fi ve of those defendantswere re-sentenced to death. Th e Supreme Court will now decide whether to hear Bucks case. If itdoesnt, Buck will have to again appeal to Texas Board of Par-don and Paroles, which has oncebefore refused to commute hissentence to life in prison. If the board again turns down Bucksrequest, only Texas Gov. Rick Perry could halt Bucks execu-tion.

Humberto Leal: an International Incident (2011)

Th e controversy around Humberto Leals death was notfocused on his guilt, but on his legal rights. Leal, a Mexi-can citizen, was convicted of the 1994 rape, kidnapping andmurder of 16-year-old Adria

Sauceda, whose body was foundbludgeoned on a dirt road in SanAntonio, Texas. But police hadnot informed Leal of his right to call the Mexican consulate upon his arrest, putting the case onshaky grounds.

In 2004, the International Court of Justice in Th e Hague ruled that Leal and other Mexi-can nationals on death row had been denied their right to con-tact their consulate under the

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310Vienna Conven-tion. Th e Supreme Court in 2008 held that the Interna-tional Courts judg-ment was binding, but Congress would have to pass a law to ensure individual states would com-ply. Th at never hap-pened.

Citing fears that Leals ex-ecution would harm Ameri-cas standing in the world, the Obama administration entreat-ed the Supreme Court to stay the execution until Congress could pass the binding law. Th e Supreme Court concluded that Congress had plenty of time to do so, and denied the appeal. Le-al died by lethal injection on July 7, 2011 on death row in Hunts-ville, Tex., above.

Camer on Todd Willingham: Innocent of Arson? (2004)

Of the 235 people put to death during the tenure of Texas Gov. Rick Perry, the case of Cameron Todd Willingham might be the most controversial. Willingham was convicted and executed for the deaths of his three young daughters, who died in a fi re at the familys home. Prosecutors alleged that Willingham set the

fi re and killed the girls to cover up abuse; Willinghams wife, who was not home at the time of the blaze, denied at the time that he abused his children.

Th e crux of Willinghams case, however, revolved around whether the fi re was set on pur-pose at all. Central to Willing-hams conviction was an analysis by deputy fi re marshal Manuel Vasquez concluding that lighter fl uid or some other accelerant had been spread throughout the hallways of the home. But in 2004, a second fi re investigator, Gerald Hurst, looked into Will-inghams case. Hurst found mul-tiple scientifi c errors in Vasquezs report and concluded that there was no evidence of arson. A 2009 report by the Texas Foren-sic Science Commission would later come to the same conclu-sion.

Despite Hursts criticisms,

both the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles and Perry declined to halt Willinghams execution. He was put to death in 2004.

But that wasnt the end of the Willingham case: In 2009, the case became intertwined with politics aft er Perry replaced three members of the Texas Forensic Science Commission two days before a meeting on the report, leading critics to ac-cuse the governor of trying to hush up talk of Willinghams potential innocence. When the commission released its report in April 2011, it took no stance on Willinghams guilt or inno-cence.

With Perry running for presi-dent, the Willingham case may again enter the public conscious-ness. But an admission of fault is unlikely, UC Boulders Radelet said. Th ere have only been a hand-ful of post-mortem pardons in the U.S., one in 1891 in Illinois and one in January 2011, when then-Colorado Gov. Bill Ritter par-doned a disabled man executed in 1939, Radelet said. With Presden-tial politics at play, he said, there is even less motive to look deeply at the Willingham case.

If Rick Perry ever admitted that Willingham was innocent, his political life would be threat-ened, Radelet said.

Troy Davis: International Outrage (2011)

Amid angry protests, Georgia inmate Troy Davis was put to death on Sept. 21, 2011 for the 1989 shooting of a police offi cer.

Davis case received national and international attention be-

cause of concerns about witness testimony. Seven of nine eyewit-nesses who implicated Davis in the shooting later recanted their testimony, and others say that the man who originally impli-cated Davis was actually the killer. Public fi gures as diverse as death penalty opponent for-mer President Jimmy Carter and conservative U.S. representa-tive Bob Barr of Georgia called for reconsideration of Davis sentence, but on Sept. 20, the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles declined to grant him clemency. Th e next day, a last-

minute appeal to the SupremeCourt failed.

Daviss case triggered publicire in part because his sister hasbeen fi ghting for his innocencefor years, said UC Boulders Radelet. Having a strong ad-vocate can make the diff erence

between an in-mate who dies without muchfanfare and onewho goes outamidst wide-spread sup-port. But publicmood has shift -ed on the death penalty too,Radelet said.

Whats hap-pened in the last 10 years in theUnited States is that there has been a dramatic increase in op-position to the death penalty, said Radelet. I think thats partof why Troy Davis is getting at-tention.

Th e Davis case also grabbed headlines because Davis had a strong case for innocence, Radelet said on the day of theexecution.

I have to admit, this one re-ally stumps me, Radelet said. It really surprises me. Im just as-tonished that theyre going to letthis execution go forward.

Crude Conspiracies? Data Suggest Nations Do Go to War Over Oil by Petros Sekeris

Th e thirst for oil is oft en put forward as a near self-evident ex-planation behind military inter-ventions in Libya, for instance, or Sudan. Oil, or the lack of oil, is also said to be behind the ab-sence of intervention in Syria now and in Rwanda in 1994.

Th is of course clashes with the rhetoric around intervention, or its stated goal. No world leader stands before the UN and says theyre sending in the tanks be-cause their country needs more oil. Such interventions are usu-ally portrayed as serving directly non-economic goals such as preserving security, supporting democratic values, or more gen-erally promoting human rights.

But this is oft en met with scepticism and media claims that economic incentives played a key role. Was Iraq really all about oil? Its worth asking whether this viewpoint has some mileage, or if it is instead purely conspiracy theory.

Its a question weve addressed in our research on the impor-tance of oil production in at-tracting third party military interventions. In a new paper co-authored with Kristian Gleditsch in the Journal of Confl ict Reso-lution we model the decision-making process of third-party countries in interfering in civil wars and examine their econom-ic motives.

Our research builds on a near-

exhaustive sample of 69 coun-tries which had a civil war be-tween 1945 and 1999. About two-thirds of civil wars during the period saw third party inter-vention either by another coun-try or outside organisation.

All about the oilWe found that the decision to

interfere was dominated by the interveners need for oil over and above historical, geographi-cal or ethnic ties.

Military intervention is ex-pensive and risky. No country joins another countrys civil war without balancing the cost against their own strategic inter-ests and what possible benefi ts there are.

We found countries produc-ing lots of oil or those with high-er reserves (and considerable market power) were more likely to attract military support. Most

oft en this was to preserve oil prices on international markets. Indeed, there were on average more interventions in periods when there were only a few big oil producing countries and thus reduced competition (and more stable prices).

Such interventions are more likely to be operated by countries highly dependent on oil imports. Th e US is the obvious example, but the USSR also fi ts this pat-tern look at its intervention in oil-rich Indonesia in 1958, when Soviet oil production was still in its infancy.

Consider also the UKs mili-tary intervention in the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Bi-afran War, between 1967 and 1970. At the time the UK was one of the largest net oil import-ers in the world, as North Sea oil production only started in 1975. Th e country also had, via BP,

a direct interest in the stability of the region. It may seem tempting to attribute UK interven-tion in Nigeria to ties to its former colony. How-ever, the UK did not intervene in civil wars in other, less oil-rich, former colonies such as Sierra Leone or Rhode-sia (later Zimbabwe).On the fl ip side, oil independent nations dont seem to do much intervening at all. Th e military aid Saudi Arabia provided to royalists during the civil war in 1960s Yemen is almost unique among the top exporting nations across the period we surveyed. Th e other Gulf states and regional oil powers such as Mexico or Indonesia have refrained from intervening in civil wars.

21st century interventionTh e enduring record of geo-

political instability in oil pro-ducing regions and the likely in-crease in the global demand for oil means well see more of these interventions in future. But there will be some diff erences.

Shale gas should mean the US is becoming less energy depen-dent, whereas continued growth in China means the country will need energy imports more than ever. Well see some big changes in the specifi c states with the

greatest incentives to intervene.We may see in coming years the fi rst Chinese military assistance infl uenced by oil security.

Th ese interventions should in turn lead to stronger economic ties. Research we carried out with Leandro Elia, published inthe Review of International Eco-nomics, found strong empirical evidence that US troop deploy-ment and military aid provokes an expansion in bilateral trade fl ows.

Many claims are very oft en simplistic and are based on limit-ed factual evidence, yet challeng-ing them is best done by morerigorous and systematic analysis.Our work provides strong evi-dence that military interventions are indeed economically moti-vated.


3 11


M&I International,Royal DeliSolomon Deli

312

Half of Russias printed media may be gone by year-endLyudmila Aleksandrova

Rising paper costs, a shrink-ing market of advertising, and cancellation of subscription subsidies from the government are fraught with the risk many Russian printed media may go out of business this year. Some have suggested restoring the now prohibited alcohol and tobacco ads to newspaper and magazine pages, while others called for greater fi nancial sup-port from the government. Th e more so, since most Russians still look unprepared to quit the good old habit of unfolding a morning paper over a steaming cup of coff ee or while commut-ing to work.

Shortly aft er the slump of the national currency Russias pulp-and-paper mills (most of them foreign-owned) have raised the prices of paper on the domes-tic market by more than 50 %. As the daily Kommersant said on Monday, Communications Minister Nikolay Nikiforov told Prime Minister Dmitry Med-vedev the printing industry may be heading for a collapse and the ensuring decline in

the output of printed products, dismissals in the mass media industry and likely problems with purchasing textbooks and manuals.

Th e market of advertising has fallen dramatically to have dealt another heavy blow to printed media: with the beginning of critical trends companies have begun to slash their advertising budgets and this process keeps snowballing. Many printed media are speculating about forthcoming job cuts and other business optimization moves. For instance, some media sup-

plements may be closed down, regional networks cut and sub-scription to news agencies ser-vices cancelled.

Another blow to printed mass media incomes has come from the authorities. Th is year the government cancelled 3 billion rubles in subscription subsidies. Before, the money had been dis-tributed proportionately among recipients according to the num-ber of subscribers.

In early January, Deputy Communications Minister Alex-ey Volin said that half of mass media would have to close down

by the end of this year, while the retail prices of others might go up by 3050 %. Only emergency measures can save them, Vo-lin believes. He did not rule out the possibility that the ban from advertising tobacco and alcohol in newspapers and magazines might be lift ed. If the legislators reject this option, only fi nancial support from the government will be able to save the press, he believes.

Th e printed media have been asking the Communications Ministry to let them advertise not only alcohol and tobacco, but also medical drugs available by prescription.

Russia has 60,000 newspapers and magazines. In contrast to Deputy Communication Min-ister Volin, the Industrial Asso-ciation of Distributors of Printed Products off ers a milder forecast: according to its estimates, up to 30 % of periodicals will have to be closed.

State Duma member from the United Russia faction, Boris Reznik, a professional journalist in the past, is very critical of the idea of resuming the advertis-ing of alcohol and tobacco in the

printed media. He doubts they will get support from the State Duma. Th ats the last thing inthe world that should be done, he told TASS.

Reznik believes that the gov-ernment must guarantee massmedias economic independence,which is a mandatory conditionfor the freedom of speech. In particular, the state unitarian enterprise Russian Post, whichcharges heavily for the delivery of printed products, in his opin-ion should be making money in other ways.

He does not share Volins pes-simism about the high risk half of periodicals will vanish in a year from now. If measureswere taken to balance the situa-tion, the newspapers would sur-vive, he said.

Last Januarys poll by the na-tional opinion studies center WCIOM found that althoughthe readership of electronicmass media was growing by leaps and bounds, as many as73 % of Russians still showed no signs of quitting the habit of leafi ng through hard copies of their favorite dailies and maga-zines.

Experts at odds over Russias further membership of Council of EuropeTamara Zamyatina

Russian experts have confl ict-ing opinions as to whether Rus-sia should terminate its member-ship of the Council of Europe.

At the end of January the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe prolonged sanctions against the Russian delegation and stripped it of the voting rights till April 2015 over the crisis in Ukraine. In response Russias Federal Assembly sus-pended participation in PACE activities till the end of the year. Some legislators even argued that Russia should leave the 47-nation Council of Europe al-together. It is not ruled out that in a year from now the question will be raised of the expediency of Russias presence in the Coun-cil of Europe. But that is a mat-ter of the future, State Duma Speaker Sergey Naryshkin said.

Any international organiza-tion is necessary for conducting a joint policy or at least for a joint discussion. But the Council of Europe in its present shape plays the role of the US Department of States backyard. Washington uses it against Russias interests. For Moscow it makes no sense to participate in an organization where it is barred from discus-sions and voting and now and then fi nds itself in the role of a whipping boy, the director of the Centre for Military-Political Studies at the Moscow State In-stitute of International Relations (MGIMO), Alexey Podberyoz-kin said.

In the modern world there are more than 2,500 interna-tional organizations and new ones emerge every year. Russia appreciates its membership of such organizations as BRICS, the SCO, the EEU, and the CS-TO. Th e world will not change if Russia leaves the PACE and the Council of Europe. In fact, al-though Russia is present on the list of their members, it does not take part in their activity even on an equitable basis, let alone on privileged terms, although it pays impressive membership dues: more than 30 million dol-lars, or one-tenth of the Council of Europes budget, Podberyoz-kin said.

Th e Council of Europe and

the PACE have stopped playing the role of international organi-zations promoting cooperation by European countries in legal standards, human rights, demo-cratic development, legality and cultural aff airs. Th e Council of Europe is lobbying for the na-tional interests of individual countries, and not all countries of the European community. As a matter of fact, the PACE and the Council of Europe have exhausted themselves, Pod-beryozkin said.

Th e deputy director of the Centre of European and Inter-national Research at the Higher School of Economics, Dmitry Suslov, emphatically disagrees: Although the wish to slam the

door is easy to explain emotion-ally, a walkout from the Council of Europe would deal a terrible blow on Russia and its foreign policy interests and make the country far less appealing in the eyes of its neighbors.

Firstly, withdrawal from the Council of Europe the oldest pan-European international or-ganization would symbolize Russias expulsion from Europe as a cultural, civilizational, po-litical and geo-political space, which would merely give the Russophobes an extra argument to back up their stance Russia is not Europe. Russias policies have all the way been geared to creating in Europe a common humanitarian and economic

space and an indivisible systemof security, Suslov said.

Refusal to remain a mem-ber of the Council of Europewould be a real gift to theconfronting countries, whichwould have a fresh excuse for claiming that Russia in its cur-rent shape is a country alien toEurope, that a policy of con-tainment against it is the bestsolution, and that contacts andcooperation with it should be minimized. Th ose who havebeen claiming that Ukraineschoice in favour of Europe would necessarily imply itschoice against Russia wouldbe able to declare how very right they were all the way. By leaving the Council of EuropeRussia would have ruined the still existing fragile opportuni-ties for starting a dialogue over Ukraine, Suslov said.

Th e activities of the Councilof Europe are based on a codeof laws and human rights con-ventions. Most of these laws andconventions are humanitarian, which is consonant with Russianmentality and Russian values. It is in the interests of Russia andits human resources to remaina member of the Council of Eu-rope, to rise above the current skirmishes, to stay within theframework of European law and to preserve the benchmarks of democratic development, the honorary president of the For-eign and Defense Policies Coun-cil, member of the OSCE Council of Wise Men, Sergey Karaganov,has told the agiency.


3 13


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ARIES Mar 21/Apr 20You impress everyone with your creativity

this week, Aries. Allow this creativity to be the inspiration behind projects you have been putting off of late.TAURUS Apr 21/May 21

Keep your goals relatively simple for the next few days, Taurus. You can benefi t from the positive reinforcement of completing tasks and getting things done.GEMINI May 22/Jun 21

Gemini, you have been immersed in work and are starting to show the ill eff ects of keeping long hours. Now is a great time to take a few days off or enjoy a mini-vacation.CANCER Jun 22/Jul 22

Cancer, you have a lot to get done, but resist the urge to micromanage every detail, as this could be a surefi re path to burnout. You need to take a few breaths.LEO Jul 23/Aug 23

Leo, avoid the temptation to get started on another new project. You already have plenty of other things on your plate. Finish those tasks before moving on to something new.VIRGO Aug 24/Sept 22

It is sometimes easy to miss the forest for the trees, Virgo. Try taking a step back so you can look at a puzzling project from a new perspective.LIBRA Sept 23/Oct 23

Libra, you may be searching for a new adventure, but try to appreciate the here and now as well. Its easy to get swept up in fantasies, but dont let them carry you too far away.SCORPIO Oct 24/Nov 22

Scorpio, you suspect that someone is hiding something, and that very well may

be the case. Perhaps a welcome surprise iscoming your way. Resist the urge to dig toodeep.SAGITTARIUS Nov 23/Dec 21

You can probably talk your way out oftrouble, Sagittarius, but this time its better tolet things play out. Keep conversations lightand free from controversy.CAPRICORN Dec 22/Jan 20

Capricorn, fi nd balance between yourpersonal ambitions and things you have toaccomplish at work and at home. Finding amiddle ground is the best approach.AQUARIUS Jan 21/Feb 18

Aquarius, you need a few extra people tocontribute to a special task, but you do notknow who to ask. If you think hard enough,you will know who you can depend on.PISCES Feb 19/Mar 20

Your demeanor makes it easy for othersto enjoy your company, and that will come inhandy as your social schedule fi lls up in thedays ahead.

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Home additions: Up or out?Homeowners hoping to ex-

pand their homes are faced with a number of choices. One of the fi rst they will have to make is which direction to take their expansion. Homeowners can choose to expand horizontally, increasing the footprint of their homes, or vertically.

Professionals urge prospec-tive remodelers to consider the pros and cons to each expansion option, including which direc-tion to build.

One of the fi rst considerations is land space. Building horizon-tally will cut into yard space that you may have already earmarked for a pool, shed or another fea-ture. Proximity to neighbors and the dimensions of your property will also help to determine if ex-panding horizontally is a good idea.

Building codes and neighbor-hood requirements also must be considered before making any renovations. Some municipali-

ties may have rules in place that govern renovations. Add-ons may not be allowed to exceed certain height limits, nor may structures be built within a cer-tain number of feet of property lines.

Homeowners who choose to build upward will have to con-tend with work crews and other staff being in their homes. Rais-ing the roof may require vacating the premises at a certain point. Also, extensive renovation work

will be needed on the lower level of the home, whether its to shore up the structure, clean up aft er the renovation or repair ceilings, drywall and other components where levels meet.

It may seem easier to expand outward, but this requires lay-ing additional foundation for the new building structure. Bringing in digging equip-ment and masons can be costly. When you build vertically, such foundation work may not be

necessary if your home is struc-turally sound and can bear theweight of the addition.

Building out typically in-volves the least disruption toyour life and the existing space.Homeowners should keep in mind that any renovation will require permits or variances.In addition, if the project in-creases the value of the home, home insurance costs andproperty taxes may rise. Only aft er all considerations have been weighed should a projectbegin.

How you can finance your home improvement projectsMany homeowners recognize

that improving and maintain-ing a property makes a home more livable for its inhabitants and more attractive to prospec-tive buyers when the time comes to erect a For Sale sign in the front yard.

But a well-maintained home also provides additional ben-efi ts. According to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, home improvements not only raise the values of individual homes, but they tend to raise neighborhood standards as well. Home im-provements can create jobs and help local communities fl ourish economically.

Maintaining a home can be a costly undertaking. Home im-provement projects can be ex-pensive whether homeowners hire professionals or tackle reno-vation projects on their own. Th e following are a handful of op-tions homeowners can consider as they look for ways to fi nance renovation projects.

Paying outright: Paying forthe renovations upfront and in full is perhaps the simplest way

to fi nance a project. Homeown-ers who have the cash to pay for renovations outright wont have to worry about interest rates or balloon payments.

Mortgage refi nancing: Somehomeowners tap into their home equity to cover home remodel-ing projects. Refi nancing a mort-gage means paying off the debt owed and starting over with a completely new loan. Refi nanc-ing comes with various fees and can cost between 3 and 6 percent of the loans principal.

Home equity loans and

lines of credit: Both of these options are commonly referred to as second mortgages. When homeowners apply for home equity loans or lines of credit, they are borrowing against the equity value in their homes. A home equity loan is a term, or closed-end, loan. It is a one-time sum that will be paid off over a set amount of time with a fi xed interest rate and the same payment each month. Th is is a one-time loan from which a person cannot borrow further. A home equity line of credit, or

HELOC, is like having a credit card. Its possible to borrow a certain amount for the life of the loan, which is a set time speci-fi ed by the lender. During this time, homeowners can with-draw money as it is needed up to the value of the line of credit. HELOCs typically have a vari-able interest rate that fl uctuates and payments can vary depend-ing on the amount of money borrowed and the current inter-est rates.

Title I property loan: Resi-dents of the United States with limited equity in their homes may qualify for an FHA Title I loan. Banks and other lend-ers are qualifi ed to make these loans from their own funds, and the FHA will insure the lender against a possible loss. Title I loans can be used for any im-provements that will make a home more useful and livable. Th ey cannot be used for renova-tions deemed luxury expenses.

Borrow against retirementfunds: Some people opt to bor-row against a 401(k) plan, IRA or another retirement fund. If the retirement plan allows a

loan without penalty, it can be another way to secure funds.Because it is the homeownersmoney, there will be no credit check required and less delay in getting the funds. Borrowersshould keep in mind that tak-ing a loan against a retirementaccount will usually result in alower retirement balance than it would have been had they not borrowed money from theaccount even aft er the fundshave been repaid.

Credit cards: Credit cards are an option when improvementsare not expensive. Individu-als with excellent credit ratings may qualify for cards with a no-interest introductory periods of several months or more. Th esecards can be a good way to pay off moderate improvements in a short amount of time.

Many home renovation proj-ects require homeowners todevelop a home improvementbudget. Homeowners are urged to explore all options and fi nd the least costly loan methodand the one that will present the best possibility for avoiding debt.

The potentially harmful effects of mold in your homeTh e presence of mold in a

home is a sight few homeowners want to see. In addition to being unsightly, mold found in a home can be unhealthy.

While certain cleaners may prove eff ective at removing mold, homeowners who want to remove existing mold growths and prevent future growths may benefi t from gaining a greater understanding of mold and why it grows inside homes.

What is mold?Mold is a blanket term used to

describe fungi that can be found both indoors and outdoors. Many species of mold exist, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that some estimates suggest there may be more than three hundred thou-sand diff erent species of mold. Common indoor molds include cladosporium, penicillium, al-ternaria, and aspergillus.

Which conditions promote mold growth?

Homeowners may notice that mold tends to grow in specifi c

areas of their homes but not in others, and thats because molds grow best in certain conditions. Warm, damp and humid con-ditions, such as those found in poorly ventilated bathrooms and basements, make ideal breeding grounds for mold.

What are the eff ects of mold exposure?

Molds are a natural and re-silient part of the environment, but mold growth indoors should be addressed and avoided. Mold spores are tiny and invisible to the naked eye, and when these spores attach to wet surfaces, they begin to grow. Once these spores begin to grow, they can then aff ect people in various ways. Roughly a decade ago, the Institute of Medicine found suffi cient evidence to support a link between exposure to indoor mold and respiratory tract issues, such as coughing and wheezing in people who were otherwise healthy. Th e same report found that mold may trigger asthma symptoms among people with

asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, a disease in which the lungs are infl amed when a person breathes in certain dusts he or she is allergic to, in people susceptible to that condition.

Some people who do not have a preexisting condition can still be sensitive to molds. When ex-posed to mold, such people may experience symptoms like nasal

stuffi ness, eye irritation, wheez-ing, or skin irritation.

How can exposure to mold be decreased at home?

Adequate ventilation is argu-ably homeowners best friend with regard to reducing mold ex-posure at home. Control humid-ity levels in areas of the home that tend to be warm and humid, such as the kitchen and bath-

room. Install an exhaust fan in the kitchen and bathroom and awindow in the bathroom if yoursdoes not already have one.

Th e CDC recommends thathumidity levels be no higherthan 50 percent throughout the day, and an air conditioner anddehumidifi er can help you keep indoor humidity levels in check,especially during the summerwhen humidity levels tend to be their highest of any time during the year.

When renovating your home, remove any existing carpeting from bathrooms and basements and toss out soaked carpets orupholstery as well. If painting will be part of your home reno-vation projects, add mold inhibi-tors to paints prior to application.

Mold that grows inside ahome is unsightly and poten-tially unhealthy. But concerned homeowners can take several re-active and proactive steps to re-duce existing mold growths andprevent them from returning inthe future.


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3How to close up a fireplace for the seasonA roaring fi replace on a chilly

day provides a welcome, aesthet-ically appealing respite from the cold.

Fireplaces are typically used throughout winter, but when spring rolls around, many home-owners no longer feel the need to light a fi re. As fi replace season winds down, homeowners can take the following steps to close their fi replaces for the warm weather seasons ahead.Begin the cleanup

Repeatedly lighting fi res re-sults in an accumulation of ash and residual wood debris. Clean out what you can by hand and discard the soot. To conduct a

more thorough cleaning, use a high-powered garage vacuum to clear out any remaining ashes from crevices and other parts of the fi rebox.Hire a chimney sweep

A fully functioning fi replace chimney should be swept an-nually by a certifi ed chimney sweep. He or she will remove soot and any creosote from the inside of the chimney. Creosote is highly fl ammable and can cause considerable damage if it catches fi re.

A professional chimney sweeping also reduces the amount of dirt and odor that will continue to enter a home

aft er the fi replace has been retired for the season. Damp spring weather can moisten soot trapped in a chimney, causing it to smell. Cleaning and deodorizing can help keep rooms fresh.Ask for an inspection

Ask a chimney sweep to in-spect your chimney in addition to cleaning it. A sweep can look for leaks and cracks, and he or she should also look at the fl ash-ing system and rain cap, which can prevent water infi ltration. You dont want to learn your chimney is in poor shape during a heavy spring rainfall. Ask that the pipes, brickwork and damper

also be checked for functionality and good repair.Close the damper

Homeowners should close the dampers on wood-burning fi replaces when closing their fi replaces for the season. Doing so prevents animals from mak-ing nests inside the chimney and possibly gaining entry into your home. Closing the damper also makes the home more effi cient by not letting air escape through the chimney.

Th ose with gas fi replaces should leave the damper open at all times to prevent a gas buildup in the home in the case of a gas leak. However, home-

owners may want to extinguishthe pilot light for a gas fi replacein the spring to reduce energyusage.Make it attractive

Some homeowners choose todress up a fi replace to make itlook more appealing in the off -season. Flowers, plants, candles,or decorative accents can beplaced in the fi rebox to add styleto a home.

When closing a fi replace forthe season, homeowners canbenefi t from hiring a profession-al to ensure everything is donecorrectly and the fi replace will bein top shape and ready to warmeveryone up next winter.

Add value to your home with these renovationsHomeowners choose renova-

tion projects for a variety of rea-sons. Although many improve-ments are made to increase functionality and comfort of a home, several others are seen as worthwhile investments. Th ese investments can add up to a higher resale value when the time comes to sell a home.

Certain projects have a histo-ry of providing a greater return on homeowners investments than others. Th e following ren-ovation tips can add beauty to your home and generate great returns when you put the home up for sale.

Invest in your kitchen.Kitchen remodels are a safe bet when it comes to putting money into improving a home. Residents tend to spend a great deal of time in the kitchen, but a dated, poorly functioning kitch-en can detract from the value of a home, even if the rest of the home is in good shape. Its pos-sible to recoup between 60 and

120 percent of your kitchen re-model investment, especially if the kitchen matches up well with the rest of your home. Homeowners should know that a deluxe renovation may not be necessary, as relatively moder-ate improvements can create a whole new look for a kitchen.

Look to paint. One of theleast expensive improvement materials, but one that has a sig-nifi cant impact, is paint. Neu-tral, modern colors can easily liven up any space. If you paint with low-VOC paint, you also can advertise an eco-friendly home, which is very desireable these days.

Put in another bathroom.Multiple bathrooms are an at-tractive selling point, particu-larly in older homes that may not have been equipped with more than one bathroom. Find-ing extra space for a bathroom can be tricky, but consider clos-ets, areas under stairs or even taking some space away from

another room. Popular home-improvement television channel HGTV advises that half-bath-rooms require at least 18 square feet of space, while full baths need 30 to 35 square feet for a stand-up shower or bathtub.

Renovate the HVAC sys-tem. Aesthetic improvements arent the only ones that add value to a home. Many home

buyers are eager to purchase a home that has a new heating and cooling system, as buyers understand that furnaces and air conditioning units are sub-stantial investments that can last for years. Other improve-ments, such as adding attic insulation or replacing older windows and doors with more energy effi cient options, also are smart bets.

Add illumination to rooms.A dark home is a dreary home. Adding light can mean includ-ing more overhead and accent lighting. Under-cabinet task lighting is a nice touch. In-clusion of skylights and sun tubes can bring natural light into rooms that may not have south- or west-facing win-dows.

Put a deck addition out-doors. Outdoor living spaces have become more desireable, especially as the staycation has grown in popularity. Decks and patios can make backyards

more appealing. Th e scope ofyour investment will depend onthe size of the deck and design.Doing the work yourself can cutthe cost of decks in half, but on-ly if you have the specifi c toolsor experience to tackle such aproject.

Improve curb appeal. Add-ing attractive landscaping andfreshening up the entryway toa home can add considerablevalue to your home, as buyersjudge homes by their exteriors.Completely renovated interi-ors may never be seen if buyerspass up your home because ofa less attractive exterior. Classy,subtle changes, like well-placedshrubbery and a green lawn,can work wonders. An invitingfront door and well-lit entry-way also add curb appeal to ahome.

Before making improve-ments, homeowners should de-termine if a given project willprovide a solid return on theirinvestment.

Common mistakes made on home renovation projectsHome improvement projects

can turn a house into a home. Homeowners plan scores of renovations to transform living spaces into rooms that refl ect their personal tastes and com-forts.

Homeowners going it alone may fi nd things do not always go as planned. In fact, a Har-ris Interactive study found that 85 percent of homeowners say remodeling is a more stress-ful undertaking than buying a home. But homeowners about to embark on home improvement projects can make the process go more smoothly by avoiding these common pitfalls.Failing to understand the scope of the project

Some homeowners dont real-ize just how big a commitment they have made until they get their hands dirty. But under-standing the scope of the project, including how much demolition and reconstruction is involved and how much time a project

will take can help homeown-ers avoid some of the stress that comes with renovation projects. For example, a bathroom reno-vation may require the removal of drywall, reinforcement of fl ooring to accommodate a new bathtub or shower enclosure and the installation of new plumbing and wiring behind walls. So such a renovation is far more detailed than simply replacing faucets.

Not establish-ing a budget

Homeown-ers must de-velop a proj-ect budget to ensure their projects do not drain their fi -nances. If your budget is so in-fl exible that you cant aff ord the materials you prefer, you may want to post-pone the project

and save more money so you can eventually aff ord to do it right.

Without a budget in place, it is easy to overspend, and that can put you in fi nancial peril down the line. Worrying about coming up with money to pay for mate-rials and labor also can induce stress. Avoid the anxiety by set-ting a fi rm budget.Making trendy or overpersonal improvements

Homeowners who plan to stay in their homes for the long run have more free reign when it comes to renovating their homes. Such homeown-ers can create a billiards room or paint a room hot pink if they so prefer. However, if the goal is to make improvements in order to sell a property, overly personal touches may make a property less appealing to pro-spective buyers. Trends come and go, and improvements can be expensive. If your ultimate goal is to sell your home, opt for renovations that will look beautiful through the ages and avoid bold choices that may only appeal to a select few buy-ers.Forgetting to properly vet all workers

It is important to vet your contractor, but dont forget to vet potential subcontractors as well. Failing to do so can prove a costly mistake. Contractors oft en look to subcontractors to per-

form certain parts of a job, andit is the responsibility of home-owners to vet these workers.Expecting everything to go asplanned

Optimism is great, but youalso should be a realist. Knowingwhat potentially could go wrongputs you in a better position tohandle any problems shouldthey arise. Th e project might gooff without a hitch, but plan for afew hiccups along the way.Overestimating DIY abilities

Overzealous homeownersmay see a renovation project ina magazine or on television andimmediately think they can dothe work themselves. Unless youhave the tools and the skills nec-essary to do the work, tacklingtoo much can be problematic.In the long run, leaving the workto a professional may save youmoney.

Home improvements can bestressful, but homeowners canlessen that stress by avoidingcommon renovation mistakes.

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