russian art and architecture: fundamental sources

Russian Art and Architecture: Fundamental SourcesAuthor(s): Maya GervitsSource: Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America, Vol. 18,No. 2 (Fall 1999), pp. 40-46Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Art Libraries Society of NorthAmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27949029 .

Accessed: 15/06/2014 07:34

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

The University of Chicago Press and Art Libraries Society of North America are collaborating with JSTOR todigitize, preserve and extend access to Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of NorthAmerica.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 195.34.79.174 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 07:34:29 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=arlisna

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=arlisna

http://www.jstor.org/stable/27949029?origin=JSTOR-pdf

http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp


Russian Art and Architecture: Fundamental Sources_

by Maya Gervits, Rutgers University.

Over the last decade there has been a remarkable interest in all

aspects of Russian culture, especially art and architecture. Political

changes have made cultural exchange possible while the develop ment of technology and the Internet have made scholarly commu

nication easier and faster.

Many dramatic changes have affected the cultural heritage community. Archival and museum collections in the former Sovi

et Union have become more accessible. Various exhibits from Rus

sian museums have presented the whole range of Russian art to the

American people, from medieval icons to contemporary paintings,

graphics, and sculpture. The number of scholarly publications trans

lated into, or written in, languages other than Russian has increased, as has the production of illustrated "coffee-table" books made to

satisfy the mass market. Russian book dealers now offer not only cur

rent but also out-of-print and rare publications.

Challenges To Knowledge Nevertheless, the interest in Russian culture exceeds available

resources. The process of finding information still presents many

challenges. For example, there are no tools for navigating already

existing materials, not only in English, but often even in Russian. The

quantity and quality of reference works?encyclopedias, dictio

naries, bibliographies, subject guides, and indexes-are insufficient.

Many publications are issued in very small numbers.

There are few museum catalogs, especially of the collections located outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg and the same is true

for archives and libraries. Even simple lists of archival holdings or

library catalogs are often out of date, if available at all. With the de

velopment of the Internet more electronic resources have become use

ful for scholars. They partly compensate for a lack of printed mate

rials, and supplement them, but their development has just begun.

Russian Studies In The United States Some important steps in consolidating available information

have been made by The Society of Historians of East European and Russian Art and Architecture (SHERA). Support for research is also

provided by libraries, archives, and museums specializing in the field: Columbia University, Harvard University, the New York Pub lic Library, New York University, Yale University, Princeton Uni

versity, Stanford University, University of Illinois, the Hillwood

Museum, and some other institutions.

The Art Library and the Jane Vorhees Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University also possess substantial holdings of materials in different languages and formats. These resources cover the whole

history of Russian art and architecture to support research and the

educational process. In addition to current publications they in

clude rare books, periodical editions, and electronic resources.

The Rutgers Art Library Web guide provides access to major ref erence materials available in the library and on the Internet

(http:// www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/rr_gateway/research,

guides/art/online/russian/russian.shtml). Among them is the Russian Yale Archive Project ArcheoBiblioBase1 and online catalogs of major libraries that can be accessed through Libnet.2 Many related links can be found through organizations and associations includ

ing the Union of Russian Architects, SHERA, IREX, and the Soros Center of Contemporary Art.3 Information about museums and

their Web sites is found at http://www.museum.ru/defengl.htm.4 The existence of online catalogs made the process of finding

information easier, but there are some aspects of cataloging that

complicate online searching. Transliterations, abbreviations, spe cial terms, and subject headings may all create problems. There are now some special tools to help. Transliteration. Tables of transliteration, approved by the Library of Congress, are available from different sources, including the re

cently published Dictionary of Russian Art by J. Milner or on the Web at: http: //infosharel .prmceton.edu/katmandu/genindexk.html.5 The Union List of Artist Names (http://www.gii.getty.edu/vocabu lary/ulan.html), provided by the Getty Research Institute, indicates all possible spellings of artists' personal names and also provides some biographical and bibliographical data.

Abbreviations. Standard abbreviations can be found in the Khu

dozhniki narodov SSSR: bibliograficheskii slovar,6 in the biographical dictionary Khudozhniki russkoi emigratsii7 or in the reference edition

Arkhitektory-stroiteli Sankt-Peterburga serediny XIX - nachala XX veka? just to name a few.

Subject headings. Subject headings have recently been changed to reflect the political reality in this region, so materials on Russian art could be found under various headings: Russian art, Art?Rus

sia, Art?Soviet Union, Art?Former Soviet Republics, etc.

Terminology L.R?au's Dictionnaire polyglotte des termes d'art et d'arch?ologie9

and Architektur: Hochbau-Stadtplanung und St?dtebau 10 can supple

ment regular language dictionaries in translation of specific terms.

Various online dictionaries can be found at: http://www.fac

stafi.buclmeU.edu/rbeard/diction3.hrml#eslav.11 There are also a few

terminological dictionaries that have been published in the 1990s:

Apollon: izobrazitelnoe i dekorativnoe iskusstvo, arkhitektura: terminolo

gischeskii slovar,12 Terminy rossiiskogo arkhiteturnogo nasledstva,13 and

Terminologiia russkoi ikonopisi.u

40 Art Documentotion ? Volume 18, Number 2 ? 1999



Because of the lack of specialized English language reference materials on Russian art and architecture, the importance of stan

dard general reference publications cannot be underestimated. Dic

tionaries by Thieme and Becker, B?n?zit, and Vollmer15 can be used

as biographical sources. Encyclopedia of World Art, Dictionary of Art

(in print and on the Web by subscription at http://www.grov eart.com), The Macmillan Dictionary of Architects, Encyclopedia of De

sign, Encyclopedia of Aesthetics16 and many other publications pro vide important information on Russian art and architecture. Books

by Freitag, Arntzen and Rainwater, Kleinbauer, Ehresmann17 serve

as good bibliographical sources. World Painting Index, Sculpture Index, and World Architecture Index18 can help to find reproductions of specific works.

The Beginnings of Art History in Russia The size and scope of this article does not allow for a detailed

discussion of the bibliography of Russian art and architecture. Nev

ertheless, a brief overview of the development of art historical schol

arship is useful to put resources in their historical context.

The history of the study of Russian art and architecture goes back to the second half of the eighteenth century, but it became a sep arate discipline only during the nineteenth century. Though eigh teenth century Russian culture was primarily influenced by French

philosophy, literature, art and architecture, art history as a disci

pline in Russia was developed mostly under the influence of Ger man aesthetics.

From the beginning, periodical editions played an important role in the development of art history and art criticism in Russia. The first journals devoted to art were Zhurnal iziashchnykh iskusstv19 and

Khudozhestvennaia gazeta .20 They discussed and analyzed Russian

art and architecture in the context of European culture and are still

a valuable source of information about the cultural and artistic life

of the period. Articles for these journals were contributed not only by art his

torians but by writers and literary critics including K. Batiushkov, N. Gnedich, and later, V. Belinskii, N. Chernyshevskii, N. Dobroli

ubov, A. Gertsen, and N. Gogol. These authors reflected esthetic

views and the taste of the time in the genre of literary essays rather than as systematic methodological research.

Byzantine and Medieval Focus Beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century, the study

of Byzantine and Russian medieval art became a distinctive field

of Russian historiography. The typical nineteenth-century interest

in the history of national art and architecture, especially of the me

dieval period, contributed to this process. Various archaeological and ethnographical-archaeological excavations took place around

the country at this time. Medieval architectural monuments, icons,

mosaics, and decorative pieces attracted the attention of specialists. The first compendia of medieval monuments appeared at the end

of the nineteenth century. The six-volume Drevnosti Rossiiskogo gosu

darstva appeared in 1849-53.21 The multivolume RussL??a stanna pami atnikakh tserkovnogo i grazhdanskogo zodchestva ̂began in 1851 and be came part of the series PamiatniM dreunego russL?go zodchestva in 1860-62.23

Russkie sviatyni i drevnosti,24 Sedata stanna Moskuy: isto?cheskii obzor i pol nyi ukazatel eia dostopHmechatelnostei,15 and the six-volume Russkie drevnos

ti pamiatnikakh iskusstva26 were published in the 1890s. Research on Russian medieval architecture was conducted by

F. Gornostaev, D. Grimm, V. Dal, M. Tolstoi, I. Zabelin, F. Solntsev,

A. Krasovskii, A. Pavlinov, N. Sultanov, and V. Suslov.27 Many of

them were practicing architects whose activity was associated with

numerous restoration projects. They brought into scholarship a vi

sion which had not previously existed, of architecture in connec

tion with the function, materials and construction of building. Major scholars F. Buslaev, N. Kondakov, later D. Ainalov,28 and M. Ros

tovtsev made significant contributions to the study of Byzantine and Russian medieval art. Kondakov's works Vizantiiskie emali (1892)

and Ikonografiia bogomateri (1911) gained recognition not only in Russia but also in the western world.29

The Contemporary World The contemporary art and architecture of the eighteenth to the

beginning of the nineteenth century at first did not attract much at

tention, although the first books describing monuments of this pe riod appeared as early as at the end of the eighteenth century (Opisanie rossiisko imperatorskogo goroda Sankt-Peterburga i dostopam iatnostei okrestnostiakh onogo by I. Georgi (1794) and Istoricheskoe, ge ograficheskoe i topograficheskoe opisanie Sankt-Peterburga ot nachala zave deniia ego, s 1703 po 1761 god by G. Bogdanov (1779)).30

P. Petrov's Sbornik materialov dlia istorii imperatorskoi Akademii Khudozhestvza sto let ee sushchestvovaniia (1864-1866) and Isto?ia Sankt

Peterburga (1885),31 based on archival materials, introduced names

of unknown or little known artists and architects. Issued in the sec

ond half of the nineteenth century, they still serve as indispensable sources of information and have not lost historical value.

During the middle and the second half of the nineteenth cen

tury, Russian lubok, prints, and engravings, landscape architecture,

and gardens began to be studied. Publications by D. Rovinsky, N.

Sobko, A. Somov, F. Buslaev, I. Zabelin, and V. Kurbatov32 formed

the foundation for future research in these areas. Among important

periodical editions of the time was Zodchii (1872-1917),33 which is still one of the most valuable resources for those studying the history of Russian architecture.

Two Important Art Movements A very special place in a scholarship of the second half of the

nineteenth century belonged to V. Stasov,34 a prolific art critic and

historian, who specialized in many different areas, including paint

ing, sculpture, architecture, music, and folk art, as well as numis

matics and ornament. Famous as a protagonist of realism, Stasov

was the first professional critic who devoted himself to the study and popularization of Russian national art. His name was often as

sociated with a group of artists called Peredvizhniki (the Wander

ers). Stasov promoted and supported their critical realism and so

cial goals. Like them, he actively championed the social role of

contemporary Russian art.

Many western art historians trace the beginning of art history in Russia from the World of Art movement which introduced Rus sian art to the west. Formed in the early 1890s, this movement was associated with works by A. Benois, K. Somov, L. Bakst, S. Diag

ilev, and I. Grabar. It encompassed many different areas, including visual arts, ballet, poetry, art history, and criticism. International

exhibitions, ballet performances in Paris, and the group journal named Mir Iskusstva (World of Art)35 helped to introduce many as

pects of Russian culture to the west.

Members of the World of Art movement for the first time sys tematically studied Russian art from the eighteenth to the first half of the nineteenth century. They paid special attention to book and

Volume 18, Number 2 ? 1999 ? fot Documentation 41



stage design, as well as the history of St. Petersburg architecture.

Members of the World of Art group also made important contri

butions to scholarship in the fundamental works by I. Grabar,

Istorila russkogo iskusstva and Istorila russkoi arkhitektury36 or A.

Benois' Istorila russkoi zhivopisi XIX veke.37 The journals Zolotoe

runo, Starye gody, and Apollon38 further developed ideas from the

World of Art magazine. The turn of the century became a period of active development

of the bibliography of Russian art. Major reference works created at this time include Podrobnyi slovar russkikh graverov XVI-XIXvv by D. Rovinskii(1895),39 Slovar russkikh khudozhnikov, vaiatelei by N.

Sobko,40 Khudozhestvennaia entsiklopedii by F. Bulgakov,41 Arkhitek turnaia entsiklopediia vtoroi poloviny XIX veka by G. Baranovskii,42 and Iubilenyi spravochnik Imperatorskoi Akademii Khudozhestv 1764 1914 by S. Kondakov.43 These remain important and often unique sources of information on specific subjects.

Revolutionary Changes The revolution of 1917 brought changes in all spheres of life.

Many artists and art historians emigrated, including A. Benois, K.

Makovskii, S. Lifar, N. Kondakov and A. Rostislavov.44 Among those who continued to work in Russia were N. Punin, la. Tu

genkhold, A. Efros, B. Ternovets, A. Fedorov-Davydov and A.

Sidorov.45

In 1920 a variety of artistic groups emerged, producing a wide

range of styles. An exciting, but brief, time of experiment in Russian art and architecture began. However, due to political change, in

novative Russian schools of thought came to an abrupt end.

By 1932 art history was expected to play not only an educa

tional, but also an ideological, propagandistic role in a society ruled

by government dictatorship. The group of "vulgar socialists" in troduced the theory of class struggle into art history.46 From the nu

merous periodicals published during the first decades of the twen tieth century only two, Iskusstvo and Tvorchestvo, remained.47 They reflected the government point of view on the art process.

Despite this, and a decrease in the number of publications dur

ing the 1920-1930s, some important bibliographical works were nev

ertheless published. Reference sources of this period included such useful works as Bibliografiia izobrazitelnogo iskusstva: ukazatel liter

atury na russkom iazyke po voprosam teorii, istorii i praktiki izobrazitel

nykh iskusstv ,48 Materialy dlia slovaria russkikh ikonopistsev,49 Tridtsat

biografa russkikh khudozhnikov,50 and Slovar russkikh llitografirovan nykh portretov.51

Communist Control Beginning in the late 1920s and especially during the 1930s,

various art institutions and organizations were abolished. Central

ization of power and consolidation of the Communist party with the government exerted ideological pressure.

During Stalin's purges of the 1930s many art historians were ar

rested, executed, or otherwise repressed. A few remaining worked

in isolation. Noted scholars of the period, including V. Lazarev, M.

Alpatov, A. Bank, A. Fedorov-Davydov, P. Rappoport, N. Brunov,

M. Karger, and V. Piliavskii made significant contributions to the

study of Russian art and architecture.52

From 1941 to 1945, during the war with Nazi Germany, art his

tory was among the fields which experienced great losses. Only a few works were published. After the end of the war, 'the iron cur

tain' for many decades isolated the Soviet Union from the rest of

the world 'to protect soviet culture from western influence and to

save its national uniqueness.' At the end of the 1940s and begin

ning of the 1950s, an active campaign against the so-called 'cos

mopolitans and formalists' began. Russian ethnocentrism in art re

flected the dependence of art history and criticism on ideology and

party regulations, which proposed the 'struggle with foreign influ

ences.' Many art historians became victims of repression, among them N. Punin and M. Gukovskii.

Research under ideological control was concentrated mostly in government-sponsored institutions. Fundamental works pub lished during the 1950s like Istorila russkogo iskusstva, Istorila russt?

arkhitektury, Russkoe dekorativnoe iskusstvo53 reflected the political and ideological policy of the period, but became an important source of factual information and bibliography of Russian art and archi tecture. During the 1950s to the beginning of the 1960s many re

gional bio-bibliographical dictionaries of art and catalogues of the museums located outside of Moscow and Leningrad were pub lished. Among the most important was the multi-volume edition of the Russt?a zhivopis muzeiakh RSFSR.54

Khudozhniki narodov SSSR: bibliograficheskii slovar, edited by O.

Voltsenburg,55 Soviet architecture 1917-1962: A bibliographical Guide to Source Material by A. Senkevitch,56 Russian Literature, Theatre, and

Art: A Bibliography of Works in English Published 1900-1945 by A. Et

tlinger,57 Russt?a arkhitektura XI- nachala XX veka by V. Piliavskii,58

Bibliograpfiliia iskusstvu by Iu. Zubov,59 Russkie spravochnye izdaniia

po izobrazitelnomu i pr?kladnomu uskusstvu by O. Ostroi60 remain the

primary bibliographical guides. The online Russian Academy of Science Bibliography, newly produced by RLG, covers materials

beginning in 1995.61

New Interests The end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s were

marked by a new interest in stylistic phenomena, a subject that had been explored very little in the past. For the first time architectural

theories, as well as non-figurative art, and interdisciplinary studies

attracted the attention of art historians. E. Borisova, E. Kirichenko,

N. Evsina, D. Sarabianov, G. Pospelov, G. Sternin and V. Turchin,62

just to name a few, discussed Russian art and architecture as an in

tegral part of European cultural, historical, and philosophical con texts. Western scholars A. Bird, J. Bowlt, W. Brumfield, H. Faensen,

G. Gray, G. Hamilton, T. Talbot Rice, and E. Valkenier also created

significant works.63

After the political changes of Perestroika, ideological restric

tions were abandoned and art history scholarship became more lib

eralized. Some areas of study developed mostly by western spe cialists now were open to Russian scholars. Materials about artists,

architects, and art historians who had emigrated or were impris oned during the Soviet era became available to the public. Books about monuments sold or destroyed during the Stalin era were pub lished in Russia.

The historiography and bibliography of Russian art and ar chitecture have not yet received complete evaluation, either in west

ern or Russian literature, although some attempts have been made.

The recently published two-volume edition Istorila iskusstvovedcheskoi

bibliografii Rossii by O. Ostroi64 is the first work that provides an overview of materials published prior to the 1990s.

During the last decade, important biographical reference edi

tions have appeared. Among them are Bown's Dictionary of Twen tieth Century Artists,65 Milner's Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Artists:

42 Art Documentation ? Volume 18, Number 2 ? 1999



1420-1970,66 Architektory-stroiteli Sankt-Peterburga serediny XIX- nachal

XX veka,67 Bibliografisheskii ukazatel po istorii russkoi graviury XVIII nachal XX veka68 Khudozhniki russM emigratsii 1917-1941: biograficheskii slovar,69 Russkie Khudozhniki: entsiklopedicheskii slovar,70 and Zolotoi vek

khudozhestvennykh ob'edinenii Rossii i SSR 1820-1932: spravochnik.71

Analysis of the current situation in scholarship and publishing in Rus

sia is also given in articles published by C. Douglas72 and W. Brum field73 in the SHERA Bulletin.

Despite the fact that Russian art history has been released from

political and ideological constraint in methodology and subject mat

ter, scholarship continues to be complicated by economical problems. Yet there is hope. Political freedom and development of new tech

nology has made communication easier. The promise of new dia

logue on Russian art and architecture beckons to an expanded au

dience of international scholars.

Notes 1. Gateway to ArchaeBiblioBase: http://www.yale.edu/rusarch/

abb_gateway.htm. There is also a Web site of Russian archives at

Leeds University: collection of manuscripts, photographs, printed books at: http://www.Ieeds.ac.uk/library/spcoll/lra.

2. Libnet: http://www.libfl.ru/eng/libnet.html. Among Rus

sian Libraries available through the Internet are Russian State Library: http://www.rsl.ru; Russian National Library': http://www.nlr.ru; Russian Academy of Science Library: http://spb.org.ru/ban/index. html. IFLA directory at: http://iberia.vassar.edu/ifla-idal can be

helpful in finding Russian art libraries. To get more complete re

sults search for "Rossiyskaya Federatsiya" (spelling used by IFLA).

3. Union of Architects of Russia: http://www.uar.ru/eng/

main.htm; SHERA: http://www.hillwoodmuseum.org; IREX:

http://www. irex.org; SOROS center: http://www.sccamoscow.ru.

4. Among especially interesting museum sites are: in St. Pe

tersburg: Hermitage Museum: http://www.hermitagemuseum.org; Russian State Museum: http://rusmuseum.ru/eng_ind.html; Palaces

and parks in Gatchina. Tsarskoe selo. Pavlovsk: http://www.alexan

derpalace.org and then /gatchina or /tsarskoe or /pavlovsk. In

Moscow: Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts: http://www.global

one.ru/engUsh/culture/pushkin; Tretyakov Gallery: http://www. tretyakov.ru; Kremlin: http://www.kreml.ru/mus_mk.htm. More

museums can be found by searching "Museums Around the World"

site at: http://www.comlab.ox ac.uk/archive/other/museums

/find.html.

5. Milner, John. Dictionary of Russian and Soviet artists: 1420-1970.

(Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collector's Club. 1993).

6. Khudozhniki narodov SSR: biobibliograficheskii slovar 6 tomakh. Edited by O. Voltsenburg et al. (Moskva: Iskusstvo, 1970-1983).

(only four volumes were published).

7. Khudozhniki russkoi emigratsii: 1917-1941: biograficheskii slo var. Edited by D. Severiukhin and O. Leikind. (S. Petersburg: Izd vo Chernysheva, 1994).

8. Arkhitektory stroiteli Sankt Peterburga serediny XlX-nachak XX veka. Edited by B.Kirikov et al. (S. Petersburg: Piligrim, 1996).

9. R?au, Louis. Dictionnaire polyglotte des termes d'art et d'arch?ologie. (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1953).

10. Architektur: Hochbau-Stadtplanung und St?dtebau: Bildfach w?rterbuch: englisch-deutsch-ungarisch-polnisch-russisch-slowakisch +

Architecture: building construction - urban planning and design: picto rial thesaurus and dictionary. (D?sseldorf: Werner Verlag, 1996).

11. Online dictionaries provided by the Russian program at Bucknell: http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/rbeard/diction.html.

12. Apollon: izobrazitelnoe i dekorativnoe iskusstvo, arkhitektura:

terminologicheskii slovar. Edited by V. Arslanov et al. (Moskva: Ellis

Lak, 1997).

13. Pluzhnikov, Vladimir. Terminy rossisL?go arkhitekturnogo nasledi ia: slovar glossani. (Moskva: Iskusstvo, 1995). ( terms of architecture)

14. Zamiatina, Natalia. Terminologiia russkoi ikonopisi. (Mosk va: Iazyk russkoi kultury, 1997). (terminology of icon pamting)

15. Thieme, U. and Felix Becker. Allgemeines Lexikon der bilden

den K?nstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. (Leipzig: Seeman,

1907-1950): reprint 1970-1971,1978. 37v. B?n?zit, Emmanuel. Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessina

teurs et graveurs de tous les temps et tous les pays. (Paris: Grund, 1976).

4th edition of 1999, 14v. Vollmer, Hans. Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden K?nstler des XX Jahrhunderts. (Leipzig: Seeman, 1953-1962). 6v.

16. Encyclopedia of World Art. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1956

1986) (articles on Byzantine art, Siberian culture, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, etc). Dictionary of Art. Edited by Jane Turner. (New York: Grove, 1996). Electronic version at:

http://www.groveart.com (by subscription). Macmillan's Dictionary of Architects. Edited by A. Placzek. (New York: Free Press/Macmil lan, 1982) (articles about Golosov, Ladovsky, El Lissitsky, Malevich,

Melnikov, Montferrand, Rossi, Shchusev, Stasov, Quarenghi, Za

kharov, Zholtovsky). Encyclopedia of Design. (New York: Hart, c[1983]) Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. Edited by Michael Kelly. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). 4v.

17. Freitag, Wolfgang. Art Boote A Basic Bibliography of Mono

graphs on Artists. (New York: Garland. 1985). Arntzen, Etta Mae and

Robert Rainwater. Guide to the Literature of Art History. (Chicago: American Library Association, 1980). Kleinbauer, Eugene. Research

Guide to the History of Western Art. (Chicago: American Library As

sociation, 1982). Ehresmann, Donald L. Architecture: A Bibliograph ic Guide to Basic Reference Worte, Histories, and Handbooks. (Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1984). Also by Ehresmann, Applied and Decorative Arts: A Bibliographic Guide. 2nd edition. (Englewood. CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1993).

18. Havlice, Patrice. World Painting Index. (Metuchen, NJ: Scare crow Press, 1977) and supplements in 1982 and 1995. Clapp, Jane. Sculpture Index. (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. 1970-1971). 2v.

in 3. Teague, Edward. World Architecture Index: A Guide to Illustra tions. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991).

Volume 18, Number 2 ? 1999 ? Art Documentotion 43



19. Zhurnal Iziashchnyk iskusstv was first published in 1807 in Moscow and then again in 1823-1825 by V. Grigorovich in St.

Petersburg (tip N. Grecha).

20. Khudozhestvennaia gazeta published by N. Kukolnik (tip. Snegireva) in 1836-1841.

21. Drevnosti Rossiiskago gosudarstva, izdannyia po Vysochaishemu poveleniiu. (Moskva: Tip. A Semena. 1849-1853). 6v.

22. Snegirev, Ivan. Russkaia statina pamiatnikah tserkovnogo i

grazhdanskogo zodcheshtva. Edited by Martynov. (Moskva: V. Politich eskoi tip. 1848-1860). 6v.

23. Pamiatniki drevnego russkogo zodchestva. Edited by V. Suslov.

(S. Petersburg: Izd Imp. Akademii Khudozhestv, 1895-1901).

24. Russkie sviatyni i drevnosti - A series about ancient Russian

cities: Rostov, Kiev, Novgorod published at Moscow University during the 1860s and edited by M. Tolstoi.

25. Kondratiev, Ivan. Sedata starina Moskvy: istoricheskii obzor i

polnyi ukazatel eia dostoprimechatelnostei - soborov, monastyrei, tserkvei,

sten, dvortsov, pamiatnikov, obshchestvennykh zdanii, mostov, ploshchadei,

ulits, slobod, urochishch, kladbishch i prodi. S podrobnym istoricheskim

opisaniem osnovaniia Moskvy i ocherkom ea zamechatelnykh okrestnostei.

(Moskva: Izd-vo I. A.Morozova, 1893).

26. Russkie drevnosti pamiatnikah iskusstva, izdavaemaia 1. Tol

stym i N. Kondakovym. (S. Petersburg: A. Benke, 1889-1899). 6v.

27. Among their works: Zabelin, Ivan. Istorila russkoi zhizni s

drevneishikh vremen. (Moskva: Tip. Glacheva, 1876-79). 2v. Istonia goro da Moskvy. (Moskva: Nauka, 1995) (reprint from original 1905 edi

tion.). Tolstoi, Mikhail. Sviatyni i drevnosti Pskova. (S. Petersburg:

ARS, 1993) (reprint of 1861 edition of Moscow University). Drevni ia sviatyni Rostova-Velfago. Izd.2-e. (Moskva: Tip. Zakharova, 1860).

Ukazatel Vel?kago Novagoroda. S prilozheniem novgodorskago mesiat seslova. (Moskva: V. Universitetskoi tipografu, 1862). Pavlinov, An

drei. Drevnosti laroslavskiia i Rostovskiia. (Moskva: tip. E. Lissnera,

1892). Istorila russkoi arkhitektury. (Moskva: I.Kushnerev, 1894).

Sultanov, Nikolai. Obraztsy drevne-russkagozodchestvba miniatiurnykh izobrazhneniiakh: isledovanie po rukopisi XVI veka "Zhitie. Nikolaia Chu dotvortsa." (S. Petersburg: Tip. I. Voshchinskago, 1881). Suslov,

Vladimir. Materialy k istorii drevnei Novgorodsko-Pskovskoi arkhitek

tury. (S. Petersburg: Tip Imp. Akademii Nauk, 1888). Ocherki po is torii drevne-rosskago zodchestva. (S. Petersburg: Tip. A F. Marksa,

1889). Russkoe zodchestvo po predaniiam narodnoi stariny. (S. Peters

burg: Izd-vo T-va R.Golike I A.Vilborg, 1911). Also edited by V.Suslov. 7v of Monuments de l'ancienne architecture russe. (S.

Petersburg [1895] -1901).

28. Buslaev, Fedor. Istoricheskie ocherki russkoi narodnoi sloves

nosti i isskusstva. (S. Petersburg: Obshchestvennaia proza, 1861). Svod izobrazhenii iz litsevykh Apot?ipsisov po russkim rukopisiam s XVI

go veka po XIX. (S. Petersburg: Tip. M. Stasiulevicha, 1884). Sochineniia

po arkheologii i istorii iskusstva. Izdanie otdeleniia russkago iazyka i slovesnosti Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk s 40 risunkami tekste. (S. Pe

tersburg: Tip. Imp. Akademii Nauk, 1908-1930). Istoricheskie ocherki

po russkomu ornamentu rukopisiakh. (Petrograd, 1917). Ainalov,

Dmitrij. Geschichte der russischen Monumentalkunst. (Leipzig: de

Gruyter, 1932-33). 2v.

29. Kondakov, Nikodim. Geschichte und Denkm?ler der Byzan tinischen Emails. (Frankfurt am Main: [s.n.]. 1892); in the same year a French edition was also published. Jkonografiia bogomater?. 1914-1915.

2v.; and also by Kondakov, Histoire de I 'art byzantin consid?r? prin

cipalement dans les miniatures. (Paris: Jules Rouam, 1886-1891). 2v.

30. Georgi, I. G. Opisanie rossiisL?-imperatorsL?go stclichnogo goro da Sankt-Peterburga i dostopamiatelnostei okrestnostiakh onogo. (S.

Petersburg, 1794). Bogdanov, G. Istoricheskoe, geograficheskoe i to

pograficheskoe opisanie Sankt-Peterburga ot nachala zavedeniia ego, s 1703

po 1761 god, sochinennoe G. Bogdanovym, a nyne dopolnennoe i izdan

noe V. Rubanom. (S. Petersburg: [s.n.]. 1779).

31. Petrov, P. Sbornik materialov dlia istorii Imperatorskoi St.Pe

terburgskoi Akademii Khudozhestv za sto let ee sushchestvovaniia. (S. Pe

tersburg: Tip. Gogenfeldena, 1864). Petrov, N./Istorila Sankt-Peter

burga: s osnovaniia goroda do vvedeniia deistvie vybornago gorodskogo upravleniia po uchrezhdeniiam o guberniiakh, 1703-1782. (S. Peters

burg: Izd. S. Peterburgskoi Gor. Dumy, 1885).

32. Rovinsky, Dimitrii. Russkie narodnye kartinki. kn. 1-5. (St.

Petersburg: Izd.-vo R. Golike, 1900). 2v. Sobko, Nikolai. Kratkii is

toricheskii ocherk Imperatorskogo Obshchestva Pooshchreniia Khudozh

estv, 1820-1890. (S. Petersburg: Tip. V. I. Shteina, 1890). 25letrussko

go iskusstva (1855-1880): illustrirovannyi katalog khudozhestvennogo otdela Vserossiiskoi vystavki v. Moskve. (Moskva: lzd. Botkina, 1882).

Kurbatov, Vladimir. Pavlovsk: khudozhestvenno-istoricheskii ocherk i

putevoditel. 2-e izd. (S. Petersburg: Izd. Obshchiny sv. Evgeniia

Krasnogo kresta, [1912]).

33. Zodchii no. 1 (ianv. 1872) - no. 52 (dec. 1917). (S. Petersburg:

[s.n. 1872-1917]).

34. Stasov, V. Sobrante sochinenii, 1847-1886. (S. Petersburg: Tip.

Matsulevicha, 1894-1906). 4v.

35. Mir Iskusstva 1.1-12. (S. Petersburg: [s.n.], 1899-1904).

36. Grabar, Igor. Istorila russL?go iskusstva obrabotke otdelnykh chastei izdaniia priniali uchastie: Aleks Benua i dr. (Moskva: Izd-vo I.

Knebel, [1904-1914]). 6v. Istorila arkhitektury. ([Moskva]: I. Knebel

[1909-1914]). 4v. Peterburgskaia arkhitektura XVIIII XIX vv. (S. Pe

tersburg: Sankt-Peterburg orkestr, 1995) (reprint edition); Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov: zhizn I tvorchestvo. ([Moskva]: I. Knebel. [1913]).

37. Benois, Aleksandre. Istorila russkoi zhivopisi XIX veke.

(Moskva: Izd-vo Respublika, 1998) (reprint edition). Also by Benois, Russkaia shkola zhivopisi. (S. Petersburg: Izd-vo R. Golike i A. Vil

borg, 1904). Vozniknovenie "Mira Iskusstva/' (Moskva: Iskusstvo, 1998) (reprint edition); Khudozhestvennye pisma, 1930-1936: gazeta "Poslednie novosti" Parizh. (Moskva: Galart, 1997).

38. Zolotoe runo g.l-g.4 ([Moskva: N. Riabushinskii], 1906-1909). 4v. Starye gody Ianv. 1907-Okt./Dek. 1916. ([S. Petersburg: s.n., 1907]): Apollon Oct. 1909-Oct./Dec. 1917. (Petrograd: [s.n.]).




39. Rovinsky, Dmitrii. Podrobnyi slovar russkikh graverov XVI

XIX vekov. (S. Petersburg. 1895). 2v.

40. Sobko, Nikolai. Slovar russkikh khudozhnikov, vaiatelei,

zhivopistsev, zodchikh, risovalshchikov, graverov, litografov, medelerov,

mozaichistvo, ikonopiistsev, liteishchikov, chekanshchikov, skanshch?kov i

pr. s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei (XI-XIX vv). (S. Petersburg, 1893-1899). 3v. Biographical information about Russian architects also

can be found in Zodchie Sankt-Peterburga XIX-nachalo XX veka. (S.

Petersburg: Lenizdat, 1998).

41. Bulgakov, Fedor. Khudozhestvennaia entsiklopediia, illus

trirovannyi slovar iskusstv i khudozhestv. (S. Petersburg: Izdanie A.

Suvorina, [1886-]).

42. Baranovskii, Georgii. Arkhitekturnaia entsiklopediia vtoroi

poloviny XIX veka. (S. Petersburg, 1902-1908). 7v.

43. Kondakov, Sergei. Iubileinyi spravochnik Imperatorskai Akademii Khudozhestv 1764-1914. (S. Petersburg, 1914); Imperatorskai Akademi ia Khudozhestv: kratkii istoricheskii ocherk. (S. Petersburg, 1914). Kon dakov's initiative in compiling materials about the Academy of Arts was later continued by the publication of 225 let Akademii Khudozh estv SSSR: katalog vystavki: zhivopis, skulptura, arkhitektura, grafika, teatralno-dekoratsionnoie iskusstvo, dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo,

dokumenty, izdaniia. Edited by V. Sysoev et al. (Moskva: Izo

brazitelnoe iskusstvo, 1985). 2v. and Akademiia Khudozhestv SSSR:

1983-1987/ edited by V. Sysoev. (Moskva: Izobrazitelnoe iskusstvo,

1990).

44. Makovskii, Sergei. Stranitsy khudozhestvennoi kritiki. (S.

Petersburg: lzd-vo 'Sodruzhestva/ 1906-1909). 2v. Rostislavov,

Aleksandr. Andrei Petrovich Riabushkin: zhizn i tvorchestvo. (Mosk va: Izd-vo I. Knebel, 1913). Also by him: Kuindzhi. (S. Petersburg: Izd-vo N. Butkovskoi). 1914.

45. Punin, Nikolai. Tatlin: protiv kubizma. (Peterburg: Gos. izd

vo, 1921). Russkoe i sovetskoe isskustvo: izbrannye trudy o russkom i sovetskom izobrazitelnom isskustve. (Moskva: Sovetskii khudozhnik,

1976). Tugenkhold, Iakov. Sovetskaia kult?ra: itogi i perspektivy. (Mosk va: Izd-vo Izvestii TSIK SSSR IVTSIK, 1924). Ternovets, Boris. Ko

rovin, Serov. (Moskva: [Gos. izdat]. 1925). Russkie skulptory. (Mosk va: Gos. izdat, 1924). Fedorov-Davydov, Aleksei. Russkoie iskusstvo

promyshlennogo kapitalizma. (Moskva: Gos. Akademiia Khudozh

estvennykh Nauk, 1929). Also by him: Russkii peizazh XVII-nacha la XX veka: issledovaniia, ocherki. (Moskva: Sovetskii khudozhnik,

1986). Isaac Levit?n: the mystery of nature. (Bournemouth: Parkstone;

S. Petersburg: Aurora, 1995). Sidorov, Aleksei. Istorila oformleniia russkoi knigi. (Moskva-Leningrad, 1936).

46. Matsa, Ivan. Iskusstvo SSSR i zadachi khudozhnikov: disput s uchastiem M. Friche, I. Matsa, M. Ginzburga i dr. (Moskva: Izd-vo

Kommunisticheskoi Akademii, 1928). Sovetskoe iskustvo za 15 let; ma

terialy i dokumentatsiia. (Moskva: Izogiz, 1933).

47. Iskusstvo was published in Moscow from 1933 until 1990; Tvorchestvo was published in Moscow from 1934.

48. Voltsenburg, O. Bibliografiia izobrazitelnogo iskusstva: ukaza

tel literatury na russkom iazyke po voprosam teoili, istorii i praktiki izo brazitelnukh iskustv - arkhitektry, skulptury, zhivopisi i prikladnogo iskusstva. (Petersburg: Knizhnyi ugol, 1923).

49. Karger, Mikhai. Materialy dlia slovaria russkikh ikonopistsev.

(Leningrad, 1928).

50. Sobolev, Dmitrii. Tridtsat biografa russkikh khudzhnikov.

(Moskva: Izd-vo avtora, 1926).

51. Adariukov, Vladimir. Slovar russkikh litografirovannykh portretov. (Moskva: Izd Tip. A. I. Mamontova,1916). Dobavleniia k slo

variu russkikh gravirovannykh portretov D. Rovinskogo. (S. Petersburg: Izd-vo zhurnala Starve gody, 1911). Ofort Rossii. (Moskva, 1923).

52. Lazarev, Viktor. Old Russian murals and mosaics from the 11th

to the 16th century. (London: Phaidon. [ 1966]). The Russian icon:

from its origin to the sixteenth century. (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1997). Alpatov, Mikhail. II maestro del Cremlino. (Milano: Club del Libro, 1963). Pskov icons: 13th-16th centuries. (Leningrad: Aurora, 1991). Geschichte der altrussischen Kunst. (Augsburg: Dr. B.

Filser Verlag, [1932]). 2v. Bank, Alisa. Byzantine art in the collections

of Soviet museums. ([Leningrad]: Aurora, 1985). Rappoport, Pavel.

Building the churches ofKievan Russia. (Brookfield, 1995). Orevnerusska ia arkhitektura. (St. Petersburg: Stroiizdat, 1993). Brunov, Nikolai.

?ber den Stil der altrussischen Baukunst. (Augsburg: Dr. B. Filser

Verlag, [n.d.]).

53. Piliavskii, Vladimir. Istorila russkoi arkhitektury. Edited by T. Slavina. (S. Petersburg: Stroiizdat. 1994). Istorila russkogo iskusst

va. Edited by I. Grabar et al. (Moskva: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR,

1953-1969). 13v. Isskusstvo narodov SSSR. Edited by B.Veimarn.

(Moskva: Izobrazitelnoe iskusstvo, 1971-1984). Russkoe dekorativnoe

iskusstvo. Edited by A. Leonov. (Moskva: lzd-vo Akademii Khu

dozhestv SSSR, 1962-65).

54. Russt?a zhivopis muzeiiakh RSFSR. Edited by A. Savinov.

(Moskva: Gos. izd-vo izobrazitelnogo iskusstva, 1955-1964). 8v.

55. Khudozhniki narodov SSSR, op. cit.

56. Senkevitch, Anatole. Soviet architecture 1917-1962: a biblio

graphical guide to source material. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1974).

57. Ettlinger, Amrei. Russian literature, theatre and art: a bibliog

raphy ofworh in English published in 1900-1945. (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press. [1971]).

58. Piliavskii, Vladimir and N. Gorshkova. RussL?ia arkhitektura XI-nachala XX veka: ukazatel izbrannoi literatury. (Leningrad: 1978).

59. Zubov, Iurii. Bibliografiia iskusstv . (Moskva: Kniga, 1973).

60. Ostroi, Olga. Istorila iskusstvovedcheskoi bibliografii Rossii.

(Leningrad: Gosudarstsvennaia publichnaia bibliot?ka im. ( Saltiko

va-Shchedrina, 1991-1994). 2v.

Volume 18, Number 2 ? 1999 ? Art Documentation 45



61. Russian Academy of Science bibliography by RLG (available by subscription) at: http://www.rlg.org/cit-ras.html.

62. Borisova, Elena and G. Sternin. Russian Art Nouveau. ( New

York: Rizzoli, 1988). Borisova, E. Russkaia arkhitektura epokhu ro

mantizma. (S. Petersburg: D. Bular?n, 1997). Russkaia arkhitekturnaia

grafikaXIXvefa. (Moskva:Nauka, 1993). Kirichenko,Evgeniia. Rus sian style. ([London]: L. King, 1991). Russian design and the fine arts, 1750 1917. (New York: Abrams, 1991). Russkaia arkhitektura 1830-1910

godov. (Moskva: Stroiizdat, 1982). Arkhitekturnye teorii XIX veka Rossii. (Moskva: Iskusstvo, 1986). Evsina, Natalia. Arkhitekturnaia teor?

ia Rossii vtoroi poloviny XVII-nachala XIX veka. (Moskva: Nauka, 1985). Russkaia arkhitektura epoky Ekateriny II: barokko, klassitsizm,

neog?tika. (Moskva: Nauka, 1994). Sarabianov, Dmitrii. Russian art:

from neoclassicism to the avant-garde, 1800-1917: painting, sculpture, ar

chitecture. (New York: Abrams, 1990). Pospelov, Gleb. Russian draw

ings, 18th to early 20th century: the life drawing, the still life, the landscape, the life sketch, the animal drawing, the genre sketch, the portrait. (Leningrad:

Aurora, 1989). Russkoe iskusstvo XIX veka: voprosy ponimaniia vremeni.

(Moskva: Iskusstvo, 1997). Sternin, Grigorii. Khudozhestvennaia zhizn Rossii na rubezhe XIX-XX vekov. (Moskva: Iskusstvo, 1970). Turchin,

Valerli. Epokha romantizma Rossii: k istoni russkogo iskusstva pervoi treti XIX stoletiia: ocherki. (Moskva: Iskusstvo, 1981).

63. Bird, Allan. History of Russian painting. (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1987). Bowlt, John. Russian art of the avant-garde: theory and criticism 1902-1934. (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1976). The Silver age: Russian art of the early twentieth century and the World of Art Group. (Newtonville, 1982). Theatre of reason, theater of desire: the art of Alexan der Benois and Leon Bakst. (Milano: Skira, 1998). Brumfield, William C. History of Russian architecture. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer

sity Press, 1993). Also by Brumfield, Gold and Azure: one thousand years of Russian architecture. (Boston: Godine, 1983) and The origin of mod ernism in Russian architecture. (Berkeley: University of California

Press, 1991). Faensen, Hubert. Early Russian architecture. (New

York: Putnam, c.1975). Also by Faensen: Siehe die Stadt, die leuchtet; altrussische Baukunst 1000-1700: Geschichte, Symbolik, Funktion. (Wein heim: VCH, Acta Humaniora, 1990). Gray, Camilla. Russian exper iment in art 1863-1922. (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1986).

Hamilton, George. Art and architecture in Russian. ([New Haven] Yale

University Press, 1992). Talbot Rice, Tamara. Concise history of Rus

sian art. (New York: Praeger, 1963). Valkenier, Elizabeth K. Rus

sian realist art: the state and society: the Peredvizhniki and their tradi

tion. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).

64. Ostroi, op. cit.

65. Bown, Matthew. Dictionary of Twentieth Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. (London: Izomar, 1998).

66. Milner, John, op. cit.

67. Arkhitektory-stroiteli Sankt-Peterburga, op. cit.

68. Bibliograficheskii ukazatel po istorii russkoi graviury XVIII-nach. XX veka i kratkie svedeniia o tekhnikakh gravirovaniia: s p?lozheniem spiska inostrannykh gravirovalnykh terminov: posobie dlia khudozhestvennykh

muzeev. Edited by S. Sherman et al. (S. Petersburg: Muzei, 1993).

69. Khudozhniki russkoi emigratsiii, op. cit.

70. Russkie khudozhniki: entsiklopedicheskii slovar, by T. Vilin bakhova et al. (S. Petersburg: Azbuka, 1998).

71. Severiukhin, D. and O. Leikind. Zolotoi vek: khudozhestven

nye ob'edineniia Rossii i SSSR, 1890-1937: spravochnik. (S. Peters

burg: Izd-vo Chernysheva, 1992).

72. Douglas, Charlotte. Bulletin of the SHERA 3, no. 2 (1998): 11-12.

73. Brumfield, William C. Bulletin of the SHERA 1, no. 1 (1998): 8-11.




russian art and architecture: fundamental sources

Documents