russia, sochi 2013
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Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Summary
• A historical perspective of Québec-The Quiet Revolution
• The two major reforms that came out of the Quiet revolution
• Comparing the collective dimensions behind these two reforms
• Understanding the planning context of Québec• The case example of Québec city and its suburban
growth
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Historical perspective : Before the 1960’s
• “if Quebecers are not free, nor rich, it is because that freedom is primarily of the spiritual realm and that real wealth is more than materialistic needs, it is especially from the moral and religious sphere. The reward of the righteous is not of this world but rather after death where they will be distributed”
(translated from French to English)
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Historical perspective : The Quiet Revolution
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Québec, 1962Québec, 1960 René Lévesque, 1962
Historical perspective : The Quiet Revolution
• Quick F.A.Q– What was the quiet revolution?
• Answer: Period of intense change in Québec (1960’s), Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective secularization of society, the creation of a welfare state, and realignment of politics into federalist and separatist factions.
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Historical perspective : The Quiet Revolution
• Quick F.A.Q– Why was it named “the quiet revolution”
• Answer: Intense change came without considerable opposition
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Historical perspective : The Quiet Revolution
• The early 1960’s after some hesitation, the Quebec government replaces the Church. It supports what fell within the latter and adds several sectors of the economy : education, health, culture, language, social support, collective management of financial assets, use of water resources, business support.
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Historical perspective : The Quiet Revolution
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
The quiet revolution
Taking control and expanding public services
Educational reform
Urban Planning
reform
Roman catholic church
Provincial government
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution
• Le rapport Parent, 1963-1964 (Educational Reform) • Le rapport La Haye, 1968 (Urban Planning Reform)
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Le rapport Parent, 1963-1964 (Educational Reform)
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport parent (educational reform)
• The creation of the Ministry of Education of Quebec• Compulsory schooling until the age of 16• The creation of general and vocational colleges
(CEGEPs) to replace the colleges of the time run by nuns and priests
• Extensive training of teachers• Easy access to universities for all social groups
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport parent (educational reform)
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Université du Québec à Montréal Cégep du vieux Montréal Cégep de Rivière-du-Loup
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport parent (educational reform)
• From 1967 to 1986 : the rate of attendance is multiplied by– 10 times for Cegeps– 4,5 times for Universities
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
• For many, this educational reform would be the result of a social contract whose main cornerstone would be solidarity
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport parent (educational reform)
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
• Clear collective goals that correlate with greater physical and economical accessibility to education
Le rapport La Haye, 1968 (Urban planning reform)
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport La Haye (Urban planning reform)
• A raft of administrative reforms and implementation of tools to allow the state and municipalities to fulfill their mission
• The creation, 10 years later, of la Loi sur l’urbanisme et l’aménagement (Law on Planning and Development)
• Under the technocratic planning design favored by le rapport La Haye, the Law on Planning and Development has been mainly procedural, since it established a set of management systems for planning, public consultations , as well as the adoption and application of tools
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport La Haye (Urban planning reform)
Few Examples • Les travaux du bureau d’aménagement de l’Est du
Québec (1963 à 1966)
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport La Haye (Urban planning reform)
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Few Examples • The construction of the highway network (end of the
1950’s)
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport La Haye (Urban planning reform)
• Withholding the financial dimension, there would be no ambitious initiative or extensive achievements, similar to the ones achieved during the Educational reform
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
The two big reforms that came out of the Quiet Revolution : Le rapport La Haye (Urban planning reform)
• The Quiet Revolution did not know how to address the urban question!
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Comparing the collective dimensions behind these two reforms
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
ACCESSIBILITY VS. A PROCEDURAL PROCESS
Understanding the planning context of Québec
• As a result, the Quebec approach to urban planning and development, defined by le rapport La Hague, will not focus on any territorial project, unlike le rapport Parent
• The territory has been reduced to a resource that has to be exploited
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Understanding the planning context of Québec
• This becomes particularly clear when looking recent national projects such as the “Plan Nord”
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Understanding the planning context of Québec
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Consequences of this lack of vision
???
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its suburban growth
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its peri-urban growth
• What characterizes peri-urban environments?– From a morphological point of view, landscape
distinguishes itself by the dominance of non-built over built
– Recent low density constructions are sparsely scattered along roads, inserted between older buildings, or as residential or commercial enclaves.
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its peri-urban growth
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
peri-urban growth Suburban growth
Case example : Québec city and its peri-urban growth
• The suburban area of Quebec is far from homogeneous. From the north shore to the south shore, east and west, urban sprawl does not operate on the same terms
• …with different effects on the environment and landscape
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its peri-urban growth
• The metropolitan region of Québec with its “leapfrog” type suburban sprawling.
• On the north shore, an “octopus” like structure scattering the built environment along roads and valleys.
• On the south shore, a satellite like structure arising from the presence of low density residential subdivisions, separated by farmland and wooded areas.
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its peri-urban growth
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Bachiri, 2011, p.42
South shore
North shore
• 2 major enablers of growth can be observed, influenced by the presence of different barriers.
• Barriers are either • natural (like a river) or• anthropogenic (such as a
highway).
Case example : Québec city and its suberban growth
• The 1950-60’s were a period of grate suburban sprawl but since the 90’s, we’ve been witnessing a “leapfrog’’ type sprawling
• Several rural limits are gradually disappearing, as land subdivisions are being developed, and catching up with villages and natural resorts
• Bringing settlement patterns and architecture typical of suburbia
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its suburban growth
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
patterns and architecture typical of suburbia
Case example : Québec city and its suburban growth
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its suburban growth
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its suburban growth
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Case example : Québec city and its peri-urban growth
• The suburb is sprawling uncontrollably and is guided by the presence of natural and anthropogenic factors (rivers and roads)
• This is happening at the expense of sustainability and rural areas
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013
Thank you!
Marc-André Grimpe M. B. Urb. / M. Sc. Design urbain
Sense of space, place and belonging : A historical overview of planning policies in Québec, Canada
Summer shool of architecture : SOCHI 2013