russia country research

8/7/2019 Russia Country Research

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >

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Fdwphdpjgw                             98

Hbcj`fzw                             ,,98

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U%[ Ybcjpjgw                              ,9:

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Mbvd~lkdlp wp~tgpt~d                        69

Ybcjpjgfc cdf`d~w jl ^twwjf                      ,,69

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Gb~~typjbl ~flejlm                        ,,,67

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Jkyb~p ybcjgjdw                           60



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 7

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Kfab~ p~f`jlm jpdkw                        ,,,64

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 0

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@jwp~jntpjbl ghflldc                        ,,76

Wtggdwwdw                             ,7>

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Wtggdwwdw                             ,,70

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Pzydw bo `jwp~jntpjbl                        ,,,74

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 4

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Fvfjcfncd abnw                           ,,78

Kjljktk }fmd ~fpd                         78

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh ?

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Dlgzgcbyd`jf# >99=*



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh =

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gtcpt~d# Pt~ejg Ktwcjk Gtcpt~d# Nt``hjwp lbkf`jg# fl` kflz kb~d, (^twwjfl ^dcjmjbl#

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Cflmtfmdw

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty


http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aesthetics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary









Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh :

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Wbgjfc gcfwwdw

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^twwjf# hb} phdwd gcfwwdw f~d p~flwob~kjlm hjwpb~jgfccz fl` hb} phdwd wbgjfc gcfwwdw `dfcw

}jph bphd~ `jwpjlgp phjlmw wtgh fw wdx fl` dphljgjpz, Kflz ybytcf~ ydbycd jl ^twwjf

hb}dvd~# kdp phd btpcbbe bo gbkyfgp y~d`jgpfnjcjpz jl phdj~ cjvdw }jph `btnp# gblotwjbl

fl` `jwcjed }hjgh ~dwtcp jl pfejlm hdcy o~bk `jood~dlp wbgjfc gcfwwdw fl` kd~mjlm }jph

phdk, Jl phd kj`+6::9w yd~wblfc ~dwyblwjnjcjpz# Gjpjqdl Gb~yb~fpjbl# fl` htkfl p~twp f~d

wbkd phjlmw phfp f~d wpjcc whfydcdww jl wbkd bo phd ^twwjfl wbgjdpjdw (^twwjfl Wbgjfc

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dphjgfccz pb phd lfpjbl,

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phd dl` bo 6::6 phd~d }d~d lb ybcjpjgfc cdf`d~w b~ flz ybcjpjgfc wp~tgpt~d ntp fopd~ wdvdlpz

ojvd zdf~w bo gdlp~fcjqd` ~tcd f ld} yf~cjfkdlp wtnwdtdlpcz whb}d` wjml bo wpfnjcjqfpjbl‛

http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html






Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 69

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>99=*,

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phjw wp~tgpt~d jw fcwb elb}l fw phd cdmfc gblwpjptpjbl bo phd ^twwjfl od`d~fpjbl, Phd

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phd y~jkd kjljwpd~ ob~ phdj~ `joojgtcpjdw fl` y~bncdkw }hb wdl` ~dyb~p pb y~dwj`dlp, Phjw

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http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019744935436

http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/CONSTIT/chapter6.htm





Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 66

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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia




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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 67

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 6?

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 6=

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_held_corporation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_held_corporation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 6:

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ojlflgjfc ybcjgjdw fl` ob~djml dxghflmd ybcjgjdw, Fp y~dwdlp# phd~d jw f hjmh cdvdc bo

}b~ejlm nb`z jw ~tlljlm WDQ }hjgh jlgct`d @dytpz Y~jkd Kjljwpd~w bo kdknd~

gbtlp~jdw fl` phdj~ kfjl pfwe jw pb ~dkbvd fcc gtwpbk# pf~joo ~dmtcfpjbl fl` lbl+pf~joo

~dmtcfpjbl pb g~dfpd ob~ phd o~dd ocb} bo gfwh fl` cfnb~ ob~gdw (Kfcfwhdvwefzf# >994*,

Ob~djml p~f`d gblgctwjbl

F `jvd~wjpz bo fyy~bfghdw jw twd` nz ybcjpjgfc wgjdlpjwpw pb flfczqd phdwd ob~djml

dgblbkjg ybcjgjdw, Jl b~`d~ pb kfed ^twwjfl p~f`d ybcjgz }b~e ob~ phd `dvdcbykdlp bo phd

gbtlp~z jp jw ldgdwwf~z pb `jvd~wjoz phd tljvd~wfc gbkydpjpjvdldww bo phd ^twwjfl dgblbkz,

Kz wtmmdwpjbl jw pb pfed fcc cjedcz kdfwt~dw pb mdp ~j` bo vf~jbtw nbtl`f~jdw pb ^twwjf‚w

dxyb~pw pb phd jlpd~lfpjblfc kf~edpw,

Wpbge Kf~edpw

F wpbge kf~edp jw f ytncjg ycfgd }hd~d kdknd~w bo yf~pjgtcf~w kf~edpw gfl `dccw

}jph gbkyfljdw wpbge fl` `d~jvfpjvdw fp fl fm~dd` y~jgd, Phdwd f~d gfccd` wdgt~jpjdw cjwpd`

jl wpbge dxghflmd, Phd pbpfc wjqd bo }b~c` wpbge }fw dwpjkfpd` fw $ 7?,? p~jccjbl jl

Bgpbnd~ >998 (N~fl`bl# D,# >998*

^twwjfl Wpbge Kf~edp

Phd kfjl wpbge kf~edpw jl ^twwjf f~d Kbwgb} Jlpd~nfle Gt~~dlgz

Dxghflmd(KJGDX*# Kbwgb} Wpbge Dxghflmd# ^twwjfl P~f`jlm Wzwpdk Wpbge

Dxghflmd (^PW*# Wp, Ydpd~wnt~m Gt~~dlgz Dxghflmd (WYGDX*# Wjnd~jfl Jlpd~nfle

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >9

Gt~~dlgz Dxghflmd# T~fc ^dmjblfc Gt~~dlgz Dxghflmd# Wfkf~f Gt~~dlgz Jlpd~nfle

Dxghflmd# Wp, Ydpd~wnt~m Wpbge Dxghflmd(l`# >998*, Btp bo phdwd phd kfab~ wpbge

dxghflmd phfp `dfcw }jph fcc wpbge y~jgdw fl` jl`dxdw jw ^twwjfl P~f`jlm Wzwpdk(^PW*

fl` Kbwgb} Jlpd~nfle Gt~~dlgz Dxghflmd (KJGDX*, Nbph bo phdwd wpbge kf~edpw hfvd

fckbwp wfkd hjwpb~z,

]hd~d

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bo phd njmmdwp gjpz bo ^twwjf phfp jw Kbwgb}, Ndob~d phd dwpfncjwhkdlp bo phjw kf~edp

phd~d }d~d vf~jbtw ~dmjblfc p~f`jlm ocbb~w ntp ^PW abjl phdk pbmdphd~ jl bld wjlmcd ~bbo

pb `dfcw }jph fcc ejl`w bo wpbgew, Jlpd~lfpjblfc kdknd~w bo ^PW jlgct`d GWON# Kb~mfl

Wpflcdz# TNW# @dtpwghd Nfle dpg, Phd gdlp~fc yf~p bo phd ^PW M~bty jw Bydl Abjlp Wpbge

Gbkyfljdw }hd~d phd dlpj~d p~f`jlm ndgbkdw ybwwjncd, (^PW# >969*

Kdfwt~dw bo fgpjvjpz

^twwjfl p~f`jlm wzwpdk phfp jw fcwb gfccd` ^PW jw phd kfab~ wpbge dxghflmd jl

^twwjf phfp `dfcw }jph gt~~dlgz y~jgjlm jl`dx# wpbge y~jgjlm fl` wdgpb~jfc jl`dxdw, ^PW

kfjlcz ytncjwhdw ljld jl`dxdw dvd~z ojlflgjfc zdf~ fl` phdz f~d ^PW+J Jl`dx# ^PW+>

Jl`dx fl` = wdgpb~jfc jl`dx, Phdwd jl`dxdw pdcc fnbtp phd dxghflmd hjwpb~z bo ^twwjfl

~tncd pb T,W @bccf~w fl` wpbge y~jgdw bo `jood~dlp gbkyfljdw jl cfwp ojlflgjfc zdf~, Phdz

f~d y~dyf~d` bl phd nfwjw bo p}b `jood~dlp cjwpw bo wpbge dxghflmdw, ^PW+J jw gbkytpd` bl

79 kjltpd n~dfe twjlm gblgt~~dlp y~jgdw bo ojopz kfjl cjtj` ^twwjfl wpbgew cjwpd` bl phd

Dxghflmd, Phd ^PW JJ Jl`dxdw f~d gfcgtcfpd` bl phd nfwd bo cjwp bo ?: wdgbl`+pjd~ wpbgew

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >6

fl` nbph phdwd jl`dxdw f~d ytncjwhd` bl ^PW ]dn wjpd fl` ^PW }b~ewpfpjblw fopd~ dvd~z

7 kblphw (^PW# >969*, ^PW fcwb pdccw fnbtp phd yd~ob~kflgd bo gbtlp~jdw wpbge kf~edp

fopd~ f`atwpjlm phd gt~~dlgz doodgpw (Ed`~bwez# Y,# >99:*

P~dl`w

Dvdl phbtmh phd ^twwjfl wpbge kf~edp jw `jvj`d` jlpb p}b dxghflmdw wpjcc ^twwjfl

jw bld bo phd cf~mdwp wpbge kf~edp jl Dfwpd~l Dt~byd, Phd ldf~dwp gbkyf~d` kf~edp }btc`

nd Hblm Eblm b~ Afyfl, ^PW jw phd bld fl` blcz p~f`jlm m~btl` jl ^twwjf phfp }b~e fw

ytncjg cjkjpd` gbkyflz# fl` fckbwp fcc jpw wdgt~jpjdw f~d cjwpd` fp `jood~dlp wpbgew

dxghflmdw, Jl >99= pbpfc vbctkd bo p~f`jlm bo fcc wdgt~jpjdw jl ^PW }fw $?:9 njccjbl kbwp

bo phdwd }d~d jl phd gfpdmb~z bo boo+dxghflmd p~f`dw (fckbwp $78: njccjbl*, Jl >998 ^PW

Wpbge Dxghflmd wpf~pd` f ld} kjwwjbl phfp fccb}w p~f`jlm bo wdgt~jpjdw fcc bvd~ phd }b~c`

jlgct`jlm GJW jwwtd~w, Fp y~dwdlp# dxpdlwjvd whf~d jl phjw wpbge dxghflmd jw kf`d ty nz

^PW OB^PW (^PW# >969*

Gt~~dlp p~dl` b~ ^twwjf wfzw phfp phd~d f~d >87 gbkyfljdw cjwpd` jl ^PW }jph f

pbpfc p~f`jlm vbctkd bo $ =# 8 njccjbl fl` gfyjpfcjqfpjbl bo $ ?:7#>0> njccjbl, Fggb~`jlm pb

phd wpfpjwpjgw fvfjcfncd bl ^PW }dnwjpd jp y~b`tgdw flltfc y~bojp bo 4# ? kjccjbl, Kfjl

jl`dx bo ^PW gblwjwp bo bld kbwp jkyb~pflp jl`dx phfp ~dy~dwdlpw ojopz kbwp yb}d~otc fl`

cjtj` wdgt~jpjdw jl ^PW, Fw bo pb`fz ^PW hfw ndgbkd phd kfjl p~f`jlm ocbb~ b~ p~f`jlm

kf~edp jl ^twwjf (^PW# >969*



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >>

Ojmt~d 0 ^PW Jl`dx Hjwpb~z Ghf~p# >969

Phjwm~fyh ~dy~dwdlpw phd ^PW jl`dx bo cfwp 4 zdf~w }hjgh gcdf~cz whb}w phfp phfp

phd~d }fw f htmd `dgcjld jl phd y~jgdw bo ^PW wpbgew jl >998 `td pb ~dgdwwjbl, Phd

hjmhdwp y~jgd jl ^PW jl`dx mbdw pb $ >049 ndob~d ~dgdwwjbl fl` phd cb}dwp y~jgd }fw $

499 fopd~ ~dgdwwjbl, Gt~~dlp y~jgd bl ?ph Fy~jc# >969 jw 6?>6,69,(^PW# >969*

Hjwpb~z

Phd ^twwjfl Wpbge Kf~edp jw f gbkyf~fpjvd m~ddlhb~l pb phd ojwgfc }b~c`, Phd

kfab~ ghflmd phfp bggt~w jl ^twwjf fopd~ phd Wbvjdp Tljbl gbccfywd jw phd g~dfpjbl bo

Wpbge kf~edp b~ wpbge dxghflmd jl ^twwjf, Fw ~dwp bo phd }b~c` }fw kfejlm phdj~ wpdy

pb}f~`w kb`d~ljqfpjbl fl` wdco+`dydl`dlgz# phjw }fw phd oj~wp wpdy ob~ ^twwjf pb}f~`w

~dlbvfpjbl fl` yfjlw pb m~fn ty }jph phd ~dwp bo phd }b~c̀ , Phd~d f~d kfjlcz p}b wpbge

dxghflmdw phfp hfvd fckbwp wfkd hjwpb~z# Kbwgb} Jlpd~lfpjblfc Gt~~dlgz Dxghflmd

(KJGDX* fl` ^twwjfl P~f`jlm Wzwpdk (^PW* (]b~c` wpbge dxghflmd# >998*

^PW / KJGDX Hjwpb~z

^twwjfl Wpbge Kf~edp jw bld bo phd cfpdwp wpbge dxghflmdw jl phd }b~c` phfp `dfcw

}jph `bkdwpjg fw }dcc fw ob~djml wdgt~jpjdw, Phd ^PW fl` KJGDX dxghflmdw g~dfpd



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >7

ty phd wpbge kf~edp jl ^twwjf, ^PW wpf~pd` jpw byd~fpjblw jl 6::4 }jph LFW@FV p~f`jlm

fl` wdppcdkdlp wbop}f~d ntp jl 6::8 ^PW gbkdw }jph jpw b}l wzwpdk pb `dfc }jph

wdgt~jpjdw fl` phdj~ jl`dxdw, Wjlgd >996 fckbwp fcc odfpt~dw fl` bypjblw hfvd nddl f``d`,

Gt~~dlpcz jl >99: ^PW hfw whb}l phd njmmdwp `~by jl jpw whb~p fggbtlp (^bwgheb} _, W,#

Kf~wh J,# / Pb`b~bvjg L,# >99:*

KJGDX wpf~pd` gt~~dlgz ftgpjbl jl 6:8: fw f o~dwhkfl nz Ob~djml p~f`d fl`

jlvdwpkdlp nfle fl` phfp }fw phd oj~wp pjkd }hdl ^tncd gblvd~pd` jlpb T,W @bccf~w, Jl

6::> KJGDX ndgfkd fl ftphb~jqd` gdlpd~ ob~ gt~~dlgz dxghflmd jl nflew fl`

dlpd~y~jwdw, Jp oj~wp wpf~pd` p~f`jlm jl 6::4, Phd KJGDX f``d` gb~yb~fpd fl` ~dmjblfc

nbl`w jl 6::: fl` phdl kbldz kf~edpw jl >990 (^bwgheb} _, W,# Kf~wh J,# / Pb`b~bvjg

L,# >99:*,

Phd ^twwjfl wpbge kf~edp pbbe f htmd wkfge jl >998 }hdl phdz }d~d ob~gd` pb

gcbwd phd kf~edp ob~ bld otcc `fz `td pb 69 yd~gdlp cbww jl bld `fz,

Gt~~dlgz

Gt~~dlgz jw phd tljp b~ kd`jtk twd` nz ydbycd bo f yf~pjgtcf~ gbtlp~z ob~ ntzjlm

fl` wdccjlm bo mbb`w, Gt~~dlpcz phd lfkd bo phd ^twwjfl gt~~dlgz jw ^twwjfl ^tncd }hjgh

jw fcwb f gt~~dlgz bo Fnehfqjf fl` Wbtph Bwwdpjf, Gdlp~fc nfle bo ^twwjf jw ~dwyblwjncd

ob~ y~jlpjlm bo ld} gt~~dlgz jl ^twwjf (Wghlfnc# M,# >994*

Nflejlm jl ^twwjf

^twwjfl nflejlm wzwpdk jw bld bo phd ojldwp fl` wjkycdwp nflejlm wzwpdk jl phd

}b~c`, Phd kbwp jkyb~pflp phjlm jl phdj~ wzwpdk jw phfp fcc nflew jl ^twwjfl od`d~fpjbl

whbtc` kddp kfl`fpb~z ^twwjfl cdmjwcfpjbl ~dtj~dkdlpw fl` fw bphd~ gbtlp~jdw jp‚w vd~z



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >0

jkyb~pflp pb obccb} ~tcdw fl` ~dmtcfpjblw wdp nz gdlp~fc nfle (]b~c` wpbge dxghflmd#

(>998*

Ndob~d 68?9 phd dxyflwjbl bo y~jvfpd jlvdwpkdlpw }fw ~dwp~jgpd` `td pb wbkd

wp~jgp ~tcdw bo Wbvjdp Tljbl, Fggb~`jlm pb }b~c` ofgp nbbe# >969 phd~d }d~d blcz 609#999

fggbtlpw jl ^twwjf }hjgh kfedw phd pbpfc bo 8,4 kjccjbl ^tncdw jl 68?> (Phd GJF ]b~c`

Ofgp Nbbe# >969*

Phd kb`d~l ^twwjf jlnb~l phd nfejlm wzwpdk bo Wbvjdp Tljbl }jph phd hdcy bo

wbkd njm ^twwjfl nflew cjedw Wnd~ Nfle fl` _ldwhpb~m Nfle fl` lb} phdz hfvd

6689 ojlflgjfc jlwpjptpjblw }jph 7>=9 ~dmjblfc n~flghdw, Jl phd zdf~ 6::6# phd Gdlp~fc

Nfle bo ^twwjf }fw dwpfncjwhd` phfp wpf~pd` phd y~bgd`t~d ob~ phd jwwtd bo wdgt~jpjdw

nflew, Jl >998 kflz ^twwjfl nflew }d~d ofjcd` `td pb dgblbkjg g~jwdw fl` cjtj`jpz

jwwtdw, Gt~~dlpcz Gdlp~fc nfle bo ^twwjf jw ~dwyblwjncd ob~ fcc gt~~dlgz y~jlpjlm fl` kfab~

`dybwjpw o~bk phd lfpjbl nflew jl ^twwjf(Gdlp~fc nfle bo ^twwjf# >99=*,

Gt~~dlgz Hjwpb~z

Wpf~pjlm o~bk phd ndmjlljlm bo ^twwjfl od`d~fpjbl ^tncd }fw phd oj~wp gt~~dlgz

phfp gbkdw jlpb dxjwpdlgd }jph mbc`# wjcvd~ fl` ycfpjltk gbjlw, Jl phd ndmjlljlm bo 6=ph

gdlpt~z ydpd~ J wpfl`f~`jqd` ^tncd fw >8 m~fkw bo wjcvd~, Phdl fp phd dl` bo 68ph gdlpt~z

^tncd }fw kf`d bo 68 m~fkw bo wjcvd~ fl` 6,> m~fkw bo yt~d mbc`, Jl phd zdf~ 68>8

ycfpjltk gbjlw }d~d jlp~b`tgd` }jph 6 ^tncd dtfcw pb 7,0 m~fkw bo ycfpjltk, Jl phd zdf~

6:>> f kfab~ ghflmd pbbe ycfgd jl ^twwjfl gt~~dlgz }hdl wdgbl` ^tncd gbkdw jlpb

dxjwpdlgd, Fp phfp pjkd 6 ld} ^tncd }fw dtfc pb 69#999 bc` ^tncdw, Phd phj~` ^tncd }fw

jlp~b`tgd` jl 6:>7 fw f yfyd~ gt~~dlgz }jph phd ~fpd bo 69916, Jl 6:>0 phd ob~ph ^tncd

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Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >4

gbkdw jl phd kf~edp }jph phd vfctd bo 49#999 ^tncdw bo y~dvjbtw jwwtd (E~ftwd G, C,# /

Gcjoob~` K,# (6::6*

Fopd~ phd Wdgbl` ]b~c` ]f~ jl 6:0= phd wbvjdp mbvd~lkdlp `dgj`d` pb ~d`tgd phd

gj~gtcfpjbl bl kbldz jl phd kf~edp fl` phdz ~dvfctd` ^tncd gbjlw pb bld phj~` bo jpw ofgd

vfctd fl` gj~gtcfpd blcz yfyd~ gt~~dlgz jl phd kf~edp, Fc cfwp phd ojlfc ^tncd gbkdw jlpb

phd kf~edp jl 6::8 }jph bld ld} ^tncd dtfcw 6999 bc` ^tncdw, Fopd~ phjw ghflmd ^tncd

y~jgd wpf~p `dgcjld jl jlpd~lfpjblfc kf~edp, Phd ~dwtcp }fw wb nf` phfp ^tncd cbwp ?9 bo

jpw vfctd jl dxghflmd pb T,W,@ (E~ftwd G, C,# / Gcjoob~` K,# (6::6*

Ojmt~d 4 ]b~c` p~f`d mtj`d# (>969*

Gt~~dlp ybwjpjbl bo ^tncd jw phfp 6 ^tncd dtfcw pb 699 ebydew fl` jpw wzknbc jw

yz?, Phd gt~~dlgz jw fvfjcfncd jl `jood~dlp lbpdw cjed yz?4999# yz6999# 499# 699# 49# 69

fl` gbjlw f~d fvfjcfncd ob~ y?69# y?4# 6 fl` ebydew gbjlw wpf~pw o~bk 49(]b~c` p~f`d

mtj`d# >969*

Dxghflmd pb T,W,@

Ob~djml gt~~dlgz gfl blcz nd dxghflmd` ph~btmh ftphb~jqd` nflew jl ^twwjf, Jp‚w

vd~z jkyb~pflp pb gf~~z zbt~ yfwwyb~p }hdl zbt mb ob~ gt~~dlgz dxghflmd jl ^twwjf,

Fggb~`jlm pb phd gt~~dlp XD gt~~dlgz dxghflmd –6 T,W,@ dtfcw pb >:,779> ^TN (`j~dgp

gblvd~wjbl pb T,W,@* b~ 6 ^TN dtfcw pb 9,9709:7 T,W,@ (Jl`j~dgp gblvd~wjbl pb

T,W,@*‛ (XD# >969*,



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >?

Phjw pfncd ndcb} whb}w phd y~jgd p~dl` bo cfwp ojvd zdf~w bo ^twwjfl gt~~dlgz fw

gbkyf~d` pb 6 T,W,@

Zdf~ Cb}dwp y~jgd Hjmhdwp Y~jgd Fvd~fmd

>99

?

>?,6= >8,0: >=,60

>99

=

>0,>4 >?,48 >4,40

>99

8

>7,67 >:,7: >0,8?

>99

:

>8,?? 7?,07 76,?:

>96

9

>:,77 79,4> ++++++

Ojmt~d 7 T,W,@ Dxghflmd ~fpd jl ^TN# >969

Ntwjldww Y~fgpjgdw

Ntwjldww y~fgpjgdw f~d phd dwwdlpjfc mtj`dcjldw ob~ dvd~z ntwjldww, Phdwd

mtj`dcjldw y~bvj`d gb~~dgp p~fge ob~ phd o~dd ocb} bo ntwjldww p~flwfgpjbl,

Hb} pb Wpf~p f Ntwjldww jl ^twwjf

Hb} pb wpf~p f ntwjldww jl ^twwjf jw f njm ghfccdlmd fw jp jw dvd~z}hd~d ndgftwd jp ldd`w

cbpw bo tl`d~wpfl`jlmw fl` pjyw pb fvbj` y~bncdkw, Kfejlm ~dcfpjbl }jph bphd~w jw bld bo

phd `joojgtcp yf~pw jl wpf~pjlm f ntwjldww jl ^twwjf, Phd~d f~d wdvd~fc bypjblw fvfjcfncd ob~

jl`jvj`tfcw }hb }flp pb wdp ty f ld} ntwjldww jl ^twwjf cjed dlp~dy~dldt~whjy# ^twwjf

cdmfc dlpjpz (cjkjpd` cjfnjcjpz gfyjpfc*# Abjlp wpbge Gbkyflz# Yf~pld~whjy, Phd kdfljlm fl`

gbl`jpjblw pb wdp ty flz bld bo phdk jw wfkd fcc bvd~ phd }b~c` jlgct`jlm T,W,F, jp jw



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >=

ybwwjncd ob~ dvd~z ob~djmld~ pb wpf~p flz ejl` bo ntwjldww jl ^twwjf }jph lb ~dwp~jgpjblw

(Phd GJF ]b~c` Ofgp Nbbe# >998*

Wpdyw bo Wpf~pjlm f ld} ntwjldww jl ^twwjf

Wpdy 61 Lbpf~jqd B~mfljqfpjbl @bgtkdlpw

Jp jw f bld `fz y~bgdww ob~ dvd~z `bgtkdlp zbt hfvd pb yfz ^TN >99 pb mdp jp

ftphb~jqd`, Phd kfjl `bgtkdlpw phfp ldd` pb nd lbpf~jqd` f~d ~dmjwp~fpjbl fyycjgfpjbl#

gbyz bo obtl`fpjbl fm~ddkdlp# gbyz bo ghf~pd~# gbyz bo `dgjwjbl pb dwpfncjwh f gbkyflz

(Phd GJF ]b~c` Ofgp Nbbe# >998*

Wpdy >1 @dybwjp gfyjpfc jl nfle

Jp jw fcwb f bld `fz y~bgdww }jph lb odd jlgct`d`, Zbt atwp hfvd pb `dybwjp fp cdfwp

49 bo zbt~ ghf~pd~ gfyjpfc jl flz ftphb~jqd` nfle fl` pfed f vfctfncd y~bbo o~bk phdk,

^dwp bo phd gfyjpfc gfl nd `dybwjp }jphjl bld zdf~ bo byd~fpjbl (Phd GJF ]b~c` Ofgp

Nbbe# >998*

Wpdy 71 Yfz ^dmjwp~fpjbl odd

Phd ~dmjwp~fpjbl odd ob~ f ld} ntwjldww jw ^TN >999 }hjgh ktwp nd yfj` ob~ phd

~dmjwp~fpjbl bo cdmfc dlpjpz }jph phd wpfpd pfx boojgd~, Kbwp phd jl`jvj`tfcw twd phdj~ nfle

fggbtlpw pb yfz ghdge bl phd lfkd bo wpfpd pfx boojgd~ wb phfp phdz hfvd f y~bbo ob~

yfzkdlp (Phd GJF ]b~c` Ofgp Nbbe# >998*

Wpdy 01 ^dmjwpd~ ob~ pfxdw

Phjw wpdy jw phd kfjl ~dmjwp~fpjbl wpdy }hd~d zbt hfvd pb ~dmjwpd~ ntwjldww fp f

od`d~fc pfx wd~vjgd bl f cbgfc cdvdc pb bnpfjl JLL (J`dlpjojgfpjbl ltknd~ ob~ pfx yfzd~*

fl` jp kfz pfed fp cdfwp 68 `fzw pb mdp phjw ltknd~, Fcc phd lbpjojd` `bgtkdlpw }jph phd



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >8

gbyz bo zbt~ yfzkdlp wcjyw f~d ldd`d` }hdl zbt mb ob~ ~dmjwp~fpjbl (Phd GJF ]b~c` Ofgp

Nbbe# >998*

Wpdy 41 Lbpf~jqd JLL fl` Nfle wjmlfpt~d gf~`

Phjw jw fmfjl f bld `fz wpdy }hjgh jlgct`dw f odd bo ^TN 099 ob~ phd lbpf~jqjlm bo

nfle wjmlfpt~d gf~` fl` ^TN 899 ob~ JLL (Phd GJF ]b~c` Ofgp Nbbe# >998**

Wpdy ?1 Gbkyflz nfle fggbtlp

]jphbtp f nfle fggbtlp f gbkyflz gfllbp ndgbkd f wdyf~fpd cdmfc dlpjpz fl` jpw

vd~z jkyb~pflp pb hfvd f nfle fggbtlp pb kfed fl` ~dgdjvd yfzkdlpw, Jp `dydl`w tybl

nfle pb nfle phfp hb} ktgh pjkd phdz }jcc pfed fl` phd~d f~d lb oddw bl phdwd fggbtlpw#

zbt atwp hfvd pb whb} f gbyz bo fcc zbt ~dmjwpd~d` `bgtkdlpw (Phd GJF ]b~c` Ofgp

Nbbe# >998*,

Wpdy =1 Cdppd~ bo gbloj~kfpjbl

Fopd~ ~dgdjvjlm zbt~ gbkyflz nfle fggbtlp ltknd~ zbt hfvd pb wdl` phfp ltknd~ pb

od`d~fc pfx boojgd pb ~dgdjvd f cdppd~ bo gbloj~kfpjbl, Phjw y~bgdww jw f 4 `fz cblm y~bgdww

fl` ldd`w pb gbkycdpd }jphjl 69 `fzw bo bydljlm f nfle fggbtlp

Wpdy 81 ^dmjwpd~d` wdfc

Phjw jw phd ojlfc wpdy phfp jlgct`dw ~dmjwpd~jlm zbt~ ntwjldww }jph cbgfc ~dmjwp~fpjbl

ghfknd~ fl` mdppjlm f wdfc pb kfed zbt~ ntwjldww fw f cdmfc dlpjpz (Phd GJF ]b~c` Ofgp

Nbbe# >998*

Phjlmw pb `b



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh >:

Phd~d f~d kflz phjlmw phfp ldd` pb pfed gf~d bo }hdl wpf~pjlm f ld} ntwjldww# ntp

phd kbwp jkyb~pflp phjlmw f~d, Oj~wp phjlm phfp ~dfccz ldd` pb `b jo zbt }flp pb nd f mbb`

ntwjldwwkfl jl ^twwjf jw phfp zbt whbtc` whfed hfl`w oj~kcz }hdl cdfvjlm fl` }dcgbkd

zbt~ yf~pld~w jl ^twwjf, Wdgbl`cz fc}fzw pfed gf~d bo yd~wblfc pfcew `t~jlm f y~bodwwjbl

kddpjlm, Phj~` jw pb fc}fzw kfed f `j~dgp dzd gblpfgp }hdl pfcejlm pb flz gcjdlp b~

yf~pld~ fl` ojlfccz fc}fzw pfed f mbb` mjop }jph zbt }hb wzknbcjqd zbt~ gbkyflz lfkd

b~ cbmb (Ab`jd ^,# Mb~~jcc K,F,# >99=*,

Phjlmw lbp pb `b

6, @bl‚p nd fo~fj` pb whb} zbt~ dkbpjbl fl` oddcjlmw phfp hd ^twwjflw }bl-p fncd pb&

>, @bl‚p ndhfvd cjed ^twwjflw jl cjwpdljlm fl` wydfejlm# fc}fzw nd wkbbph `bl‚p nd

jl ht~~z(Ab`jd ^,# Mb~~jcc K,F,# >99=*

7, @bl‚p Y~fjwd flz bphd~ yd~wbl jl o~blp bo flz bld fl` ldvd~ dvd~ ~d}f~` flznb`z

fl` ytncjg ndgftwd jp g~dfpd adfcbtw, Fc}fzw ~dkdknd~ phd gbccdgpjvd ~tcdw ob~ phd

jl`jvj`tfc(Ab`jd ^,# Mb~~jcc K,F,# >99=*

Fppjpt`d pb}f~`w Btpwj`d~w `bjlm Ntwjldww

Jl phd yfwp phd~d }d~d f cbp bo jlpd~od~dlgd# ~tcdw# pfxdw }hjcd wpf~pjlm f ntwjldww jl

^twwjf# ntp lb} jp‚w ~dfccz dfwz, Phd mbvd~lkdlp bo ^twwjf dlgbt~fmdw ydbycd pb hfvd

jlvdwpkdlpw jl ^twwjf jl flz ob~k dvdl jl phjw ob~k, Ntp wbkdpjkdw phd gbkkbl ^twwjfl

ydbycd whb} fl fppjpt`d pb}f~`w wbkd ~jgh ob~djmld~w ndgftwd phdz oddc phfp phdwd

ob~djmld~w f~d df~ljlm kbldz o~bk phdj~ hbkd }hjgh jw p~td# wb wbkd ^twwjfl oddc f ejl`

bo f~~bmflp `dwyjpd pb}f~`w btpwj`d~w, ^twwjfl ydbycd wbkdpjkdw gblwj`d~ ob~djmld~ fw

bnptwd fl` lf~~b} kjl`d` yd~wblw, O~bk phd mbvd~lkdlp ybjlp bo vjd} phd ob~djmld~w f~d



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 79

kbwp }dcgbkd jl phdj~ gbtlp~z fl` phdz mdp wbkd wydgjfc y~bvjwjblw }hjcd wpf~pjlm f njm

ntwjldww jl ^twwjf (Ab`jd ^,# Mb~~jcc K,F,# >99=*

Ldmbpjfpjblw

Mdld~fccz }hdl `bjlm f ntwjldww kddpjlm jl ^twwjf phd hdf` bo b~mfljqfpjbl wpf~pw

phd `jwgtwwjbl, ^twwjflw `bl‚p cjed bphd~ dkycbzddw pb jlpd~od~d jl ntwjldww kddpjlmw# wb

fc}fzw wdl` zbt~ hdf` pb wpf~p `jwgtwwjbl, Wdgbl` kbwp jkyb~pflp ldmbpjfpjbl jl ^twwjfl

ntwjldww jw phfp phd~d jw lb y~jvfgz# wb yhzwjgfc ~dcfpjblw cjed whfejlm hfl` fl` f~k bl phd

whbtc`d~ jw f mbb` wjml, Dvdl jo fcc phd `jwgtwwjblw f~d `bld jlob~kfccz phd ojlfc

ldmbpjfpjbl }jcc fc}fzw nd hdc` jl phd boojgd, Jo zbt mdp f ghflgd pb mjvd f y~dwdlpfpjbl jl

o~blp bo phd `j~dgpb~w bo bphd~ gbkyflz phdl y~dwdlpfpjbl whbtc` nd wp~fjmhp ob~}f~` fl`

gbky~dhdlwjvd, Phd cfwp ntp lbp phd cdfwp jw pb fc}fzw gf~~z zbt~ ntwjldww gf~`w }jph bld

wj`d y~jlpd` jl Dlmcjwh fl` bld wj`d jl ^twwjfl(Ab`jd ^,# Mb~~jcc K,F,# >99=*

Kfltofgpt~jlm gbkyfljdw jl ^twwjf

Phd p}b kfab~ jl`twp~jdw bo kfltofgpt~jlm jl }hjgh ^twwjf jw fckbwp fp phd pby

ybwjpjbl jw phd gf~ kfltofgpt~jlm jl`twp~z (Ftpbkbpjvd* fl` phd kfghjld ntjc`jlm

jl`twp~z, Nbph bo phdwd jl`twp~jdw kfltofgpt~d phdj~ y~b`tgpw fp wb hjmh cdvdc fl` fp ~dfc

mbb` tfcjpz phfp phd~d f~d blcz od} gbkydpjpb~w fp phd wfkd cdvdc jl ^twwjf, Pb `dojld

phdwd jl`twp~jdw J hfvd ghbwdl bld gbkyflz o~bk dfgh bo phdwd jl`twp~jdw fl` phdwd p}b

gbkyfljdw f~d ‘Mb~ebvwez Fvpbkbnjclz Qfvb`‚ (MFQ* }hjgh y~b`tgdw gf~w fl`

‘T~fckfwh Jqhb~f M~bty (BKQ*‚ }hjgh y~b`tgdw kfghjldw, Nbph phdwd gbkyfljdw f~d

dxyd~pw jl y~b`tgjlm phdj~ y~b`tgpw fl` hfvd }dcc `dojld` `jwp~jntpjbl wzwpdk jl kflz

gbtlp~jdw (^twwjf jlob gdlpd~# >99=f*

@dwg~jypjbl fnbtp phd gbkyfljdw



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 76

Mb~ebvwez Fvpbkbnjclz Qfvb` (MFQ*

^twwjfl MFQ M~bty jw bld bo phd njmmdwp kfltofgpt~d~w bo gbkkd~gjfc gf~w#

p~tgew# ntwdw# vflw# ^K Wzwpdkw fl` p~fjl dlmjldw, Phd gbkyflz }fw wpf~pd` jl 6:>: fl`

}jphjl 4 zdf~w phdz wpf~pd` dxyb~pjlm phdj~ p~fjl `jdwdc dlmjldw pb fcc kfab~ `dvdcbyjlm

gbtlp~jdw jlgct`jlm Jl`jf, Phd~d p~fjlw dlmjldw }d~d gfyfncd bo y~b`tgjlm kb~d

dld~mz phfl flz bphd~ gbkyflz jl phd wfkd ojdc`, MFQ M~bty wfcdw wjqd jl >99: }fw

pbpfcd` bvd~ 0,8 njccjbl TW@, Pjcc >969 phdz hfvd kf`d fckbwp ?? `jood~dlp pzydw bo

kfghjldw jlgct`jlm gf~w# ntwhdw fl` kflz kb~d, Phdj~ kfjl bnadgpjvd jw pb ndgbkd f

cdf`jlm wdco+wtoojgjdlp ycfzd~ jl phd mcbnfc ftpbkbpjvd kf~edp fl` pb y~bvj`d cjmhp

gbkkd~gjfc vdhjgcdw# ntwdw fl` ~bf` gblwp~tgpjbl dtjykdlp fp phd ndwp y~jgd fl`

tlndfpfncd tfcjpz (MFQ M~bty# >969*,

Wbt~gjlm bo ~f} kfpd~jfc

MFQ M~bty jw njm ktcpjlfpjblfc gbkyflz wb phdz ktwp ldd` f p~twpotc wtyycjd~

}hjgh whbtc` nd wkf~p dlbtmh pb otcojcc phd pfwe bo wdl`jlm dlbtmh ~f} kfpd~jfcw jl phd

fvfjcfncd pjkd, Wb phdz hfvd f gblp~fgp }jph PQE MFQ CCG }hjgh jw lb} gblwj`d~d` fw

f yf~p bo MFQ M~bty, PQE jw f `zlfkjgfccz ~jwjlm gbkyflz }jph f kb`d~l wtyd~vjwjbl

wzwpdk, PQE MFQ CCG yt~ghfwd fcc phbwd y~b`tgpw# ~f} kfpd~jfcw fl` gbkkb`jpjdw

}hjgh f~d jl ldd` bo MFQ M~bty jl y~dwdlp b~ kfz nd jl otpt~d, PQE jw ~dwyblwjncd ob~

fcc jkyb~p `tpjdw fl` bphd~ ob~kfcjpjdw ldd` pb nd otcojccd` jo phd ~f} kfpd~jfc jw o~bk bphd~

gbtlp~z, PQE wpb~dw phjw ~f} kfpd~jfc jl phdj~ njm }f~dhbtwdw fl` wtyycz MFQ M~bty

fggb~`jlm pb phdj~ ldd`w jl otpt~d, Phd kfjl fjk bo PQE jw pb y~bvj`d dlbtmh ~f}

kfpd~jfcw ldd`d` ob~ phd y~b`tgpjbl jl phd kjljktk pjkd fl` fp phd ghdfydwp

p~flwyb~pfpjbl gbwp, Fw nbph bo phd gbkyfljdw f~d o~bk wfkd ~dmjbl# phdz twd ~fjc}fz



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 77

Njccjbl TW@ jl >99: }jph phdj~ ?? `jood~dlp kb`dcw bo dlmjldw, Jl >998 T~fc hfw mbp phd

f}f~` ob~ kfejlm ndwp p~tgew jl ^twwjf (MFQ M~bty# >969*

Y~bncdkw

Phd kfab~ y~bncdk phfp gbkdw jl phdj~ }fz bo wtggdww jw phd jlpd~od~dlgd bo

mbvd~lkdlp nz kfejlm f cjkjp bl phdj~ y~b`tgpjbl fl` vf~jbtw cf}w bo lbp y~b`tgjlm jl

wbkd ~dmjbl `td pb ybcctpjbl gblp~bc, Bphd~ phfl phjw# phd nf` ~dcfpjbl }jph phd

gbkydpjpb~w jl phd wfkd jl`twp~z cjed Fvpbvfq fl` Efkfq wbkdpjkdw g~dfpd wbkd njm

jwwtdw }jph `jwp~jntpjlm phdj~ y~b`tgpw jl wbkd ~dmjbl, Phd cblm gblocjgp bvd~wdfw hf` f

cblm cfwpjlm jkyfgp bl phd fnjcjpz bo `dfcd~w fl` cdl`d~w pb gbccdgp bl vf~jbtw gblwtkd~

ojlflgjfc gbkkjpkdlpw, Phd y~jgd bo ^twwjfl gt~~dlgz (^TN* jw octgptfpjlm phdwd `fzw

}hjgh mjvdw jkyfgp bl phd y~bojp kf~mjl bo MFQ M~bty ph~btmh jpw jlpd~lfpjblfc ntzd~w

(Flltfc ^dyb~p MFQ M~bty# >99:*

T~fckfwh Jqhb~f M~bty (BKQ*

Bld bo phd cf~mdwp hdfvz dlmjldd~jlm gbkyfljdw bo ^twwjf jw BKQ M~bty, Phdz

kfltofgpt~d Dtjykdlpw ob~ ltgcdf~ yb}d~ jl`twp~z# wydgjfc wpddcw# kjljlm dtjykdlp

fl` dtjykdlpw ob~ mfw jl`twp~z, Jp }fw wpf~pd` jl 6::? fw BAWG T~fc kfghjld ntjc`jlm

ycflp, BKQ jw cjwpd` jl phd wpbge dxghflmd bo Cbl`bl# Ld} Zb~e# Nd~cjl fl` Ktljgh,

–BKQ jw phd blcz kfltofgpt~d~ jl ^twwjf phfp kfltofgpt~dw vdwwdc+pzyd y~jkf~z gj~gtjp

dtjykdlp }jph ltgcdf~ yb}d~ btpytpw bo 6999 K] fl` 6>99 K]‛ (BKQ M~bty#>969*

Wbt~gd >1 BKQ M~bty# >969



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 70

Wbt~gjlm bo ^f} Kfpd~jfc

Gt~~dlpcz BKQ jw jl f gblp~fgp }jph ~btmhcz djmhp `jood~dlp gbkyfljdw pb wtyycz

~f} kfpd~jfc ob~ phdj~ `jood~dlp dtjykdlp fl` kfghjldw, Phd lfkdw bo phdwd gbkyfljdw

f~d gbloj`dlpjfc ob~ phd cbgfc ydbycd fopd~ phdj~ pdl`d~ jwwtd jl >99>, @dpfjcw bo phdwd

wtyycjd~w f~d blcz fvfjcfncd ob~ kfab~ whf~dhbc`d~w bo phd gbkyflz, Phd blcz jlob~kfpjbl

fvfjcfncd bl phd BKQ }dnwjpd fl` phdj~ bc` flltfc ~dyb~pw jw phfp kbwp bo phdj~ kfab~

wtyycjd~w f~d o~bk ^twwjf fl` Afyfl fl` phdz twd Od`Dx pb wdl` phdj~ y~b`tgpw, (Ojlflgjfc

wpfpdkdlpw# >998*

@jwp~jntpjbl ghflldcw

Pb `jwp~jntpd phdj~ wd~vjgdw fcc bvd~ phd }b~c` BKQ M~bty hfw `jvj`d` phdj~

otlgpjblw jl 7 kfjl ycflpw wjptfpd` jl `jood~dlp f~df bo ^twwjf fl` fcc phdwd ycflpw f~d

wydgjfcjqd` jl phdj~ b}l }fzw, Obccb}jlm f~d phd ph~dd kfab~ ycflpw# Jqhb~f ycflp }hjgh

}fw dwpfncjwhd` jl 6=>> fl` y~b`tgdw ^twwjfl lfvz# flghb~w# gbyyd~ ycfpdw ob~ whjyw#

T~fckfwh ycflp }hjgh }fw ytp jlpb byd~fpjbl jl 6:79 }hjgh jw gfyfncd jl y~b`tgjlm

dtjykdlpw bo kjljlm fl` bjc y~b`tgjlm jl`twp~z# Dcdkdwh ycflp }fw wpd~pd` jl 6:6=

}hjgh ntjcp kfghjldw ob~ ^twwjfl fpbkjg dld~mz, Phdwd ycflpw kfltofgpt~dw yb}d~

kfghjldw ob~ ltgcdf~ ycflpw jl Jl`jf# Ghjlf# Htlmf~z ^twwjf# Te~fjld# Md~kflz#

Ntcmf~jf# Gqdgh ^dytncjg# Wcbvfejf# Ojlcfl` fl` J~fl, Pb wdl` y~b`tgpw pb phdj~ ob~djml

gtwpbkd~w phdz twd Od`Dx wd~vjgdw (BKQ M~bty# >969*

Wtggdwwdw

Obccb}jlm f~d phd njmmdwp wtggdww bo phjw gbkyflz jl cfwp 4 zdf~w }hjgh kfed phjw

gbkyflz f p~twpotc gbkyflz (BKQ M~bty# >969*



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 74

Jl >99> gbkyflz dlpd~d` jl f gblp~fgp pb ntjc` Et`fl Etcfk ltgcdf~ ycflp jl Jl`jf

}hjgh }fw gbkycdpd` ndob~d phd fwwjmld` pjkd jl Jl`jf, Jl >990 BKQ fgtj~d 66 yd~gdlp

b~`jlf~z whf~dw bo BFB yb}d~, Jl >99= BKQ doodgpjvdcz ojljwhd` gblwp~tgpjbl bo

kdpfcct~mjgfc dtjykdlp ob~ T~fcwefzf Wpfc Gbkyflz cbgfpd` jl Lbvbp~bjpwe# B~dlnt~m

~dmjbl fp phd fwwjmld` pjkd, Jl >99: BKQ ~dfghdw phd wfcdw vbctkd bo 4>7,8 kjccjbl TW@

(BKQ M~bty# >969*,

Y~bncdkw

Bld bo phd kbwp gbkkbl y~bncdkw ofgd` nz phjw kfghjld kfltofgpt~d jl`twp~z jw

phd `tkyjlm bo }fwpd kfpd~jfc, Mbvd~lkdlp bo ^twwjf jw lbp ~dwyblwjncd ob~ phdj~

ybjwblbtw }fwpd wptoo, BKQ jw wpjcc twjlm jpw bc` `fpfnfwd wzwpdk pb hfvd f ~dgb~` ob~

dvd~zphjlm }hjgh gfl g~dfpd y~bncdk jl otpt~d, Phdj~ whf~d y~jgdw f~d fc}fzw octgptfpd

}hjgh g~dfpd y~bncdkw ob~ whf~dhbc`d~w (BKQ M~bty# >969*

Kf~edpjlm wp~fpdmjdw

^twwjfl ydbycd cbvd pb jlpd~fgp }jph ld} ydbycdw wb phd twd phd wp~fpdmz bo kfejlm

mbb` ~dcfpjbl }jph phdj~ gtwpbkd~w, Phjw wp~fpdmz jw phd ghdfydwp }fz pb ~dpfjl bc`

gtwpbkd~w fl` gfpgh ld} gtwpbkd~w, Bphd~ phfl phjw ^twwjfl ydbycd twd f wt~vdz kdphb`

pb elb} }hfp phdj~ gtwpbkd~w }flp fl` otcojcc phd `dkfl`w bo phd gtwpbkd~w fw wbbl fw

ybwwjncd, ^twwjfl gf~ kfltofgpt~jlm gbkyfljdw fc}fzw gbccdgp jlob~kfpjbl fnbtp

gtwpbkd~w cjedw fl` `jwcjedw o~bk phd~d ~dpfjcd~w fl` phdk kfed ghflmdw jl phdj~ otpt~d

gf~w (Kf~edpjlm wp~fpdmjdw# >99:*,

^twwjfl ydbycdw f~d fcc o~jdl`w bo dfgh bphd~ wb phdz yt~ghfwd }hfp phdj~ o~jdl`w

yt~ghfwd b~ }hfp bphd~ ydbycd wtmmdwp wb kbwp bo phd mbb`w Y~b`tgpjbl Gbkyflz twd

Kbtph+pb Kbtph Kf~edpjlm wp~fpdmz jl }hjgh phdz hj~d phd~d ~dy~dwdlpfpjvdw pb wy~df`



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 7?

~tkb~ phfp phjw y~b`tgp jw mbb` fl` ydbycd cjwpdl pb phfp ~tkb~ fl` yt~ghfwd phfp y~b`tgp,

Phjw gfl fcwb nd `bld nz hj~jlm gdcdn~jpjdw jw flz njm gbkyflz }flpw pb twd phjw pdghljtd

Kf~edpjlm wp~fpdmjdw# >99:*,

Wpb~dw fl` Btpczjlm f~dfw

^twwjf jw phd njmmdwp gbtlp~z }jph phd f~df bo 6=#9=4#>99 ek> jl phjw }b~c` wb phdz

hfvd htmd wyfgd ob~ dvd~zphjlm, Kbwgb} jw phd gfyjpfc bo ^twwjf }hjgh jw otcc bo htmd

`dyf~pkdlpfc wpb~dw fl` wbkd bo phd njmmdwp ~dpfjc wpb~dw bo phd }b~c`, MTK jw phd kbwp

ofkbtw `dyf~pkdlpfc wpb~d jl Dt~byd }hbwd oj~wp n~flgh }fw wpf~pd` jl Dt~byd, Bphd~

phfl phjw njm gf~ gbkyfljdw cjed MFQ M~bty hfvd phdj~ njm whb}~bbkw fcc bvd~ phd

gbtlp~jdw, Wbkd bo phd ycfgdw hfvd wkfcc whbyw }hjgh jw gfccd` kf~edp ghflldc, Bphd~

ybytcf~ wpb~dw f~d Kdmf whbyyjlm kfccw# Wpbgekfll# fl` Kf~ew / Wydlgd~ (Wpb~dw jl

^twwjf# >969*,

Pzydw bo @jwp~jntpjbl

Fcc kfab~ `jwp~jntpjbl fl` whjyyjlm f~d `bld nz ^twwjfl ybwp }hjgh jw phd kfab~

ybwpfc wd~vjgd jl ^twwjf, ^twwjf ybwp jw wjkjcf~ pb phd TWYW jl T,W,F }hjgh jw ~dwyblwjncd

ob~ y~jlpjlm wpfkyw fl` `dcjvd~z bo fcc Boojgjfc kfjcw nz ^twwjfl mbvd~lkdlp, Bphd~ phfl

phjw phd kfab~ gbkyfljdw cjed BKQ fl` MFQ f~d twjlm Od`Dx ^twwjfl gbt~jd~ wd~vjgdw pb

wdl` phdj~ y~b`tgpw fcc bvd~ phd }b~c`, Phd~d f~d kflz kb~d wkfcc ybwpfc wd~vjgdw }hjgh

f~d cjkjpd` pb phd nb~`d~ bo ^twwjf fl` `dcjvd~ kfjcw blcz jl ^twwjfl wpfpdw (^twwjfl ybwp#

>99:*

F`vd~pjwdkdlpw jl ^twwjf

Fcc pzydw bo f`vd~pjwdkdlpw f~d ^twwjf f~d bo wfkd jkyb~pflgd ntp phd kfab~

y~bojpfncd kdphb` bo f`vd~pjwdkdlp jw ^twwjf jw ph~btmh pbt~jwk kfmfqjldw cjed



Gbtlp~z ^dwdf~gh 7=

Jlpd~lfpjblfc Cdjwt~d }b~c` fl` 6+P~fvd~+^t f~d phd dfwjdwp fl` ghdfydwp }fz pb mdp

jlob~kfpjbl fnbtp ^twwjf (Ojlflgjfc wpfpd BKQ# >998*

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http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3183.htm


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http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aesthetic



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http://www.russianflora.com/Russian_Holidays.shtml



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http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/religion.htm



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http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_1.html

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http://home.sandiego.edu/~ses/



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7>+77,

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hppy1""}}},}b~c`p~fvdcmtj`d,ldp"gbtlp~z">7?"kbldz"Dt~byd"^twwjfl+Od`d~fpjbl,hpkc

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html


http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-07.htm

http://www.jamestown.org/single/articles-by-author/?no_cache=1&tx_cablanttnewsstaffrelation_pi1%5Bauthor%5D=132

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html


http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-07.htm

http://www.jamestown.org/single/articles-by-author/?no_cache=1&tx_cablanttnewsstaffrelation_pi1%5Bauthor%5D=132

russia country research

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