In February 2015 Boris Nemtsov (see OBITUARIES), a prominent crit-ic of Pres. Vladimir Putin, was shot and killed within sight of theKremlin in Moscow. Nemtsov, who had served as deputy prime min-ister under Boris Yeltsin, had denounced Russia’s military intervention inUkraine and had publicly expressed his fear that he would be killed forhis outspokenness. On September 30 Russian jets began an air campaignin Syria that was billed as a strike against the Islamic State in Iraq andthe Levant (ISIL). U.S. officials claimed that the majority of those tar-geted were, in fact, opponents of Syrian Pres. Bashar al-Assad, who hadno association with ISIL. On October 13 Dutch investigators releasedtheir final report on the crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, con-cluding that the aircraft was brought down by a Russian-made Buk anti-aircraft missile. Russian officials immediately rejected that conclusion.

Russia

Official name: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya (RussianFederation), or Rossia (Russia).

Form of government: federal multiparty republicwith a bicameral legislative body (FederalAssembly comprising the Federation Council[1701] and the State Duma [450]).

Head of state: President Vladimir Putin.Head of government: Prime Minister DmitryMedvedev.

Capital: Moscow.Official language: Russian.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: ruble (RUB); valuation (Sept. 1,

2015) 1 U.S.$ = RUB 66.34; 1 £ = RUB 101.67.Demography

Population (2015): 144,125,000.Density (2015): persons per sq mi 21.8, persons persq km 8.4.

Sex distribution (20122): male 46.26%; female53.74%.

Population projection:(2020) 142,008,000;(2030) 135,461,000.

Major cities (20152):Moscow 12,054,243; St.Petersburg 5,191,690;Novosibirsk 1,567,087;Yekaterinburg 1,428,042;Nizhny Novgorod1,267,760; Kazan 1,205,651; Chelyabinsk1,183,387; Omsk 1,171,820; Samara 1,171,820;

Area and population area3 population area3 population20152 20152

Federal districts Capitals sq mi sq km estimate Federal districts Capitals sq mi sq km estimate

Central Moscow (Moskva) 251,000 650,200 38,951,479Belgorod (region) Belgorod 10,500 27,100 1,547,936Bryansk (region) Bryansk 13,500 34,900 1,232,940Ivanovo (region) Ivanovo 8,300 21,400 1,036,909Kaluga (region) Kaluga 11,500 29,800 1,010,486Kostroma (region) Kostroma 23,200 60,200 654,390Kursk (region) Kursk 11,600 30,000 1,117,378Lipetsk (region) Lipetsk 9,300 24,000 1,157,865Moscow (city) 400 1,100 12,197,596Moskva (Moscow; region) Moscow (Moskva) 17,700 45,800 7,231,068Oryol (region) Oryol 9,500 24,700 765,231Ryazan (region) Ryazan 15,300 39,600 1,135,438Smolensk (region) Smolensk 19,200 49,800 964,791Tambov (region) Tambov 13,300 34,500 1,062,421Tula (region) Tula 9,900 25,700 1,513,570Tver (region) Tver 32,500 84,100 1,315,071Vladimir (region) Vladimir 11,200 29,100 1,405,613Voronezh (region) Voronezh 20,100 52,200 2,331,147Yaroslavl (region) Yaroslavl 14,000 36,200 1,271,629

Far East Khabarovsk 2,382,000 6,169,3006 6,211,021Amur (region) Blagoveshchensk 139,700 361,900 809,873Chukotka (autonomous district) Anadyr 278,600 721,500 50,540Kamchatka (territory)10 Petropavlovsk-

Kamchatsky 179,300 464,300 317,269Khabarovsk (territory) Khabarovsk 304,100 787,600 1,338,305Magadan (region) Magadan 178,600 462,500 148,071Primorye (territory) Vladivostok 63,600 164,700 1,933,308Sakha (republic) Yakutsk 1,190,500 3,083,500 956,896Sakhalin (region) Yuzhno-

Sakhalinsk 33,600 87,100 488,391Yevrey (autonomous region) Birobidzhan 14,000 36,300 168,368

North Caucasus13 Pyatigorsk 65,800 170,500 9,659,044Chechnya (republic) Grozny 6,000 15,600 1,370,268Dagestan (republic) Makhachkala 19,400 50,300 2,990,371Ingushetiya (republic) Magas 1,400 3,600 463,893Kabardino-Balkariya (republic) Nalchik 4,800 12,500 860,709Karachayevo-Cherkesiya

(republic) Cherkessk 5,500 14,300 469,060Severnaya Osetiya–Alaniya

(North Ossetia; republic) Vladikavkaz 3,100 8,000 705,270Stavropol (territory) Stavropol 25,600 66,200 2,799,473

Northwest St. Petersburg 651,4006 1,687,0006 13,843,556Arkhangelsk (region)4 Arkhangelsk 159,500 413,100 1,183,323Kaliningrad (region) Kaliningrad 5,800 15,100 968,944Kareliya (Karelia; republic) Petrozavodsk 69,700 180,500 632,533Komi (republic) Syktyukar 160,900 416,800 864,424Leningrad (region) St. Petersburg 32,400 83,900 1,775,540

Murmansk (region) Murmansk 55,900 144,900 766,281Nenets (autonomous district)4 Naryan-Mar 68,300 176,800 43,0255Novgorod (region) Novgorod 21,000 54,500 618,703Pskov (region) Pskov 21,400 55,400 651,108St. Petersburg (city) 500 1,400 5,191,690Vologda (region) Vologda 55,800 144,500 1,191,010

Siberia Novosibirsk 1,986,500 5,145,0006 19,312,169Altay (republic) Gorno-Altaysk 35,900 92,900 213,703Altay (territory) Barnaul 64,900 168,000 2,384,812Buryatiya (republic) Ulan-Ude 135,600 351,300 978,495Irkutsk (region)7 Irkutsk 299,200 774,800 2,414,913Kemerovo (region) Kemerovo 36,900 95,700 2,724,990Khakasiya (republic) Abakan 23,800 61,600 535,796Krasnoyarsk (territory)8 Krasnoyarsk 913,800 2,366,800 2,858,773Novosibirsk (region) Novosibirsk 68,600 177,800 2,746,822Omsk (region) Omsk 54,500 141,100 1,978,183Tomsk (region) Tomsk 121,400 314,400 1,074,453Tyva (republic) Kyzyl 65,100 168,600 313,777Zabaykalye (territory)9 Chita 166,800 431,900 1,087,452

Southern Rostov-na-Donu 162,500 420,8006 14,003,828Adygeya (republic) Maykop 3,000 7,800 449,171Astrakhan (region) Astrakhan 18,900 49,000 1,021,287Kalmykiya (republic) Elista 28,800 74,700 280,564Krasnodar (territory) Krasnodar 29,200 75,500 5,453,329Rostov (region) Rostov-na-Donu 39,000 101,000 4,242,080Volgograd (region) Volgograd 43,600 112,900 2,557,397

Urals Yekaterinburg 702,100 1,818,500 12,275,853Chelyabinsk (region) Chelyabinsk 34,200 88,500 3,497,274Kurgan (region) Kurgan 27,600 71,500 869,814Sverdlovsk (region) Yekaterinburg 75,000 194,300 4,327,472Tyumen (region)11 Tyumen 565,300 1,464,200 3,581,29312

Volga Nizhny Novgorod 400,400 1,037,0006 29,715,450Bashkortostan (republic) Ufa 55,200 142,900 4,071,987Chuvashiya (republic) Cheboksary 7,100 18,300 1,238,071Kirov (region) Kirov 46,500 120,400 1,304,348Mari El (republic) Yoshkar-Ola 9,000 23,400 687,435Mordoviya (republic) Saransk 10,100 26,100 808,888Nizhegorod (region) Nizhny Novgorod 29,600 76,600 3,270,203Orenburg (region) Orenburg 47,800 123,700 2,001,110Penza (region) Penza 16,700 43,400 1,355,618Perm (territory)14 Perm 61,800 160,200 2,637,032Samara (region) Samara 20,700 53,600 3,212,676Saratov (region) Saratov 39,100 101,200 2,493,024Tatarstan (republic) Kazan 26,200 67,800 3,855,037Udmurtiya (republic) Izhevsk 16,200 42,100 1,517,472Ulyanovsk (Simbirsk; region) Ulyanovsk 14,400 37,200 1,262,549TOTAL 6,601,700 17,098,2006 143,972,400

Urban-rural (20122):

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Demography (continued)Rostov-na-Donu 1,114,806; Ufa 1,105,667; Krasnoyarsk1,052,218; Perm 1,036,469; Voronezh 1,023,570; Volgograd1,017,451.

Migration (2012): immigrants 417,681; emigrants 122,751.Refugees (20082): 159,500, of which from Afghanistan 84,500,

Georgia 45,000.Households. Total households (2004) 51,209,000; average house-hold size (2006) 2.7; distribution by size (2002)15: 1 person22.3%; 2 persons 27.6%; 3 persons 23.8%; 4 persons 17.0%; 5persons 5.7%; 6 or more persons 3.6%.

National economyBudget (2009)19. Revenue: RUB 13,599,700,000,000 (tax rev-enue 59.8%, of which VAT 15.1%, individual income tax12.2%, tax on corporate profits 9.3%; nontax revenue26.0%; unknown 14.2%). Expenditures: RUB 16,048,-300,000,000 (social welfare 29.4%; national economy 17.3%;education 11.1%; health/sports 10.3%; public security 7.8%;defense 7.4%).

Public debt (external, outstanding; March 2012):U.S.$35,551,000,000.

Gross national income (GNI; 2014): U.S.$1,930,436,000,000(U.S.$13,210 per capita); purchasing power parity GNI (U.S.$24,710 per capita).

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2012): sugar beets 45,057,000, wheat 37,719,640, potatoes29,532,530, barley 13,951,676, corn (maize) 8,212,924, sunflower seeds 7,992,714, oats 4,027,274, cabbages 3,309,31522, tomatoes2,456,100, rye 2,131,519, dry onions 2,080,814, dry peas 1,660,016, carrots and turnips 1,565,032, cucumbers 1,202,36023, apples1,200,00023, rice 1,051,891, rapeseed 1,035,459, linseed 369,043, currants 364,50023, garlic 233,94823, raspberries 140,00023, goose-berries 54,00023; livestock (number of live animals; 2013) 20,061,282 sheep, 19,930,354 cattle, 18,816,357 pigs, 447,550,000 chick-ens, 3,284,716 beehives; roundwood (2013) 194,461,000 cu m, of which fuelwood 7%; fisheries production 4,476,269 (from aqua-culture 3%); aquatic plants production 8,181 (from aquaculture 19%). Mining and quarrying (2008): nickel 266,80724 (worldrank: 1); mica 100,000 (world rank: 1); platinum-group metals 123,200 kg (world rank: 2), of which palladium 87,700 kg (worldrank: 1); gem diamonds 21,925,000 carats (world rank: 2); vanadium 14,50024 (world rank: 3); industrial diamonds 15,000,000carats (world rank: 3); cobalt 6,20024 (world rank: 4); iron ore 57,800,00024 (world rank: 5); copper ore 750,00024 (world rank:6); gold 176,347 kg (world rank: 6); molybdenum 3,60024 (world rank: 9). Manufacturing (value added in U.S.$’000,000; 2007):refined petroleum products 36,216; nonferrous base metals 19,848; iron and steel 19,399; food products 17,159; base chemicals12,636; beverages 7,663; general purpose machinery 7,445; motor vehicles/parts 6,426; special purpose machinery 4,619; cement,bricks, and ceramics 4,400; rubber products 4,305; paints, soaps, and pharmaceuticals 3,665; publishing 3,391; medical appliances

Ethnic composition (2010):

Age breakdown (2010):

Religious affiliation (2005):

Social indicatorsLiteracy: percentage of total population age15 and over literate, virtually 100%.

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2013): 13.2 (world avg. 19.5).Death rate per 1,000 population (2013): 13.0 (world avg. 8.1).Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2013): 0.2 (worldavg. 11.4).

Life expectancy at birth (2013): male 64.0 years; female 76.0years.

Adult population (ages 15–49) living with HIV (2009): 1.0%18(world avg. 0.8%).

Other principal cities (20152)population population population

Astrakhan 532,699Barnaul 635,530Irkutsk 620,099Izhevsk 642,024Kemerovo 549,159Khabarovsk 607,216Krasnodar 829,677

Lipetsk 510,152Makhachkala 583,233Naberezhnye Chelny 524,444Novokuznetsk 550,127Orenburg 561,279Penza 522,823Ryazan 532,772

Saratov 842,097Tolyatti 719,646Tomsk 564,910Tyumen 697,037Ulyanovsk 619,492Vladivostok 604,602Yaroslavl 603,961

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2012 2007

in value % of total labour % of labourRUB ’000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 2,060,900 3.3 6,347,000 8.4Mining and quarrying 5,801,400 9.3 1,324,000 1.8Manufacturing 8,091,700 12.9 12,324,000 16.4Public utilities 1,845,800 2.9 2,017,000 2.7Construction 3,445,000 5.5 4,933,000 6.6Transp. and commun. 4,350,600 7.0 6,573,000 8.7Trade, restaurants, hotels 11,028,400 17.6 12,440,000 16.6Finance, real estate 8,614,100 13.8 5,659,000 7.5Services 4,525,900 7.2 14,052,000 18.7Pub. admin., defense 3,520,800 5.6 4,903,000 6.5Other 9,314,50020 14.920 4,588,00021 6.121TOTAL 62,599,100 100.0 75,159,0006 100.0

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National economy (continued)and instruments 3,372; structural metal products3,236; paper and paper products 3,167.

Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr;2012–13) 1,060,064,000,000 ([2012] 1,038,000,000,000),by source (2012): fossil fuels 67.1%; nuclear energy16.4%; hard coal (metric tons; 2012–13) 280,000,000([2011] 147,000,000); lignite (metric tons; 2012–13)76,500,000 ([2011] 77,600,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2012–13)3,609,000,000 ([2011] 1,803,000,000); petroleum products (metrictons; 2011) 219,565,000 (111,754,000); natural gas (cu m; 2012–13)477,008,000,000 ([2012] 460,000,000,000).

Population economically active (2014): total (2011) 75,752,000; par-ticipation rates: ages 15–64, male 75.1%; female 63.3%; unem-ployed 5.2%, of which youth (ages 15–24) 13.7%.

Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporary crops or leftfallow 7.4%, in permanent crops 0.1%, in pasture 5.6%, forestarea 49.4%.

Foreign trade26Imports (2013): U.S.$317,805,000,000 (machinery andapparatus 48.4%, chemical products and rubber 15.6%,foodstuffs and agricultural raw materials 13.6%, metals,precious stones, and products 7.2%, textiles, textile arti-cles, and footwear 5.8%, mineral products 2.2%, wood,pulp, and paper products 2.1%).Major import sources:

Exports (2013): U.S.$526,000,000,000 (mineral products71.7%, metals, precious stones, and products 10.5%,chemical products and rubber 5.7%, machinery, vehi-cles, and transport equipment 5.4%, foodstuffs andagricultural raw materials 3.1%, wood, pulp, and paperproducts 2.1%). Major export destinations:

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2012): length2, 27 53,438 mi,86,000 km; passenger-km 144,600,000,000; metricton-km cargo 2,222,000,000,000. Roads (2012):total length2 561,097 mi, 903,000 km (paved 79%);passenger-km 139,600,000,000; metric ton-km cargo248,000,000,000. Vehicles (2009): passenger cars33,084,000; trucks and buses 5,388,000.

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2014): 771,000

(army 29.8%, airborne 4.2%, navy 16.9%, air force19.2%, strategic deterrent forces 10.4%, commandand support 19.5%); reserve 2,000,000; paramilitary489,000; troops abroad c. 37,300, of which in Ukraine20,000, in Georgia 7,000, in Tajikistan 5,000, inArmenia 3,300. Military expenditure as percentage ofGDP (2014): 5.9%; per capita expenditure U.S.$849.

HealthHealth (2012): physicians2 733,000 (1 per 195 per-

sons); hospital beds2 1,347,000 (1 per 106 persons);infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 8.7;undernourished population (2006–08) less than 5%of total population based on the consumption of aminimum daily requirement of 1,950 calories.

1Statutory number per Inter-Parliamentary Union Web site. 2January 1. 3Area figures given are as of Jan. 1, 2009; a new national cadastral system went into effect on March 1,2008. 4Most administrative functions of Nenets have been assumed by Arkhangelsk. 5Population is included in the total population for the Arkhangelsk region. 6Detail does notadd to total given because of rounding. 7Includes Ust-Orda Buryat (autonomous district) from Jan. 1, 2008. 8Krasnoyarsk (territory) formally absorbed Evenk and Taymyrautonomous districts on Jan. 1, 2007. 9Chita (region) and Agin Buryat (autonomous district) merged on March 3, 2008, to form Zabaykalye (territory). 10Kamchatka (region)and Koryak (autonomous district) merged on July 1, 2007, to form Kamchatka (territory). 11Most administrative functions of Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomousdistricts have been assumed by Tyumen. 12Includes the population of the autonomous districts of Khanty-Mansi (206,500 sq mi [534,800 sq km]) and Yamalo-Nenets (297,000 sqmi [769,300 sq km]). 13Federal district created in January 2010. 14On Dec. 1, 2005, Komi-Permyak (autonomous district) merged with Perm (region) to form Perm (territory).15Excludes collective households (1.6% of all Russians live in collective households). 16Muslim population may be as high as 16.0%. 17Shi(i make up c. 8.0% of all Muslims.18Statistically derived midpoint of range. 19Data are for consolidated (federal and local) governments. 20Net taxes on products. 21Unemployed. 22Includes other brassicas. 232011.24Metal content. 25End of period. 26Imports c.i.f.; exports f.o.b. 27Commercially operated public railway tracks only. 28Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• Federal State Statistics Service www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/en/main• Central Bank of the Russian Federation www.cbr.ru/eng/

Breakdown of 16.5% renewable energy (2012):

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2014 221,03028 1,55128Landline 2014 39,426 277

Internet users 2009 59,700 424Broadband 2014 24,86528 17528

Financial aggregates2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Exchange rate25, RUB per:U.S. dollar 24.55 29.38 30.24 30.48 32.20 30.37£ 49.18 42.83 48.97 47.71 49.78 47.93SDR 38.79 45.25 47.41 46.94 49.43 46.68

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