russenorsk pidgins migrate north in the summer… presentation for ling 455 prepared by: jane heinze...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
215 views
TRANSCRIPT
Russenorsk Pidgins migrate north in the summer…
Presentation for LING 455 prepared by:
Jane Heinze
Matthew Keeton
Lysne Torgerson
Introduction•Location
•Murmansk Russia to Tromsø Norway
•Speakers•Norwegian and Russian Fishermen and Tradesmen
•When•Mid 18th Century until closing of border following October Revolution of 1917
•Other Names•Moja po tvoja•Kakspreck
Classification•Dialect?
•Norwegian (Kortlandt, 2000)
•Pigeon?•Jargon? •Nautical? (Bakker, 1994)•Stable? (Jahr, 2003)
Classification•Dialect?
•Norwegian (Kortlandt, 2000)
•Pigeon?•Jargon? •Nautical? (Bakker, 1994)•Stable? (Jahr, 2003)•Expanded? (Muehlhaeusler, 1997)
Classification•Dialect?
•Norwegian (Kortlandt, 2000)
•PIDGIN?•Jargon? •Nautical? (Bakker, 1994)•Stable? (Jahr, 2003)•Expanded? (Muehlhaeusler, 1997)
•Creole?•Wouldn’t you like to know…
Characteristics - Pidgin•Similarities
•Use of possessive for person, possession and demonstration (mojaR / tvojaR)•(very) limited morphology / inflection
•No case (cf. Keeton, 2005?)•verbal marker (-omS)
•No copula (Russian influence?)•Universal preposition – po•SVO word order (universal grammar or Norwegian influence?)•Circumlocutions
•Differences•Lexicon
•Socioculturally equal parents•Genetically related parents•Diglossia•Limited domain (trade, fishing)
•Frequency of usage•Summer months only
•TMA preverbal marker po- (Russian influence, cf. Jahr, 2003)
Lexicon•Input
•Norwegian – 47%
0
10
20
30
40
50
Lexical input
% Lexical Input by Parent Language
Norwegian
Lexicon•Input
•Norwegian – 47%•Russian – 39%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Lexical input
% Lexical Input by Parent Language
Russian
Norwegian
Lexicon•Input
•Norwegian – 47%•Russian – 39%•Other – 14%
•Dutch•English•Swedish•Low German•French•Sami•Finnish
0
20
40
60
80
100
Lexical input
% Lexical Input by Parent Language
Other
Russian
Norwegian
Lexicon•Input
•Norwegian – 47%•Russian – 39%•Other – 14%
•Dutch•English•Swedish•Low German•French•Sami•Finnish
•Limited usage•Seasonal - summer
•Limited domain•Trade, fishing•Never expands•Russian goods = Russian word•Norwegian goods = Norwegian word•Diglossia
0
20
40
60
80
100
Lexical input
% Lexical Input by Parent Language
Other
Russian
Norwegian
Phonology (cont’d)• Consonant Inventory Reduction
• If a phoneme only exists in one parent language, it is usually not present in contact language or it is assimilated
• [h] [g] or [x]• [hav]N [gav]RN (sea)• [har]N,RN(N) [xar]RN(R) (have)
• [x] [k]• [xl’p]R [klæba]RN (bread)• [muxa]R [mokka]RN (flour)
• [] and [t] [s]• [vr’o’]R [vros]RN (you lie)• [prəaj]R [pros’aj]RN (farewell)• [ttr’]R [s’tiri]RN(R) (four)• [nitvo]R [niets’vo]RN (nothing, never mind)
• Simplification of some vowel clusters• [mnogə]R [mangəli]RN (much, a lot, many)
Morphology – Verbs• Verbal marker –om
• Possible Influences•Russian 1pl. and “let’s” constructions•Norwegian/Swedish hortative (strong
encouragement)
• Russian and Norwegian inputs
Morphology – Verbs (cont’d)• BEHOLD THE POWER OF “PO”
• Multifunctional and homophonous for both Russian and Norwegian
• TMA Markers are usually indicative of creoles (the lack thereof is “considered one of the main characteristics for distinguishing a pidgin” (Jahr, 2003)
• According to Jahr (2003), Russenorsk has TMA• Preverbal “po” as future tense marker
• “mojaR po morradagN komN” (I’ll arrive tomorrow)
• … as purposive modality• “davajR poproberomR” (Please, lets try)
• “vœrsogoN liteE klœbaR po presentomE” (Please pass me some bread)
• … as durative (imperfective) aspect• “jesE, po slipomN” (Yes, he is sleeping)
Morphology - Nouns• Nominal marker –a
• (questionable)• Influence
•Russian feminine and unstressed neuter endings?
•Also, possessive adjective moja/tvoja use…only with feminine nouns
• Not always used and used non-systematically
Syntax / Semantics• SVO word order• Negation
• Different from Norwegian (post-verbal) and Russian (pre-verbal)
• Generally second word in sentence• Uses both Norwegian “ikke” and Russian
“njet”
• Circumlocutions• “prinsipal po Kristos reisa” (The Captain died, lit: The
Captain has gone to Christ)• “lille junka på kjerka vaskom” (The little boy was
baptized, lit: Little boy at church wash[ed])• “i kahyt vaskom” (paint, lit: in the cabin wash)
Classification•Still wondering?•Review
•Dialect•Pidgin
•Jargon•Nautical•Stabilized•Expanded
•Creole
•It is still uncertain under which of these categories to classify Russenorsk…
Bibliography• Broch, Ingvild and Ernst Jahr (1982). Russenorsk: The Russo-Norwegian
Pidgin. New Findings. New York: Modern Language Association of America. • Jahr, Ernst (2003). “Short Note - The Emergence of a TMA Grammatical
Device in a Stable Pidgin: The Russenorsk Preverbal ‘Po’ Construction.” Journal of Pidgins and Creoles. (18:1. 121-130). Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V.
• Jahr, Ernst and Ingvild Broch (Eds.) (1996). Language Contact in the Arctic: Northern Pidgins and Contact Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Kortlandt, Frederick (2000). On Russenorsk. Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts.
• Lunden, Siri Sverdrup (1978). Russenorsk Revisited. Meddelelser. Oslo: University of Oslo.
• Peterson, Ronald E. (1980). “Russenorsk: A Little Known Aspect of Russian-Norwegian Relations.” Studies in Language: International Journal Sponsored by the Foundation ‘Foundations of Language.’ (249-56). New York: Modern Language Association of America.