Mekelle University

College of Dry land Agriculture and Natural resource

Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension(RDAE)

Course : Rural Development and Livelihood for 3rd year SRWM student semester-II

By instructor

Lemi.C

March,2017

Mekelle, Ethiopia

Chapter one: Introduction to development(RD)

What is development?• The term development does not refer to one single

phenomenon or activity nor does it mean a general process of social change. All societies, rural and urban, are changing all the time.

• Development is a complex process which is affected by both economic and noneconomic factors.

• Development generally means the improvement of people’s lifestyles through improved education, income, skill development and employment.

Conti….development

• Development may mean different things to different people. It implies a change that is desirable.

What is desirable at a particular time, place and in a particular culture may not be desirable at other places, or other times or culture.

Change, Growth and Development

• Development is both 'a cause and a consequence of change. There is a two-way relationship between them, i.e., development influences, and is influenced by a change.

• A change may imply a physical, technological, social, cultural, attitudinal, organizational, or political.

• a change may be either for the better (development), or the worse (retrogression). A change may occur naturally or autonomously, or may be induced.

• While economic growth is an essential component of development, it is not the only one, as development is not a purely economic phenomenon. In the ultimate sense, it must encompass more than the material and financial sides of people's lives.

Core Values and Objectives of Development

• There are at least three basic components or core values that used as a conceptual basis and practical guideline for understanding the inner meaning of development.

• These core values are sustenance, self-esteem, and freedom that represent common goals sought by all individuals and societies.

• Sustenance: The Ability to Meet Basic Needs• All people have certain basic needs without which life

would be impossible. These life sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health, and protection.

Self-esteem: To Be a Person

• A second universal component of the good life is self-esteem-a sense of worth and self respect, of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends.

• All peoples and societies seek some basic form of self esteem, although they may call it authenticity, identity, dignity, respect, honor, or recognition.

Freedom from Servitude: To Be Able to Choose

• A third and final universal value that we suggest should constitute the meaning of development is the concept of human freedom.

• Freedom here is to be understood in the sense of emancipation from alienating material conditions of life and from social servitude to nature, ignorance, other people, misery, institutions, and dogmatic beliefs.

• The concept of human freedom should also encompass various components of political freedom

including, but not limited to, personal security, the rule of law, freedom of expression,political participation, and equality of opportunity.

Conti…..

• Much has been written about the process of development, and the approaches which developing nations should adopt in order to develop.

• Reviewing this literature it can be concluded that a process of development should contain three main elements. These are: Economic, Social, Human.

Cont…

• · Economic: The development of the economic or productive base of any society, which will produce the goods and materials required for life.

• · Social: The provision of a range of social amenities and services (i.e., health, education, welfare) which care for the non-productive needs of a society.

• · Human: The development of the people themselves, both individually and communally, to realize their full potential, to use their skills and talents, and to play a constructive part in shaping their own society.

Conti…..

• In the 1950s and 1960s development was often regarded as economic growth. Three major assumptions under primed this view of development.

1. Growth would gradually filter down from rich to poor. The trickle-down’ theory.

2. Should the growth fail to trickle down government would intervene in the interest of the poor.

3. Policy should concentrate on building up capital and productive capacity, even if this disadvantaged the poor in the short term, as it would be to everyone’s benefit in the long term.

Conti…..

• Today development is considered as multidimensional process including: improvement

in material welfare, specially for persons with lowest incomes; eradication of mass poverty with its correlates of illiteracy, disease, and early death; changes in the composition of inputs and outputs have generally included shift in the production structure.

Reasons for Growing Interest in Development Studies

Why people are interested to study development studies?

• Academic Interest; Many scholars so concerned with the economics of development and world poverty, the nature of which has been brought to the attention of the world so dramatically in recent decades.

2, The New International Economic Order

This New International Economic Order Call for:• improved terms of trade for the export of poor countries;• greater access to the market of developing countries for manufactured

goods;• reform of IMF and greater say in international bodies concerned with trade

and development issues;• an international food program and greater technical cooperation; and• greater financial assistance and alleviation of the past debt

3. Mutual Interdependence of the World• Increased interest among developed nations that their

economics are dependent on the economies of poor nations just as the economies of poor nations depends on the economies of the developed nations.

RURAL AREA

LIFE OF RURAL PEOPLE

Rural Development: Concept and Meaning

• The concept of Rural Development has attracted the attention of government and international agencies because national development depends on the development of rural areas.

• Rural Development is one of the most vital issues of the day.

• The term has two words- rural and development.• As we all know that rural is a sparsely populated area

in which people depend on agricultural land and other natural resources. In rural area, population is spatially dispersed.

Cont…..

• Rural development means the utilization, protection, and enhancement of the natural, physical, and human resources needed to make long-term improvements in rural living conditions.

• It has to provide jobs and income opportunities, and enrich cultural life while maintaining and protecting the environment of rural areas.

• The term Rural Development implies overall development of rural areas with a view to improve the quality of life of rural people. Rural Development is a process in which typically a large number of stakeholders in different sectors of society are involved.

1.2.Perspective of rural development

In short, rural development is a process that aims at improving the standard of living of the people living in the rural areas. We will see the perspective one by one in detail.

Globalization and rural development

Globalization is the process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Globalization makes the world more accessible to all people. Characteristics •Connectivity •Borderless Globe •Free trade •Cultural Diversity •Mobility •Information Technology changes

What i s Globa l i sa t ion?• Globalisation is the growing interdependence between

nation as a result of the free movement of labour, goods and services and capital. There is world wide economic activities because there is a borderless world or global village.

Implementing Technology tools to promote Globalization

Facebook- The ability to communicate with people all over the world.

•Skype (video chatting)- The ability to have a live visual meeting with people all over the world.

•Twitter- The ability to communicate and share information with people all over the world.

•WikiSpaces- The ability to share ideas, thoughts and images with people all over the world.

•Phones- The ability to verbally and/or visually communicate with people all over the world.

•Microsoft Office- The ability to verbally and visually communicate with people through a office setting through email, live chat and instant messaging.

•WebQuest- Teachers can create a WebQuest for students to participate in an educational journey on various topics while using the world wide web.

•Podcast- Teachers can create a podcast for students to listen to using media. Teachers can use this for creating assignments and students can listen to the podcast as many times as they want.

Key players of globalizationThey are-• Multinational firms which carry out business

across the national borders.• The World Trade Organization (WTO) through

which international trade agreements are negotiated& enforced

• The World Bank & International Monetary Fund (IMF) are means to assist Govt in achieving development aims through the provision of loans, technical assistance.

Types of Globalisation

1. EconomicCountries that trade with many others and have few trade barriers are economically globalised.

2. SocialA measure of how easily information and ideas pass between people in their own country and between different countries (includes access to internet and social media networks).

3.PoliticalThe amount of political co-operation there is between countries.

Causes of Globalisation:1. Improved Communications

• The development of communication technologies such as internet, email and mobile phones have been vital to the growth of globalisation because they help to operate throughout the world.

• The development of satellite TV channels such as Sky and CNN have also provided worldwide marketing avenues for the concept and products of globalisation.

Causes of Globalisation2. Improved Transport

• The development of refrigerated and container transport, bulk shipping and improved air transport has allowed the easy mass movement of goods throughout the world. This assists globalisation.

Causes of Globalisation:3. Free Trade Agreements

• rich capitalist countries have always promoted global free trade as a way of increasing their own wealth and influence.

• International organisations such as the World Trade Organisation and the IMF also promote free trade.

Causes of Globalisation:4. Global Banking

• Modern communication technologies allow vast amounts of capital to flow freely and instantly throughout the world.

• The equivalent of up to $US1.3 trillion is traded each day through international stock exchanges in cities such as New York, London and Tokyo.

Causes of Globalisation:5. The Growth of MNCs

• The rapid growth of big MNCs such as Microsoft, McDonalds and Nike is a cause as well as a consequence of globalisation.

• The investment of MNCs in farms, mines and factories across the world is a major part of globalisation.

• Globalisation allows MNCs to produce goods and services and to sell products on a massive scale throughout the world.

The Effects of Globalisation:1. Changed Food Supply

• Food supply is no longer tied to the seasons. We can buy food anywhere in the world at any time of the year.

The Effects of Globalisation:2. Division of Labour

• Because MNCs search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components, production processes may be moved from developed to developing countries where costs are lower.

The Effects of Globalisation:4. Damage to the Environment

• More trade means more transport which uses more fossil fuels and causes pollution.

• Climate change is a serious threat to our future.

The Effects of Globalisation:3. Less Job Security

• In the global economy jobs are becoming more temporary and insecure.

• A survey of American workers showed that people now hold 7 to 10 jobs over their working life.

The Effects of Globalisation:5. Cultural Impact

• Websites such as YouTube connect people across the planet. As the world becomes more unified, diverse cultures are being ignored. MNCs can create a monoculture as they remove local competition and thereby force local firms to close.

Replacing

The Effects of Globalisation6. Increase in anti-Globalisation Protests• There is a growing awareness of the

negative impacts of globalisation. People have begun to realise that globalisation can be challenged by communities supporting each other in business and society and through public protest and political lobbying.

Decreased Employment

Widening Disparity in Incomes

Impact and response of Globalisation and Development

• Industry and commerce- industries are not longer limited to suppliers in the country in which they operate. They now have access to other resources from all parts of the world. Sometimes even in the remote parts of the world where raw materials and stock can be sourced at a better quality and at an affordable price as well. This would lower the cost of production for many firms. Therefore they could expand their operations and benefit from economies of scale. This would increase the economic growth in the country. Customers would benefit in that they would be getting a range goods and services of a good quality at an affordable price. Thus this would improve their standard of living and their quality of life.

• Distribution sector(Supermarkets, department stores)- with globalisation there is free trade. It facilitates multinational companies in the country. If these companies are located in the country they would reduce the cost of distribution of the goods and services in the country since the goods would be carried in a shorter distribution channel. The shorter the distribution channel the lower the cost incurred to the business. Therefore this reduces the cost of production for the firm. As a result this low cost is passed onto the consumers, they would now be able to purchase goods and services at a reasonable price.

• Labour- with globalisation businesses have less difficulties in sourcing labour. Since they are no longer limited to the labour in the country in which they operate. They are able to source labour from all parts of the world. Migration have been much easier and common because of globalisation. Immigrants are also willing to do work that locals would refuse to do and sometimes at a cheap rate. This therefore lower the cost of production for the business. They could increase output thus increasing the economic growth of the country. Trade both create and destroys jobs. If exports are increased, then it is likely that this is based on jobs in the country that produces the exports. However, when there are increases in imports this usually means that those items which could have been made locally are not. Jobs, then, are lost when a society imports more and more of its needs and wants. Other countries with more competitive advantage will food the markets of developing countries with cheap goods( for example China today is able to flood both the developed and developing world with mass- produced goods). The result of these processes is a balance of payments problem and a loss of jobs in the importing countries.

• Technology- globalisation has allowed business to get better technology for the business. Since there is free trade they can import freely. They would be able to improve their productivity and efficiency. This would lead to and increase in economic growth of the country. They would now be able to compete on a global market. Technology have also changed the way in which we purchase good. With the use of the internet consumers can buy goods online. Ecommerce has allowed the to have a large share of the market . Therefore increasing the profitability of the business. Not only do they enable businesses to communicate with suppliers and customers in a timely what but computer technology have now become an indispensible part of the actual production. Whether it is in the bottling of soft drinks, the manufacturing of furniture or retailing, key areas of operation are computerized.

• Ideology- An ideology is a set if ideas, doctrines or beliefs that forms the basis about how someone or a group thinks of the political, economic, religious or some other system. People have strong views about globalisation, even when they do not understand it. They may feel that it is inevitable and bring about modernisation and development. If they commit to such views, even in the face of evidence to the contrary, then this is an example of casting globalization as an ideology.

Modernization :-industrialization and urbanization

Modernization

‘‘Modernization refers to process in

which society goes through

industrialization, urbanization and

other social changes that completely

transform the lives of individuals’’.

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Characteristics of

MODERNIZATION

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MEANS / CAUSES OF MODERNIZATION

• Industrialization

• Urbanization

• Secularization

• Rise of new social classes

• Social change

• Westernization

• Democratization

Instrumental factors of modernization

• Universalization of education

• Democratization of education

• Urbanization

• Industrialization

• Scientific and technological advancement

• Social Change.

Mobilizing people for change.

Media Media change

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Inventions produce newobjects, ideas, and social patterns. Invention of ideas, objects and social patterns bring social change.

Diffusion is the transference of cultural traits from place and/or group to another.

Discovery Increase in life expectancy is change in society

Cultural Change

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Obstacles in the way of modernization in Ethiopia

• Lack of oneness of nation• Communal type of the social organization• Narrow religious beliefs which inhibit the growth

of nationality• Closed system of hierarchical satisfaction• Diffused system of expectations and rewards• The drag of the cultural tradition• The ascription versus achievement dilemma

• The gap between the ideals and the actuality

Content:

• Introduction. • What is green revolution?• History of green revolution.• Methods used in green revolution.• Causes of green revolution.• Effects of green revolution.• Result / Evaluation of green revolution.• Advantages of green revolution.• Limitation of green revolution.• Conclusion

Agriculture before Green Revolution

• Agriculture before the green revolution was pretty much limited to areas with a significant amount of rainfall or close to a body of water, has a high enough day length, and in fertile land.  Beforehand, farmers could not harvest a high yield of crops enough to feed even the local population.

• Food problems have haunted mankind since time immemorial. With few technological breakthroughs to increase yields, the food needs of growing populations were historically met by expanding the cultivated area. As the most fertile land became scarce, further expansion meant bringing poorer and lower yielding land into cultivation. By the 19th century, there was growing pessimism about the possibility of feeding ever-growing populations, as exemplified in the writings of Thomas Malthus . Green Revolution is also known as Seed-Water-Fertilizers-Pesticides-Technology.

What is Green Revolution??

• The Green Revolution was a period when the productivity of global agriculture increased drastically as a result of new advances.

• During this time period, new chemical fertilizers and pesticides were created.

• The chemical fertilizers made it possible to supply crops with extra nutrients and, therefore, increase yield.

• The newly developed pesticides controlled weeds, deterred or kill insects, and prevented diseases, which also resulted in higher productivity.

What is GREEN REVOLUTION?

GREEN REVOLUTION

A large incérasse in Food production in Developed and Developing countries achieved by using modern agricultural techniques.

www.greenrevolutionoxforddictionaries.com

History of green revolution:

• The beginnings of the Green Revolution are often attributed to Norman Borlaug, an American scientist interested in agriculture. In the 1940s, he began conducting research in Mexico and developed new disease resistance high-yield varieties of wheat.

• Due to the success of the Green Revolution in Mexico, its technologies spread worldwide in the 1950s and 1960s.

Methods used in green revolution:

• Double/ Multiple Cropping system• Seeds with superior genetics• Proper irrigation system• High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds• Use of pesticides and fertilizers• Use of modern machinery (Tractor, Harvester,

Thrasher)• Expansion of farming areas

. Plant Breeding

Choose the appropriate seeds

Get high grain output

Increased the food production by 90% in 1960

. Plant Breeding

Choose the appropriate seeds

Get high grain output

Increased the food production by 90% in 1960

. Liberal use of Fertilizers plant growth ( nutrients ) fertilizer provides greener Get high greater grain yield

Bacteria blight stem borer gall midge

rugged stunt brown leaf hopper wilted stunt

Pesticides Insecticides

Fungicides Herbicides

Plowing

Sowing Harvesting

Increasing the farmer’s productivity

Having a shorter growing season

Making double or treble cropping

. Extensive of Irrigation Facilities: Government built dams

to provide enough water supply…

. Improved Transport Network: Government built more

roads, highways and railways…

Government provides :

Subsidies Commercial banks Finance houses

Government provides :

Subsidies Commercial banks Finance houses

Effects of green revolution:

• Increase in Production• Capitalistic Farming• Effect on Rural Employment• Reduction in Imports of food grains• Development of Industries• Effect on Prices• Base for Economic Growth• Effect on consumers• Effect on Planning• Increase in Trade• Change in Thinking of Farmers

Advantages of green revolution:

• Yields increased three times.• Multiple cropping.• Other crops grown which varied the diet.

Surplus to sell in cities creating a profit improving the standard of living.

• Allows purchase of fertilizers, machinery etc.• Ethiopia becomes self sufficient in food grains.

.Poor famers are unable to benefit from the benefit of Green Revolution.

. Many small farmers are forced to give up farming indirectly.

. The rich famers become more wealthy.

. Green Revolution has brought more environmental crisis and health risks.

. GR have greatly depleted the world’s fossil fuel.

.Poor famers are unable to benefit from the benefit of Green Revolution.

. Many small farmers are forced to give up farming indirectly.

. The rich famers become more wealthy.

. Green Revolution has brought more environmental crisis and health risks.

. GR have greatly depleted the world’s fossil fuel.

Issues regarding Green Revolution

Pollution and erosion of soilPollution of waterUnemployment among uneducated farmersDeadly diseaseHarmful for farmersConsumption may be adverse

Failures of green revolution

ConclusionGreen Revolution has done a lot of positive things, saving the lives of millions peoples and exponentially increasing the yield of food crops. But environmental degradation makes the Green Revolution an overall inefficient, short-term solution to the problem of food insecurity. So, more sustainable and environmental friendly system of cultivation needs to be practiced. The world needs green Revolution 2, which promises to feed a growing world population sustainably –without compromising the needs of future generations

Thank you!