0

Submitted to Dr. S.K. Thakral

Submitted By:

Dipendra Shahi

2008A72BIV

Rural Agricultural Work Experience

REPORT ONRAWE

College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh HaryanaAgricultural UniversityHisar-1250042011-12

Dedicated

to

my family, my teachers

&

The Almighty

1

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

ORIENTATION

DETAILS OF GROUP

INFORMATION REGARDING KAITHAL

INFORMATION REGARDING SAKRA

CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

TECHNO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF HOST

FARMER

EXTENSION EDUCATION PROGRAMME

CONCLUSION

2

With great pleasure and deep sense of gratitude, I express my

sincere appreciation to Dr.S.K.Thakral (Coordinator of RAWE

Programme), Dr. A.S. Dhindhwal, Dr.R.K. Pannu, Dr. Ishwar singh,

Dr. D.P.NandaL, Dr.Hari Om whose initiative, interest, incessant care,

creative suggestions and expert valuable guidance at every step provided

me a constant source of energetic inspiration and encouragement for

intensive studies in this Programme.

I owe my sincere gratitude & thanks to our Dean Dr.(Mrs.)

Sucheta Khokhar to give us chance for preparing this manuscript and

acquiring practical knowledge.

I would like to extend my deep sense of sincere gratitude &

indebtedness to all the professors of different departments for their

cooperation, behavior, moral support and magnanimous help during the

orientation period.

I express my gratitude towards Dr. Ishwar Singh & Dr. Hari Om

who supported & motivated us throughout our stay at the village. I also

wish to acknowledge the help, support and cooperation that I received

from Dr. Nandal (during RAWE Programme).

I am also very thankful to Mr. Charan Singh (Host Farmer) , Mr.

Suresh Kumar , Mr. Gulab Singh (Sarpanch) , Patwari Mr.Subash

and A.D.O. Mr.Bal Dev Singh of the village for content their help,

guidance, and their cooperation. It is due to them that we never felt like

strangers during our stay at the village.

It is also an earnest endeavor to express my sincere thanks to all

concerned that directly or indirectly provided their contribution and

support all the time during the course of RAWE Programme.

3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

DATE: 12-03-2012 Dipendra Shahi PLACE: Mirzapur (Distt. Kurukshetra) 2008A72BIV

Introduction to Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE)

Programme

The prospects of Indian agriculture have dramatically changed in

the recent past and reached a point of threshold. New high yielding

varieties, hybrids and composites of various crops have entered the scene

of Indian agriculture. New fungicides, insecticides and weedicides are

coming up in the market which has generated a series of dynamic

changes in crop production technology. Research on various aspects of

crop production such as development of high yielding cultivars, fertilizer

use efficiency, water management, weed control, disease and pest control

etc. is in progress catering to the needs of farming community. As a

result, very valuable information is being generated but is unfortunately

available only in the form of special bulletins and articles in different

journals, magazines, research reports, leaflets, circulars etc.

Education plays a key role in human resource development and

therefore, it should be relevant to changing needs of the society.

Agricultural education is an important aspect of ensuring increased

agricultural productivity, sustainability, environmental and ecological

security, profitability, job security and equity. The agricultural education

should be meaningful and practical oriented to fulfill the much-felt inner

urge of agriculture students to be at a take off and ready to act stage

when they complete their graduation. There has been a feeling that the

students graduating from agricultural colleges do not possess the required

practical knowledge and skills required for performing the agricultural

profession effectively and efficiently.

4

PREFACE

The Education Commission set up in 1948-49 also known as the Dr.

Radhakrishnan Commission examined the growth of university education

in the country; and realized the need for establishing rural development

based universities to accelerate the process of economic development

ICAR stressed the need for establishing a rural university on the pattern of

the land grant system of institutions in the U.S.A. In 1960, the 1st

agricultural university came into being in Pantnagar. From then now the

country has 61 agricultural Universities (including one central agricultural

university at Imphal, four ICAR institutes with ‘Deemed university’ status,

four central university with agriculture faculty .

The third Dean's Committee (1995) suggested model academic

regulations and curricula for agriculture graduates. Special emphasis was

given to practical training to inculcate skill and confidence among the

undergraduates to enable them to meet the new challenges. To achieve

this goal, RAWE PROGRAMME in actual farming situation has been

included in the course curriculum of the B.Sc. (Hons.)Agri. Students in

addition to the on -going programme of practical training at this

university. Such a programme will provide and opportunity to the

agricultural graduates to develop self - confidence in farming and better

understanding of the practical problems faced in the field by the farmers

as well as socio - economic aspects of the village life more closely.

There is no occupation as agriculture, in which experience is

essential and exposure to farming situation is necessary to learn the

required skills, The students will also be able to understand the socio -

economic constraints pertaining to the adoption of new agricultural

technologies developed by the agricultural scientists.

With the rising agricultural production in the country and

introduction of modern technology in the production and processing of

agricultural produce, the concept of farming is shifting from survival and

growth to value added agri - business approach. The food industry in India

5

is a very high multiplier which worth billion of dollors. This will lead to

major opportunities in high growth, mass - based, high volume markets

generating enormous opportunities for the corporate sector.

In this backdrop, there will change in the job market i.e. job in

government / public sector will recede and tremendous job opportunities

will emerge in corporate sector as well as the opportunities of self -

employment. Obviously, there is need to reorient RAWE PROGRAMME to

the new challenges in agriculture, It is felt that there is need to depute

interns for imparting them a short training in various agro - industrial

units, This will add to their knowledge and give them an impetus. This will

also help in developing competency among agricultural graduates in the

areas of technology managerial skill, agri - business as well as to face

future challenges of employment.

It is indeed ironic that agriculture which has almost 55% of

the Indian population involved contributes a meager 16% in the

GDP of the country. There is therefore a need to develop &

strengthen the agriculture sector for an inclusive development of

the country.

The RAWE PROGRAMME shall be offered in the second semester, to

only those B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. Students who have already completed all

the course work and other prescribed requirements for the B.Sc. (Hons.)

Agri. Degree.

1. To gain knowledge and experience on the operational aspects

of agricultural technology being used by the farmers.

2. To develop communication skills in interns by effective use of

extension methods to make them better extension workers.

3. To help the interns to understand and appreciate the

agricultural problems of the village with special reference to

the constraints in the application of latest farm technology.

6

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

4. To acquaint the interns with the functioning of various

agricultural researches, development, and agro - based

marketing industries, extension agencies and other allied

organizations involved in rural development.

7

I. Programme of work

The RAWE programme shall consist of the following components:

1. Orientation and self- employment training

Prior to commencement of on - farm internship programme, the

interns shall report for orientation immediately after registration and shall

undergo training about curriculum on crop production technology, techno

-economic survey, preparation of farm plan, family budget and curriculum

on extension education programme. After this, various scientists/teachers

engaged in research and transfer of technology will teach the interns

regarding production technology of various important crops and

constraints in adopting the latest technology.

Immediately after this, the interns will also undergo self -

employment training in crop production; seed production and testing;

fruits and vegetable technology & nursery management; commercial bee

keeping; mushroom production technology; Operation, repair and service

of farm machinery, diesel engines, pumping sets and electric motors;

Dairy and poultry farming, farm forestry and Agricultural Meteorology.

This programme shall be of 15-20 days duration and shall be offered by

the related departments of college of Agriculture, College of Agricultural.

Engineering & Technology and College of Animal Sciences.The Heads of

the concerned departments shall also ensure that interns are exposed to

the commercial farming units sat appropriate time during the internship

programme.

8

INTRODUCTION

In addition to the above SET programme, there will be special

lectures on new emerging issues in agriculture like WTO implications,

watershed management, herbicide resistance and zero tillage, natural

resource management, job opportunities in agriculture, high tech

agriculture including cut and dry flowers high cost vegetables, poly &

green house technology, growing and processing of medicinal plants, post

harvest technology, agro processing etc.

2.Crop Production Technology

The interns shall involve themselves in actual day-to-day

agricultural operations along with their host farmers. They will also

undertake diagnosis and management of various weeds, plant pests,

diseases, nutritional imbalances and physiological disorders likely to be

encountered under field conditions. The interns shall maintain a record of

work done in the Performa prescribed.

3.Techno-economic survey, preparation of farm plans and family

budgets

The interns shall take up a techno-economic survey of the village as

per the questionnaire issued for the purpose. The interns shall be required

to collect data on economic condition of the village, resources endowment

and its utilization, labour problems and employment and other important

economic aspects covered in the questionnaire.

The interns shall also conduct a farm survey and work out the cost

of cultivation of principle crops grown on the farm allotted to them. They

will also maintain a farm record book and on the basis of the data

analyzed in terns will formulate a number of alternative farm plans in

consultation with the farmer and the extension specialist of KVKs for re-

organization of the farm business for optimal net returns. The interns will

also conduct a family budget study of the host farmer, at the end of the

semester; they will prepare a report under the following heads:

9

(a.) Techno-economic survey of the village.

(b.) Farms survey; farm record book and alternative farm plans.

(c.) Family budgets of the host farmer.

4. Extension Education Programme

The interns will be required to involve themselves in the following

extension education programmes:

1. Identifying agricultural problems of the village and training needs of

the farmers.

2. Maintaining information corner.

3. Conducting method and result demonstrations.

4. Organizing short duration Farmers Training Camps, field visits and

agricultural exhibitions.

5. Study of the on-going extension programmes in the villages.

6. Arranging Farmers' group meetings to discuss agricultural aspects.

7. Visit to village institutions and study their role in development

programmes and other extension activities.

8. Motivating the farmers by different extension teaching methods.

9. Writing success stories and feature articles.

Each intern will prepare a report with respect to the activities

indicated above and submit to the Chairman of the Advisory Committee

for its evaluation.

5. Study of programmes and activities of various agricultural

research, development, extension agencies and Organizations

The interns shall be given an opportunity to acquaint themselves

with on-going programmes and activities of the research, development,

marketing and extension agencies and Organization in the progressive

10

neighboring village/district/State. The interns will submit report on

institution he/she has visited.

I. Implementation of the programme

The students of COA, Hisar and Kaul shall be divided equally into

small groups. The group shall be allotted to the Krishi Vigyan Kendras of

the State for providing necessary guidance to the interns in the

implementation of the RAWE. The interns will be allotted to KVK districts

other than their home districts.

III Allotment of Village

Dr.S.K.Thakral Coordinator of RAWE did the allotment of the villages.

Our group was placed in village Mirzapur, District Kurukshetra under the

able guidance of Dr. Ishwar singh .

IV Learnings from RAWE

If you provide food to a person, he will be contented for the day and

if you teach him how to grow the crops, he can maintain himself

throughout his life and his generations.

Our population is increasing day by day; therefore, it is necessary to

grow more crops that are productive. Agriculturists are trying for this in

multidirectional way having galloping speed and rapid spread with respect

to time and space.

The practical training knowledge and skills required for increasing

the productivity of crop to achieve the goal CCSHAU, Hisar have

implemented the Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE) included in

the course curriculum of the B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture in addition to

ongoing programme of practical training of the university. Such an

opportunity to us provide the self confidence in farming and to better

understand the practical problem faced in the field by the farmers and

also help us to understand the socio-economic aspects of the village life

11

more closely and constraints pertaining to adoption of new technology

developed by our scientists.

12

ORIENTATION

03 & 04-01-2012

We got registered to the RAWE Programme for tenure of 4 months

admitted by Dr.S.K.Thakral.

05-01-2012

Our first class of the program was headed by Dr. S.K.Thakral and

Dr. R.K. Pannu. All the students of Hisar and Kaul had a meeting. They

instructed us what we have to do in two month training in village. An

assignment on Data collection for 5 major Rabi and Kharif Crops in terms

of their Production, Productivity and Area were assigned to us.

06-01-2012

Dr. S.K. Thakral and Dr.R.K. Pannu gave us RAWE curriculum on

Crop Production Technology.

07-01-2012

Dr.R.S.Kadian delivered a lecture on techno-economic survey,

preparation of farm plans, family budget etc.

09-01-2012

Dr.A.K.Godara & Dr.S.K.Mehta delivered lectures on General

Extension Education Programme.

13

10-01-2012

A word of advice was given to the students by our Hon’ble

Associate Dean Dr. Diwan Singh. Dr A.S. Dhindhwal (Head

Agronomy) gave advised us how to live in villages Then Dr.S.K. Thakral

made student aware with the rules that are imposed on each student

under the RAWE Programme.

11-01-2012

Allotment of villages to the students by Dr. S.K. Thakral and RAWE

identity cards were given to us.

12-01-2012

We departed for staying in the village for the next 2 months. We are

staying at Panchayat Ghar (Mirzapur) which was given to us by the

Panchayat.

16-01-2012

On this day, 5 lectures were held in college of agriculture, Kaul. First lecture was on Bee keeping by Dr. O.P.Chaudhary followed by Dr. O. P. Sagwal, Dr. S.P. Goyal , Dr. R. K. Chauhan ,Dr. Devi Singh on Soil and Water Conservation, Mushroom Cultivation, Cost of Cultivation of wheat and Horticultural crops respectively.

17-01-2012

On this day, Dr. C. P. Mehla acquainted the students with Vegetable Crop Production Technology followed by Dr. V.S. Lather, Dr. Hari Om , Dr. Satpal Dahiya and lastly by Dr. D. P. Nandal on pulses production ,RCT, Livestock production and major weds of rice and wheat respectively.

14

18-01-2012

After we got settled in the village we informed people about us by

visiting farmers at their homes, farms.

07-03-2012

We organized training titled “Organic Farming” at Mirzapur

Panchayat Building in which we gave information related to Long Term

Benefits of Organic farming, soil management, compost etc. can be

achieved. Dr. Ishwar Singh showed his esteemed presence.

15

16

Training on Organic farming

INTERN

DIPENDRA SHAHI

UNDER

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,

CCS HAU,

KAUL

Dr. D.P. Nandal

Dr. Ishwar Singh

Dr. Hari Om

17

INFORMATION REGARDING DISTRICT

KURUKSHETRA

LOCATION

Kurukshetra is located in the northern region of Haryana.

PHYSICAL FEATURES

Physically the district is a part of Indo- gangetic alluvial plan. The

most part of it is a level plain except certain tracts. There is no perennial

river in the district.

CLIMATE

The climate of the district is moderate. It is hot in summer and

markedly cold in winter. The maximum temperature is recorded in the

months of May and June, when it goes up to as high as 43 0C and the

minimum touches 2 0C in December and January. The rainy season starts

from July and lasts up to September. July and August have wide spread

rain and 75% of the rains are received during these months. The average

rainfall of the district is 600-700 mm. The rainy days are less than 60 per

annum.

AGRICULTURE

Economy of the in the district is agrarian 34.2% of the farmers are

small and marginal farmers with land-holdings up to 2 hectares. These

small and marginal farmers constitute 5.9% of the total area holding. The

average size of the holdings is about 4.35 hectares according to 1991

census.

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At present 90.1% of the total areas is under cultivation. The rest is

cultivable waste, fallow or area not fit for cultivation. There is little

forestland in the district. Cropping intensity is only 126.

Wheat and Rice are important crops covering 88% of the

total area under food-grain crops. The main crops of the district are

Paddy & Jowar in Kharif & Wheat, Field Pea, Moong, Berseem in Rabi. The

area is 90% tubewell and 10% canal irrigated.

Animal Husbandry is the main allied agricultural activity in the

district particularly Dairy farming. The climate and physiographic

conditions of the district are suitable for rearing of Buffaloes and Poultry

Farms.

INDUSTRIES

The district is industrially backward. Remote location from big

commercial centers and lack of entrepreneurial skill are the main factors

for backwardness.

STATUS OF SOIL

1) NUTRIENTS

The soils are very poor in Nitrogen, low to medium in Phosphorous &

medium to high Potash. The soils are also deficient in Zinc (70%). The

soils have poor organic content.

2) MICRO NUTRIENTS

The micronutrient deficiency of Iron, Manganese, Sulphur & Copper

has also appeared in some pockets of the district.

19

3) SOIL TYPE

The soils are heavy with high water holding capacity.

VARIETIES ADOPTED IN KURUKSHETRA

Rabi

Wheat - PBW 343, HD 2894, WH 711

Berseem - Sadhu (Multicut)

Kharif

Paddy - Basmati-30, Basmati-1121, PR-13

For other crops farmers usually sow their own seeds.

20

INFORMATION REGARDING VILLAGE

MIRZAPUR

Location:

Village Mirzapur is in Kurukshetra district. It is 4-5 Km from

Kurukshetra. Its nearby Kurukshetra University ,Kurukshetra & is 1.5 km

away.

Demography:

There are 700 farmer families in the village. The language of this

village is mostly Haryanvi. The main occupation of the people is farming

with marginal land holdings. Most of the farmers have their own tubewells

in the field. The depth of the tubewell lies in the range of 30-45 metres.

Climate:

The average rainfall is 600-700 mm and most of it is received during

the monsoon season. The rainy days are 50-60 per annum. Quality of the

water in the village lies between 0-2000m/mho/cm2.

Miscellaneous:

The villagers are very peaceful and harmony loving. The farmers are

progressive. The farmers are going for crop diversification as many

farmers instead of growing wheat during rabi season have opted for

vegetable and other crops. Many farmers have also adopted the Zero-

tillage technology in their fields.

21

STATISTICS OF VILLAGE MIRZAPUR

Total area of the village 652 haCultivated area 527 haLand put to non-agriculture use 125 ha Total no. of families 700 Total population of the village 9653Male 4633Female 3861Children 1159Total no. Agriculture workers 6564No. of non-agriculture workers 3089Total no. of tractor in village 110 Total no. of tube wells in village 145 No. of Panchayat Ghar 1No. of Aanganwadi 2 No. of Water Works 1No. of Schools 2No. of Chaupal 2No. of Banks 1No. of Veterinary Clinic 1No. of Health Centre 1No. of Post-offices 1

22

ORGANIZATION OF THE VILLAGE

Every village has social institutions which play an important role in

conducting the responsibilities of promoting indigenous findings related to

agriculture & allied fields, education, health, removal of poverty and

balanced development of the village for the benefit of its people. In order

to understand the role and responsibilities of the institutions, the team of

interns including myself visited these basic institutions.

Aanganwadi:

The purpose of the aanganwadi is to provide guidance about the

nutritional value of the food and its importance in diets of the children &

pregnant ladies. There is one aanganwadi in the village. It also gives

training on stitching and cooking to the women of the village besides

acting as a cretch for the tiny tots of those mother who work in the farm.

Timings of aanganwadi - 8:45am to 1:45pm

School:

There are 2 schools in the village, one is Government funded,

teaching the students from nursery to tenth standard, having a principal

who looks after the students from sixth to tenth standard, and the

students from nursery to fifth standard are looked after by headmaster,

the school staff has 20 teachers who teach from English to Physical

education to 598 students. The mid day meal programme has been

efficiently and effectively running. Beside this, there is another govt

secondary school .

23

Health center:

For the medical aid and better health of the villagers, there is one

health clinic funded by Government. It provides vaccines to the children

and medical aid to the pregnant women.

Banks:

There is 1 mini banks in the village which provides fertilizers like

Urea and DAP and loans to farmers. However, one branch of Punjab

National Bank is Near at Gurukul, 1.5 Km from Mirzapur.

Veterinary Hospital:

There is one Veterinary hospital in the village.

Chaupals:

There are two chaupals situated at different locations in the village.

The village folks gather here for discussions, sharing their experiences

related to farms, and also for playing cards.

24

ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE

Any economy can be divided in majorly 3 sectors:

PRIMARY / AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Agriculture sector comprise of Agriculture and allied activities. In

agriculture the activities included are raising crops, minor irrigation, Farm

Mechanization, Horticulture, Dairy, Sheep/Goat Rearing, Bio-Gas, Poultry,

Fishery, Piggery etc.

SECONDARY / SMALL SCALE & RURAL INDUSTRIES

The economy of the district is Agriculture based, as much of the

industries in District are agro-based like rice-shellers ad oil/dal mills. There

are a few brick kilns also.

SERVICE / TERTIARY SECTOR

Major activities included under the tertiary sectors are;

Transportation, Small Business and Retail Trade, Units set up by

Professionals and Self-Employed, financing/banking etc.

25

CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

To know what type of crop production technology the farmers adopt

is one of the important aspects of RAWE Programme. It includes what type

of crops they are taking, which varieties they are using, what type of

special practices they are adopting and what are the main crop production

problems which farmers face etc.

Main Crops of Village:

Rabi:

Wheat

Berseem

Kharif:

Paddy

Jowar

Problems Related to Agriculture:

1. Non-availability of true seeds.

2. Late availability of seeds.

3. Late availability of fertilizers.

4. Very high water-holding capacity of soils.

5. Termite problem in case of Rabi crops.

6. Unavailability of power for irrigation at crucial time of crop.

7. Lack of irrigation water.

8. Lack of faith in extension worker and university work.

9. Risk bearing ability of the farmer is low.

10. Marginal land holding.

Major Crop Production Constraints:

1. Lack of Electricity/Power at important stages of crop growth.

26

2. Deep water table.

3. Less adoption of high yielding varieties of the crops by the farmers, as

higher inputs are required to grow them which doesn't suit the socio-

economic condition of the farmers

4. Most of the crops are not sown timely.

5. Marginal land holdings

6. Shortage of fertilizer.

7. Lack of awareness about university recommended doses.

8. Lack of conviction about superiority of the university seeds.

9. Vagaries of weather.

10. Lack of extension of scientific technology for crop production. Thus

farmers don't gain confidence in extension worker & they prefer to

choose old varieties and traditional methods of cultivation.

11. Most farmers never use Certified Seeds & prefer to sow their own

produce.

12. Poor credit facilities to small farmers force them to adopt traditional

agriculture.

13. Gap in the time of application of plant protection measures.

Critical Observation On farmer’s fields:

1. Farmers use their own seeds for sowing.

2. Irrigation by tubewell water. Irrigation method is flooding.

3. Only chemical weed control is practiced.

4. Farmers use quality seeds purchased from govt. and private sources. In

following 2-3 years, they use their own seeds for sowing.

5. The most popular crop rotation is Rice-Wheat. Due to this water table is

depleting.

6. Termite is the main insect problem in Rabi season.

7. Tubewells are run by electricity and diesel engines.

8. Intercropping and mixed cropping are seldom taken.

9. Most of the farmers have farm buildings at their fields.

10. Machines are easily available on hire basis.

27

11. No. of tractors is accordingly to the requirements.

12. Size of average land holding is marginal.

13. Harvesting of the crops is done by hiring labour.

Major crop rotations

Paddy-Wheat

Paddy-Berseem

Jowar-Wheat

Jowar-Wheat-Dhaincha

Problems

1. Low water table.

2. Use of private dealer seed.

3. Very high water holding capacity of soil (this becomes problematic for

wheat as we have already seen this season that many acres of wheat

were destroyed due to water-logging).

4. Vagaries of weather (problem of hailstorms, excessive rainfall etc.).

Suggestions

1. Farmers should use water judiciously for agricultural purposes.

2. Farmers should try to recharge depleting water table.

3. They should use certified seed always.

4. Proper & timely plant protection measures must be implemented on

field to minimize losses. Integrated methods must be encouraged.

28

TECHNO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF HOST FARMER

To understand the practical aspects of cropping production and to

know the problems faced by the farmer and how he survives is one of the

main objectives of RAWE programme. To understand this I was told to

make one host and three contact farmer. In village I met with Mr.Charan

Singh, who is Matric pass and farming is his main occupation. He is a

polite, nice, down-to-earth and easygoing person. I asked him to become

my host farmer and he agreed with alacrity. He is a very progressive

farmer, & according to him, because of the lack of interest and ignorance

agriculture is not progressing.

Name of host farmer - Mr. Charan Singh

Age - 37 yrs.

Village - Mirzapur, Kurukshetra

Educational Status - Matric

Main Occupation - Farming

Type of family - Nuclear

Total no. of members in famil - 7

Male - 3

Female - 4

No. of farm workers in family - 2

Male - 2

Female - 0

Total land (Owned) - 12 acre

Type of soil - Clay Loam

29

Cropping Scheme

Sr. No. Kharif Area (acre) Rabi Area (acre)

1. Paddy 11 1. Wheat 11.5

2. Berseem .5

RETURNS

Crop Area Total Inputs Gross Returns Net Returns

(acre) Per acre Total Per acre Total Per acre Total

(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) ( Rs.)

Paddy 12 27,816 3,33,792 28,800 3,45,600 980

11,760

Wheat 11.5 27,072 3,11,328 33,600 3,86,400 6,528

75,072

Berseem 0.5 9,000-- 4,500 35,000 17,500 26,000

13,000

Total 6,49620 7,49,500 99,832

Livestock Enterprise

Number Income

Buffalo - 3 1,08,000

Family Budget & Farm Income:

Sr. No. Name of Unit Consumed monthly Cost/Unit Total Expenditure

(Kg) (Rs/Kg) (Rs.) Food: I. Cereals 52 20 1040II. Pulses 3 40 120III. Pulses products 3.5 30 105 IV. Vegetables 24 15 360V. Fruits 8 45 360VI. Nuts and Oilseeds .2 50 60VII. Milk 26 30 780VIII. Ghee 5 200 1000

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IX. Sugar 15 30 450X. Others 604

Sub - total 5,046Per annum 60552

31

Non-Food: 1. Clothing 12000 2. Light & fuel 8000

Repairs, taxes, services , recreation ,education 16,000 Medicine,durable goods

Sub-total 36,000

TOTAL = 60552+ 36,000= 96,552 /Annum

BALANCE SHEET

1. Gross Income from farm = Rs8,57,500 / annum

2. Total Expenditure = Rs. 6,79,620 / annum

3. Net Income from farm = Rs1,77,880 / annum

4. Family expenditure = Rs. 96,552

SAVING =Rs.81,328

32

EXTENSION EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

On 7th March we organized an extension education

programme under which we gave training to farmers. The topic which we

selected was “Organic Farming”. For this training we had started

preparing a week earlier. We went to the homes and farms of the farmers

to make them aware of this training and told them why this training is

important for them.

“I spoke on the topic on importance of Organic

Farming”

Then Dr.Ishwar Singh gave a very detailed speech on the same

topic & pointed out all our shortcomings. He emphasized the farmers on

the adoption of organic farming.

33

CONCLUSIONAgricultural sector’s performance during last four decades of the

twentieth century has been phenomenal. Indian food grain production has

risen from a meager 50 MT in 1950-51 to 200 MT in the year 2000. This

has been possible because of the Green Revolution in the year 1965-66

under the leadership of Dr. C. Subramanyam & Dr. M. S.

Swaminathan. But still the ever-growing population is starving. It is said

that India needs to produce 312 MT of food grains by the year 2020 to

feed it. This will be possible only if we seriously think about undertaking a

Second Green Revolution or an Ever Green Revolution. The President

of India, Pratibha Devi Singh Patils, has proposed that this will be

possible with the use of IT, Technology, Organic Farming & better

extension & better adoption by the farmers.

Critically, if we see the present agriculture scenario, we notice some

of the blunders committed in past years. We wanted more food, but not

cared how it was produced and can it be produced like that endlessly. Our

concentration was on extending area under cultivation, providing

irrigation facilities and heavy dependence on agrochemical inputs. All

these have resulted in reduced biodiversity and reduced genetic

expressions, decline in soil fertility and water resources, salinity and water

logging, resurgence of pests and diseases and enhanced environmental

pollution. Since the future of India depends on agricultural growth,

agriculture has to become eco-friendly production system capable of

sustainable growth in agriculture to meet the basic need of rapidly

increasing population.

The highlights of our RAWE programme may be summarize as

below:

1. We visited the farms and took various data and information regarding

crop production technology, biometrics data for important field crops,

techno-economic surveys, adoption and constraint analysis in production

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of major crops, socio-economic constraints, study of programs and

activities of rural development agencies and organization of various

village institutions.

2. Extension program or Training was a very new & refreshing experience.

We told the farmers about Organic Farming.

3. Under this RAWE programme I learnt the difficulties, which come up

during crop production. Any system developed by the experts is not

necessary to ideal in all conditions. There are different types of constraints

in it. These can be removed by doing some modifications in the system.

4. In my view, only the KVK scientists, A.D.O., the Agriculture officers and

other extension workers can fill the gap between farmers and scientists.

Farmers are not much educated but they are still ready to accept new

technologies if they are convinced by extension workers.

In short, my stay at the village was a wonderful experience. We did

face some hardships in trying to adopt in the village environment initially,

but we found ourselves well suited in the end. In return we gained first

hand experience of agriculture & the problems faced by the farmers.

* * * * * * * * *

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