rumentation-the control of boiler and hrsg systems

8/2/2019 Rumentation-The Control of Boiler and HRSG Systems

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P o w e r - p l a n t c o n t r o la n d i n s t r u m e n t a t i o nT h e c o n t r o l o f b o i l e r sa n d HRSG s y s t e m s

D a v i d L i n d s l e y

T he Inst itu tion o f E lectr ica l E ng ine ers



To m y w if e , Jo . Th a n ks f o r e ve r y th in g , e sp e c i a l ly yo u r

p a t ie n ce a n d e a g l e - e ye d sp o t tin g o f e rr o r s d u r in g t h e

ch e ck i n g o f t h is b o o k .

Published by: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London,United Kingdom

© 2000: The Institution of Electrical Engineers

Reprinted 2005

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Th e Institution of Electrical En gineers,Michael Faraday House,Six Hills Way, Stevenage,Herts. SG1 2 AY , United Kingdo m

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B r i ti s h L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u i n g in P u b l i c a ti o n D a t a

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P r e f a c e

T h e a i m o f t his b o o k is t o e x a m i n e t h e c o n t r o l a n d i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n

s y st em s o f t h e d r u m - t y p e b o ile rs a n d h e a t - r e c o v e r y s t e a m g e n e r a t o r s

( H R S G s ) t h a t a r e u s e d fo r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f s t e a m f o r t u r b i n e s a n d i n d u s -

t r i a l p r o c e s s e s . M y i n t e n t i o n i s t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n t o a s s i s t t h e

d e si g ne rs , u s er s a n d m a i n t e n a n c e s t a f f o f s u c h p l a n ts i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g h o w

t h e s e s y s t e m s f u n c t i o n .

T h e e n d p r o d u c t o f t h e s t e a m p l a n t m a y b e e l e ct r i c it y t h a t i s e x p o r t e dt o t h e g r id , o r i t m a y b e s t e a m o r h o t w a t e r t h a t i s s e n t to a n e a r b y p r o c e ss

p l a n t, f a c t o r y o r h o u s i n g c o m p l e x , b u t i n e a c h c a s e t h e g e n e r a l p ri n ci p le s

o f th e c o n t r o l s y s te m s w i ll b e v e r y s i m i la r . N e v e r t h e l e s s, t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s e

s y s t e m s is a s p e c i a l i s e d ta s k , a n a r t a s m u c h a s a s c ie n c e , a n d i n t h is i n t r o -

d u c t i o n I a i m to d r a w a t te n t i o n t o t h e w i d t h a n d d e p t h o f k n o w l e d g e th a t

i t d e m a n d s .

T h e k n o w l e d g e b a s e o n e n e e d s t o d e s i g n a c o n t r o l s y s t e m f o r a b o i l e r

o r H R S G i s u n u s u a l l y w i d e . A p o w e r s t a t i o n i s a c o m p l e x e n t i t y ,

e m b r a c i n g a w i d e r a n g e o f w h a t I r e f er to a s p r i m a r y d i s ci p li n e s -- p h y s ic s ,

c h e m i c a l e n g i n ee r in g , t h e r m o d y n a m i c s , m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r in g a n d e le c-

t r i c al e n g i n e e ri n g . I t a ls o i nv o lv e s c o n t r o l t e c h n o l o g y a n d c o m p u t i n g - - t h e

s e c o n d a r y d is cip li ne s t h a t c o m b i n e t w o o r m o r e o f t h e p r i m a r y s ub je cts .

T h e m a n y m a c h i n e s i n a p o w e r s t a t i o n o p e r a t e t o g e t h e r a s a n i n t e -

g r a t e d , h i g h l y i n t e r d e p e n d e n t s y st em . I n p r a c t i c e , e n g i n e e r s i n v o lv e d i n

a n y a r e a o f p o w e r - st a ti o n d e si g n, o p e r a t i o n o r m a i n t e n a n c e m u s t n e c es -

s a r i ly h a v e t h e i r sk ills f o c u s e d o n j u s t o n e o f t h e p r i m a r y d i s ci p li n e s, n e c e s -

s i ta t i n g a h i g h d e g r e e o f t r a i n i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e r e l e v a n t fi eld : b u t

t o w o r k e f f e c ti v e ly t h e y w i ll a l so n e e d a t l e a s t a b a s i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a ll

t h e o t h e r s .

T h a t m a y s e e m w i d e e n o u g h f o r a n y o n e , b u t a s s o o n as t h e fo c us

n a r r o w s o n t o o n e a r e a, t h e c o n t r o l a n d i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n sy s te m s ( C & I ) o f



x P r e f a c e

p o w e r s t a t i o n s , i t b e c o m e s a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e s u b j e c t i s e v e n m o r e

d e m a n d i n g . E n g i n e e r s w o r k i n g i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d m u s t b e p r o f i c i e n t

i n th e h i g h l y c o m p l e x a r e a s o f c o n t r o l t h e o r y a n d c o m p u t e r s ( h a r d w a r e ,

s o f t w a r e o r b o t h - - f a s t m o v i n g , e v e r c h a n g i n g s u b je c ts i n t h e i r o w n r i g h ts ),

b u t i n a d d i t i o n t h e y s h o u l d h a v e a t l ea st a r u d i m e n t a r y u n d e r s t a n d i n g o ft h e t h e r m o d y n a m i c s o f s t ea m g e n e r a t io n a n d u se , a n d o f m e t a l lu r g y ,

c h e m i s t ry a n d m e c h a n i c a l d e si gn . I n a d d i t i o n it m a y b e n e c e s s a r y to

u n d e r s t a n d h o w h i g h - v o l ta g e h e a v y - c u r r e n t e le c tr ic a l s y st em s w o r k .

O n e o f t h e p r o b l e m s f a c e d b y t h e i n d u s t r y is th e n e e d f o r c o n t r o l

e n g in e e rs w h o u n d e r s t an d , a n d a r e c o m p e t e n t in , th e v e r y d e m a n d i n g

f ie ld o f c o m p u t e r s y s te m s , as w e l l as i n t h e m o r e t r a d i t i o n a l a r e a s o f e n g i-

n e e ri n g . B u t, w h e r e a s t h e q u a n t i t y a n d v a r i e t y o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d b yt h e e n g i n e e r h a s g r o w n e n o r m o u s l y o v e r th e p a s t h a l f -c e n t u r y , t h e p e r io d

a l lo c a t e d to g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g h a s n o t e x p a n d e d b e y o n d t h e sa m e f o u r o r

f iv e y e a r s th a t I s p e n t w h i l e I w a s b e i n g t ra i n e d . A n d i n m y d a y c o m p u t e r s

w e r e s p e c ia l is e d t h i n g s t h a t o n e m i g h t , p e r h a p s , s t u d y a f t e r g r a d u a t i n g .

B e s id e b e in g c o m p l i c a t e d , c o m p u t e r t e c h n o l o g y is b e g u i li n g . I t is

t e m p t i n g , a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l l y s a ti sf y in g , t o s it at a k e y b o a r d t a p p i n g a w a y

a n d g e n e r a t i n g w o r d s , f o r m u l a e o r p i c t u r e s o n t h e s c r ee n . I f a m i s t ak e is

m a d e , t h e t h i n g s i m p l y d o e s n ' t w o r k . A t w o r s t t h e s y s t e m m a y ' c r a s h ' ,

n e c e s s i ta t i n g a r e b o o t - - a p r o c es s t h a t m a y , a t w o r s t, r e su l t i n t h e l oss o f

m u c h c a r e f u l l y - c o n s t r u c t e d d a t a . B u t t h a t is a ll.

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l i n g a n y p o w e r - s t a t i o n p l a n t i s

i n c o m m a n d o f a h u g e p r o ce s s in v o l v i n g e x p l o si v e m i x t u r e s o f g a se s, s t e a m

a t p r es s ur es a n d t e m p e r a t u r e s t h a t b e c o m e in s t a n t ly l e th a l i f a n y t h i n g g o es

w r o n g , a n d m a s s i v e r o a r i n g t u r b i n e s d r i v i n g g e n e r a t o r s t h a t p r o d u c e

m e g a w a t t s o f p o w e r a t m a n y te n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f v o h s . A s m a ll m i st ak e o r

l a c k o f a t t e n t i o n t o d e t a il i n s u c h a c a s e c a n h a v e c o n s e q u e n c e s t h a t w i ll

c e r t a i n l y b e s e v e re , p r o b a b l y v e r y e x p e n s i v e a n d p o s si b ly t r a g ic .

A p o w e r s t a t i o n i s a c o m p l e x t h i n g , a n d i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n i s a f r a n t i c ,

l o n g d r a w n - o u t p r o c e s s i n v o l v i n g m a n y p e o p l e , s o m e t i m e s h u n d r e d s o f

t h e m , w o r k i n g a m i d t h e d if fi cu l ti es o f n o is e, d u s t a n d d i r t, a n d e x t r e m e s o f

t e m p e r a t u r e . H e a v y i te m s a re c r a n e d o r m a n h a n d l e d i nt o p o si ti on u n d e r

a m e s s o f c a b le s a n d p ip e s, o f t e n w i t h s h o w e r s o f s p a rk s r a i n i n g d o w n f r o mw e l d i n g a n d c u t t i n g o p e r a t i o n s h i g h a b o v e . A n i n s t r u m e n t l o v i n g l y

i n s t a l l e d o n a p i p e i s a l l t o o o f t e n u s e d a s a f o o t h o l d f o r a h e a v y - b o o t e d

r i g g e r r e a c h i n g u p t o i n st al l a n i t e m o n a n o t h e r p i p e. I n s t r u m e n t c u b ic le s

a r e o n o c c a s i o n u s e d a s l a t r i n e s b y l a b o u r e r s w h o a r e c a u g h t s h o r t i n t h e

m i d d l e o f a t as k . M a n y a c o n t r o l d e s k d e s i g n e d w i t h a n e y e f o r a r ti st ic

m e r i t h a s c o m e i n t o v i o l e n t c o n t a c t w i t h a m a s s i v e s t e e l g i r d e r b e i n g

m o v e d i n to p o s i t i o n - - a n d e m e r g e d t h e w o r se orE.



Preface xi

W h e n o n e m o v e s a w a y fr o m E u r o p e o r N o r t h A m e r i c a t hin g s b e c o m e

e v e n w o r se . ( T h e e x p r e s s io n ' d e b u g g i n g ' t a k e s o n a n e w s i g n if ic a n c e w h e n

o n e h a s to e x t r a c t a la r g e a n d a g g re s si ve c o c k r o a c h f r o m a n I / O c a r d

rack . )

A c r o s s th e w o r l d , c a b l e t re n c h e s a r e d u g a n d c a b l e s l a id i n t h e m b y e le c -t ri c ia n s a n d l a b o u r e r s w h o h a v e l i t tl e o r n o u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f e le c tr o n ic s .

E x p e r t s u p e r v i s i o n h a s i ts l im i ts . E v e n i f m u c h c a r e fu l a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n

p a i d t o d e f in i n g e a r t h i n g a n d s c r e e n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s , a ll m a y b e lo s t i f t h e

w r o n g t y p e o f c a b l e g l a n d is u s e d a t a s in g l e p o i n t , o r i f a r m o u r e d c a b l e is

w r o n g l y g l a n d e d . T h e f a c t t h a t a m a l f u n c t i o n h a s b e e n c a u s e d b y i n te r fe r -

e n c e is d i ff ic u l t e n o u g h t o d e t e r m i n e . T r y i n g t o d i s c o v e r w h y a n d w h e r e

t h e i n te r f e r e n c e o c c u r r e d i n k i l o m e t r e s o f c a b l e t r a y s a n d d u c t s s n a k i n gt h e i r w a y t h r o u g h a v a s t si te is o f t e n a n i m p o s s i b l e ta s k .

S o w h y s h o u l d a n y b o d y in t h e ir r ig h t m i n d s wan t t o wor k i n a f i e l d

t h a t i s o f t e n d i f f i c u l t , s o m e t i m e s d a n g e r o u s a n d a l w a y s s t r e s s f u l ?

E v e r y b o d y w il l h a v e t h e i r o w n a n s w e r b u t , f o r m e , t h e m a g i c o f th is f ie ld is

its h u g e s c o p e a n d e n o r m o u s c h a ll en g e s . I n f e w o t h e r i n d u s tr ie s w i ll o n e

h a v e t o a p p l y o n e ' s m i n d t o t e c h n o lo g i e s t h a t a r e s o w i d e - r a n g i n g a n d

d i s p a r a t e a s th e t h e r m o d y n a m i c p r oc e ss e s o f s t e a m a t 5 0 0 ° C a n d t h e

o p e r a t i o n o f a h i g h -s p e e d d a t a h i g h w a y .

I t is a v a r i e d , d e m a n d i n g a n d e x c i t in g f i el d, a n d i f i n th e c o u r s e o f

e x p l a i n i n g i t s c o m p l e x i t i e s I c a n l u r e i n t o t h e p o w e r - s t a t i o n C & I f i e l d a

f e w p e o p l e w h o m i g h t o t h e r w i s e n o t h a v e c o n s i d e r e d a n e n g i n e e ri n g

c a r e e r , t h e n I s h a ll b e p le a s e d .

S o w h a t I h a v e t ri e d t o d o i n t h is b o o k is t o p r o v i d e a n o u t l in e o f t h e

s u b j e c t i n a r e a d a b l e f o r m a t . I n d o i n g th is I h a v e h a d t o l im i t t h e d e p t h o f

t h e c o v e r a g e . I m a k e n o a p o l o g i e s fo r g l os s in g o v e r s o m e t o p ic s a n d f o r

s i m p l i f y i n g s o m e c o n c e p t s . T h e e x p e r t s i n a p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d m a y w e l l

q u i b b l e w i t h m y e x p la n a t io n s , b u t I w o u l d m a i n t a i n t h a t i f t h e i de a s w o r k

i n p r a c t i c e , t h e n t h a t i s a n a d e q u a t e s t a r t i n g p o i n t . I t w i l l a l w a y s b e

poss i b l e t o r ef i ne t he de t a i l l a t e r on .

I m u s t t r y to e x p l a i n h o w I h a v e a p p r o a c h e d t h e p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s o f

b o i le r c o n t r o l a n d i n s t ru m e n t a t io n . T h e r a p i d e v o l u t i o n o f t e c h n o l o g y

m a k e s i t d a n g e r o u s t o d e fi n e a n y d e t ai ls o f i m p l e m e n t a t io n ( a p h o t o g r a p ho f t o d a y 's s t a te - o f -t h e -a r t c o n t r o l r o o m b e c o m e s v e r y d a t e d w i t h in o n l y a

f e w y e a r s !) . F o r th i s r e a s o n I h a v e t r i e d t o c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h e o v e r a l l p r i n -

c ip l es o f e a c h s y s t e m , a s I d i d w i t h m y e a r l i e r b o o k o n t h is s u b j e c t , s in c e

t h e p r in c i p le s o f t h r e e - e l e m e n t f e e d - w a t e r c o n t r o l, a s i m p l e m e n t e d i n a

m o d e r n d i s t r i b u t e d c o n t r o l s y st e m , a r e v i r t u a l l y t h e s a m e a s t h o s e i m p l e -

m e n t e d i n a 4 0 - y e a r - o l d p n e u m a t i c s y s t e m f u lf il l in g t h e s a m e f u n c ti o n .

T h i s t i m e , h o w e v e r , in a d d i t i o n t o i n f o r m a t i o n o n s y s t e m p ri n -c i p le s Ih a v e t r i e d t o p r o v i d e p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n t r a n s m i t te r s , a n a l y s e rs ,



xii Pre face

f l a me m o n i t o rs , a c t u a t o r s a n d c a b li n g . A t t h e t i me o f w r it in g , d e v e l o p -

m e n t s i n th e s e a re a s s e e m t o h a v e r e a c h e d s o m e t h i n g o f a p l a t e a u , a n d I

c a n o n l y h o p e t h a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n I h a v e p r o v i d e d w i ll n o t b e c o m e o ut -

da ted too soon . In any even t , I be l i eve tha t t he ma t t e r s re l a t ing to t rans -

m i t t e r a n d a c t u a t o r i n s t a l la t io n a n d u s e w i l l r e m a i n r e l e v a n t we ll i n t o th econce ivab le fu tu re .

F i n a l l y I wo u l d l i k e t o t h a n k t h e ma n y i n d i v i d u a l s a n d o rg a n i s a t i o n s

w h o h a v e m a d e c o n t r i b u t io n s t o t h is b o o k , e i th e r w i t h d i re c t c o n t ri b u t io n s

o f d i a g ra m s a n d t e c h n i c a l a r ti cl es , o r b y t h e p ro v i s io n o f i n fo rma t i o n . I n

t h a n k i n g t h e fo l l o wi n g , I d o n o t w i s h t o i g n o re a l l t h e o t h e r s wh o h a v e

h e l p e d m e w i t h th is wo rk : B a l fo u r B e a tt y L t d . , C ro y d o n , Su r r e y ; B . I. C . C .

C o m p o n e n t s L t d . , B r isto l B a b c o c k L t d . , K i d d e rm i n s t e r , W o rc e st e rs h ir e ;B r i t i s h S t a n d a rd s In s t i t u t i o n , L o n d o n ; C o p e s -Vu l c a n L t d . , Wi n s fo rd ,

C h e s h i r e ; F i r e y e L t d . , S l o u g h , B e rk s h ir e; Ho w d e n S i ro c c o L t d ., G l a s g o w;

K v a e r n e r P u l p i n g L t d ., G o t h e n b u r g , S w e d e n; M e a s u r e m e n t T e c h n o l o g y

Ltd . , Lu ton , B edfo rdsh ire ; M i t su i Babcock L td . , C raw ley , W es t Sussex ;

N a t i o n a l P o w e r p i e , S w i n d o n , W i l t s h i r e ; R o s e m o u n t E n g i n e e r i n g

Company , Bognor Reg i s , Wes t Sussex ; Sco t t i sh Power p l c , Glasgow;

S o l a r t r o n L t d . , F a r n b o r o u g h , H a m p s h i r e ; a n d W a t s o n S m i t h L t d . ,

Leeds .



D iagram m atic sym bols

I n s pi te o f t h e e x i st e n ce o f m a n y r e c o g n is e d s t a n d a r d s f o r i n s t r u m e n t a t i o ns y m b o l s [ 1], I h a v e c h o s e n t o a d o p t a s im p l e f o r m a t w h i c h s h o u l d b e s uf fi -

c i e n t t o e x p l a i n t h e c o n c e p t s t h a t I w a n t t o c o m m u n i c a t e t o t h e r e a d e r .

T h e s e s y m b o l s w o u l d n o t b e c o m p r e h e n s i v e e n o u g h t o fu l ly d e f in e t h e

r e q u i r e m e n t s w i t h i n a f u ll -s c al e c o n t r o l - s y s t e m d e s ig n t a s k ( fo r e x a m p l e ,

t h e c o n t r o l l e r s y m b o l d o e s n o t i n d i c a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t a u t o /

m a n u a l f a c i l i t i e s a r e r e q u i r e d , o r t h e f o r m t h a t t h e s e s h o u l d t a k e ) .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , I b e l i e v e t h e d i a g r a m s w i l l b e e a s i l y u n d e r s t o o d b ye n g i n e e r s .

I n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e c o n t r o ll e r s t h e m s e lv e s , i t is w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g t h a t

d i f fe r e n t t e rm s a r e u s e d in t h e U S A a n d e l s ew h e r e to i d e n t if y t h e s a m e

f u n c ti o n . I n p a r t i c u la r , t h e p l a n t p a r a m e t e r t h a t is m e a s u r e d a n d f e d to a

c o n t r o l l e r is, i n E u r o p e , c a l l e d t h e ' m e a s u r e d v a l u e ,' w h i l e i n t h e U S A i t is

r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e ' p r o c e s s v a r ia b l e ' . A l s o , w h e n r e f e r r i n g t o c o n t r o l l e r s , t h e

t e r m ' re s e t ' is o f t e n u s e d i n t h e U S A i n s t e a d o f ' i n t e g r a l a c t i o n '.



A b b r e v i a t i o n s a n d t e r m s

u s e d i n t h i s b o o k

T h i s b o o k is a d d r e s s e d t o p e o p l e w o r k i n g a c ro s s t w o v e r y d i f f e r e n t

d i sc ip l in e s: p o w e r - p l a n t a n d c o n t r o l s y s te m s . T e c h n i c a l t e r m s a n d a b b r e -

v i a t io n s t h a t a r e e a s i ly u n d e r s t o o d b y p r o f e s si o n a ls in o n e f ie ld c a n b e

b e w i l d e r in g t o t h o se w h o u n d e r s t a n d t h e o t h e r s id e , a n d s o t h e f o l l o w i n g

lis t is p r o v i d e d i n a n a t t e m p t t o h e l p r e a d e r s u n d e r s t a n d t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n s

a n d s o m e o f t h e t e r m s t h a t a r e u s e d i n t h e t e x t a n d e l se w h e r e i n t h e

i n d u s t r y .

loo2

2oo2

2oo3

A C

A S C I I

A D C

A / M

BSI

C & I

C C R

C C G T

C EC H P

C M R

C P U

D A C

D CD C S

one-ou t -o f - two v o t ing

two-ou t -o f - two vo t ing

two-o u t -o f - th ree vo t ing

a l t e rn a t i n g c u r r e n t

A m e r i c a n S t a n d a r d C o d e fo r I n f o r m a t i o n I n t e r c h a n g e ( a

s t a n d a r d d e f in i n g t he c o d e s u s ed f or c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n

c o m p u t e r s a n d b e t w e e n c o m p u t e r s a n d t h e i r p e r i p h e r a l s )

ana log ue - to -d ig i t a l conv e r te r

a u t o / m a n u a l c o n tro l f a c il it y

Br i ti sh S tan da rd s Ins t i tu t ion

c o n t ro l a n d i n s t ru m e n t a t i o n

c e n t r a l c o n t ro l r o o m

com bined-cyc le gas - tu rb ine p lan t

E u r o p ea n C o m m u n i t yc o m b i n e d h e a t a n d p o w e r ( a ty p e o f p l a n t t h a t b u r n s a f u e l t o

p rodu ce e lec t r i c ity an d s team tha t is used e i the r to hea t a n ea rb y

com plex o r by an indu s t r i a l p roces s )

c o n ti n u o u s m a x i m u m r a ti n g ( als o M C R )

cen t ra l p roces s ing un i t

d ig i t a l - to -ana logue conver te r

d i r e c t c u r r e n td i s t r ibu ted con t ro l sys tem



x v i Ab brevia t ions an d terms used in th is book

d e t e r m i n i s t i c

D V

E E P R O M

E M C

E M I

FA T

F D

F D S

F W RH / A

H P

H R S G

IC

I D

I E C

I E E

I E E E

I P

I S O

i / o

K K S

L A N

L E D

l o a d

L P

m a c h i n e

M C B

M C R

mi l l

M T B F

M T T R

M V

P & I D

P C BP F

A de t e rm in i s t i c sys tem is on e i n wh ich even t s a r e dea l t wi th i n t he

e x a c t o r d e r i n w h i c h t h e y o c c u r . W i t h s o m e s y st em s , e v e n t s a r e

d e a l t w i t h b y m e a n s w h i c h ca u s es a c t i o n t o b e t a k e n i n a s e q u e n c e

tha t i s d i c t a t e d by ex t e rna l co ns t r a in t s ( such a s po ll ing ) . Such a

sys tem i s no t de t e rm in i s t i cd e s i re d v a l u e

e l ec t ri c a ll y e r as a b le p r o g r a m m a b l e r e a d - o n l y m e m o r y

e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c c o m p a t i b i l i ty

e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e rf e r e n c e

f a c t o r y a c c e p t a n c e t es t

f o rc e d d r a u g h t

func t i ona l des ign spe c i f ica t i on

f e e d - w a t e r r e g u l a t o r ( c o n t r o l v al v e)h a n d / a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l f a ci li ty

h igh p res su re ( t he d e f in i t ion is re l a ti ve : on m a jo r ce n t r a l - s t a t i on

p l an t i t is u sua l l y abov e 100 ba rg )

h e a t - r e c o v e r y s te a m g e n e r a t o r

i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u it

i n d u c e d d r a u g h t

I n t e r n a t i o n a l E l e c t ro - te c h n i c a l C o m m i s s io n

I n s t i tu t i o n o f E l e c t r ic a l E n g i n e e r s

I n s t it u t e o f E l e c t r ic a l a n d E l e c t ro n i c s E n g i n e e r s

in t e rm ed ia t e p r e s su re ( a r e l a t ive de f in i ti on , s ee HP above )

I n t e r n a t io n a l S t a n d a r d s O r g a n i s a ti o n

i n p u t a n d o u t p u t

K r a f t w e r k K e n n z e i c h e n s y s te m ( p o w e r s ta t i o n d e s ig n a t io n

sys tem)

l o c a l - a r e a n e t w o r k

l ig h t e m i t ti n g d i o d e

t h e f lo w o f s t e am , i n k g / s , t h a t is p r o d u c e d a t a n y g i v e n t im e b y

t h e b o i le r o r H R S G ( s o m e t im e a l so t h e e l e c tr ic a l lo a d o n t h e

g e n e ra to r , i n M W )

low pres su re ( a r e l a t ive de f in i t ion , s ee H P above )

t u r b o - g e n e r a t o r o r a l t e r n a t o r

m i n i a t u r e c i rc u i t b r e a k e r

m a x i m u m c o n t i n u o u s r a t in g ( al so C M R ) , t yp ic a ll y, th e h ig h e str a t e o f s t e a m f lo w t h a t a b o i l e r c a n p r o d u c e f o r e x t e n d e d p e r i o d s.

a dev i ce ( a l so kn ow n as a pu lve r i s e r ) t ha t i s u sed t o c rush co a l i n to

f i ne po w de r be fo re it is fed t o t he b urn e r s

m e a n t im e b e t w e e n f a il u re

m e a n t i m e t o r e p a i r

m e a s u r e d v a l u e ( a ls o k n o w n a s ' p ro c e s s v a r i a b le ' )

p i p in g a n d i n s t ru m e n t a t io n d i a g r a m

p r i n t e d c i r c u i t b o a r dpu lve r i s ed fue l ( coa l )



Abbrev ia t ions a nd t e rms used in th i s book xvi i

P L C

P S U

pulve r i se r

P VR A M

R D F

R F I

R O M

R T C

SA T

S C A D A

T U V

U A R T

U L

U P S

V D U

W T E

p ro g ra m ma b l e - lo g i c c o n t ro l le r

p o w e r s u p p ly u n i t

a dev ice (a lso kno w n as a m i l l) tha t i s used to c rush coa l in to fine

pow der be fore i t is fed to the bu rne rs

process va r iab le (a lso kn ow n as 'me asure d va lue ' )r a n do m - a c c es s m e m o r y

refuse-der ive d fue l

rad io - f req uenc y in te r fe rence

r e ad - o n ly m e m o r y

rea l - t ime c lock

s i te acc epta nce tes t

supe rv i sory , con t ro l an d d a ta -aqu is i t ion sys tem

T e ch n is ch e r U b e r w a c h u n g s V e r e i n ( G e r m a n T e c h n i c a l S u pe r-v i so ry Assoc ia t ion)

u n i v e r sa l a s y n c h r o n o u s r e c e i v e r / t r a n s m i t t e r ( a n e l e ct ro n i c d e-

v i ce t h a t c o n t ro l s c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h a p e r i p h e ra l)

underwr i te r s ' l abora to r ie s

u n i n t e r ru p t i b l e p o w e r s u p p ly

v i sua l d i sp lay un i t (a lso t e rm ed a 'm on i to r ' o r ' s c reen ' )

w a s t e - t o - e n e rg y ( a t y p e o f p l a n t w h e re w a s t e is b u rn e d t o p ro d u c e

e lec t r i c ity o r h ea t fo r a d i s t r i c t o r indu s t r i a l p rocess)

R e f e r e n c e

1 A N S I / I S A - S 5 . 1 : I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y m b o ls a n d i d e n ti fi c a ti o n . I n s t r u m e n t

S o c i e ty o f A m e r i c a, R e s e a r c h T r i a n g l e P a r k , N o r t h C a r o l i n a , U S A , 1992

rumentation-the control of boiler and hrsg systems

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