ruchika practicl file

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giBS Enroll No - 05580003911

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR MANAGERS

Practical File

Submitted for partial fulfillment for the award ofthe Degree of:-

MASTER OF BUSINESSADMINISTRATION

(MBA 2011-2013)Under the supervision of

DR ARUN BAKSHI

Submitted byRUCHIKA JAIN

ENROLL NO. 05580003911

GITARATTAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

SCHOOL

(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha

University )

Madhuban Chowk, ROHINI, DELHI - 110085

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topics Page No.

1. MS-DOS 03 - 11

2. HTML 12 - 21

3. SPREADSHEETS 22 - 40

4. SQL 41 - 52

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MS-DOS

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Disk operating System (DOS)

DOS was developed by Microsoft primarily as a single user operating

system working on Personal Computers. From 1981 till now many

versions starting from version 1.0 till 6.2 have been released. Each

successive version had its enhancements aimed at improving the

management of the computer resources available to the users.

DOS Commands

A DOS command helps you to give instruction to the operating system in

Character User Interface (CUI) environment. Using DOS commands, you

can perform various tasks, such as creating and managing files and

folders and monitoring your system resources.

To create and manage files and folders, perform the following steps:

1. Click the Start button, and then select Run.2. In the Run dialog box, type cmd in the Run box.3. Click the OKbutton.

The Command Prompt window is displayed.

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In the Command Prompt window, the command is given after the

command prompt and the Enter key is pressed to execute the

command.

As the drive displayed is the user directory, change the drive to D:

drive by giving following command at the command prompt.

C:\Users\user>D:

Directories

In the DOS, each disk is organized into directories. Each Directory holds

file. The default directory is the Root Directory and contains the

minimum DOS files.

The Root Directory cannot show more than 132 files in its directorylisting.

Create Directory

MD or MKDIR command is used to make directory.

Syntax:

MD [drive:] [path] [directory name]

Or

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MKDIR [drive:] [path] [directory name]

Example:

To create a new directory names Tim under C: drive, give followingcommand:

C:\>MD Tim

Or

C:\>MKDIR Tim

Changing Directory

You can change your working directory by issuing the CD command.

Syntax:

CD [drive:] [directory name]

Example:

To make Tim as current directory, give following command:

C:\>CD Tim

Deleting Directory

RD command is used to remove a directory.

Syntax:

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RD [drive:] [path]

Examples:

To remove gibs directory from the C: drive, give the following

command:C:\>RD gibs

Displaying Contents of a Directory

DIRcommand is used to display the contents of the directory.

Syntax:

DIR [drive:] [path] [/option]

/option stand for various options that can be used with DIR command

which are displayed in the following table:

Option Description

/p Pause after each screenful

/w Uses wide list format

/s Also look in subdirectories

Example:

To list the files and directories present under C: drive

C:\>DIR

To list the files and folders present under current drive successfully at a

time.

C:\>DIR/p

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Creating text File

COPY CON command is used to create a text file.

Syntax:COPY CON [filename]

After the command is given at the command prompt, the cursor goes to

the next line. Write the text and press Clt-Z key together to save the

contents in the file. Then, press key.

Example:

To create a file client.txt under the current folderTim, give the

command:

C:\Tim>copy con Client.txt

Now, write

Hi,

How are you?

Then press Clt-Z and then, Enter Key.

Displaying the Contents of a File

TYPE command is used to display the contents of a file.

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Syntax:

Type [drive:] [path] [filename]

Example:C:\Tim>type Client.txt

Renaming File

REN command is used to change the name of a file.

Syntax:REN [drive:] [path] [file name] [new filename]

Example:

To change the name of the file client.txt to client1.txt, give following

command:

C:\gibs>REN client.txt client1.txt

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Copying Files

COPY command is used to copy one or more files to an alternate

location.

Syntax:

COPY [source] [destination]

Source Specifies the path of the file or files to be copied.Destination Specifies the path of the destination directory.

Example:

To copy Client1.txt from the current gibs directory to Obama directory,give following command:

C:\gibs>copy Client1.txt C:\Obama

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Moving Files

MOVE command is used to move a file or files from one location to

another location.

Syntax:

MOVE [drive:] [source] [drive:] [target]

Example:

To move rohan.txt file from directory gibs to the directory Obama, give

following command:

C:\gibs>move rohan.txt C:\Obama

Deleting Files

DEL command is used to delete file or files from the disk.

Syntax:

DEL [drive:] [path] [filename]

Example:To delete sonu.txt from the gibs folder, give following command:

C:\gibs>DEL sonu.txt

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HTML

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Introduction

Hypertext markup language (HTML) is a markup languagethat web

browsers use to interpret and compose text, images and other material

into visual or audible web pages. It is developed by World Wide Web

consortium (W3C).

It is not a programming Language. HTML is the set of markup tags.

Extension of HTML files is .htm or.html.

HTML Tags

HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like

HTML tags normally come in pairs like and

The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag

Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Element Syntax

An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag

An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag

The element content is everything between the start and the end

tag

Some HTML elements have empty content

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Empty elements are closed in the start tag

Most HTML elements can have attributes

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes

Attributes provide additional information about an element

Attributes are always specified in the start tag

Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Getting started with Examples.

HTML Headings

Headings are defined with the to tags.

defines the most important heading. defines the least important heading.

Save this file in [filename].html.

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HTML Lines

The tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

Output

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HTML Text Formatting

tag is used forbold the text. tag is used foritalic the text.

tag is used for underline the text.

Output

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HTML Fonts

Output

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HTML Style

is used for background color.
tag is used for break row.

Output

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HTML Links

is used for HTML link.

Output

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HTML Images

is used for image.

Output

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HTML Tables

A table is divided into rows (with the tag), and each row is divided

into data cells (with the tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the

content of a data cell. A tag can contain text, links, images, lists,

forms, other tables, etc.

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Output

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SPREADSHEETS

INTRODUCTION

Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply asspreadsheets)

are computerprograms that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets

electronically. In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. You

can define what type ofdata is in each cell and how different cells

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depend on one another. The relationships between cells are called

formulas, and the names of the cells are called labels.

Some examples of spreadsheet usage:

Spreadsheets act like a calculator by automatically doing

calculations.

Spreadsheets are used for tracking personal investments,

budgeting, invoices, inventory tracking, statistical analysis,

numerical modeling, address books, telephone books, printing

labels, etc.

Spreadsheets are used in almost every profession to calculate,

graph, analyze and store information.

Spreadsheets are used for What-if calculations. Change one

number in a spreadsheet and all the calculations in a large

spreadsheet will re-calculate, will automatically change.

There are a number of spreadsheet on the market, Lotus 1-2-3 and Excel

being among the most famous. The more powerful spreadsheet

applications supportgraphicsfeatures that enable you to produce charts

and graphs from the data.

Here we will discuss about MS-EXCEL.

Microsoft Excel is aproprietarycommercialspreadsheet application

written and distributed by Microsoft forMicrosoft Windows and Mac

OS.

Excel forms part ofMicrosoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for

Microsoft Windows and 2011 forMac OS X.

Step of Opening Ms-Excel

Start All Programs - Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Excel

Or

Start Run type excel and press OK

The first page of Microsoft Excel 2007

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Worksheets

Microsoft Excel consists ofworksheets. Each worksheet contains

columns and rows.The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing

with AA, AB, AC and so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576.

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The Formula Bar

If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address of the cell you are indisplays in the Name box which is located on the left side of the Formula

bar. Cell entries display on the right side of the Formula bar.

The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and

provides such information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum

value of selected numbers. You can change what displays on the Status

bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want

from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it.

Excel Formulas

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A formula is a set of mathematical instructions that can be used in Excel

to perform calculations. Formals are started in the formula box with an =

sign.

There are many elements to and excel formula.

References: The cell or range of cells that you want to use in your

calculation

Operators: Symbols (+, -, *, /, etc.) that specify the calculation to be

performed

Constants: Numbers or text values that do not change

Functions: Predefined formulas in Excel

To create a basic formula in Excel:

Select the cell for the formula

Type = (the equal sign) and the formula

ClickEnter

Calculate with Functions

A function is a built in formula in Excel. A function has a name andarguments (the mathematical function) in parentheses.

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Common functions in Excel:

Sum: Adds all cells in the argumentAverage: Calculates the average of the cells in the argument

Min: Finds the minimum value

Max: Finds the maximum value

Count: Finds the number of cells that contain a numerical value within a

range of the argument

To calculate a function:

Click the cell where you want the function applied

Click the Insert Functionbutton Choose the function

ClickOK

Complete the Number 1 box with the first cell in the range that you

want calculated

Complete the Number 2 box with the last cell in the range that you

want calculated

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Function Library

The function library is a large group of functions on the Formula Tab of

the Ribbon. These functions include:

AutoSum: Easily calculates the sum of a range

Recently Used: All recently used functionsFinancial: Accrued interest, cash flow return rates and additional

financial functions

Logical: And, If, True, False, etc.

Text: Text based functions

Date & Time: Functions calculated on date and time

Math & Trig: Mathematical Functions

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Sort and Filter

Sorting and Filtering allow you to manipulate data in a worksheet based

on given set of criteria.

Basic Sorts

To execute a basic descending or ascending sort based on one column:

Highlight the cells that will be sorted

Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab

Click the Sort Ascending (A-Z) button orSort Descending (Z-A)

button

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Custom Sorts

To sort on the basis of more than one column:

Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab

Choose which column you want to sort by first ClickAdd Level

Choose the next column you want to sort

ClickOK

Filtering

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Filtering allows you to display only data that meets certain criteria. To

filter:

Click the column or columns that contain the data you wish tofilter

On the Home tab, click on Sort & Filter

Click Filter button

Click the Arrow at the bottom of the first cell

Click the Text Filter

Click the Words you wish to Filter

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To clear the filter click the Sort & Filter button ClickClear

Charts

Charts allow you to present information contained in the worksheet in a

graphic format. Excel offers many types of charts including: Column,Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter and more. To view the charts available click

the Insert Tab on the Ribbon.

Create a Chart

To create a chart:

Select the cells that contain the data you want to use in the chart

Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon

Click the type ofChart you want to create

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Modify a Chart

Once you have created a chart you can do several things to modify the

chart.

To move the chart:

Click the Chart and Drag it another location on the same

worksheet, or

Click the Move Chart button on the Design tab

Choose the desired location (either a new sheet or a current sheet

in the workbook)

To change the data included in the chart:

Click the Chart Click the Select Data button on the Design tab

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To reverse which data are displayed in the rows and columns:

Click the Chart Click the Switch Row/Column button on the Design tab

To modify the labels and titles:

Click the Chart

On the Layout tab, click the Chart Title or the Data Labels

button

Change the Title and clickEnter

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Chart Tools

The Chart Tools appear on the Ribbon when you click on the chart. The

tools are located on three tabs: Design, Layout, and Format.

Within the Design tab you can control the chart type, layout, styles, andlocation.

Within the Layout tab you can control inserting pictures, shapes and text

boxes, labels, axes, background, and analysis.

Within the Format tab you can modify shape styles, word styles and size

of the chart.

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Copy a Chart to Word

Select the chart

ClickCopy on the Home tab

Go to the Word document where you want the chart located ClickPaste on the Home tab

Pivot Table

AnExcel pivot table is a special kind of table that assembles and

summarizes information from a designated data source. That data source

can be an external file or it can be a selection of cells in a worksheet.

When creating the pivot table, you specify what fields need to appear and

how to organize the data in the table. Once created, you can change the

way that the data is summarized to give you a different view of your

information, and it is this feature that puts the pivot in pivot table.

In this example the source data contains information about property

insurance policies. Each row has the details about one insurance policy,

such as the region, state, construction type and the value of the insuredproperty.

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Creating a Simple Pivot Table

After your source data is prepared, you can create a pivot table. We'll

create a pivot table that shows the total insured value in each of the four

regions where we sell insurance.

1. Select any cell in the source data table.

2. On the Ribbon, click the Insert tab.

3. In the Tables group, click PivotTable.

4. In the Create PivotTable dialog box, the address of your source

data table should be automatically entered in the Table/Range box.

If not, click on the worksheet, and select the range manually.

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5. Next, select New Worksheet or Existing Worksheet as the location

for your pivot table, and then click OK.

Adding Fields to the Pivot Table

An empty pivot table is created in your workbook, either on a new sheet,

or the existing sheet that you selected. When you select a cell within the

pivot table, a PivotTable Field List appears, at the right of the worksheet.

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We want to see the total insured value in each of the four regions, so we'll

add the Region and Insured Value fields to the pivot table.

1. In the PivotTable Field List, add a check mark to the Region field.

The Region field is automatically added to the pivot table, in the

Row Labels area.

2. Add a check mark to the Insured Value field, and it will be

automatically added to the Values area. You can now see the total

insured value in each region.

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Modifying the Pivot Table

After you've created a pivot table, you can add more fields, remove

fields, or move the fields to a different location in the pivot table layout.

We'll remove the Region field, and add the Location field, to see the

value of rural policies compared to Urban.

1. To remove the Region field, click on its check box, to remove the

check mark.

2. To add the Location field, click on its check box, to add a check

mark.

The pivot table now shows the totals for Rural and Urban locations.

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SQL

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SQL Introduction

SQL stands for Structured Query Language and can be pronounced

as SQL or sequel (Structured English Query Language).

It is a query language used foraccessing and modifying information in

the database. IBM first developed SQL in 1970s. Also it is an ANSI/ISO

standard. It has become a Standard Universal Language used by most of

the relational database management systems (RDBMS). Some of the

RDBMS systems are: Oracle,Microsoft SQL server, Sybase etc. Most

of these have provided their own implementation thus enhancing its

feature and making it a powerful tool.

Few of the sql commands used in sql programming are SELECTStatement, UPDATE Statement,INSERT INTOStatement,

DELETEStatement, WHERE Clause, ORDER BY Clause, GROUP

BY Clause, ORDER Clause, Joins, Views, GROUP Functions,

Indexes etc.

In a simple manner, SQL is a non-procedural, English-like language that

processes data in groups of records rather than one record at a time. Few

functions of SQL are:

store data modify data

retrieve data

modify data

delete data

create tables and other database objects

delete data

Types of SQL statements

There are three basic types of SQL statements:

Data definition language (DDL) statements

Data manipulation language (DML) statements

Dynamic SQL statements

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Create a Database

Syntax:

CREATE DATABASE

Example:

CREATE DATABASE gibs

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Create a Table

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE

(

,

,

.

.

.

);

Example:

Create table student

(

Student_id char (10),

Student_Fname varchar (10),

Student_Lname varchar(10),

Student_address varchar(15),

Student_dob datetime

)

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Insert values into Table

Syntax:

Insert into values (, , .);

Example:

Insert into student values (001, sanjeev, gupta, delhi, 04-12-

2010);

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Retrieving Data from Table

Syntax:

Select * from

Retrieve some specific data.

Select from where

Example

Alter Table

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Syntax:

Alter table Add

Example:

Alter table customer

Add cust_id varchar (20)

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The UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name

SET column1=value, column2=value2,...

WHERE some_column=some_value

Example:

update customer set cust_id='103'

where address='D-267 Rohini'

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Drop table

Syntax:

Drop table

Example:

Drop table student;

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SQL Constraints

Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table.

Constraints can be specified when a table is created (with the CREATE

TABLE statement) or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE

statement).

We will focus on the following constraints:

NOT NULL

UNIQUE

PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

CHECK

DEFAULT

SQL NOT NULL Constraint

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULLvalues.

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value.

This means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record

without adding a value to this field.

SQL UNIQUE Constraint

The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database

table.

The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee

for uniqueness for a column or set of columns.

A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint defined on it.

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SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in adatabase table.

Primary keys must contain unique values.

A primary key column cannot contain NULL values.

Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only ONE

primary key.

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SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint

A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in another

table.

Example:

Create table cust_orders

(

O_Id int NOT NULL,

OrderNo int NOT NULL,

cust_id varchar(20),PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),

FOREIGN KEY (cust_id) REFERENCES customer(cust_id)

)

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