rubber fsa

8/10/2019 Rubber FSA

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TECHNICAL HANDBOOK PIPING SYSTEMSNon-Metallic Expansion Joints

7.1EDITION


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NON-METALLIC EXPANSION JOINT DIVISIONFLUID SEALING ASSOCIATIONTe lephone : (215 ) 569 -3650

994 Old Eagle School Road, Suite 1019, Wayne, PA 19087Facs im i le : (215) 569-1410

Copyright 1970, 1995, 2008 by FLUID SEALING ASSOCIATION. Printed In United States of America. All rights reserved. this handbook or parts

thereof may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the copyright owner.

Edition 7.1 2010

For current Members and AssociateMembers, please go to the Piping Division

section of the Fluid Sealing Association website:

www.fluidsealing.com

AcknowledgementsThe FSA is pleased to recognize the cooperation of Member Companies of the Non-Metallic Piping Expansion Joint Division in the preparation of this document. Withouttheir support, this document would not have been possible. Technical Committeemembers who have made a particularly significant contribution to this publication include:

Jim Richter The Metraflex Company

Bruce Stratton Garlock Sealing TechnologiesHans Vemb Hansen KE-BurgmannEd Marchese Proco ProductsRick DiGiovanni General Rubber Corp.Ted White Unaflex


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Table of Contents

Members of the Division

Regular Members..............................................................1Associate Members...........................................................1

Foreword.................................................................................3Chapter I - Product Description of Rubber

Expansion Joints

A.Definitions.................................................................4B.Functions............... ................ ................ ................. ....4C.Advantages................................................................4D.ConstructionDetails...................................................5

Chapter II - Types of Rubber Expansion Joints

and ConnectorsA. ArchType................................................................6B. ReducerType:Taper..............................................7C. CustomType.............................................................7D. SleeveType..............................................................7E. SpecialFlangeType..................................................7F. DesignsforReductionofTurbulence

AndAbrasion.............................................................8G.RectangularwithArchType.............. ................ ........8

H. UType....................................................................8I. BeltDogboneType.................................................9J. SphericalMoldedType..............................................9K. RubberFlangedPipe,Fittings,PipeElbows.............10L. Unions.......................................................................10M. FanConnectors.........................................................10N. RetainingRingsandControlUnits............................10O. ExpansionJointProtective

ShieldsandCovers...................................................10

Chapter III - Definition of Performance

Characteristics

A. ExpansionJointMotions...........................................11B. SoundLimitingCharacteristics..................................11C. PressureCharacteristics...........................................11D. ResistancetoFluids..................................................11E. ForcePoundsandSpringRates...............................12

F. HydrostaticTesting....................................................12G. SeismicTesting.........................................................12H. CycleLife...................................................................12

Chapter IV - Installation and Maintenance

A. AnchoringandGuidingthePipingSystem................15B. ControlUnits..............................................................15C. OtherInstallations.....................................................16D. InstallationInstructionsforNon-Metallic

ExpansionJoints.......................................................17E.InspectionProcedureforExpansion

JointsinService........................................................18Chapter V - Flexible Rubber Pipe Connectors

Foreword...................................................................19A. Definition...................................................................19B. PerformanceCharacteristic.......................................19

C. ConstructionDetails..................................................19D. TypesofPipeConnectors.........................................19E. AnchoringandControlUnits.....................................19F. InstallationandMaintenance.....................................20

Chapter VI - All Fluoroplastic Couplings, Expansion

Joints, Bellows

Foreword................ ................. ................ ................ ..21A. ConstructionDetails..................................................21B. PerformanceCharacteristics....................................21C. ConstructionDetail...................................................21D. Dimensions...............................................................21E. TypesofConnectors.................................................21F. Anchoring..................................................................22G. InstallationandMaintenance....................................22

Tables

I. MaximumTemperatureRatings...............................4II. ListofElastomersUsedinExpansion

JointsandRubberPipes................ ................ ...........5III. ComparisonofAcousticalImpedances....................11IV.PressureCharacteristicsofRubber

ExpansionJoints.............. ................ ................ .........11V. TypicalNarrowArchExpansionJointMovement/

SpringRateCapabilities...........................................13VI.TypicalWideArchMovement/Spring

RateCapabilities................ ................. ................ ......14VII.RubberPipeConnectors..........................................20VIII.Coupling,2Convolution...........................................22IX.ExpansionJoint,3Convolution................................22X.Bellows,5Convolution.............................................22

Figures

1. CrossSectionViewofStandardExpansionJoint........................................................3

2. 2Ato2T,TypesofExpansionJoints........................6-103. 3Ato3F,TypesofMovements.................................114. ThrustFormula.........................................................145. 5Ato5F,PipingLayoutwithUseof

ExpansionJoints.............. ................. ................ ........14-166. AssemblyofControlRods........................................157. 7Ato7C,TypesofRubberPipe

Connectors...............................................................188. CrossSectionViewofRubber

PipeConnectors.......................................................19

9. 9Ato9C,TypesofFluoroplasticConnectors...............................................................2010. FluoroplasticExpansionJointFlange.......................21

Appendixes

A. DimensionInspectionProcedure..............................20B. CommonFlangeDimensions/DrillingChart..............23C. ControlUnitDimensionsandRatings.......................24D. MatingFlangeThickness..........................................24E. GlossaryofTerms....................................................25F. NoiseandVibrationTransmittedThrough

theHydraulicMediaReducedwiththeInstallationofExpansionJoints................................28

G. MechanicalVibrationinaSteelPipingSystemReducedwiththeInstallationofPipeConnectorsorExpansionJoints...................29

H. PressureTerminology...............................................30

I. ListofSpecifications.................................................30J. BibliographyofRubberExpansionJoint

Articles......................................................................30K. WouldaRubberorMetalExpansionJoint

BetterSuitemyApplication................ ................. ......31


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FOREWORD:

Rubberexpansionjointshavebeenspecifiedandusedformanyyearsbyconsultingengineers,mechanicalcontractors,pressure

vesseldesigners, plantengineersandturn-keyconstruction firms. Theyare installed to accommodatemovement in pipingruns,

protectpipingfromexpansionandcontractionandinsureefficientandeconomicalon-streamoperations.

Rubberexpansionjointsprovidetime-testedwaystoaccommodatepressureloads,relievemovementstresses,reducenoise,isolate

vibration, compensate formisalignment after plants goon streamand prolongthelifeofmotiveequipment.Rubberexpansion

joints,designedbyengineersandfabricatedbyskilledcraftsmen,areused inallsystemsconveying fluidsunderpressureand/or

vacuumatvarioustemperatures:

Air Conditioning, heating and ventilating systems*incommercialandinstitutionalbuildings,schools,

apartments,stores,hospitals,motels,hotelsandaboardships

Central and ancillary power-generating stationsincommunities,factories,buildingsandaboard

ships.

Sewage disposal and water-treatment plants.

Process piping inpaperandpulp,chemical,primarymetalandpetroleumrefiningplants.

Thishandbookisacompilationofstandardsofconstructionandaguide

for specifying and purchasing non-metallic expansion joints. The

information set forth is based upon the substantial experience in

research, design and application of rubber expansion joints by

engineeringpersonnelassociatedwiththemembercompaniesoftheNon-

MetallicExpansionJointDivisionoftheFluidSealingAssociation.

Thepurposeofthispublicationistoprovideahandyreferencesourceof

pertinent information and factualdata for the thousands of engineers

whose daily concern is designing piping systems and overseeing

installations.Noportionofthishandbookattemptstoestablishdictates

inmodernpipingdesign.Thishandbookisnowwidelyusedincustomer

inquiriesasareferencefordesignandperformancestandards.

3

*ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory, 1984 Systems, Chapter 32.

Rubberinthiscatalogreferstoalltypesofelastomers,syntheticaswellasnaturalrubber.

Neither the Association nor any of its members makes any warranty concerning the information or any statement set forth in this handbook,

and both expressly disclaim any liability for incidental and consequential damages rising out of damage to equipment, injury to persons or

products, or any harmful consequences resulting from the use of the information or reliance on any statement set forth in the

handbook.

Careful selectionof theexpansion jointdesignandmaterialfor a givenapplication,as wellas properlyengineered installation areimportantfactorsindeterminingperformance.Thesefactorsshouldbefullyevaluatedbyeverypersonselectingandapplyingexpansion

jointsforanyapplication.

Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.


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Note: Temperatureslistedabovearethetypicalmaximumdegreeratingsforcontinuoususe.All Fabrics loose a percentage of their strength in relation to exposure temperature andduration. That being said, higher operating temperatures may be achieved if operationpressures are reduced and sound engineering practices are usedduring the design andmanufacturerofaproduct.

CHAPTER I - Product Description of Rubber Expansion Joints.

A. DEFINITION:

Anon-metallicexpansionjointisaflexibleconnectorfabricatedofnaturalorsynthetic elastomers, f luoroplastics and fabrics and, i fnecessary,metallicreinforcementstoprovidestressreliefinpiping systems due to thermal and mechanical vibration and/ormovements.

Noteworthy performance features include f lexibi li ty and

concurrentmovementsineithersingleormultiplearchtypeconstruction,

isolation of vibration and noise, resistance to abrasion and chemical

erosion.

B. FUNCTIONS:

Engineers can solve anticipated problems of vibration, noise,

shock, corrosion, abrasion, stresses and space by

incorporatingrubberexpansionjointsintodesignedpipingsystems.

B.1. Reduce Vibration. Rubberexpansionjointsisolateorreduce

vibration caused by equipment. Some equipment requires

more vibration control than others. Reciprocating pumps and

compressors,for example,generate greater unbalanced forces

than centr ifugal equipment . However, rubber pipe and

expansion joints dampen undesirable disturbances including

harmonic overtonesandvibrationscausedbycentrifugalpumpand fan

bladefrequency.Thisisbasedonactualtestsconductedbyanationally

recognizedindependent testing laboratory. Rubber expansion joints

reducetransmissionofvibrationand protec t equipment from

the adverse effects of vibration. See Appendixes F, G and

Chapter III, Section B.

B.2. Dampen Sound Transmission. Subsequent to going on

stream,normalwear, corrosion, abrasionanderosioneventually bring

about imbalance in motive equipment, generating undesirable

noises transmitted to occupied areas. Rubber expansion

joints tend to dampen transmission of sound because of the

steel-rubber interface of joints andmatingflanges. Thick-wall

rubber expansion joints, compared with their metallic

counterparts, reduce considerably the transmission of sound.

See Appendixes F, G and Chapter III, Section B.

B.3. Compensate Lateral, Torsional and Angular Movements. Pumps,

compressors,fans,pipingandrelatedequipmentmoveoutofalignment

due to wear, load stresses, relaxat ion and set tl ing of

supportingfoundations.Rubberexpansionjointscompensate

for lateral, torsional and angular movements - preventing

damageandunduedowntimeof plant operations.See Table VI

and Chapter III, Section. A.

B.4. Compensate Axial Movements. Expansionandcontraction

movementsduetothermalchangesorhydraulicsurgeeffects

arecompensatedforwithstrategicallylocatedrubberexpansion

joints. They act as he lix sp rings, compensating for ax ial

movements.See Table V and Chapter III, Section A.

C. ADVANTAGES:

The industry has all ied itself with designers, architects,contractors and erectors in designing and fabricating rubberexpansion joints under rigid standards to meet present-dayoperating conditions. The industry has kept abreast of thetechnological advances in rubbercompoundingandsyntheticfabricstoproviderubberexpansionjointshavingadvantagesnotavailableinothermaterials.

C.1. Minimal Face-to-Face Dimensions. Minimal face-to-face

dimensions in r ubber expansion join ts offe r untold

economies comparedwithcostlyexpansionbendsorloops.Therelative

cost of the pipe itself may be less or no more than a rubber

expansion joint; however , tot al costs a re h igher when

consider ing plant space, installationlabor,supportsandpressuredrops.

See Table V.

C.2. Lightweight Rubber Expansion joints are relatively light in

weight,requiringnospecialhandlingequipmenttoposition,contributingtolowerinstallationlaborcosts.

C.3. Low Movement Forces Required. The inherent flexibility of

rubber expansion joints permits almost unlimited flexing to recover from

imposedmovements,requiringrelativelylessforcetomove,thus

preventingdamagetomotiveequipment.See Table V.

C.4. Reduced Fatigue Factor. Compared to steel the inherent

characteris ticsofnaturalandsyntheticelastomersarenotsubjecttofatigue

breakdown or embrittlement and prevent any electrolytic action

because of the steel-rubber interfaceofjoints andmating flanges.See

Table II.

C.5. Reduced Heat Loss. Rubberexpansion joints reduceheat loss,

givinglongmaintenance-freeservice.Theaddedpipingrequiredforloopscontributetohigheroperatingcostsaftergoingonstreamduetoincrease

inheatlosses.

C.6. Corrosion, Erosion Resistant. Awidevarietyofnatural,synthetic

and special purpose elastomers and fabrics are available to the

industry.Materialsaretreatedandcombinedtomeetawiderangeofpractical

pressure/temperature operating conditions, corrosive attack,

abrasion and erosion. Standard and special sizes of rubber

expansion joints are available with PTFE/TFE/FEP l iners,

fabricated to the configurationsof thejointbody,as added insurance

against corrosive attack. Fluoroplastics possesses unusual and

unique characteristics of thermal stability, non-sticking surface,

extremelylowco-efficientoffrictionand resistanceto practicallyall

corrosivefluidsandformsofchemicalattack.See Table II.

C.7. No Gaskets. Elastomeric expansion jointsare suppliedwith

flangesofvulcanizedrubberandfabricintegratedwiththetube,makingtheuse

ofgasketsunnecessary.Thesealingsurfacesoftheexpansionjointequalize

unevensurfacesofthepipeflangetoprovideafluidandgas-tight seal. A

ring gasket may be required for raised face flanges. Consult

manufactureraboutspecificapplications.

4

Table I: Maximum Temperature Ratings

Tube or Cover Elastomer

Reinforcing

Fabric

Pure Gum

Rubber Neoprene Butyl Nitrile Hypalon EPDM FKM

Nylon

180F/82C

225F/107C

250F/121C

210F/99C

250F/121C

250F/121C

250F/121C

Polyester

180F/82C

225F/107C

250F/121C

210F/99C

250F/121C

250F/121C

250F/121C

Aramid

180F/82C

225F/107C

300F/149C

210F/99C

250F/121C

300F/149C

400F/204C



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C.8. Acoustical Impedance. Elastomeric expansion joints

significantly reduce noise transmission in piping systems

because the elastomeric composition of the joint acts as a

dampenerthatabsorbsthegreatestpercentageofnoiseand

vibration.See Appendix F.

C.9. Greater Shock Resistance. Theelastomerictypeexpansionjoints

providegoodresistanceagainstshockstressfromexcessivehydraulic

surge,waterhammerorpumpcavitation.

D. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:

D.1. Tube. A protective, leakproof lining made of synthetic ornaturalrubberastheservicedictates.Thisisaseamlesstube

that extends through the bore to the outside edges of the

flanges.Itspurposeistoeliminatethepossibilityofthematerials

being handled penetrating the carcass and weakening the fabric.

Thesetubescanbe designed to cover service conditions for

chemicalpetroleum,sewage,gaseousandabrasivematerials.

See Tables I and II ,and Figure 1.

D.2. Cover.Theexteriorsurfaceofthejointisformedfromnaturalorsyntheticrubber,dependingonservicerequirements.

The prime function of the cover is to protect the carcass fromoutside

damageorabuse.Specialpolymerscanbesuppliedtoresist

chemicals,oils,sunlight,acidfumesandozone.Also,aprotective

coatingmaybeappliedtotheexteriorofthejointforadditional

protection.SeeTables I and II,and Figure 1.

D.3. Carcass. Thecarcassorbodyoftheexpansionjointconsistsoffabric

and,whennecessary,metalreinforcement.

D.3.A. Fabric Reinforcement.Thecarcassfabricreinforcementisthe

flexibleandsupportingmemberbetweenthetubeandcover.

Standardconstructionsnormallyutilizehighqualitysynthetic

fabric. Naturalfabrics can also be used at somepressures

and temperatures. All fabric plies are impregnated with rubber or

syntheticcompoundstopermitflexibilitybetweenthefabricplies.

See Figure 1-3A. and Table 1.

D.3.B. Metal Reinforcement.Wireorsolidsteelringsimbeddedinthe

carcassarefrequentlyusedasstrengtheningmembersofthejoint.The

useofmetalsometimesraisestheratedworkingpressureand

cansupply rigidityto thejoint forvacuumservice.See Table IV

and Figure 1-3B.

5

7-Outstanding3-Fairtogood6-Excellent2-Fair5-VeryGood1-PoortoFair4-Good0-PoorX-ContactMfg.

MATERIAL

DESIGNATION:

SI

NBR

SBR

CSM

FKM

EPR

AFMU

NR

IR

IIR

CIIR

CR

GE

BEBKCH

AA

CE

HK

BACADA

AA

AA

AA

AABA

BCBE

BUNA-N/NITRILE

NITRIL-BUTADIENE

EPDM

ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE-TERPOLYMER

GUM RUBBER

POLYISOPRENE,SYNTHETIC

5550

4350

53X2

5644

5660

5656

7777

53XX

5 3 X X

5654

5654

4340

66664036256600262X02 22676020

40220554554146444520 30344544

20204544065500334004 30534425

67675222454323464431 34444244

77775562655366654610 26274555

6 7 6 77 5 4 60 7 6 60 0 4 66 0 3 6 4 0 5 66 5 4 5

7777XXXX737X77777777 XXX7XXX4

4020664606550033X004 50526627

4020664606550033X004 50526226

65565430045500464034 40455264

65565430045500464034 40455264

55655424454323464401 44445245

RATING SCALE CODE:

ELASTOMER PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON

ALKALI,C

ON

C.

ANIMALVE

G.OIL

CHEMICAL

WATER

ACIDDIL

UTE

ACID

,CON

C.

ALPHATICHYDR

O

AR

OMATICHYDR

O

HEAT

COLD

FLAME

TEAR

OZONE

WEATHER

SUNLIGHT

OXIDATION

OXYGENATEDHYDRO.

LACQUERS

OIL&GASOLINE

ALKALI,DILUTE

BUTYL

ISOBUTENE-ISOPRENE

NATURAL RUBBERPOLYISOPRENE,SYNTHETIC

CHLOROBUTYL

CHLORO-ISOBUTENE-ISOPRENE

HYPALON*

CHLORO-SULFONYL-POLYETHYLENE

SBR/GRS/BUNA-S

STYRENE-BUTADIENE

FLUOROCARBONELASTOMER

PTFE/TFE/FEP

FLUORO-ETHYLENE-POLYYMERS

SILICONE

A

A

M

D

7

COMMON NAME

CHEMICALGROUPNAME

NEOPRENE

CHLOROPRENE

A

M

D

2

D

7

REB

OUND-C

OLD

COMP.SET

TEN

SILESTREN

GTH

DIELE

CTRICSTR.

ELE.INSULATION

WATERABSORP

RADIATION

SWELLINGINOIL

ABRASION

IMPERMEABILITY

DYNAMIC

REBOUND-HOT

TABLE II: List of Elastomers Used in Expansion Joints and Rubber Pipes

Note: Thislistingisonlyageneralguide.Specificelastomercompoundsproducedbymembermanufacturersmayhavedifferentproperties.



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Figure 2B: Multiple Arch Type Expansion Joint

6

CHAPTER II - Types of Rubber Expansion Joints and Connectors

A. ARCH TYPE:

Afullface integralflangedesignisavailableinbothSingleArchand

Multiple Arch Types. These basic types can bemanufactured to

meet the requirements ofASTMF1123-87(Note: The U.S. Navy

previously used MIL-E-15330D, Class A-Type I as its standard

specification,buthasadoptedtheASTMSpecification.)Thesetypes

are available in several construction design series, based on the

applicationpressurerequirements.See Table IV.

A.1. Single Narrow Arch Type. Constructionisoffabricandrubber,

reinforcedwithmetalringsorwire.Thefullfaceflangesareintegral

withthebodyofthejointanddrilledtoconformtotheboltpatternof

thecompanionmetalflangesofthepipeline.Thistypeofrubberface

flangeisofsufficientthicknesstoformatightsealagainstthemetal

flanges without the use of gaskets. The shortest face-to-face

dimensionsareavailablewiththistypeofconstruction.See Table V

and Figure 2A.

Figure 2A: Single Narrow Arch Type Expansion Joint

A.3. Lightweight Type. BoththeSingleArchandMultipleArchTypes

are available in a lightweight series from most manufacturers.

Dimensionallythesameasthestandardproduct,exceptforreduced

body thickness, this series is a designed for lower pressure and

vacuum applications. For a No-Arch design see Section H.3, this

chapter. Contact the manufacturer for specific information.

A.2. Multiple Arch Type. Joints with two ormore arches may be

manufactured to accommodate movements greater than those of

whicha SingleArch Type jointis capable. Multiple Arch joints of

mostmanufacturersarecompositesofstandardsizedarchesandare

capableofmovementsof asinglearchmultipliedby thenumberof

arches. See Figure 2B. The minimum length of the joint is

dependentuponthenumberof arches. Inordertomaintainlateral

stabilityandpreventsaggingwhenthejointisinstalledinahorizontal

position, a maximumnumber of four (4) arches is recommended.

See Table V, Note 3.

A.4. PTFE Lined. Spool Arch Type joints are available in many

standard pipe sizes with Fluoroplastic liners of TFE and/or FEP.

Theselinesarefabricatedasanintegralpartoftheexpansionjoint

during manufactureand coverall wetted surfaces inthe tube and

flangeareas.Fluoroplasticprovidesexceptionalresistancetoalmost

all chemicals within the temperature range of the expansion joint

bodyconstruction.Filledarchesarenotavailable.

A.5.B. Metallic Reinforced Design. Amoldedversion of theSpool

ArchTypeutilizingsolidsteelringsinacarcass,atthebaseofthe

arch. The reducedbodythickness requiresspecial retainingrings

availablefromthemanufacturer.See Figure 2D.

Figure 2D: Molded Wide Arch Metallic

Reinforced Type Expansion Joint

A.5. WIDE ARCH TYPE:

Thistype,similartotheNarrowArchType,isavailableinametallic

reinforcedandanon-metallicreinforceddesign.Generally,theWide

Arch Type features greater movements than the Standard Spool

ArchType.See Table VI.

A.5.A. Non-metallic Reinforced Design. Constructedsimilar tothe

SpoolArchTypeexceptthecarcassdoesnotcontainwireormetal

ringreinforcement.Pressureresistanceisaccomplishedthroughthe

use of a special external flanged retaining ring furnished with the

joint.AvailablealsoinaFilledArchdesign.See Figure 2C.

Figure 2C: Molded Wide Arch Non-Metallic

Reinforced Type Expansion Joint



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7

D.2. Lightweight Type. Dimensionallythesameasthesleeve

"Spool Type", except for reduced body thickness. This

ser ies is designed for very low pressure and vacuum

applications. Joints are available insingleandmultiplearchtypes.

Consultthemanufacturerfor the types of clamps available for

sealing.Thistypegenerallyoffersgreaterflexibilitythanthespool

type.

D.3. Enlarged End Type. Thisjointcanbemanufacturedinthe

samedesignasthespooltypeandlightweighttype.Thesleeveends

onthisdesignarethesamedimensionastheO.D.ofthepipe,whilethe

restofthejointisthesamedimensionastheI.D.ofthepipe.

E. SPECIAL FLANGE TYPE:

Most ofthe expansion jointtypesdepictedin this chapter

are available with modif icat ions to the f langes. These

modifications include enlarged flanges, different drill patterns

andweld-endstubs.

E.2. Enlarged Flange Type. Expansionjointsutilizingafullfaceintegralflangedesigncanbefurnishedwithanenlargedflange

on oneend. (Forexample,an 8" (203mm) expansion joint

can befabricated with aflange to matetoan 8" (203 mm)

pipe flange on one end; and a 12" (305mm) flange on the

otherendtomatetoa12"(304mm)pipeflange.)Additionally,

dri ll ing of dif ferent specificat ions may be furnished. For

example, an expansion joint can be furnished with one end

drilled toANSIB16.5,Class150,and the otherenddrilledto

MIL-F-20042C.See Figure 2I.Note:Specialcontrolrodswillbe

requiredwhenneeded.

C. CUSTOM TYPE:

Offsetjointsarecustombuilttospecificationstocompensatefor

initialmisalignmentandnonparallelismoftheaxisofthepipingtobe

connected. Offset joints are sometimes used in close quarters where

availablespacemakesitimpracticaltocorrectmisalignmentwith

conventional piping. Generally, theindustry follows thepractice of

drillingflangesaccordingtopipesizeofflangeswhennotspecified

otherwise. I t is recommended that complete drawings and

specificationsaccompanyinquiriesorordersforoffsetjoints.See

Figure 2G.

D. SLEEVE TYPE:

A sleeve design is available in both single and multiple arch

types. Bothtypesareavailable inseveralconstructiondesignseries,

basedonthe applicationpressure and flexibilityrequirements.

Contactthemanufacturerformovementandpressurelimitations;

andtypeofsleeveendsrequired.

Figure 2G: Custom Type Expansion Joint

B. REDUCER TYPE: TAPER:

Reducingexpansion jointsareusedto commentpipingof unequal

diameters.Theymaybemanufacturedasaconcentricreducerwith

theaxisofeachendconcentricwitheachotherorasaneccentric

reducerhavingtheaxisofeachendoffsetfromeachother.Tapers

in excess of 20 degrees are not desirable. Recommendations

concerning thedegree of taper andworking pressuresshouldbe

obtainedfromthemanufacturerofyourchoice.Normally,pressures

arebasedonthelargerofthetwoinsidedimensions.Availablewith

orwithoutarches.See Figures 2E and 2F. Figure 2F shows aneccentric reducer of a No-Arch U Type Connector. See Section

H.3, this Chapter.

D.1. Sleeved Arch Type. This joint issimilarto the "Arch" Type (See

Figures 2A and 2B) exceptthatthecappedsleeveendshave

anI.D.dimensionequaltotheO.D.ofthepipe.Thesejoints

are designedtoslipoverthestraightendsoftheopenpipeandbe

held securelyin placewithclamps.Thistypeofjointisrecommended

onlyforlowtomediumpressureandvacuumservicebecause

of the difficulty of obtaining adequate clamp sealing. See

Figure 2H.

Figure 2E: Concentric Reducer Type Expansion Joint

Figure 2F: Eccentric Reducer Type Expansion Joint

Figure 2H: Sleeve Type Expansion Joint



9/35

F. DESIGNS FOR REDUCTION OF

TURBULENCE AND ABRASION:

Theopen-archdesignoftheStandardSpoolTypeExpansionJoint

maybemodifiedtoreducepossibleturbulenceandtoprevent

thecollectionofsolidmaterialsthatmaysettlefromthesolution

handledandremaininthearchway.

F.1. Filled Arch Type. Arch-type expansion joints may be

supplied with abonded-in-placesoftrubber filler toprovidea

smoothinterior bore. Filled archjoints alsohave a seamless

tube so the arch filler cannot be dislodged during service. Filled

arches,builtasanintegralpartofthecarcass,decreasetheflexibil ity

ofthejointandshouldbeusedonlywhennecessary.Movements

of expansion joints with filledarches are limited to 50% of the

normalmovements ofcomparable size expansion joints with

unfilled(open)arches.See Table VI and Figure 2J.

F.2. Top Hat Liner. This product consists of a sleeve

extending through theboreoftheexpansion jointwitha full face

flange on oneend. Constructedof hardrubber, metal or

Fluoroplastic; it reducesfrictionalwearof theexpansionjoint

and provides smooth flow,reducingturbulence.Thistypesleeve

shouldnotbeusedwherehighviscosityfluids,suchastars,arebeing

transmitted.Thesefluidsmaycause"packing-uporcaking"ofthe

arch area,which reducesmovements andin turnmay cause

premature expansion joint failure. Bafflesarerarely requiredon

rubberexpansionjoints.See Figure 2K.

8

E.3. Weld-End Type.Severalmanufacturersofferanexpansionjointwith

weld-endnippleswhichallowtheunittobedirectlyweldedintoplace

on the job or welded to associated equipment before final

installation. The design is basically theSleeve Type expansion

jointbondedtomatchingsteelweld-endnipples.Normally,thereare

steelbandclampsaroundtheperipheryoftherubbersleeve

endtoreinforcetherubber-metalbond.

Figure 2I: Enlarged Type Expansion Joint

Figure 2J: Single Arch Type Expansion

Joint With Filled Arch

Figure 2K: Top Hat Liner

G. RECTANGULAR WITH ARCH TYPE:

Acustommadeflexibleconnector forusewithrectangular flangeson

low pressure service. The arch design accommodates greater

movement than the U type joint. (See Figure 2L and Section H,

below.)

H. U TYPE:

"U"typejointsareavailableforlowpressureapplicationsinexternalandinterna

flangedesignandforhigherpressureserviceinano-archmodificationofthe

singleArchType.

H.1. External Full Face Integral Flange Joint. Thislightweightcustom

-madeflexiblejointisgenerallyusedbetweenaturbineandcondenser

It is constructedof pliesof rubberand fabricusually withoutmeta

reinforcement. The joint is recommended for full vacuum service or a

maximum pressure of 25PSIG (172 kPa). Flange drillingmay be

staggered to facilitate installation and tightening of bolts. The

joint is securely bolted in placewith conventional retaining rings fo

vacuumserviceorspecialsupportringsforpressureservice.Thejointmaybe

rectangular,roundorovalinshape.See Figure 2M. For greater movement

see Chapter II, Section G

.

Figure 2L: Rectangular With Arch Type Expansion Joint

Figure 2M: Lightweight External Flange U Type Connector



10/35

H.2. Internal Full Face Integral Flange Joint Thisjointissimilarto

the external flange joint except that conventional retaining

ringsareused forpressure serviceand special support

ringsareusedfor vacuumservice.Thejointmayberectangular,

round or oval in shape. See Figure 2N which depicts a

rectangularversionwith special support rings. Based

oninstallation,fieldsplicingmaybenecessary.

I. BELT DOGBONE TYPE:

A molded construction of plies of rubber impregnated fabric,

rubbercoveredandsplicedendless,to a specifiedperipheral

dimension. Usedas a flexible connection incentralpower

stations on condensers. Designed for compression and lateral

movements forfull vacuumserviceandamaximumpressure of25

PSIG (172 kPa). Must be used with special clamping devices

normally supplied by the condenser equipmentmanufacturers.

See Figure 2S

.

H.3. No Arch U Type. Theconstructionofthisjointissimilarto

theSingleArchType,exceptmodifiedtoeliminatethearch.

Reduced movement, this connector will absorb vibration and

sound.AreducerversionisshowninFigure 2D. See Table Il for

pressures and Figure 2O. For alternate designs, see Chapter V.

J. SPHERICAL MOLDED TYPE:

A molded spherical design is manufactured in two types. One

typeutilizessolidfloatingmetallicflanges.Theothertypehasbuilt-

in full face integral flanges. The design incorporates a long

radius arch, providing addit ional movement capabil i ties

when compared to other types. The arch is self-cleaning,

eliminating the need of Filled Arch Type construction. These

types arerecommended forbasically thesameapplications as

theSpool"Arch"Type.

J.1. Floating Flange Spherical Type. The molded sphere design

utilizessimilarconstructiondetailsasthoseinChapter1,Section

D, except the carcass does not contain metallic reinforcement.

Utilizing special weave fabric for reinforcement, the spherical

shapeoffersa highburst pressure.Movementsand pressure

ratings should be obtained from the manufacturer.Furnished

complete with sol id floatingflanges,thisdesignisgenerallyavailable

forpipesizesunder30inches(762mm)indiameterandinsingleordouble

archdesigns.SeeFigure 2Q.

9


Figure 2P: Molded Double Spherical Type

Expansion Joint With Solid Floating

Flanges

Figure 2Q: Molded Spherical Type Expansion

Joint

Figure 2R: Molded Spherical Type Expansion

Joint With Integral Flanges

Figure 2S: Belt Type Expansion Joint

Wire Spring Steel

VanStoneO.D.

Flanges

JointI.D.

RetainingFlangeO.D.

NominalPipeSize

F

G

Section AA


11/35

K. RUBBER FLANGED PIPE, FITTINGS, PIPE

ELBOWS:

Elastomeric elbows and fittings are frequently used in place ofmetal

fittingswherehighabrasionandchemicalresistanceisrequired

and/orwherevibrationandstressreliefisdesirable.45 ,900short

radiusand90longradiuselbowsaswellasY's,T's,lateralsand

crossescanbefurnishedtoANSIB-16.1dimensions.

L. UNIONS:

Unionsaresmalldoublearchrubberconnectorswithfemale

threaded (usuallyANSINPT)ends.Theseconnectorsare foruse

withsmalldiameterpipeandwhereclearancespaceforflangesis

notavailable.Usuallyavailableforstandardpipesizesfrom3/4inch(19

mm)to3inch(76mm)diameterandawidevarietyofelastomers.Normally,

unionsare found in Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning

(HVAC)applications.

M. FAN CONNECTORS:

Industrial fans and their related ducting frequently require a

flexibleconnectortoabsorbvibrationreducenoiseandprovide

an easyaccess tofanswhen overhaul orcleaningis required.

Elastomeric fan connectors have a lighter body and flanges

designedtomatchthespecificfandesign.Usuallytheirpressure

and vacuum ratingsare approximately 2 PSIG(14 kPa)to

match the service. Face-to-face dimensionasshortas2-1/2"(63

mm) face-to-face are available. Slip over fan connectors are also

frequentlyspecified.

N. RETAINING RINGS AND CONTROL UNITS:

N.1. Split Metal Retaining Rings. Retainingringsmustbeusedto

distributetheboltingloadandassureapressuretightseal.Theyarecoated

for corrosion resistance and dri lled as speci fied. (See

Appendix B-Common Flange Drilling). The rings are installed

directlyagainstthebackoftheflangesofthejointandboltedthroughto the

matingflangeofthepipe.Steelwashersarerecommendedunder

the bolt headsagainst the retaining rings; at a minimum at the

splits.Ringsarenormally3/8(9mm)thick,butcanvarydueto

conditions. TheringI.D.edgeinstallednextto therubberflange

should be broken or beveled to prevent cutting of the rubber.

SpecialretainingringsmayberequiredformanyoftheexpansionjointtypesdepictedintheChapter.See Figure 2T.

N.2. Control Unit Assemblies. See Chapter IV for information

regardingthedefinition,purposeandrecommendationsconcerning

theuseofcontrolrodassemblies.Manymanufacturerspresently

brand their expansion joint products with the following label

identification:WARNING Control units Must Be Used To Protect

This Part From Excessive Movement If Piping is Not Properly

Anchored. See Appendixes C, D and Figure 6.

Whenanelastomericexpansionjointwithacontrolunitassemblyistobe

installeddirectlytoapumpflange,specialcaremustbetaken.Makesure

thatthereissufficientclearancebehindthepumpflangenotonlyfor the

plates,butalsoforthenuts,boltsandwashers.Incaseswhere

thereisnotsufficientclearance,thecontrolrodplatesonthepump

end can be mounted behind the expansion joint flange if the

expansion joint flange has a metal flange. If the elastomer

expansionjoint hasan integral flange withsplit retaining rings,

thismethodisnotusuallyrecommendedasthesplitretainingrings

maynothaveenoughstrengthtowithstandthetotalforceencountered.

O. EXPANSION JOINT PROTECTIVE SHIELDS

AND COVERS:

Unusual applications of rubber expansion joints may require the

specificationof:A.ProtectiveShield;B.ProtectiveCover;C.Fire

Cover. Thesethreetypesofcovers,whenmanufacturedofmetal,

have one end which is bolted to or clamped to the mating pipe

flange.Theotherendisfree,designedtohandlethemovementsof

theexpansionjoint.AProtectiveCoverofmetalisrequiredwhen

an expansion joint is installed underground. Protective Shieldsshould be used on expansion joints in lines that carry high

temperatureorcorrosivemedia. Thisshieldwillprotectpersonnel

or adjacent equipment in the event of leakage or splash. Wrap

around Protective Shields of Fluoroplastic impregnated fiberglass

are themost common. Protective coversof expandedmetal are

usedtopreventexteriordamagetotheexpansionjoint.Firecovers,

designedoversize,areinsulatedontheI.D.toprotecttheexpansion

jointfromruptureduringa flashfire.Theyarenormallyinstalledon

firewaterlines.Contactthemanufacturerforspecificdesigndetails.

Whenpossible,itisnotrecommendedtoinsulateoverelastomeric

expansionjoints.CAUTION: Protection / Spray shield have some

insulating properties. Thecontainmentofsystemtemperaturescan

accelerate theaging of the product andmakes requiredexternal

inspectionsdifficult.

10

the Floating Flange Spherical Type (See Section J.1. above),

except full face flanges are integral with the body of the joint.

Pressure-resistinghoopstrengthisafunctionofthespecialweave

fabricanditsplyplacementinthebody,aswellasthedesignofthe

retaining rings. Special retaining rings are sometimes required.

Contactthemanufacturerforpressureandmovementrating. See

Figure 2R.

J.2. Integral Flange Spherical Type. Basicallythesamedesignas

MAX1/8(3 mm)

igure 2T: Retaining Rings For Standard

Arch Type Expansion Joints



12/35

A. EXPANSION JOINT MOTIONS

A.1. Axial Compression. Thedimensionalreductionorshorteningin the face-

to-face parallel lengthof the jointmeasured along the longitudinal

axis.See Figure 3A and Table V.

A.2. Axial Elongation. Thedimensionalincreaseorlengtheningofface-to-face

parallellengthofthe jointmeasuredalong thelongitudinalaxis.See

Figure 3B and Table V.

A.3. Lateral or Transverse Movement The movement or relating

displacement of the two ends of the joint perpendicular to i ts

longitudinalaxis.See Figure 3C and Table V.

A.4. Vibration. The abil ity of a flexible connec tor to absorb

mechanical oscillations in the system, usually high frequency. See

Figure 3D and Appendixes F and G.

A.5. Angular Movement. The angular displacement of the

longitudinalaxis ofthe expansionjointfromits initial straight line

position, measured in degrees. This is a combination of axial

elongationandaxialcompression.See Figure 3E and Table V.

A.6. Torsional Movement. Thetwistingofone endof anexpansion jointwith respect to the other end about its longitudinal axis. Such

movementismeasuredindegrees.See Figure 3F and Table V.

A.7. Concurrent Movement. Thecombinationoftwoormoreoftheabove

expansion jointmovements. This value is expressedas theResultant

Movement. To calculate concurrent movement use the following

formula:

Theconcurrentmovement formulais thesum of theindividualmovements except forAngular (becauseangularmovement iscovered by compression and elongation when looking atconcurrent movements). Therefore the sum of the following:Compression,Elongation,Lateral,andTorsionalstillneedtobeless thanoneor thejointisoperatingoutsidethedesignintent

andneedstobeevaluated.

Formula:1C+E+L+TRCRERLRT

SampleCalculation:12+0+.75+0 4215

1.5+.75+0

11.25Jointisoperatingoutsideitsdesignmovementsandneedstobeevaluated.

C=Changeincompression RC=RatedCompressionE=ChangeinElongation RE=RatedElongationL=ChangeinLateral RL=RatedLateralT=ChangeinTorsional RT=RatedTorsional

CHAPTER III - Definition of Performance Characteristics

11

NOTES:

1. Pressurelimitationslistedaregenerallyacceptedbymostmanufacturersfortemperaturesupto180yieldinga3:1safetyfactor.Forhighertermperatures,consultthemanufacturerforalternatedesignsand/ormaterials.

2. Forhigherpressurethaninducated,contactmanufacturerforguidance.3. Alwaysadvisemanufacturerifproductwillbesubjectedtofullvacuum4. Forterminalogyonpressure.See Appnedix H.5. Partslistedat26(660mm)Hgvacuumhaveadesignratingof30(762mm)Hg

(fullvacuum).

D. RESISTANCE TO FLUIDS:

Thesuperiorcorrosionresistance characteristic of natural rubber

andsyntheticelastomerspermitsthesafehandlingofawidevariety

of materials within the pressure limits and temperature

characteristics noted above. Contact the manufacturer for a

specificelastomerrecommendation.See Table II.

The pressure ratings decrease with size and/or temperature

increases from 200 PSIG (1379kPa)to 30 PSIG (207 kPa)

operating pressure, dependent upon construction design. If

requirementsexceed these ratings,specialconstructionscan be

designedtomeettherequiredconditions.Thenumberofcontrol

rods are specified onthe basis of the design pressure of the

system,nottheratedoperatingpressureoftheexpansionjoint.

See Table IV and Appendixes C, D, and H.

Table IV: Typical Pressure Characteristics of Spool Type

Rubber Expansion Joints.

B. Sound Limiting Characteristic:

The abil ity of a rubber expansion joint to limit or interrupt thetransmissionofasoundfromoperatingequipmenttothepipingsystem.See Appendixes F and G and Table III.

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE I.D.

OF EXP. JOINT

DESIGN OF EXPANSION JOINT

CONSTRUCTION

Pressure/VacuumDesign

HighPressureDesign

in.

Positive Negative Positive Negative

PSIG kPa in. of Hg. mm of Hg. PSIG kPa in. of Hg. mm of

1/4to45to1214

6to102127to305

356

16514085

1138965586

262626

660660660

200190130

13791310896

262626

660660660

16to2022to2426to40

406to508559to610660to1,016

656555

448448379

262626

660660660

11010090

758689621

262626

660660660

42to6668to9698to108110to155

1067to16761727to24382489to27432794to3937

55454030

379310276207

26262626

660660660660

80706050

552483414374

26262626

660660660660

mm

Material

Sound

Velocity

In/sec.

Density

lbs./In.

3

Acoustical

Impedance

lbs./In.

2

sec

Relative

Impedance

SteelCopperCastIronLeadGlass

206,500140,400148,80049,800216,000

0.2830.3200.2600.4110.094

58,40045,00038,70020,40020,300

500.0425.0365.0190.0190.0

ConcreteWaterPineCorkRubber

198,00056,400132,00019,2002,400

0.0720.0360.01450.00860.0442

14,2002,0301,910165106

134.019.018.01.61.0

TABLE III: Comparison of Acoustical Impedances

Acousticalimpedanceisdefinedastheproductofmaterialdensitytimesvelocityofsoundinthematerial.Inacousticalsystems,lowimpedancecorrespondstolowsoundtransmission.RelativeimpedanceisbasedonRubber=1.0

C. PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS



13/35

E.2.A. Filled Arch. The spring rate for a Fil led Arch Type

expansionjointisapproximately4timesthatofaStandardSingle

ArchType.Thisratewillvarywithmanufacturersandisdependentupon

thematerialusedinthefilledarchsectionoftheexpansionjoint.

E.2.B. Multi-Arch. ThespringrateforaMufti-ArchTypeexpansionjoint

isequalto thespringrateforaSingleArchTypeproductdividedby the

numberofarches.

F. HYDROSTATIC TESTING:

If required, joints can be hydrostatic tested up to1.5 times theMaximum

Allowable Working Pressure of the product , for a minimum of 10

minuteswithoutleaks.See Appendix C - Terminology and Table II.

G. SEISMIC TESTING:

Association Position. It is the position of the Non-Metallic Expansion Joint

D iv is ion that, a lthough seismic tes ting may apply to r ig id

componentsofapipingsystem,itdoesnotapplytoanindividualnon-

metallicexpansionjointduetoitsinherentflexibility.Theproblemis

furthercomplicatedbytheabsenceofanydefinitivespecification.

Theindustryisunabletoquoteonseismictestingunlessspecific

informationontestproceduresandresultsrequiredbecomesavailable.

H. CYCLE LIFE:

Onefullmovementcycleisdefinedasthesumofthetotalmovementsincurred

whenan expansion jointfully compressesfrom theneutral position

thenmovestothepositionofmaximumallowedelongationandfinallyreturnsto

neutral.Cyclelifedependsnot only onthe amountofmovement,but

also onthe frequency ofcyclesor cyclerate. Cyclelife can also be

affectedbyinstallationpractices,temperatureandtypeofmediabeing

handled.

Testingcaninvolvefullmovementcyclingofanexpansionjointattherateof10

cyclesperminuteatratedmaximumtemperaturesandpressures to variousduration,withoutfailure.Much longercyclelife occurswithreduced

movement.

12

E. FORCE POUNDS AND SPRING RATES:

E.1. Force Pounds. Theforcetodeflectanexpansionjointisdefined

as, the total load required todeflect the expansion joint a distance

equal to the maximum ratedmovement of the product. This force

figureisexpressedinpoundsforcompression,elongationandlateral

movements.Theforcefigureisexpressedinfoot-poundsforangular

deflection.

E.2. Spring Rate. Thespringrateis definedas theforcein poundsrequired to deflect an expansion joint one inch in compressionand

elongationorin alateraldirection.Forangularmovementthespring

rateistheforceneededinfoot-poundstodeflecttheexpansionjoint

onedegree.See Table V & VI.


NOMINAL

PIPE SIZES

ID X ID

Minimum

Concentric

Minimum

Eccentric

Inches Length Length

1.5 X 1. 6 6

2. X 1.

2. X 1.252. X 1.5

6

66

6

69

2.5 X 1.2.5 X 1.252.5 X 1.52.5 X 2.

6666

8666

3. X 1.3. X 1.253. X 2.3. X 2.5

8866

9866

3.5 X 1.53.5 X 2.3.5 X 2.53.5 X 3.

8666

9866

4. X 1.54. X 2.4. X 2.54. X 3.4. X 3.5

86666

129866

5. X 2.55. X 3.5. X 3.55. X 4.5. X 4.5

86666

119866

6. X 3.6. X 3.56. X 4.6. X 5.

8866

121196

8. X 4.8. X 5.8. X 6.

1086

15129

10. X 6.10. X 8.

106

159

12. X 8.12. X 10.

108

159

14. X 10.

14. X 12.

10

8

15

9

16. X 10.16. X 12.16. X 14.

1088

21159

18. X 12.18. X 14.18. X 16.

12108

221610

20. X 14.20. X 16.20. X 18.

12108

221610

24. X 16.24. X 18.24. X 20.

161410

282216

30. X 20.30. X 24.

1814

3422

36. X 24.36. X 30.

2414

4022

42. X 30.42. X 36.

2413

4022

48. X 42. 14 22

54. X 42.54. X 48.

2213

4022

60. X 48.60. X 54.

2213

4022

NMEJ DIVISION STANDARDS

RECOMMENDATIONS

NOTES:

1. TheNMEJDivisionstandardrecommendationsarecalculatedusingthefollowingformulas:a.ConcentricExpansionJoints:Maximumangleof20plus3.b.EccentricExpansionJoints:Maximumangleof20 plus 4.

2. Forsizesotherthanshown,consultthemanufacturer.

Reducer Type (Taper):

Minimum Recommended Face-to-Face Lengths.


14/35

13

in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm lbs/in N/mm lbs/in N/mm lbs/in N/mmft-lbs/

deg

Nm/deg

1*1-1/4*1-1/2*2

2-1/23

253240506575

666666

150150150150150150

7/167/167/167/167/167/16

111111111111

1/41/41/41/41/41/4

666666

1/21/21/21/21/21/2

131313131313

27.522.518.514.511.510.0

333333

3-1/24568

88100125150200

66666

150150150150150

7/167/167/167/1611/16

1111111118

1/41/41/41/43/8

666610

1/21/21/21/21/2

1313131313

8.37.56.05.05.5

33333

1012141618

250300350400450

88888

200200200200200

11/1611/1611/1611/1611/16

1818181818

3/83/83/83/83/8

1010101010

1/21/21/21/21/2

1313131313

4.53.753.252.752.5

33221

2022242628

500550600650700

810101010

200250250250250

13/1613/1613/1615/1615/16

2121212424

7/167/167/161/21/2

1111111313

1/21/21/21/21/2

1313131313

2.52.252.02.32.0

11111

3032343638

750800850900950

1010101010

250250250250250

15/1615/1615/1615/1615/16

2424242424

1/21/21/21/21/2

1313131313

1/21/21/21/21/2

1313131313

2.01.81.751.51.5

11111

4042444648

10001050110011501200

1012121212

250300300300300

15/161-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/16

2427272727

1/29/169/169/169/16

1314141414

1/21/21/21/21/2

1313131313

1.51.51.51.31.25

11111

505254

5658

125013001350

14001450

121212

1212

300300300

300300

1-1/161-1/161-1/16

1-1/161-1/16

272727

2727

9/169/169/16

9/169/16

141414

1414

1/21/21/2

1/21/2

131313

1313

1.251.251.25

1.251.0

111

11

6066727884

15001650180019502100

1212121212

300300300300300

1-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/16

2727272727

9/169/169/169/169/16

1414141414

1/21/21/21/21/2

1313131313

1.01.00.90.90.8

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

96102108120132144

240025502700300033003600

121212121212

300300300300300300

1-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/16

272727272727

9/169/169/169/169/169/16

141414141414

1/21/21/21/21/21/2

131313131313

0.700.660.620.560.510.47

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

235294353423530635

4151627493111

304383459552689828

53678097121145

350438524700762824

617792123133144

.04

.10

.15

.30

.50

.80

.05

.13

.20

.41

.681.10

742848105812711412

130148185223247

9651104137616521837

169193241289322

888952109212341506

155167191216264

1.31.93.76.412.7

1.82.65.08.717.2

17662118185321182382

309371325371417

22962755241127553101

402482422482543

16181896223425722840

283332391450497

24.242.119.276106

32.857.180.3103144

26492913317830603296

464510557536577

34403785413039804286

602663723697751

31763296341236583904

556577597641684

152205274292382

206278371396518

35323769400242384475

619660701742784

45944899560255125818

8048589819651019

41504876560263286502

72785498111081139

437555645844943

59275287411441278

47084452466448705087

824780817853891

61245783605763396608

10721013106111101157

66766846714274367732

11691199125113021354

10421163127016801825

14131577172222782474

530055125724

59366148

9289651002

10391076

688471667435

77177992

120612551302

13511400

802483148606

88969184

140514561507

15581608

196821382308

24643310

266828993129

33414488

63606996763282688904

11141225133714481559

8268909599221074811575

14481593173818822027

947210216109541190212850

16591789191820842250

35374288568170228641

479558137702952011715

101761081211448127201399215264

178218932005222824502673

132281405614883165371819019843

231724622606289631853475

147501570016652185502028822026

253827492916324935532857

134411696721855298713354742902

182232300329630404984548158164

TABLE V: TYPICAL NARROW ARCH EXPANSION JOINT MOVEMENT/SPRING RATE CAPABILITIES

NOTES:A. MOVEMENT CAPABILITY

1.FilledArchconstructionreducesabovemovementby50%.2.ThedegreeofAngularMovementisbasedonthemaximumextensionshown.3.Ifgreatermovementsaredesired,expansionjointscanbesuppliedwithtwo,threeorfourarches.Relativelylonger"Face-to-Face"lengthdimensionsareincorporatedintodesignsofMultipleArchTypeexpansionjoints.

4.TocalculateapproximatemovementofMultipleArchexpansionjoints,takethemovementshownintheabovetableandmultiplybythenumberofarches.5.Movementsshownabovearebasedonproperinstallationpractice.(SeeChapterIV,SectionD).

B. SPRING RATE

1.Forcesrequiredtomoveexpansionjointsarebasedonzeropressureconditionsandroomtemperatureinthepipeline.2.Theseforcesshouldbeconsideredonlyasapproximateswhichmayvarywiththeelastomersandfabricsusedinfabricationandthespecificconstructiondesignofanindividualmanufacturer.3.SeeChapterIII,SectionFfordefinitionofvaluesshown.4.TocalculatetheapproximateSpringRateforMultipleArchJoints,dividethesinglearchvaluesbythenumberofarches.5.ForPressureThrustForcesseeChapterIV,SectionA.2.

C. FORCE POUNDS

1.Istheforcerequiredtomoveanexpansionjointitsratedmovement.

2.Tocalculatetheforcepoundsrequiredtomoveanexpansionjointitsratedmovement:Multiplytheratedmovementbythecorrespondingspringrate.

D

O

T

O

O

M

M

A

A

C

O

A

A

E

O

L

A

D

E

O

A

A

M

M

SPRING RATES

L

A

D

E

O

A

A

E

O

A

A

C

O

N

m

n

F

o

a

M

n

m

m

L

h

N

m

n

P

p

S

z

E

o

J

n

MOVEMENTS

D

G

O

A

A

M

M


*ItemsarenormallyfurnishedwithFilledArchconstruction.


15/35

A

A

M

M

L

A

D

E

O

A

A

E

O

A

A

C

O

in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm lbs/in N/mm lbs/in N/mm lbs/in N/mmft-lbs/

deg

Nm/

deg

1*1-1/4*1-1/2*2

2-1/23

253240506575

666666

150150150150150150

3/43/43/43/43/43/4

191919191919

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NOTES:A. MOVEMENT CAPABILITY

1.ThedegreeofAngularMovementisbasedonthemaximumextensionshown.2.Ifgreatermovementsaredesired,expansionjointscanbesuppliedwithtwo,threeorfourarches.Relativelylonger"Face-to-Face"lengthdimensionsareincorporatedintodesignsofMultipleArchTypeexpansionjoints.

3.TocalculateapproximatemovementofMultipleArchexpansionjoints,takethemovementshownintheabovetableandmultiplybythenumberofarches.4.Movementsshownabovearebasedonproperinstallationpractice.(SeeChapterIV,SectionD).

B. SPRING RATE

1.Forcesrequiredtomoveexpansionjointsarebasedonzeropressureconditionsandroomtemperatureinthepipeline.2.Theseforcesshouldbeconsideredonlyasapproximateswhichmayvarywiththeelastomersandfabricsusedinfabricationandthespecificconstructiondesignofanindividualmanufacturer.3.SeeChapterIII,SectionFfordefinitionofvaluesshown.4.TocalculatetheapproximateSpringRateforMultipleArchJoints,dividethesinglearchvaluesbythenumberofarches.5.ForPressureThrustForcesseeChapterIV,SectionA.2.

C. FORCE POUNDS

1.Istheforcerequiredtomoveanexpansionjointitsratedmovement.

2.Tocalculatetheforcepoundsrequiredtomoveanexpansionjointitsratedmovement:Multiplytheratedmovementbythecorrespondingspringrate.

N

m

n

F

o

a

M

n

m

m

L

h

Table VI: Typical Wide Arch Movement/Spring Rate Capabilities

14

N

m

n

P

p

S

z

E

o

J

n

SPRING RATESOVEMENTS

A

A

C

O

A

A

E

O

L

A

D

E

O


A

A

D

G

T

O

O

D

G


16/35

15

A.3. Branch Connection Anchors. Figure5Bisanotherillustrationof

the proper anchoring that should beprovided ina linewith a

branch connection. The anchor shown at the tee and elbow

connectionsmustbedesignedtowithstandboththethrustandanyother

forcesimposedonthesystematthesepoints.Againemphasisisplacedon

therelativelocationofthejoints,theiranchoringpointsandthepipeguides.

INTRODUCTION:

It can be stated generally that the proper location of rubber

expansion jointsisclosetoamainanchoringpoint.Followingthejointinthe

line,apipeguideorguidesshouldbeinstalledtokeepthepipein

line and preventunduedisplacement ofthis line.This isthe simplest

applicationofajoint,namely,toabsorbtheexpansionandcontractionofa

pipelinebetweenfixedanchorpoints.

A.1. Anchors Are Required. Figure5Aillustratesasimplepiping

system. You will notice that in all cases, solid anchoring is

providedwhereverthepipelinechangesdirectionandthattheexpansion

jointsinthat linearelocatedascloseaspossibleto thoseanchor

points.Inaddition,followingtheexpansionjoints,andagainas

close as is practical, pipe guides are employed to prevent

displacement of the pipeline.Itshouldbepointedoutthattheelbows

adjacenttothepumpare securelysupportedby thepumpbaseso

that no piping forces are transmittedtotheflangesofthepumpitself.

Anchorsshownatthe900andthe450bendinthepipelinemustbe

solid anchors designed to withstandthethrustdevelopedintheline

togetherwithanyotherforcesimposedonthesystematthispoint.

A.2. Calculation of Thrust. Whenexpansion jointsareinstalled inthe

pipeline,thestaticportionofthethrustiscalculatedasaproductofthearea

oftheI.D.ofthearchoftheexpansionjointtimesthemaximumpressurethat

willoccurwiththeline.Theresultisaforceexpressedinpounds.Refer

to Figure 4.

A. ANCHORING AND GUIDING THE

PIPING SYSTEM:

B. CONTROL UNITS:

B.1. Definition and Purpose.Acontrolunitassemblyisasystemoftwo

ormorecontrolrods(tierods)placedacrossanexpansionjoint

from f lange to flange to minimize possible damage to the

expansion joint caused by excessive motion of the pipeline.

This excessive motioncouldbecausedby the failureofananchoror

someotherpieceofequipmentinthepipeline.Figure6showstheproper

assemblyofanexpansion jointwith controlunit details. Thecontrolrod

assembliesaresetatthemaximumallowableexpansionand/orcontraction

ofthejointandwillabsorbthestaticpressurethrustdevelopedatthe

expansionjoint.Whenusedinthismanner,theyareanadditional

safetyfactor,minimizingpossiblefailureoftheexpansionjointandpossible

damagetotheequipment.Controlunitswilladequatelyprotectthejoints,but

theusershouldbesurethatpipeflangestrengthissufficienttowithstand

totalforcethatwillbeencountered.The term Control Unit Is

synonymous with the term Tie Rod as defined by the standards of the

Expansion Joint Manufacturer's Association (EJMA).

CHAPTER IVInstallation and Maintenance



17/35

C. OTHER INSTALLATIONS:

C.1. Vibration Mounts Under Foundation. Figure 5D shows a very

common pump installation. Instead of being mounted on a solid

foundation, thepump is supported off the floor on vibration mounts

Thereisnothingwrongwiththistypeofinstallation.Thesupplierofthe

vibrationmountsshouldbemadeawareof thefactthatthesemounts

mustbedesigned,notonlytosupporttheweightofthepump,itsmoto

andbase,butmustalsoabsorbtheverticalthrustthatwilloccurinbot

thesuctionanddischargelines.TocalculatethrustseeChapterIV,

B.2.A. Extension. Controlunitsmustbeusedwhenitisnotfeasible

in a given structure to provide adequate anchors in the proper

location.Insuchcases,thestaticpressurethrustofthesystemwill

causetheexpansionjointtoextendtothelimitsetbythecontrol

rodswhichwill thenprecludethepossibilityoffurthermotion that

would over-elongate the joint. Despite the limiting action that

control rods have on the joint, theymust beused when proper

anchoring cannot be provided. It cannot be emphasized too

stronglythatrubberexpansionjoints,byvirtueoftheirfunction,are

notdesignedtotakeendthrustsand,inallcaseswheresuchare

likelytooccur,properanchoringisessential.Ifthisfactisignored,

prematurefailureoftheexpansionjointisaforegoneconclusion.

B.2.B. Compression. Pipe sleevesor insidenutscanbe installed

on the control rods. The purpose of the sleeve is to prevent

excessive compressionin theexpansion joint. The length of this

pipe sleeve should be such that the expansion joint cannot be

compressed beyond themaximumallowable compression figure

statedbythemanufacturer.See Table V and Figure 6.

B.3. Specifications. For control unit dimensional specifications see

Appendix C. These specifications are recommended for standard

constructiontypeexpansionjoints.Theexactnumberofcontrolrods

shouldbeselectedon thebasisof theactualdesign/testpressureof

thesystem.Alwaysspecifythematingflangethicknesswhenordering

controlunitassemblies.See Appendix D.

B.4. Illustration of the Use of Control Rods. Figure5Cdemonstratesthe type of piping connections thatmust beused in the event itisimpossible toemploy anchoring. The anchor pointat the upper90elbowinthedischargelinehasbeeneliminated.(ItisshowninFigure5A.) In this situation, it is necessary to employ properly designedcontrolunitswiththe jointslocatedin thisnon-anchoredline.Withoutheuseofthesecontrolunits,thepipelinebetweenthepumpandtheanchor,atthe45bend,wouldbeseverelydisplacedduetoelongationintheflexiblerubberexpansionjoint. Thiselongationwouldproceeduntilthejointsrupture.Theuseofcontrolunitsinthiscasepermitsexpansionofthe pipelinein both theverticalandhorizontal directionbetweenthepumpandtheanchor,atthe45bend.However,itdoesprecludethepossibilityof contractionin theserespectivelinesasthe

furtherextensionoftheexpansionjointis impossiblebecauseof thecontrolunits.

16

Forsignificantlateralmovementsphericalwashersarerecommended.

B.2. Use in Restraining the Piping System. Control units may be

requiredtolimitbothextensionandcompressionmovements.

Figure 5D: Typical Pump Installation With Expansion Joints Utilizing

Vibration Mounts

Spherical washer equal axial and lateral load distribution



18/35

17

C.2. Vibration Mounts or Springs Under Base and Anchor.

AvariationofthedesignasshowninFigure5DisillustratedinFigure5E.

Animprovedinstallationisshownhere.Thevibration mounts

underthepumpbaseneedonlysupportthepump,itsmotor

and base.Thevibrationmountsundertheelbowsupportscan

thenbedesigned towithstandthe thrustdevelopedin the

suctionanddischargelines,respectively.

C.3. Secondary Base. See Figure 5F. In this installation, a

completesecondarybaseisprovidedforthepumpbaseandthe

two elbow supports. This secondary base is equipped with

vibrationmountstoisolateitfromthefloor.Onceagain,thesemounts

mustbe designedto take into account all of the loads and

forces acting upon the secondarybase.Theseobviouslyare

theweightoftheequipmentplusthethrustsdevelopedinthesuction

anddischargelines.

D. INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR NON

-METALLIC EXPANSION JOINTS:

D.1. Service Conditions. Make sure theexpansionjointrating

fortemperature,pressure,vacuumandmovementsmatchthe

systemrequirements.Contact themanufacturerfor adviceif

the system requirements exceed those of theexpansion joint

selected. Check to make sure the elastomer selected is

chemicallycompatiblewiththeprocessfluidorgas.

D.2. Alignment. Expansionjointsarenormallynotdesignedto

compensateforpipingmisalignmenterrors.Pipingshouldbe linedup

within1/8".Misalignmentreducestheratedmovementsofthe expansionjointandcan induceseverestressandreduceservice

life.Pipeguidesshouldbeinstalledto keepthepipealigned

andtopreventunduedisplacement.See Chapter IV, Section A and

Table IV.

D.3. Anchoring. Solid anchoring is required wherever the

pipeline changesdirection,andexpansionjointsshouldbelocatedas

closeaspossibletoanchorpoints.Ifanchorsarenotused,

the pressure thrust may cause excessive movements and

damagetheexpansionjoints.SeeChapter IV, Section A &B for

Anchoring, Guiding and Control Rods.

D.4. Pipe Support. Pipingmustbe supportedsoexpansionjointsdonot

carryanypipeweight.

D.5. Mating Flanges. Installthe expansionjoint against thematingpipe

flangesandinstallboltssothattheboltheadandwasherareagainst

theretainingrings.Ifwashersarenotused,flangeleakagecanresult-

particularlyatthesplit intheretainingrings.Flange-to-flangedimensions

oftheexpansionjointmustmatchthebreech typeopening.Makesure the

mating flanges are clean and are flat-face- type or nomore than 1/16"

raised-face-type.Neverinstall expansion joints thatutilizesplit retaining

rings next towafertype check or butterflyvalves. Seriousdamage can

resulttoarubberjointofthistypeunlessinstalledagainstfullfaceflanges.

D.6. Tightening Bolts. Tightenbolts in stages by alternatingaround the

flange.Ifthejointhasintegralfabricandrubberflanges,theboltsshould

betightenoughtomaketherubberflangeO.D.bulgebetweenthe retaining

ringsandthematingflange.Torqueboltssufficientlytoassureleak-free

operationathydrostatictestpressure.Bolttorquingvaluesareavailable

frommostmanufacturers.Ifthejointhasmetalflanges,tightenboltsonly

enoughtoachieveasealandnevertightentothepointthatthereismetal-

to-metalcontactbetweenthejointflangeandthematingflange.

D.7. Storage. Idealstorageisawarehousewitharelativelydry,coollocation.Storeflangefacedown ona pallet orwoodenplatform.Donot store

otherheavyitemsontopofanexpansionjoint.Tenyearshelf-lifecanbe

expectedwithidealconditions. Ifstoragemust beoutdoorsjointsshould

beplacedonwoodenplatformsandshouldnotbeincontactwiththeground.

Coverwithatarpaulin.

D.8. Large Joint Handling. Donotliftwithropesorbarsthroughthebolt

holes. I f l if ting through the bore, use padding or a saddle to

distributetheweight.Makesurecablesorforklifttinesdonotcontacttherubber.

Donotletexpansionjointssitverticallyontheedgesoftheflanges for any

periodoftime.

D.9. Additional Tips.

D.9.A. Forelevatedtemperatures,donotinsulateoveranon-metallic

expansionjoint.Seealsopage10.

D.9.B. Itisacceptable(butnotnecessary)tolubricatetheexpansion

jointflangeswithathinfilmofgraphitedispersedinglycerinorwater

toeasedisassemblyatalatertime.

D.9.C. Donotweldinthenearvicinityofanon-metallicjoint.

D.9.D. Ifexpansionjointsaretobeinstalledunderground,orwillbe

submerged in water, contact manufacturer for specific

recommendations.

Section A.2. It should also be noted that the thrust in the

respectivepipelineswillexertaforceontheinletandoutletflanges

ofthepump,andthepumpmanufacturershouldbecontactedto

determine whether or not the pump casing is strong enough to

withstandthisforce.Ifthisisnotdone,itisverypossiblethatthis

forcecanbelargeenoughtocracktheconnectingflanges.



19/35

D.9.E. Iftheexpansionjointwillbeinstalledoutdoors,makesure

thecovermaterialwillwithstandozone,sunlight,etc.Materials

such as EPDM and Hypalon are recommended. Materials

paintedwithweatherresistantpaintwillgiveadditionalozoneand

sunlightprotection.

D.9.F. Checkthetightnessofleak-freeflangestwoorthreeweeksafter

installationandre-tightenifnecessary.

WARNING

: Expansion joints may operate in pipelines or

equipment carrying fluids and/or gases at elevated

temperatures and pressures and may transport hazardous

materials.Precautionsshouldbetakentoprotectpersonnelin

the event of leakage or splash. SeeChapter 11, Section P.

Rubber joints should not be installed in inaccessible areas

where inspection is impossible. Make sure proper drainage is

availableintheeventofleakagewhenoperatingpersonnelare

notavailable.

D.11. Location. Theexpansionjointshouldalwaysbe installed inan

accessiblelocationtoallowforfutureinspectionorreplacement.

D.10. Control Rod Installation. Also see Chapter II, 0.2. Control Unit

Assemblies.

E. INSPECTION PROCEDURE FOR

EXPANSION JOINTS IN SERVICE:

Thefollowingguideis intendedtoassist indeterminingi f an expansion

jointshouldbereplacedorrepairedafterextendedservice.

E.1. Replacement Criteria. Ifanexpansionjointisinacriticalservice

conditionand is five ormoreyearsold,consideration shouldbe

given tomaintainingaspareorreplacingtheunitatascheduledoutage.If

theservice is notof a critical nature, observethe expansion

jointon aregularbasisandplantoreplaceafter10yearsservice.

Applicationsvaryandlifecanbeaslongas30yearsinsomecases.

E.2. Procedures.

E.2.A. Cracking. (SunChecking) Cracking, or crazingmay

notbe seriousif onlythe outercoveris involvedandthe

fabric is not exposed.Ifnecessary, repaironsitewith rubber

cementwhere cracks areminor. Crackingwherethe fabric is

exposed and torn, indicatestheexpansionjointshouldbereplaced.

Such cracking is usually the result of excess extension,

angular or lateral movements.Suchcrackingisidentifiedby:

(1)aflatteningofthearch,(2)cracksatthebaseofthearch,

and/or(3)cracksatthebaseof theflange.To avoidfuture

problems, replacement expansion joints should be orderedwith

controlrodunits.

E.2.B. Blisters-Deformation-Ply Separation. Some blisters or

deformations, when on the external portions of an expansion

joint,maynot affect theproper performanceof theexpansion

joint. Theseblistersordeformationsarecosmeticinnatureand

do not require repair. If major blisters, deformations and/or plyseparationsexistinthetube,theexpansionjointshouldbereplacedas

soon as possible. Ply separation at the flange O.D. can

somet imes be observedand isnotacausefor replacementofthe

expansionjoint.

E.2.C. Metal Reinforcement. Ifthemetalreinforcement ofan

expansionjointisvisiblethroughthecover,theexpansionjoint

shouldbereplacedassoonaspossible.

E.2.D. Dimensions. Any inspections should veri fy that the

installation is correct; that there is no excessive

misalignment between the flanges;and, that theinstalled face-to-

face dimension is correct. Check for over-elongation, over-

compression, lateral or angular misalignment. If incorrect

instal lat ionhascaused theexpansionjointtofail,adjustthepiping

andorderanewexpansionjointtofittheexistinginstallation.

E.2.E. Rubber Deterioration. Ifthejointfeelssoftorgummy,planto

replacetheexpansionjointassoonaspossible.

E.2.F. Leakage. Ifleakageorweepingisoccurringfromany

surfaceoftheexpansionjoint,exceptwhereflangesmeet,replacethe

joint immediately.If leakageoccurs betweenthe matingflange

andexpansionjointflange,tightenallbolts.Ifthisisnotsuccessful,turn

off the system pressure, loosen all flange bolts and then

retightenboltsinstagesbyalternatingaroundtheflange.Make

suretherearewashersundertheboltheads,particularlyatthe

split in the retaining rings. Remove the expansion joint andinspectbothrubberflangesandpipematingflangefacesfor

damage and surface condi tion. Repair or replace as

required. Also,makesure theexpansionjointisnotoverelongated

as this cantendto pull thejoint flange away from the mating

flange resulting inleakage.If leakage persists, consult the

manufacturerforadditionalrecommendations.

18

D.10.A. Assemble expansion joint between pipe flanges to

the manufactured face-to-face length of the expansion joint.

Includetheretainingringsfurnishedwiththeexpansionjoint.

D.10.B. Assemblecontrolrodplatesbehindpipe flangesasshownin

Figure6.Flangeboltsthrough the controlrodplate mustbe

longertoaccommodatetheplate.Controlrodplatesshould

beequallyspacedaroundtheflange.Dependinguponthesize

and pressure ratingofthesystem,2,3ormorecontrolrodsmaybe

required.Contactmanufacturerforoptionalinstallations.

D.10.C. Insertcontrolrodsthroughtopplateholes.Steelwashersareto

be positioned at the outer plate surface. An optional rubber

washer ispositioned between the steelwasher and the outerplate

surface.(See Figure 6.)

D.10.D. Ifasinglenutperunitisfurnished,positionthisnutsothatthere

isa gap betweenthenutandthesteelwasher.This gap isequal to the joint's maximum extension (commencing with

the nominal face-to- face length). Do not consider the

thicknessoftherubberwasher.Tolockthisnutinposition,

either"stake"thethreadintwoplacesortackweldthenutto

therod.Iftwojamnuts arefurnishedforeachunit,tighten

the two nuts together,soastoachievea"jamming"effecttoprevent

loosening. Note: Consult the manufacturer if there is any

question as to the rated compression and elongation. These two

dimensions are critical in setting the nuts and sizing the compression pipe

sleeves.

D.10.E. I f there is a requirement for compression pipe

sleeves,ordinarypipemaybeusedandsizedinlengthtoallow

thejointtobecompressedtoitsnormallimit. (See Figure 6.)

D.10.F. Forreducerinstallations,itisrecommendedthatallcontrolrod

installationsbeparalleltothepiping.



20/35

CHAPTER V - Flexible Rubber Pipe Connectors

E. ANCHORING AND CONTROL UNITS:

Flexiblerubberconnectorsshouldalways be installed in

piping systems that are properly anchored so that the

connectors are not required to absorb compression or

elongationpipingmovements.Ifaxial forces can act in

the system to compress orelongatetheconnector,control

unitswillberequiredtopreventaxialmovement.Ingeneral,control

units are always recommended as an additional safety factor,

preventingdamage totheconnectorandassociatedequipment.

See Chapter IV, Section B, and Appendixes C and D.

D.3. Floating Flange Type. Similar to the flanged type.

Instead of havinga full-facerubberflange,thisdesignhasasolid

floatingmetallicflangeorasplitinterlockingflange.TheVan

Stoneflangeprincipleisusedwiththebeadsoftherubber

partspecificallydesignedtofitthematingpipeflange.

D.2. Coupled Type. Insmallerdiameters,rubberpipeisavailablewith

factoryattachedcouplings.Normallyfurnishedwithmale/male

couplings,thistypeisalsoavailablewithmale/femalefittings.

See Figure 7B.

FOREWORD:

Thefour previous chaptershave deal t pr imar i ly wi th

rubberexpansionjointsmanufacturedinsingleormultiplearch

type designs.Thisdesignprovidessubstantialflexibilitytoallowthe

expansion jointto absorbpipemovements,whetherinduced by

thermalchangesorothermechanicalmeans.Incertainapplications,

the featuresprovidedby arch--type constructionmaynotbe of

paramountimportance,anditispossibletomanufactureno-arch-

typeexpansionjoints.It ismorecommon, however, to specify

flangedpipeconnectorshavingasubstantiallylongerlengththanan

expansionjointofthesamepipesize,andthischapterwillconsider

theconstruction,usageanddimensionsofthesepipeconnectors.

A. DEFINITION:

A flexible rubberpipeconnector is a reinforced straight rubber

pipe, fabricated of natural or synthetic elastomersand fabrics,

primarilydesignedtoabsorbnoiseandvibrationinapipingsystem.

B. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:

B.1. Sound Limiting Characteristics. Rubber pipeconnectors are

used inair-conditioningandheatinginstallationsbecauseof their

ability to limit or interrupt the transmission of sound fromoperatingequipment to thepipingsystem.See Appendixes F and

G.

B.2. Pressure/Temperature Limits. Flexible rubber pipe can be

furnished in either 150 PSIG or 250 PSIG working pressure

designs at different temperature ratings.See Tables I and II for

standardmaterialtypesandtemperaturelimits.

B.3. Resistance to Fluids. Rubber pipe corrosion resistance is the

sameasforelastomericexpansionjoints. See Chapter III,Section E

and Table II.

C. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:

C.1. Tube, Cover and Carcass. Detailsconcerningthetube ,cover

andcarcassfabricreinforcementarethesameasforexpansion

joints.See Chapter I,Section D and Figure 7A.

C.2. Metal Reinforcement. Helical-wound, steel reinforcement

wire is imbedded in the carcass to provide strength for high

pressureoperations and toprevent collapseundervacuum.See

Figure 7A.

D. TYPES OF PIPE CONNECTORS:

D.1. Flanged Type. Themostcommontypeofrubberpipeincorporates

afullfaceflangeintegralwiththebodyofthepipe.Theflangeisdrilledto

conformtotheboltpatternofthe-companionmetalflangesof the

pipeline. (See Appendix B.) This typeofa rubber-faced flange,backedwitharetainingring,isofsufficientthicknesstoforma

tightsealagainstthecompanionflangewithouttheuseofagasket.

19



21/35

F. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE:

TheinformationinchapterIV,SectionDappliestoflexiblepipe

connectorsaswellasexpansionjoints.See Chapter IV, Section D.

2

TYPICAL FLANGE THICKNESS

Nominal Flange

Thickness

# Measurements

in. mm in. mm

9/16 14 4 1/16 2

5/8-7/8 16-22 4 3/16 5

1 25 4 1/4 6

1-1/8-1-1/4 29-32 5 5/16 8

1-1-3/8 25-35 6 3/8 10

Tolerance

NOTE: Measurementstakenatthebolthole.

TABLE VII: Rubber pipe connectors. Available Sizes

and Suggested Length-to-Face Lengths.


Nominal Pipe Size C

rubber fsa

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