rtes-02 physical coupling · thermocouples are suitable for continuous use in oxidizing or inert...
TRANSCRIPT
-
233
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
233
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Rea
l-Ti
me
Syst
ems
Com
pone
nts:
Phy
sica
l cou
plin
g
Senso
rA
ctuat
or
Senso
r
Envi
ron
men
t / W
orl
d
Anal
ogu
e ->
Dig
ital
Dig
ital
->
Anal
ogu
eA
nal
ogu
e ->
Dig
ital
Senso
r
Anal
ogu
e ->
Dig
ital
Act
uat
or
Dig
ital
->
Anal
ogu
e
Phys
ical
ph
eno
men
a
An
alo
gue
Dis
cret
e
Pro
cess
or
Pro
cess
or
Com
munic
atio
n
Inte
rfac
eC
om
munic
atio
n
Inte
rfac
e
Com
munic
atio
n
Inte
rfac
eC
om
munic
atio
n
Inte
rfac
eC
om
munic
atio
n
Inte
rfac
eC
om
munic
atio
n
Inte
rfac
eC
om
munic
atio
n
Inte
rfac
e
Pro
cess
or
Pro
cess
or
Pro
cess
or
Pro
cess
or
Pro
cess
or
I/O
Inte
rfac
eI/O
Inte
rfac
eI/O
Inte
rfac
eI/O
Inte
rfac
eI/O
Inte
rfac
e
mmmunnnic
aatioooo
n
nntte
rrrfacc
e
Co
Com
Rea
l-Ti
me
Soft
war
e:A
lgo
rith
ms,
Lan
guag
es,
Op
erat
ing
syst
ems,
C
om
mu
nic
atio
n S
yste
ms
231
2Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
- T
he A
ustr
alia
n N
atio
nal U
nive
rsity
Real
-Tim
e &
Em
bed
ded
Sys
tem
s 20
19
234
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
234
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Defi
nit
ion
Firs
t ste
p to
em
bed
a s
yste
m in
to th
e re
al w
orl
d:
Tran
sfo
rm p
hys
ical
ph
eno
men
a in
to e
lect
rica
l sig
nal
s
Usu
al in
ten
tio
n:
Tran
sfo
rm o
ne d
om
inan
t ph
eno
men
on
into
one
ele
ctri
cal s
ign
al
e.g
. sp
eed
, pre
ssu
re, b
righ
tnes
s, lo
ud
nes
s, c
olo
ur,
forc
e, h
um
idit
y, d
ista
nce
, sal
-in
ity,
den
sity
, rad
ioac
tivi
ty, s
pec
tro
gram
s, r
efl e
ctiv
ity,
acc
eler
atio
n, c
on
du
c-ti
on
, po
wer
, tu
rbu
len
ce, d
efo
rmat
ion
, …, …
, …, o
r: te
mp
erat
ure
232
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
232
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
[ Ed
ler2
003 ]
Edle
r et
al.
No
ise
tem
per
atu
re m
easu
rem
ents
for t
he
det
erm
inat
ion
of t
he
ther
mo
-d
ynam
ic te
mp
erat
ure
of t
he
mel
tin
g p
oin
t of p
alla
diu
m.
Met
rolo
gia
(200
3) v
ol.
41 (1
) pp
. 47-
55
[Pea
cock
97]
G. R
. Pea
cock
Stan
dar
ds
for t
emp
erat
ure
sen
sors
. h
ttp
://w
ww
.tem
per
atu
res.
com
/res
ou
rces
/sta
nd
ard
s/ (1
997)
(ad
dit
iona
l dat
a-sh
eets
)
Ref
eren
ces
-
237
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
237
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
moe
lem
ents
)
Ther
mo
coup
le•
Co
nn
ect t
wo
co
nd
uct
ors
A a
nd
B (o
f dif
fere
nt S
eeb
eck
coef
fi ci
ents
KA
an
d K
B) o
n o
ne
end
.
• Pl
ace
the
con
nec
ted
en
d in
to th
e te
mp
erat
ure
zo
ne
T2
wh
ich
is to
be
mea
sure
d.
• M
easu
re th
e V
olt
age
ove
r th
e o
pen
en
ds
in te
mp
erat
ure
zo
ne
T1:
()
()
()(
)U
KT
TK
TT
KK
TT
thA
AB
B1
21
22
1=
-+
-=
--
(
)T
TK
KU A
B
th2
1=
--
wit
h T
1 kn
ow
n.
T 2A B
T 1U
th
235
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
235
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Mea
suri
ng t
emp
erat
ure
Som
e o
bse
rvab
le e
ffec
ts o
f tem
per
atu
re c
han
ges:
• M
ean
sq
uar
e n
ois
e vo
ltag
e ch
ange
s
• V
olu
me
chan
ges
(gas
, liq
uid
s, m
etal
s)
• Th
erm
ovo
ltag
e ch
ange
s
• C
han
ges
in c
on
du
cto
rs a
nd
sem
ico
nd
uct
ors
• St
ate
chan
ges:
into
so
lid, l
iqu
id, o
r ga
seo
us
238
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
238
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
moe
lem
ents
)
Ther
mo
coup
leSt
and
ard
ther
mo
cou
ple
s co
me
pre
fab
rica
ted
for
dif
fere
nt a
pp
licat
ion
s:
Sho
rt n
ame
Mat
eria
lT
max
Uth
wit
h 0c t
o T
max
KK
AB
-
(T)
Cu
-Co
nst
anta
n40
0Cc
21.0
00 m
V.
425
106
#-
(J)
Fe-C
on
stan
tan
007Cc
39.7
20 m
V.
1053
76
#-
(K)
NiC
r-N
i10
00Cc
41.3
10 m
V.
1041
16
#-
(S)
PtR
h-P
t00
13Cc
13.1
38 m
V.
106
436
#-
T 2A B
T 1U
th
E: E
xpo
sed
G: G
rou
nd
ed
U: U
ngr
ou
nd
ed
236
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
236
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
moe
lem
ents
)
Seeb
eck
Co
effi c
ient
()
grad
EK
Tth
$=
, wit
h K
bei
ng
the
Seeb
eck
coeffi
cien
t (m
ater
ial c
on
stan
t of c
on
du
cto
rs)
()
()
grad
UE
dl
dl
KT
TK
Tth
thL
LL
00
0$
==
=-
##
This
ph
eno
men
a st
ems
fro
m th
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f ele
ctro
ns
to
tran
sfer
ele
ctri
c p
ote
nti
als
as w
ell a
s to
rea
ct to
hea
t.
0L
Uth
l
TT 0 T L
0L
-
241
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
241
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
moe
lem
ents
)
Ap
plic
atio
ns o
f sta
ndar
d t
herm
oco
uple
s
• (T
YPE
T)
Cop
per-
Con
stan
tan
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e su
itab
le fo
r su
bze
ro te
m-
per
atu
res
wit
h a
n u
pp
er te
mp
erat
ure
lim
it o
f 371
°C a
nd
can
be
use
d
in v
acu
um
, oxi
diz
ing,
red
uci
ng
or
iner
t atm
osp
her
es.
• (T
YPE
R)
Plat
inum
13%
Rho
dium
- P
lati
num
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e su
itab
le fo
r co
n-
tin
uo
us
use
in o
xid
izin
g o
r in
ert a
tmo
sph
eres
at t
emp
erat
ure
s u
p to
148
2 °C
.
• (T
YPE
S)
Plat
inum
10%
Rho
dium
- P
lati
num
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e su
itab
le fo
r co
n-
tin
uo
us
use
in o
xid
izin
g o
r in
ert a
tmo
sph
eres
at t
emp
erat
ure
s u
p to
148
2 °C
.
• (T
YPE
B)
Plat
inum
30%
Rho
dium
- P
lati
num
6%
Rho
dium
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e su
itab
le fo
r co
nti
nu
ou
s u
se in
oxi
diz
ing
or
iner
t atm
osp
her
es a
nd
sh
ort
-te
rm u
se in
vac
uu
m a
tmo
sph
eres
at t
emp
erat
ure
s u
p to
170
5 °C
.
• (T
YPE
W) T
ungs
ten
- R
heni
um A
lloy
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e u
sed
to m
easu
re te
mp
er-
atu
res
up
to 2
760
°C. T
hes
e th
erm
oco
up
les
hav
e in
her
entl
y p
oo
r o
xid
atio
n r
e-si
stan
ce a
nd
sh
ou
ld b
e u
sed
in v
acu
um
, hyd
roge
n o
r in
ert a
tmo
sph
eres
.
239
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
239
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
moe
lem
ents
)
Ther
mo
coup
leLi
nea
rity
of s
om
e st
and
ard
ther
mo
cou
ple
s:
J-Typ
e:
K-Ty
pe:
E
J
K N
T
W3
WR
W5
RS
B
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
01020304050607080
Uth in mV
Tem
per
atur
e in
Deg
rees
Cel
cius
90
242
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
242
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
moe
lem
ents
)
Ther
mo
coup
le
Pro
:
• A
ccep
ts h
igh
tem
per
atu
re.
• Sm
all.
• R
elat
ivel
y ch
eap
.
Co
ntr
a:
• R
equ
ires
sta
ble
am
plifi
er.
• Te
mp
erat
ure
dif
fere
nce
s o
nly
.
• C
able
s b
etw
een
the
amp
lifi e
r an
d th
e se
nso
r n
eed
to b
e o
f th
e sa
me
Seeb
eck
coef
fi ci
ent.
240
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
240
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
moe
lem
ents
)
Ap
plic
atio
ns o
f sta
ndar
d t
herm
oco
uple
s
• (T
YPE
N)
Nic
rosi
l-N
isil
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e su
itab
le fo
r u
se in
oxi
diz
ing
iner
t or
dry
re-
du
cin
g at
mo
sph
eres
. Mu
st b
e p
rote
cted
fro
m s
ulp
hu
rou
s at
mo
sph
eres
. Ver
y ac
cura
te a
t h
igh
tem
per
atu
res.
Vir
tual
ly th
e sa
me
emf (
elec
tro
mo
tive
forc
e) a
nd
ran
ge a
s Ty
pe
K.
• (T
YPE
J)
Iron
-Con
stan
tan
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e su
itab
le fo
r u
se in
vac
uu
m, o
xid
izin
g, r
edu
cin
g o
r in
ert a
tmo
sph
eres
. Su
itab
le fo
r m
easu
rin
g te
mp
erat
ure
s u
p to
760
° C fo
r la
rges
t wir
e si
ze.
• (T
YPE
K)
Chr
omel
-Alu
mel
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e su
itab
le fo
r co
nti
nu
ou
s u
se in
oxi
-d
izin
g o
r in
ert a
tmo
sph
eres
up
to 1
260°
C fo
r la
rges
t wir
e si
ze. B
ecau
se th
eir
oxi
-d
atio
n r
esis
tan
ce c
har
acte
rist
ics
are
bet
ter
than
tho
se o
f oth
er b
ase
met
al
ther
mo
cou
ple
s, th
ey fi
nd
wid
est u
se a
t tem
per
atu
res
abo
ve 5
38° C
.
• (T
YPE
E)
Chr
omel
-Con
stan
tan
ther
mo
cou
ple
s ar
e su
itab
le fo
r u
se u
p to
781
° C in
oxi
-d
izin
g o
r in
ert a
tmo
sph
eres
for
larg
est g
auge
wir
es. T
ype
E th
erm
oco
up
les
de-
velo
p th
e h
igh
est e
mf p
er d
egre
e o
f all
com
mo
nly
use
d th
erm
oco
up
les.
-
245
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
245
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Res
isto
rs)
Ther
mo
resi
sto
rs: H
eati
ng &
Mea
suri
ng
Ass
um
e th
e PT
100
to b
e p
ott
ed in
a T
O18
en
clo
sure
:
Ther
mal
res
ista
nce
: RP
TT
480
CW
thV
PTE
100
c=
-=
Ass
um
e w
e w
ant t
o li
mit
the
sen
sin
g er
ror
to
0.5
C!
c a
rou
nd
0Cc
(R
100
ΩT
=):
RP
TT
PR
TRU
URT
Rth
VPT
EV
thth
210
0&
&3
$3
=-
==
=
URT
R0.
323V
max
thT
&3
$.
=
Thu
s in
ord
er to
pre
ven
t hea
tin
g th
e se
nso
r el
emen
t by
mo
re th
an
0.5
Cc w
e n
eed
to k
eep
the
op
erat
ing
volt
age
un
der
0.3
23V
.
243
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
243
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Res
isto
rs)
Ther
mo
resi
sto
rs
PT10
0 re
sist
ors
are
co
mm
on
ly m
anu
fact
ure
d a
s (t
hin
fi lm
) Pl
atin
um
wir
e o
n /
aro
un
d g
lass
/ ce
ram
ic tu
bes
/ p
late
s.
Thin
fi lm
res
isto
r ar
rays
PT10
0 ca
sin
gs
246
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
246
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Res
isto
rs)
Ther
mo
resi
sto
rs: C
onn
ecti
ons
Sep
arat
ing
curr
ents
fro
m s
ign
als
Fo
ur
wir
e se
tup
:
Furt
her
mea
sure
s:
• A
dd
ing
a re
fere
nce
res
isto
r.
• Li
mit
the
cab
le le
ngt
h.
• K
eep
ing
all c
able
s o
n th
e sa
me
tem
per
atu
res.
• Li
mit
the
curr
ent.
• M
od
el th
e n
on
-lin
eari
ty o
n th
e se
nso
r it
self.
10
0
PT
10
0
sen
so
r
2.2
k
Vcc
Gn
d
A B C D
refe
ren
ce
244
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
244
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Res
isto
rs)
Ther
mo
resi
sto
rs
Gen
eral
cas
e:
[1(
)(
)(
)]
RR
AT
TB
TT
TT
CT
00
02
03
f=
+-
+-
+-
+
Plat
inu
m:
.A
327
101
K3
#.
- (a
t 55
0Cc
) …
.K
42
101
3#
- (a
t 15
0Cc
-)
PT10
0
• C
alib
rate
d v
alu
e: 0
R10
00.
1Ω
ΩT
&!
c=
; 0.1
0.26
KΩ&
!
• R
ange
: 20
065
0C
Cc
fc
-+
• Re
spo
nse
tim
e:
0.1s
. in
fl o
win
g w
ater
…
mu
ltip
le s
eco
nd
s in
sti
ll ai
r.
-
249
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
249
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
mis
tors
)
Tem
per
atur
e Se
nsit
ive
Sem
i-co
nduc
tors
Pro
:
• C
hea
p.
• C
an b
e ac
cura
te if
co
m-
bin
e w
ith
co
mp
ensa
-ti
on
for
no
n-l
inea
riti
es.
• La
rge
effe
cts
wit
h te
mp
erat
ure
s (e
asy
inst
rum
enta
tio
n).
• Lo
ng
term
sta
bili
ty
(so
me
mo
del
s).
Co
ntr
a:
• Fu
rth
er li
mit
ed te
mp
erat
ure
ra
nge
(0
504
3C
Cc
fc
-+
).
• “S
tro
ngl
y” n
on
-lin
ear.
• C
om
par
ativ
ely
larg
e.
• G
ener
ally
inst
able
an
d in
accu
rate
.
247
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
247
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
moe
lem
ents
)
Ther
mo
resi
sto
rs
Pro
:
• Po
ten
tial
ly h
igh
er a
ccu
racy
.
• Le
ss n
on
-lin
eari
ties
.
• Lo
ng
term
sta
bili
ty.
• A
bso
lute
tem
per
atu
re.
Co
ntr
a:
• Li
mit
ed te
mp
erat
ure
ran
ge
(20
00
65C
Cc
fc
-+
).
• Sl
ow
er r
eact
ion
tim
e.
• M
ore
exp
ensi
ve.
• Le
ss r
ob
ust
.
• U
sual
ly b
igge
r.
250
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
250
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Noi
se V
olta
ge)
No
ise
tem
per
atur
e m
easu
rem
ent
Bas
ed in
Nyq
uis
t fo
rmu
la:
UkT
Rf
42
3=
(so
urc
e: P
hys
ikal
isch
-Tec
hn
isch
e B
un
des
anst
alt,
Ber
lin)
d1
Al 2
O3
99,7
%
d2
Pt10
%Rh
-she
ll
sens
or
wit
h k
: Bo
ltzm
ann
co
nst
ant,
T: t
her
mo
dyn
amic
tem
per
atu
re,
R: e
lect
ric
resi
stan
ce, a
nd
f
3: t
he
mea
sure
men
t ban
dw
idth
.
248
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
248
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Ther
mis
tors
)
Tem
per
atur
e Se
nsit
ive
Sem
i-co
nduc
tors
NTC
:
PTC
:Ω R25
25°C
TTe
mp
erat
ure
(°C
)
Gra
ph
with
B
Gra
ph
with
B ±∆B
}(∆R
) 25°
C
}}(∆R
) 25°
C+ TF
}= (∆R
) T
025
5010
015
020
0T
Rm
in
TEM
PE
RA
TUR
E (°
C)
10Rm
in
R25
°C
Rb
1000
10 0
00
100
000
1000
000
RE
SIS
TAN
CE
(Ω)
Tb
RA
eN
TCTB
$.
Sou
rce:
AV
X
-
253
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
253
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Firs
t co
nclu
sio
ns…
we
on
ly s
crat
ched
the
surf
ace
of c
on
vers
ion
met
ho
ds
for
on
e p
hys
ical
val
ue
(tem
per
atu
re).
Co
nve
rtin
g p
hys
ical
ph
eno
men
a in
to a
nal
ogu
e vo
ltag
es s
eem
s to
be
a co
mp
lex
mat
ter.
… in
fact
a w
ho
le in
du
stry
is d
edic
ated
to th
is fi
eld
exc
lusi
vely
.
Alw
ays
ask
for
the
full
sen
sor
spec
ifi ca
tio
ns
(an
d r
ead
them
).
Nev
er a
ssu
me
that
the
volt
age
ou
tpu
t is
a lin
ear
tran
slat
ion
of a
sin
gle
ph
ysic
al v
alu
e.
Phys
ical
co
up
ling
is n
ot t
he
on
ly lo
ss a
ffl ic
ted
sta
ge o
f co
nve
rsio
n,
yet i
t is
oft
en th
e m
ost
co
mp
lex
on
e.
251
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
251
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Mea
suri
ng t
empe
ratu
re (
Noi
se V
olta
ge)
No
ise
tem
per
atur
e m
easu
rem
ent
Pro
:
• Li
nea
r.
• H
igh
ly a
ccu
rate
.
• Lo
ng
term
sta
bili
ty.
• W
ide
tem
per
atu
re r
ange
: 1
2500
Kf
c,
at
.%
01
! a
ccu
racy
o
ver
the
full
ran
ge.
Co
ntr
a:
• Ex
pen
sive
.
• La
rge.
• So
ph
isti
cate
d a
mp
lifi c
atio
n
req
uir
ed (s
mal
l eff
ect)
.
254
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
254
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Ran
ge a
nd r
elat
ive
spee
d m
easu
rem
ents
Som
e co
mm
on
ly e
mp
loye
d p
rin
cip
les:
• Tr
ian
gula
tio
n (o
pti
cal)
• Ti
me
of fl
igh
t (o
pti
cal,
aco
ust
ical
, ele
ctro
-mag
net
ic)
• Ph
ase
corr
elat
ion
(op
tica
l, ac
ou
stic
al, e
lect
ro-m
agn
etic
)
• In
ten
sity
(op
tica
l, ac
ou
stic
al)
• D
op
ple
r m
eth
od
s (a
cou
stic
al, e
lect
ro-m
agn
etic
)
• In
terf
ero
met
ry (o
pti
cal,
elec
tro
-mag
net
ic)
252
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
252
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Furt
her
met
hod
s o
f mea
suri
ng t
emp
erat
ure
…
• Sp
read
ing
resi
sto
rs.
• Pi
ezo
s an
d o
ther
tem
per
atu
re s
ensi
tive
cry
stal
s.
• Te
mp
erat
ure
co
ntr
olle
d c
urr
ent s
ou
rces
(e.g
. AD
590)
.
• W
atch
Mer
cury
fi lle
d th
erm
om
eter
s w
ith
cam
eras
.
• Se
nse
bla
ckb
od
y ra
dia
tio
n
(e.g
. in
frar
ed-,
or
mo
re g
ener
ally
: th
erm
al r
adia
tio
n-t
her
mo
met
ers)
• …
-
257
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
257
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Ran
ge m
easu
rem
ents
by
tim
e o
f fl ig
ht /
pha
se
Met
ho
d: m
easu
re th
e ti
me
of fl
igh
t bet
wee
n th
e o
utg
oin
g si
gnal
an
d th
e re
ceiv
ed, r
efl e
cted
sig
nal
.
In
cas
e o
f lig
ht,
this
met
ho
d r
equ
ires
hig
h r
eso
luti
on
tim
ers
(> 1
GH
z).
• M
eth
od
is li
nea
r.
• Th
e ac
hie
ved
res
olu
tio
n d
epen
ds
on
the
pre
cisi
on
of t
he
sign
al’s
ri
sin
g ed
ge a
nd
the
reso
luti
on
of e
mp
loye
d ti
mer
s.
• Si
gnal
s ca
n b
e fo
rmed
an
d v
olu
me
mea
sure
men
ts a
re p
oss
ible
.
In
ord
er to
incr
ease
the
reso
luti
on
, th
e o
utg
oin
g si
gnal
s ar
e o
ften
mo
du
late
d
and
the
ph
ase
shif
ts b
etw
een
ou
tgo
ing
and
refl
ect
ed s
ign
als
are
det
ecte
d.
255
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
255
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Ran
ge m
easu
rem
ents
by
tria
ngul
atio
n
Laser
CCD line
b
dCCDline CCD line
b
a
tan
db$
a=
n
on
-lin
ear
and
po
or
accu
racy
for
db
&
• La
ser
req
uir
ed.
• o
ther
wis
e si
mp
le s
etu
p w
ith
slo
w c
om
po
nen
ts, o
ften
use
d fo
r liq
uid
leve
l mea
sure
men
ts.
• M
easu
res
alo
ng
the
op
tica
l axi
s o
nly
p
rob
lem
atic
for
safe
ty a
pp
licat
ion
s.
258
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
258
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Ran
ge a
nd r
elat
ive
spee
d m
easu
rem
ents
2-d
Sca
nn
ing
Lase
r R
ange
Fin
der
s
Ho
kuyo
UTM
-30:
• 90
5 n
m s
emic
on
du
cto
r la
ser.
• N
om
inal
ran
ge:
0.1
… 3
0 m
ou
tdo
ors
.
• M
axim
um
ran
ge: 6
0 m
• A
ccu
racy
: 10…
50 m
m d
epen
din
g o
n
ran
ge a
nd
bac
kgro
un
d li
ght.
• C
ove
rage
: 270
º.
• W
eigh
t: 21
0 g.
on
256
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
256
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Ran
ge m
easu
rem
ents
by
tria
ngul
atio
n
Laser
CCD line
b
d
tan
db$
a=
n
on
-lin
ear
and
po
or
accu
racy
for
db
&
Occ
lusi
on
om
its
read
ings
n
ot s
uit
ed fo
r ra
nd
om
ly c
urv
ed s
urf
aces
-
261
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
261
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Ran
ge a
nd r
elat
ive
spee
d m
easu
rem
ents
Ult
raso
un
d t
ime-
of-
fl ig
ht &
In
frar
ed re
fl ec
ted
-in
ten
sity
Cla
ssic
al “
low
en
d”
sen
sors
:
• U
S si
gnal
is tr
ansm
itte
d a
nd
re
ceiv
ed o
n th
e sa
me
mem
bra
ne.
Min
imal
ran
ge li
mit
atio
ns.
Sp
ecu
lar
refl
ecti
on
s le
ad to
p
ote
nti
al o
vere
stim
atio
n.
• IR
inte
nsi
ty r
ead
ings
dep
end
o
n o
bje
ct m
ater
ial.
259
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
259
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Ran
ge a
nd r
elat
ive
spee
d m
easu
rem
ents
2-d
Sca
nn
ing
Lase
r R
ange
Fin
der
s
SIC
K (i
nd
oo
r):
• 90
5 n
m s
emic
on
du
cto
r la
ser.
• M
axim
um
ran
ge: 8
0 m
.
• A
ccu
racy
: 5-1
0 m
m (t
ypic
al).
• C
ove
rage
: 180
º, 0
.25
º re
solu
tio
n.
• R
esp
on
se ti
me:
53
ms.
• W
eigh
t: 4.
5 kg
.
• M
TBF:
80,
000
h
262
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
262
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Spee
d m
easu
rem
ents
: Do
pp
ler
curr
ent
pro
fi ler
s
Do
pp
ler s
hif
t fr
equ
ency
: ff
cv2
ds
=-
wit
h s
ou
rce
freq
uen
cy f
s, r
elat
ive
velo
city
v a
nd
sig
nal
sp
eed
c.
• Si
gnal
: 250
kH
z - 3
MH
z
• R
ange
: 160
m,
Acc
ura
cy: !
1%
• V
elo
city
ran
ge:
10m
s!
• B
lan
kin
g zo
ne:
0.2
-2.0
m
260
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
260
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
262)
Phen
omen
a to
vol
tage
Ran
ge a
nd r
elat
ive
spee
d m
easu
rem
ents
2-d
Sca
nn
ing
Lase
r R
ange
Fin
der
s
SIC
K (i
nd
oo
r):
• 90
5 n
m s
emic
on
du
cto
r la
ser.
• M
axim
um
ran
ge: 8
0 m
.
• A
ccu
racy
: 5-1
0 m
m (t
ypic
al).
• C
ove
rage
: 180
º, 0
.25
º re
solu
tio
n.
• R
esp
on
se ti
me:
53
ms.
• W
eigh
t: 4.
5 kg
.
• M
TBF:
80,
000
h
01
0
203040506070
205
15
25
30
35
40
45
50
10
0
8090
100
5560
6570
7580
typ
. Neu
ger
ät m
it
Ver
sch
mu
tzu
ng
(War
nsi
gn
al a
ktiv
)LM
S 21
1
LMS
211
LMS
221
LMS
291
LMS
221
LMS
291
LMS
211
(so
urc
e: S
ICK
AG
, Ger
man
y)
Req
uir
ed r
efl e
ctiv
ity
[%] o
ver
ran
ge [m
]
Bla
ck le
ath
er: .
2% r
efl e
ctiv
ity
-
263
Phys
ical
Co
up
ling
© 2
019
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
263
of 9
61 (c
hapt
er 2
: “Ph
ysic
al C
oupl
ing”
up
to p
age
263)
Phys
ical
co
uplin
g
• Ph
ysic
al p
heno
men
a
• M
easu
ring
tem
pera
ture
• Th
erm
oel
emen
ts, t
her
mo
cou
ple
s, T
her
mo
resi
sto
rs, T
her
mis
tors
, N
ois
e te
mp
erat
ure
mea
sure
men
t) a
nd
man
y o
ther
s …
• M
easu
ring
ran
ge a
nd r
elat
ive
spee
d•
Tria
ngu
lati
on
, Tim
e o
f fl ig
ht,
Inte
nsi
ty, D
op
ple
r m
eth
od
s, In
terf
ero
met
ry
• Ex
amp
les:
Com
mon
aco
usti
cal a
nd o
ptic
al s
enso
rs
Sum
mar
y