This paper not to be cited without prior reference to the author

International Council forThe Exploration of the Sea

C.M. 1983/Gen:llMini-symposium

'~ .. ~ '- ~. -

CONrROI. OF ßACTERIAL KHNEY DISE'ASE m ATLANrIC SAIMON(Salm:> salar) BY DIETARY MODIFICATION

------~ 1rs.p. Iall,)W.D. Paterson, J.A. Hines and N.J. ldams~Fisheries and Environmental Sciences Division

~partment of Fisheries arrl OCeansHaI ifax Fisheries Research Laboratory

P.O. Box 550, Ha.lifax, tbva Scotia Canada B3J 2S7

Abstract

The effects of dietary treatments ~re investigated as a profhylacticmeasure to minimize the occurence of severity of bacterial kidney disease(BKD) infections in Atlantic salmen (Salm:> salar) at Ma.rgaree Fish Q.1ltureStation, NoITa Scotia, canada. Six diets containing various levels ofcalcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, cooalt, iooine inaddition to one crnmercial diet ~re fed to p::>st yearling Atlantic salma1in two consecutive ex~riments. Natural infection \\Os utilized to examinethe effects of each diet on the prevalence of BKD. Diet containing highlevels of imine (4.5 mg/kg feed) and fluorine (4.5 mg/kg) reduced BKDprevalence to 3% and 5% respectively canpared to 95%. and 38% \'lithcarroercial feed. Sone other experimental diets also reduced prevalence ofBKD, but to a lesser degree than the diet with ooditional imine andfluorine.

Resume

Les actions de traitements dietetiques ont ete examines canme unemesure profhylactique p::>ur n.uuire au minimum l' occurrence et la severitedes infections de la maladie bacterienne du rein (MBR) dans le saumonAtlantique (Salmo salar) dans la station de mariculture a Ma.rgaree,Nouvelle-Ecosse, Canada. Six regimes dietetiques contenant de diversniveaux de calcium, magnesuim, zinc, fer, cuivre, manganese, colbalt, imeet en plus un reg irne carmercial oot ete nourris au jeunes saumonsd'Atlantique ages au dela d'un an dans deux experiments consecutifs.

L'infection naturelle a ete utilisee p::>ur exuminer les actions dechaque regime sur la predan;inance de la MBR. On regime contenant un niveaueleve de ime (4.5 mg/kg rourriture) et de fluor (4.5 mg/kg oourriture) aroouit la prooaninance de la MßR a 3% et 5% en canparaisont avec 95% et 38%resultants de la nourriture canmerciale. l\utres rt-:gimes experimentaux mtaussi rooui t la prooaninance da la MBR, mais a un plus bas degre que leregime contenant les ooditions d'ime et fluor.

1Present J'ddress: Connaught Laboratodes Limited,1755 Stee1es Avenue West, Willooale, O1tario, M2N 5T8

" ••~ ... _ .•,'. M •

INTRCDUCT I<l'oJ

Bacterial kidney dlsease (BKD) of salmonld flsh Is caused by a

fastldlous Gram positive, non-motlle dipiobacillus recently named

Renibacterium salmoninarum (Sanders and Fryer, 1980; Fryer and Sanders,

1981). Several aspects of this disease including natural mode of

transmission and the portal of entry are unclear. Various workers have

suggested that the pathogen Is transmi tted through eggs (All I son 1958),

feeding of infected viscera (Wolf, 1956; Wood and Wal lis 1955), abrasion

(Wolf and Dunbar 1959), injurles to external organs (Hendrlcks and Leek

1975), or a parasitic vector (Snieszko and Griffin 1955; Smith 1964; Wood

and Yasutake 1956; Coulson 1977; Putz 1972). The disease has been

reported to occur both In freshwater and saltwater (Bell 1961; Smith 1964)

and has been assoclated with changing water temperature (Earp 1950; Smlth

1964; Wolf 1958; Paterson!! ~ 1981). Some evldence exists that the

i nc i den ce 0 f BKD Inf ec t Ion s ins a Imo n id fis his als 0 I i nked t 0 wa t e r

quallty (Warren (1963) and dletary factors (Woodall and LaRoche (1964),

Wedemyer and Ross 1963).

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·· ...At the Canadlan Government Fish Culture Station (FCS) In Margaree

Valley, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada; overt or symptomatic BKD

Infections have occurred annually among Atlantlc salmon (Salma salar)

smolts for at least 20 years (Plppy 1969; Frantsl !! ~ 1975; Paterson et

~ 1980). These populations exhibit a high prevalence of gross BKD

infectlons and suffer heavy mortallty In spring before and durlng release

into seawater (Frantsi ~ ~ 1975). Paterson ~ ~ (1981) investigated

vaccination and nutrition as possible prophylactic methods to minimize the

occurrence and severity of BKD natural infection in this hatchery. In

vaccination trials, post yearl ing Atlantlc salmon parr acministered a 0.1

mI i n t rap e r i ton ea I i n j ec t ion 0 f f 0 rma I In k i I I ed BKD c e I I s emu I s I f i ed In

complete adjuvant showed an elevated agglutinatlng antibody response and

almost complete absence of BKD leslon formation in the kidneys. In this

prellmlnary study on the nutritional status of BKD Infected Atlantic

salmon, we showed that Iiver vitamin A and serum zlnc, Iron and copper

levels of Infected animals were signlficantly lower than those of non­

infected fish. Supplementation of dlets with Vitamin A, C, and other

B-vltamins showed no protectlon agalnst BKD. However, a reductlon in the

prevalance of BKD lesions was observed among flsh fed dlets containlng a

high. concentration of trace elements or a low calcium content. In the

work reported here, a nutritional study conducted durlng two consecutive

years examlned the effect of varylng dletary mineral levels on BKD

prevalance in Atlantic salmon.under the natural conditions of ~rgaree

F.C.S.

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MATER IAL & METtmS

Two experiments were conducted consecutlvely from June 15, 1979 to

June 4, 1980, and from June 26. 1980 to June 18, 1981, to detcrmlne the

effect of dletary changes on the lncldence of BKD. The post yearllng

Atlantlc salmon parr (Rocky Brook straln) were obtalned fram the

Department of Flsherles and Oceans, Cobequld Hatchery, Collingwood, Nova

Scotla and were shown to be free of BKD by' the Indlrect fluorescent

antibody technlque (IFAT) method. Prior to the feeding trial, the salmon

were held in raceways at the Margaree station for two weeks. In both

studies, flsh were evenly dlstrlbuted so that each lot contalned 300 and

500 flsh In 1979-80 and 1980-81 respectlvely. Flsh were malntained in 2 x

3m tanks suppl ied with surface water (90 l/min.) from Ingram Brook, whlch

serves as the water source for the Margaree hatchery. The water

temperature fluctuated fr~ 0 to 16°C according to the season (Flgure 1).,

The flsh were reared under natural photoperiod. The composltlon of the

experimental seml-purlfled dlet and the amount of mineral added to each

diet (Tables 2 and 3) were formulated so that effects of trace elements

involved in kldney, hematopoietic, and thyrold functions could be examined

and we could establish the effect of dletary calcium on the availability

of trace elements. Six comblnatlons of minerals were as foliows:

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· r .,

Di et Test diet

•

1• Control semi-purlfled d i et(SPD)

2. SPD wi th low calcium

3. SPD wl th high Zn and Mg

4. SPD wi th High Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, I and F

5. SPD wi th High Cu, Fe, Mn and Co

6. SPD wi th Hi gh I and F

All the above diets were isonitrogenous and isocalorlc and were fed as

moist dlet (45% water). The wet dlets were prepared by mixing the dry

portion of the diet with hot (60°C) water. The gel that formed upon

cooling was passed through a meat grinder to obtain the deslred size of

pellet. The diets were prepared every three weeks and stored at -20°F

until fed. The comnercial feed (Diet 7) was purchased trom Murray

Elevators, Utah, U.S.A. and the chemical canposition of the comnercial

feed was monitored throughout the experiment. Feed sampies were analyzed

for calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc and iron using an

atomic obsorption spectropho'tometer (Instrument Laborato"ry, Model 751).

Phosphorus and iodine weredetermlned according to the A.O.A.C. (1970)

methode

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The annual prevalance of BKO at the Margaree Hatchery (Paterson

~!! 1979) was the basis for the evaluation of the effectlveness of

dietary treatments. Mortallties and live sampies were examined for

gross pathology (BKD lesions) and as~ptomatlc Infectlons were

demonstrated by the detectlon of BKO diplobaclll I In kldney smears

uslng IFAT In 1979-80 (Bullock and Stuckey 1975), and the dlrect

fluorescent antibody technique (DFAT), (Bullock !..!. ~ 1980) in 1980-81.

Sympt~atic or overt BKD infections were indlcated by the presence of

exterior blebs or gross lesions on kidney. During November 1979 and

June 1980, approximately 10 and 40 fish per treatment group,

respectively, were examined for BKD Infectlons. During November 1980

and March 1981, twenty fish per dietary group were examined. In June,

1981, 250 fish per dietary group were examlned for symnptomatic

infections and 50 fish per dietary group tor asymptomatic BKD

infections.

The method of analysis of variance as outllnes by Steel and Torrle

(1960) was appl ied to all data obtained from these experiments and the

means were compared using Duncan multiple range test (P(0.05),

Asymptomatie and Symptomatie BKD infeetion data was subjeeted to aresi"

transformation before analysis of variance.

Water sampies for ehemical analysis were taken during the fall,

winter, spring and summer seasons of 1978-79. All sampies were

collected in polyethylene bottles from the water line to the station.

Samples were treated and analyzed according to the analytical

procedures descrlbed by the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (1971)

Total water hardness was monitored bimonthly during the studies. This

parameter ranged between 15 to 135 mg/L throughout the year and peaked

during the month of July and August (Table 1).

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•

•

•

RESULTS

The prophylactic effect of several dlets In reduclng BKD prevalance

(Flgures 2 and 3), demonstrates the Importance of nutrition In controlling

thls disease. Increased levels (4.5 mg/kg of dlet) of iodlne and fluorlne

in the diet significantly (P(0.05) reduced the BKD Infections in Atlantic

salmon smolts. However, fish fed diets with similar levels of iodine and

fluorine in the presence of higher levels of zinc and magnesium (Diet 4)

did not show the same magnitude of decrease in BKD infections. Fish fed

Diet 5, containing high levels of cobalt, copper, iron and manganese,

showed a low incidence of BKD durlng 1979-80 and again in 1980-81. These

elements reduced BKD prevalence but not as effectively as the diet

containing increased iodine and fluorine. In these studles a high trace

element diet (Diet 5) caused a reduction in BKD but such a response was

not evident with the low calcium diet (Diet 2) during elther the 1979-80

or 1980-81 experiments.

The overal I performance of Atlantic Salmon fed various experimental

diets during 1980-81 is summarized in Table 4. The commercial diet

resulted in the maximum weight gain compared with other experimental

diets, however there was no significant (P 0.05) difference between the

low calcium and the commercial diets. Supplementation of diets with

various levels of trace elements (Dlets 4 to 6) dld not yield any

significant (P 0.05) improvement in the growth of Atlantic Salmon. There

was no significant difference among experimental diets in feed conversion,

which indicated that even though the infection was present in certain

groups of fish, the feed utilizatlon was not greatly influenced. Atlantic

salmon fed commercial feed (Diet 7) showed a lower feed conversion than

fish grown on semi-purified diets (Diets 1 to 6).

- 7 -

The condltlon factor of these fish was also not significantly

influenced by the dietary treatments (Table 4). Mortality generally

occurred after March, when some of the fish dld not resume feeding

after fasting during the severe winter months (December-February).

Fish fed all the experimental diets (Diets 1 to 6) showed fewer losses

than those fed the conmercial diet. Onlya small percentage of these

fish died due to BKD infections.

Water analysis dataindlcated that changes in the season had a

significant effect on the chemistry of hatchery water supply (Table 1).

Average mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels were below detectatile

limits. The concentrations of sodium, sulfate, chloride and fluoride

were significantly higher than in other hatcheries located in Atlantic

Canada, which were sampled during this period (Lall and Pol lock,

1981). Precipitation altered the rate of water flow through Ingr~

Brook and consequently the solubl lization of mineral~ and water

hardness. Examination of these waters for common herbicides and

organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides used in the region

during the above sampling period showed their presence at detectable

but subtoxic levels.

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•

•

•

DISCUSS10N

80th trials described in thls paper have demonstrated that

supplementatlon of the dlet wlth lodine and fluorlne slgniflcantly

reduced the prevalance of symptomatic and asymptomatlc BKD. Paterson

~ ~ (1980) found only a reductlon In leslon prevalance followlng an

Intraperitoneal vaccination wlth formal in kl lied BKD cells ~ulsified

in Freund's cmnplete adjuvant. The remarkable reduetion in

asymptomatic Infeetion caused by dietary changes suggests that

requirements and metabol 15m of these trace elements are influenced by

the mineral concentration in feed and the surrounding water, as wel I as

the environmental conditions and physiological stage of the animal.

Dietary modlfications effeeted an improvement in the. nutritional status

of these fish whlch apparently increased their resistanees to BKD

infeetlon. However, absence of any clinical signs of nutritlonal

deficlencles (i.e. goiter, cataract or skeletal abnormalities) would

indicate that mineral imbalances were not extreme. Atlantic Salmon

undergo aperiod of morphologlcal, behavioural and blochemical changes

during their smoltlfication prior to sea immigration (Folmor and

Dickhoft, 1980). Biochemical changes associated with smoltification,involve changes in plasma electrolytes, gill and gut ATPase activity

and hormone production. The spring-time surge of thyroid aetivity in

eoho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, occurred eoncornltantly with the

inereased Na+ - K+ ATPase actlvity associated with smoltification.

Dietary iodlne plays an important role in the synthesis of thyrold

hormones. Woodall and LaRoche (1964) indicated that a higher iodine

requirement of advance chinook salmon parr, O. tschawytscha, may be

due to increased thyroid activity associated with smoltification. An

imbalance of minerals in food or water causes many abnormalities in

terrestrial anlmals. It is likely that certain minerals in the diet or

water environment may have interfered in iodl~e.metabollsm or

absorption fran the gut and consequently the smoltlficatlon process and

the kidney funetlon. Moreover, In teleosts, interference In thyrold

hormone metabolism may affect mobilizatlon of lipids, protein synthesis

and general carbohydratc metabol ism (Gorbman, 1969, Narayansingh, and

Eales, 1975a,bi Donaldson ~ ~ 1979). Such stress condltions and

Interferences In the metabol ism of major nutrients may weIl predispose,

flsh to BKD infections.

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Although thc causatlvc agent of BKD Is present in the surroundlng

areas of Margaree Hatchery, overt or symptan~tle infeetlons have

oeeurred at epizootie levels only at thls hatehery among smoltlfying

Atlantle salmon (Paterson ~!! 1979). The prevalanee of ~symptanatle

~nd symptomatle BKD infcetlons observcd In thesc experiments eonflrm

these findings. The eausatlve agent of BKD.ls known to be wldespread

in the Marltine provinces, however, overt leslons have been observed in

Atlantie Salmon only at the Margaree ,hatchery. Since most of the

federal hateheries in the region ~re supplied wlth the same eommerlcal

feeds, dletary faetors could not be solely responslble for eauslng thls

dlsease. One of the eharaeterlstlc dlfferences between Margaree and

other hatcheries is the water quality. The Margaree hatehery water

supply shows wlde fluetuatlons In water hardness, calcium, sodium,

phosphate, sulfate and chloride levels (Table 1) as eompared to other

hateher Ies (La II and Po II ock 1981). War ren (1963) found that the

presence of BKD was eorrelated wlth soft waterln hatcherles, but In a

Maritime Hatchery (Mersey, Nova Seotla) wlth a low pH (5.4) and soft

water (4.3 mg/L), BKD has not been observed. Therefore the mineral

composltlon of water maybe Important in Investlgatlng the prevalance of

BKD rather than water hardness alone.

Salmonld flshes have the ability to derlve calcium, cobalt, Iron,

magnesium, potassium, sodlum, zlnc and other elements tran the water

(Phillips ~~ 1963 Podollok 1970). Phosphates, sulfates and

chlorides are more effectively utllized fran feed sources (Phillips,

1959, Phil lips !!~ 1963). However, mineral balance may influence

absorption and uptake fran feed as weil as water (Phillips ~ ~ 1956,

Hunn and Fromm 1956, Podoliak, 1970). It seems that a wide fluctuatlon

In water quality may have adversely Influenced the mineral uptake by

Atlantlc Salmon thus predlsposlng the fish to BKD Infeetlon. In

ea r I I er s t ud Ies, Pa t e r s 0 n ~.!.!.. (1 981) demo ns t rat ed t hat se r um z Ine ,

eopper and Iron level decreasedln BKD Infeeted flsh, whereas calcium

and magnesium concentratlons were not Influeneed. However,

supplementatlon of the dlet with zlne and magnesium dld not decrease

the ßKD Infectlons. In these studles an Inerease In the dietary trace

elements produced a reductlon In the prevalan~e of BKD.

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•

•

•

The diet eontaining additional trace elements (Diet 5) also

redueed BKD but not as significantly as the dlet wlth additional iodine

and fluorlne. When additional zlnc and magnesium were present In

addition to high trace elements, iodlne and fluorlne, the effect In

mlnimizing BKD was less than In the dlet contalning high levels of

iodlne and fluorine. It appears that zlnc and magnesium deerease the

avail ibitly of iodlne and fluorine and to some extent Iron, copper,

cobalt and magnesium. In the preliminary studies, Pateron ~!!

observed a signifieant reduetlon in the prevalanee of BKD in flsh fed

diet supplemented with traee elements (diet 4 or low (0.2%) dletary

calcium (Dlet 2).

Although both fluorlne and iodine dietary supplements were most

effective in redueing BKD, the water ehemistry data indicate that the

fluorine concentration of hatchery water was relatively high. Because

the information on requirements and metabol 15m of fluorine and other

trace elements for fish is limited (CasteIl et al 1983; Lall 1979), It

is difflcult to deseribe the meehanisms and Interaetions Involved in

the response of these diets. Zinc and magnesium may influence the

absorption of iodine and fluorine in the digestive tract as weil as

thelr uptake at the cellular level. The recent work of Knox et al

(1980) indicates that magnesium may influenee extracellular volume as

weil as serum and renal K+ eoncentration. Gur results suggests that

a combination of dietary, water quality, envlronmental and

physiological factors caused an imbalance of those elements in the body

whlch predisposed fish to BKD infeetion. The supplementation of diets

wlth the limiting trace elements may have provided the protectlve

meehanism to overeome progression of Infeetlon.

- 11 -

Generally, fishmeal in commercial feeds contains relatively high

concentrations of iodine and fluorine. However, fishmeal subjected to

severe conditions of flame drylng may lose most of the lodlne and

fluorine during the processlng. The marginal level of iodlne and

fluorine in the presence of other minerals may not be adequate to meet

the dietary requirements of ~almon durlng smoltificatlon. Improper

storage condltions also affect the stabil Ity of the compounds such as

potassium iodide used as a source of iodine in flsh feeds.

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•

•

•

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WEDEMEYER, G.A. and A.J. ROSS. 1973. Nutritional factors in thebiochemical pathology of Corynebacterial kidney disease in thecoho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:296-298.

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WOLF, K. 1956. Survey and occurrence of kidney disease in trouthatcheries in some inland states. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

WOLF, K. 1958. Kidney disease of salmonid fishes (bacterial).Fishery Leaflet 465. U.S. Dept. Int., Fish and Wildllfe Service,Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

WOLF, K. and D.E. DUNBAR. 1959. Test of 34 therapeutic agents forcontrol of kidney disease in trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.88: 117-124.

WOOO, j.W. 1968. Diseases of Pacific salmon, their prevention andtreatment. State of Washington, Department of Fisheries, Olympia,Washington.

WOOD, j.W. and W.T. YASUTAKE. 1956. Histopathology of kidney diseasein fish. Am. j. Path. 32: 845-857.

WOOD, j.W. and J. WALLIS. 1955. Kidney disease in adult chinooksalmon and its transmission by feeding to young chinook salmon.Fish. Comm. Oregon, Research Brief 6: 32-40.

WOODALL, A.N. and G. LAROCHE. 1964. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. XIIodide requirements of chinook salmon. j. Nutrition 82: 475-482.

- 16 -

•

Table 1. Changes in the water chemistry of Margaree hatcherywater supply during 1978-79.

CONSTITUENTS1SEPTEMBER

1978JANUARY

1979APRIL

1979JULY1979 AVERAGE +SE

pH 7.5 7.4 7.2 6.9 7.2 + 0.13Alkal inity, Total (mg/L) 16.0 9.6 8.6 14.0 12.0 + 1.76-Calcium (mg/L) 19.0 23.0 16.0 42.0 25.0 + 5.84-Magnesium (mg/L) 1.1 1 .3 1.2 1.6 1.3 + 0.11-I r on (ug/L) 12.1 10.4 13.4 13.6 12.4 + 0.74Manganese (ug/L) 9.7 8.6 9.8 9.1 9.3 + 0.28Copper (ug/L) 2.5 11.4 6.9 2.2 5.8 + 2.17Zinc (ug/L) 1 .9 1.9 14.3 1.9 5.0 + 3.10-Sodium (mg/L) 130.0 67.0 45.1 160.1 100.5 + 26.79-Potassium (mg/L) 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 + 0.08Phosphate, ( P04) (ug/ g) 10.4 5.2 8.9 6.2 7.7 + 1. 20Sulphate 80.0 41.0 30.6 86.0 59.4 + 13.84-Chloride 93.0 107.0 84.0 220.0 126.0 + 31.69Fluoride 149.8 100.4 111 .3 159.9 130.4 + 14.47

Calculated values, %Total hardness 52.0 62.8 44.9 111. 5 67.8 + 15.02-Non-carbonate hardness 43.2 53.2 36.3 97.5 57.6 + 13.76-

Average mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic concentration was found to be lessthan 0.6, 1.2 and 5 ug/L, respectively.

- 17 -

lable 2. Composition of the experimental diets(semi-purlfled)

INGREDI ENT % DRY WEICHT

Casein, vitamin-free 41.30

Gelatin 13.00

Dextrin 20.00

Vit~in mixture 1 2.50

Mineral mixture2 5.50

Amino acid mixture 3 0.85

Alphacel 5.35

Carboxymethyl cellulose

Herring oil

1. 50

10.00

Non-nutritive bulk composed of finely ground cellulose.

Vit~ins added to supply the following (mg or I.U./kg ofdiet): thiamin.HCI, 50; riboflavin, 200; pyridoxine.HCI, 50;d-calcium pantothenate, 300; d-biotin, 5; folie acid, 15;niacin, 500; cyanocobalamin, 0.2; L-ascorbic acid, 200;inositol, 2000; choline chloride, 5000; para-amino benzoicacid, 400; vitamin A, 6000; vitamin D3, 2500;DL-alphatocopheryl acetate. 300; vit~in K, 40; butylatedhydroxy toluene. 22.

•2 Composition of mineral mixture used in each diet is shown in

lable 3.

3 Am i no ac i d mix tu res uppli ed O. 5% ar gin i ne •~iC I an d O. 35%DL-methionine.

_ 18 -

Table 3. Composltlon of the mineral supplements used In varlousex per ime nta I die t s •

MINERALDIET

#1DIET

#2DIET

#3DIET

#4DIET

#5DIET C~~~RCIAL

#6 FEED

Ca I ci um (%) 0.85 0.2 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.7

Phosphorus (%) 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.4

"

Magnesium (%) 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.15

eManganese (mg/k g) 60 60 60 140 140 60 48

Zinc (mgl kg) 20 20 130 75 20 20 88

Cobalt (mg/kg) 3.6 3.6 3.6 21.6 21.6 3.6 3.9;~)

Copper (mg/kg) 10.2 10.2 10.2 17.2 17.2 10.2 _J 3.:1,

I ron (mg/k g) 30.0 30.0 30.0 50.0 50.0 30.0 :_163:,

lodlne (mg/kg) 1.5 1.5 1.5 4.5 1.5 4.5 3.9

Fluorine (mg/kg) 1.5 1.5 1.5 4.5 1.5 4.5

All diets contained 0.25% sodium chloride.

- 19 -

labte 4. ·lhe performance of Atlantic salmon fed diet containing varioustrace elements from June 1980 to June 1981.

OIET MINERAL INIl IAL WElan fTEDjG/\IN CCN)IT leN

NLMIlER SUPPLEMENT \\1: IGHT GAIN RATIO FACTOR "0{TAL ITY

( g) ( g) . ~-'J

Sernipurified diet (S.D.) 15.8 + 0.70 32.9 + 2.2 1.2 + 0.10 1.0 + .0 ~ 01 11.9 + 1.1

·2 S.D. wi th low calcium 15.8 + 0.65 40.5 + 0.5 1 • 1 + 0.08 1 • 1 + 0.01 10.8 + 0.9

3 S.D. wi th high Zn & Mg 15.8 + 0.88 33.5 + 3.9 1.1 + 0.03 1.0 + 0.01 7.7 + 0.6

4 S.D. wi th high Zn, Mg. 15.8 + 0.25 34.5 + 1.3 1.1 + 0.01 1.1 + 0.01 10.6 + 1.6Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, I &F

5 S.D. wi th high Cu, Fe, Mn 16.0 1. 20 36.8 + 2.8 1.1 0.01 1.1 0.01 10.0 !+ + + +& Co -

6 S.D.wi th high I .\ F 15.7 + 0.20 36.4 + 0.4 1 •1 + 0.10 1.1 + 0.02 11.4 + 0.6

7 Comne rc i.l. I J jet 16.0 + 1. 05 42.4 + 2.2 1.8 + 0.14 1.1 + 0.01 16.9 + 1.9

1 l\1ean t S.E.

. - 20 -

Figure 1. Variation of mean temperature at Margaree F.C.S. 1979 - 1981

21•

16

14.......... 1979----- 1980

12 1981-0'"0 10-wer:::J 8I-«er:

6wa..~w 4I-

2

0

..... .:A: I ~\

:' I ~ \: I ~ \'.,. . ....

.•... ",,-' ',: I "I\,' ",

. 1/, '.: / .".....-,.." I \ I ,".

• \ / , "1\.. '-' \ /.\,'I • fJ .,_,, tI:\', ",

\ ""\../ 1 r·.

1 : :'.\: :',~,: .....',, "i ",

\ "., ..,.(...,'.' :I '-', I . \v'.. \

'. \'. \", \.""

uno . Jul.

------- ~--- -~-

22

I 2 3 4 5 "6 i'June 19S0

1234567November 1979

~ 1. Semi-purified diet (SPD)L..-J'---'----..l.----J.--'---L...--'-......:.... =~~;;;;;,;;;;.~=.J.:J.J___~~ 2. SP0 with low calcium (0.2%)

~3. SPD with high Zn (130 mg/kg) and Mg (0.06%)

@]4. SPD with high Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, land Fr.--:~

~,:}~15. SPD with high Cu, Fe, Mn and Co

~~6. SPD with high land F

illilh. Commercial diet

o

20

% of loorFi~)h

Infected sdwith

BKD 60(Iesions)

% of IOOtFish

Infected 't'

with SO

~~~g 60t

IFAT) 40

Figure 2. Incidence of symptomatic (Iesions) and asymptomatic (DFAT positive)bacterial kidney disease (BKD) infections on Atlantic salmon fed various experimentaldiets during 1979-80.

%of 40FishInfected 30withBKD ;20(Iesions)

10

% of 40FishInfected30with

BKD 20(using

IFAn 10

o 1234567November 1980

123 4 5 6 7March 1981

I 234 5 6 7June 1981

23

[] 1. Semi-purified diet (SPD)

~ 2. SPD with low calcium (0.2%)

~ 3. SPD with high Zn (130 mg/kg) and Mg (0.06%)

lliTI 4. SPD with high Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, land F,-:L.J 5. SPD with high Cu, Fe, Mn and Co

~ 6. SPD with high land F'[mIlLj 7. Commercial diet

•

~ i

Figure 3. Inciden~ of symptomatic (Iesions) and asymptomatic (DFAT positive)bacterial kidney disease (BKD) infections on Atlantic salmon fed various experimentaldiets during 1980-81.