РОЗРОБНИКИ (вказати авторів, їхні посади, наукові...

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РОЗРОБНИКИ ПРОГРАМИ: доктор біол.наук, проф. Воробець Н.М., (вказати авторів, їхні посади, наукові ступені та вчені звання)

канд.фарм.наук, доц. Шаповалова Н.В.______________________________

РЕЦЕНЗЕНТИ : канд біол. наук, доц. Калинович Н.О.__________________ (вказати посади, наукові ступені та вчені звання)

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INTRODUCTION

The program of studying the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany"

in accordance with the Standard of Higher Education of the second (master's) level

Knowledge 22 "Health"

specialty 226 "Pharmacy"

Master's Degree Program in Pharmacy

Description of the discipline (abstract) The discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" is compulsory

for higher education graduates, provides theoretical knowledge and forms the practical skills

necessary for future pharmacists from such sections of botany as anatomy, morphology,

systematics, ecology, phytocenology and plant geography; teaches to allocate microscopic and

macroscopic diagnostic signs of organs of plants, necessary for establishing the identity of

medicinal plant material, to recognize medicinal plants according to morphological features;

studies the relationship of plants with the natural environment, their distribution and

significance, inoculates a careful attitude to the plant world.

Structure of the

discipline

Amount of credits, hours, from them

Year of

study

semester

Type of

control Total

Auditory inde

pen

dent

wor

k

Lectures

(hours)

Practical

classes

(hours)

Discipline name:

Pharmaceutical

botany

Content modules 2

5 credits /

150 hours 10 70 70

2nd course

(3-4

semester)

(account),

exam

for the semesters

Content module 1 2.2 credits /

66 hours 6 30 30 3 semester (account)

Content module 2 2.8 credits /

84 hours 4 40 40 4 semester exam

The subject of the study discipline are plant cells and tissues, vegetative and generative organs

of plants, some species of cyanobacteria, fungi, higher spore, gymnosperms and angiosperms,

which are medicines, their systematic, environmental, biocenotical, geographical and specific

pharmacological properties and phytocenoses.

Interdisciplinary connections. Pharmaceutical botany is based on the study of biology with the

basics of genetics, general and inorganic chemistry, information technology in pharmacy, Latin

and Ukrainian language and integrated with these disciplines. In accordance with the

requirements of the branch standard of higher education, pharmaceutical botany acts as a basic

biological discipline for certain professionally oriented and special disciplines and provides the

basis for studying applicants of higher education: pharmacognosy, resource sciences of

medicinal plants, educational practice in pharmacognosy, drug toxicology, toxicological and

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forensic chemistry, technology of medicines , technology of medicinal cosmetics, biological

chemistry, pharmaceutical biotechnology.

The program provides for integration with these disciplines and the development of skills

in applying knowledge of pharmaceutical botany in the process of further training, as well as in

professional activities.

1. The purpose and tasks of the discipline

1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" is to achieve an

understanding of the structure, chemical composition and functions of plant cells, tissues, organs

and organisms in general.

To acquire theoretical foundations concerning the structure, classification, taxonomy,

ecology and geography of medicinal plants and mushrooms, their significance and use in

medicine, pharmacy, and etc.

To master the methods and procedures of macro- and microscopic analysis of plant tissues

and organs.

Use knowledge of the morphology, anatomy, ecology, medicinal plants in specific

situations.

To demonstrate the ability to make findings on life forms, plant age, ecological features

living conditions; to define diagnostic features of medicinal plants based on macro and

microscopic analysis of plant facilities.

To provide the ability to identify and describe the morphological and anatomical features

of individual herbs and medicinal plants.

Gain the ability to make a holistic view of the plant and its environment based on the

aggregate of individual morphological and anatomical and ecological and geographical

characteristics.

1.2. The main tasks of the study of the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" are the study of

medicinal plants, their anatomical and morphological structure, the basics of life, reproduction,

geographical distribution, classification, use, bases of ecology, structure, development and

distribution of the globe of plant communities.

1.3 Competences and learning outcomes

According to the requirements of the Standard of Higher Education, discipline ensures student

acquisition of competences:

integral:

Ability to solve typical and complex specialized tasks and practical problems in professional

pharmaceutical activity, applying the provisions, theories and methods of fundamental, chemical,

technological, biomedical and socio-economic sciences; integrate knowledge and solve complex

issues, formulate judgments for insufficient or limited information; clearly and unequivocally to

communicate their findings and knowledge, substantiating them, to the professional and non-

professional audience.

general:

CG 2. Ability to apply knowledge in practical situations.

CG 3. The desire to preserve the environment.

CG 4. The ability to abstract thinking, analysis and synthesis; ability to learn and be trained

modern.

CG 8. Ability to communicate in the native language both verbally and in writing, the ability to

communicate in a second language.

CG 9. Skills use of information and communication technologies.

CG 11. Ability to assess and ensure the quality of work performed.

CG 12. Ability to conduct research at an appropriate level

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special (professional, subject): CS 5. To substantiate ways of solving the problem of preservation and protection of thickets of

wild medicinal plants.

Detail of competencies according to the descriptors of the NRC in the form of "Matrix of competencies".

Matrix of competencies

№ Competency Knowledge Abilities Communication Autonomy and

responsibility

Integral competence

The ability to solve common and complex specialized tasks and practical problems in professional

activities using pharmaceutical regulations, theories and methods of fundamental, chemical,

technological, biomedical, social and economic sciences; integrate knowledge and handle complexity,

formulate judgments with incomplete or limited information; clearly and unambiguously

communicate their findings and knowledge, justifying them to professional and non professional

audience.

General competencies

CG

2.

Ability to apply

knowledge in

practical

situations.

Know the methods

of implementation

knowledge in

solving practical

problems.

To be able to use

professional

knowledge to

solve practical

situations.

To establish contacts

with subjects of

practical activity.

Be responsible for the

timely implementation of

decisions.

CG

3.

The desire to

preserve the

environment.

Know the problem

of preservation of

the environment.

Be able to

formulate

requirements for

environmental

protection.

Develop measures to

preserve and protect

the environment.

To be responsible for the

implementation of

environmental protection

measures within the

scope of its competence.

CG

4.

The ability to

abstract thinking,

analysis and

synthesis; the

ability to learn

and be trained

today.

To know and

analyze current

trends in the

industry.

To be able to

analyze

professional

information,

make informed

decisions, acquire

modern

knowledge.

Establish appropriate

relationships to

achieve objectives.


timely acquisition of

modern knowledge.

CG

8.

Ability to

communicate in

the native

language both

verbally and in

writing, the ability

to communicate

in a second

language.

Have a perfect

knowledge of the

native language and

basic knowledge of

a foreign language.

Be able to apply

knowledge of the

native language,

both verbally and

in writing, to be

able to

communicate in

foreign

languages.

To use in the

professional and

business

communication and

in the preparation of

documents the native

language. Use a

foreign language in

professional

activities.

Be responsible for

fluency in their native

language, the

development of

professional skills.

CG

9.

Skills use of

information and

communication

technologies.

To have extensive

knowledge of

information and

communication

technology used in

professional

activities.

To be able to use

information and

communication

technologies in

the professional

field.

Use information and

communication

technologies in

professional

activities.

To be responsible for the

development of

professional knowledge

and skills.

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CG

11.

The ability to

assess and ensure

the quality of

work performed.

Know the methods

of evaluation of

performance

indicators.

Be able to

provide high-

quality

professional

work.

Establish

relationships to

ensure quality

performance.


quality of work.

CG

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Ability to conduct

research at the

appropriate level.

Know the planning

and evaluation

criteria of scientific

research.

Provide search

scientific

information

sources; to carry

out a choice of

methods of

conducting

scientific

research; to use

methods of

mathematical

analysis and

modeling,

theoretical and

experimental

research in

pharmacy.

To use information

from scientific

sources.


development and

implementation of

planned projects.

Special (professional) competencies

CS

5.

Ability to

organize and

carry out the

procurement of

medicinal plant

material, taking

into account the

rational use of

medicinal plant

resources, in

accordance with

the Rules of Good

Practice of

Cultivation and

Collection of

Herbal Raw

Materials

(GACP).

To know: diagnostic

features of herbs

and medicinal plants

that contain

different groups of

biologically active

substances; Latin

names of medicinal

plants and medicinal

plant raw materials;

terminology,

botanical

nomenclature,

taxonomy of plants,

morphology of

vegetative and

generative organs;

the law of the

accumulation of

biologically active

substances in the

medicinal plant

material depending

on the factors of the

environment and

phases of vegetation

of medicinal plants.

Identify the

medicinal plant

material

according to List

2 according to

morphological

features in fresh

and dried form;

to recognize the

impurities of

closely related

plant species for

morphological

and anatomical

characteristics;

identify identity

medicinal plant

material of

different

morphological

groups for

external features

in general, cut

and powdered;

apply microscopy

techniques on the

appropriate

equipment to

identify the raw

material.

To identify wild

medicinal plants

according to

diagnostic features.

To be responsible for

compliance with the

rules of Good practice of

cultivating and collecting

raw materials of plant

origin (GACP).

Learning outcomes:

Integrative final program learning outcomes, the formation of which contributes to the discipline

Pharmaceutical Botany:

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• to solve typical and complex specialized problems and practical problems in professional

pharmaceutical activity, applying the provisions, theories and methods of fundamental, chemical,

technological, biomedical and socio-economic sciences;

• integrate knowledge and solve complex issues; formulate judgments for lack of or limited

information;

• to clearly and unambiguously communicate their findings and knowledge, substantiating them,

to a professional and not a professional audience.

•apply the knowledge gained during the study of discipline in professional activities.

• adhere to the rules of the sanitary-hygienic regime and the safety requirements in the course of

professional activity.

• use the results of independent search, analysis and synthesis of scientific and professional

information from various sources for solving typical tasks of professional activity.

• to carry out professional communication in modern Ukrainian literary language, use oral

communication skills in foreign languages, analyzing texts of professional orientation and

translate foreign language information sources.

• to carry out professional activities using information technologies, «Information databases»,

navigation systems, Internet resources, software and other information and communication

technologies.

• to analyze information obtained as a result of scientific research, to generalize, systematize and

use it in professional activity.

• organize and conduct rational harvesting of medicinal plant material.

The learning outcomes for the course: Pharmaceutical botany:

to know:

• the definition of pharmaceutical botany as a science, its task and the connection with

professionally oriented pharmaceutical disciplines and professional activities;

• role and importance of plants in the nature and human life, application in pharmacy and

medicine;

• features of structure, classification, functioning of plant cells and tissues, their diagnostic

features, which are important in the identification of medicinal plant material;

• qualitative histochemical reactions for the determination of crystalline inclusions, stock

products, secondary cell changes, etc .;

• morphological structure, functions of vegetative and generative organs of plants, their variety;

• patterns of anatomical structure and types of vegetative organs of plants and their

metamorphoses;

• general characteristics of families and species morphological and anatomical signs of medicinal

plants, cyanobacteria, fungi; ecological conditions of their growth, resources, availability of

certain

groups of biologically active compounds, value, use;

• elements of ecology, cenology and geography of plants;

to be able:

• to work with a light microscope;

• to manufacture, investigate and describe microscopic slides, to conduct histochemical

reactions;

• prepare, describe generative organs of plants, formulate flower formulas;

• determine, recognize according the anatomical and morphological features of plant organs,

their metamorphoses;

• identify the morphological features of plants and their belonging to certain taxa;

• determine plants according to herbarium specimens, drawings, photos, in nature;

• describe and reflect the external and internal structure of plant organs, summarize the results,

formulate conclusions and argue them, formalize the results of research.

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to know and use

• own botanical terminology;

• methods of light microscopy, cytometry and histochemistry, morphological determination,

visual observation, identification, determination of plants;

• techniques and skills of the image of plant objects, the manufacture of temporary

micropreparations (surface preparations of leaves, transverse sections of the axial organs),

preparation of generative organs.

2. Information amount of discipline

To study the academic discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany", 5 ECTS credits 150 hours are

given.

Content module 1.

Anatomy and morphology of vegetative organs of plants

Content module 2.

Morphology of generative organs of plants. Fundamentals of taxonomy, phytoecology and

geobotany

3. The structure of the discipline

Theme Lectures Practical

classes

indepe

ndent

work

individual

work

Content module 1.


TOPIC 1. Introduction to botany and anatomy

of plants. Fundamentals of modern botanical

microtechnology. Contemporary presentation of

the structure of the plant cell.

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 2. Plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts,

leucoplasts. Central vacuoles Cellular juice and

its chemical composition. Cell membrane

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 3. Study of inclusions of the cell: starch

and aleiron grains. Excretory substances:

crystalline inclusions.

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 4. Plant tissues, their classification,

structure, functions, localization in organs.

Study of meristematic tissue

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 5. Study of the covering tissues: the

epidermis, periderm, crust, their anatomic-

functional and topographical characteristics

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 6. Study of mechanical and conducting

tissues, their morphological-functional and

topographical characteristics

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 7. Study of vascular bundles, radial,

collateral, bicollateral, concentric; their

morphological-functional and topographic

characteristics

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 8. Study of basic tissues. Study of

excretory tissues, their morphologic-functional

and topographic characteristics

0,25 2 2 -

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TOPIC 9. Vegetative organs of higher plants,

their anatomical structure, taxonomic and

diagnostic features. Study of the primary and

secondary anatomical structure of the root.

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 10. Study of anatomical structure of

stem and rhizomes of monocotyledonous plants

and gymnosperms.

0,25 1 1 -


stem and rhizomes of dicotyledonous plants. 0,25 1 1 -


leaves of monocotyledonous plants and

gymnosperms.

0,25 2 2 -


leaves of dicotyledonous plants 0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 14. Study of the morphological

structure of the root and its modification 0,25 2 2 -


structure of the shoots and their modification 025 2 2 -


structure of the leaf and its modification 0,25 2 2 -

Total with content module 1 4 30 30 -

Content module 2.


geobotany

TOPIC 17. Study of the morphology of

generative organs of plants: flower,

inflorescence.

1 2 - -

TOPIC 18. Study of the morphology of

generative organs: fruits, seeds 1 2 - -

TOPIC 19. Introduction to taxonomy.

Principles of modern botanical classifications.

Characteristic features of the main groups of

plants: lower phototrophs, fungi, lichens, higher

spore plants, their representatives having a

medical significance, plant reproduction.

Higher spore plants. Studies of plants of

divisions: Bryophyta, Licopodiophyta,

Equisetophyta, Polyopodiophyta, brown algae

(Laminaria), cyanobacteria (Spirulina). Highest

Spore-bearing plants.

0,25 2 11 -

TOPIC 20. Division of Gymnosperms.

Pinopsida Class (coniferous). Study of plants of

families Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Ephedraceae;

Ginkgopsida Class.

- 2 1 -

TOPIC 21. Study of the taxonomy of the

Angiosperm’s Division. Classes of

dicotyledons and monocots. Dicots class.

Subclass of Ranunculidae: study of species of

Ranunculaceae and Papaveraceae families.

0,25 2 4 -

TOPIC 22. Subclass of Caryophyllidae: study 0,25 2 1 -

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of species of families Polygonaceae and

Caryophyllaceae.

TOPIC 23. Subclass of Lamiidae: study of

species of Lamiaceae family 0,25 2 1 -


species of families Solanaceae and

Scrophulariaceae

0,25 2 - -


species of families Plantaginaceae and

Valerianaceae, Linaceae, Apocynaceae

0,25 2 1 -

TOPIC 26. Subclass of Rosidae: study of

species of Rosaceae family 0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 27. Subclass of Rosidae: study of plants

of families Fabaceae, Eleagnaceae,

Hippocastanaceae

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 28. Subclass of Rosidae: study of

species of families Apiaceae, Viburnaceae,

Sambucaceae

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 29. Subclass of Dilleniidae: study of

species of families Brassicaceae, Urticaceae,

Malvaceae, Cannabaceae

0,25 2 1 -

TOPIC 30. Subclass of Dilleniidae: study of

species of families Ericaceae, Clusiaceae,

Tiliaceae

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 31. Subclass of Hammamelididae: study

of plants of families Fagaceae, Betulaceae,

Juglandaceae

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 32. Subclass of Asteridae: study of

species of family Asteraceae 0,5 2 2 -

TOPIC 33. Class Monocotyledones. Subclass

of Liliidae: study of species of families

Convallariaceae, Alliaceae

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 34. Class Monocotyledones. Subclass

of Liliidae: study of species of families

Poaceae, Araceae

0,25 2 2 -

TOPIC 35. Elements of ecology, phenology and

plant geography. Protection of flora, sustainable

use, conservation and restoration of resources

of medicinal plants.

- 4 4 -

Total content module 2 4 40 40 -

Total hours - 150 / 5.0 credits ECTS 10 70 70 -

Final control Exam

CONTENTS MODULE 1.


TOPIC 1. Introduction to botany and anatomy of plants. Basics of modern botanical

micro technology. Contemporary presentation of the structure of the plant cell. Purpose, tasks, methods and objects of research of pharmaceutical botany, its sections,

importance for pharmacy. Purpose, task, methods and objects of study of anatomy of plants. A

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general idea of the role and use of plants, in particular in pharmacy and medicine.

Pharmaceutical botany as part of botany, which is of practical importance in the work of the

pharmacist. Introduction to content, techniques, safety and laboratory work. Phytocytology as a

section of anatomy of plants, its purpose, tasks, methods and objects of research, significance.

Contemporary presentation of the structure of the plant cell. The main components of the plant

cell, its components are protoplast and protoplast derivatives. Differences in the structure of cells

of plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. Contemporary presentation of the structure of the

plant cell. Variety of plant cells in form; size (parenchymatous, prozenchymatous). Structure and

function of membranes, membrionated and non-membrionated organelles.

TOPIC 2. Plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts. Central vacuoles.

Cellular juice and its chemical composition. Cell envelope (cell membrane and cell wall).

Types of plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leycoplasts (amyloplasts, proteoplasts,

oleoplasts), etioplasts: their types, structure, functions. The meaning and use of pigments.

Vacuoles: formation, development, function, meaning. Vacuole’s and cellular juice. The

chemical composition of cell juice, its importance and its use.

The cell wall: formation, structure, chemical composition, properties, functions.

Secondary chemical and structural changes of the cell wall, their significance, qualitative

reactions. Pits (pores), their types. Plasmodesmata. Diagnostic value of the cell membrane in

microscopic analysis. Use of the components of the cell wall in pharmacy.

TOPIC 3. Study of storage substances of the cell: starch and aleuronic grains.

Excretory substances: crystalline inclusions.

Inclusions of plant cells, their classification, diagnostic value in microscopic analysis.

Cristalline inclusions. The inclusions of carbohydrates, their classification, places of

accumulation. Starch grains: formation, properties, types, structure, detection reactions. Soluble

carbohydrates Replacement proteins: chemical nature, places of accumulation. Inclusion of

protein nature: aleuronic grains (formation, properties, types, structure, detection reactions).

Fatty oil: chemical nature, properties, shape and location of accumulation, differences from

essential oils, detection reactions. Resins, rubber and gut, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins - sites of

synthesis, localization, diagnostic value, practical use.

Excretory crystalline inclusions: formation, localization, morphostructure, chemical

nature, detection reactions, diagnostic value in microscopic analysis.

TOPIC 4. Plant tissues, their classification, structure, functions, localization in

organs. Study of creature tissue.

The relationship and interaction between cells in plant body. Plant tissue: definition,

classification by origin, morphology, function, location.

Generating tissue or meristem, function, structural features, classification, importance for

the structure and development of plants. Primary meristem: growth cone root and shoot,

intercalary meristem. Secondary meristem: cambium, phellogen. Callus: structure, function, use.

TOPIC 5. Study of covering tissues: the epidermis, periderm, cortex or bark: their

anatomical, functional and topographic characteristics. Cover tissues: functions, classification. Epidermis, epiblema, periderm, cortex or bark:

placement, formation, structure, functions. The main cells of the epidermis, stomata and stomatal

apparatus; trichomes - structure, functions, diagnostic value. Diagnostic value of cover tissues in

microscopic analysis of plant objects.

TOPIC 6. Study of mechanical and conducting tissues, their morphological-

functional and topographical characteristics. Mechanical tissues: functions, classification. Collenchyma, sclerenchyma, sclereids:

types, structural features, location in organs, diagnostic value in microscopic analysis.

Conductive tissues: vessels, tracheids, sieve-tubes and companion cells: formation,

features of structure and functions.

Phloem and xylem as complex tissues, their histological composition, meaning.

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TOPIC 7. Study of conductive (or fibrovascular) bundles: radial, collateral,

bicollateral, concentric; their morphological-functional and topographic characteristics

Conductive bundles as histological complexes: their types, location in organs, taxonomic

and diagnostic value. Radial, collateral, bicollateral, concentric conductive bundles.

TOPIC 8. Study of basic tissues. Study of excretory tissues, their morphologic-

functional and topographic characteristics.

Basic tissues: chlorenchyma (or assimilative, or chlorophyll-containing parenchyma;

palisade and spongy parenchyma; folded parenchyma; storage parenchyma; water and air

storage: functions, features of the structure, location in organs and their parts, diagnostic value in

microscopic analysis.

Indigenous or secretory tissues and structures: functions, classification. Exogenous

secretory tissues: hydatodes, nectaries, glandular hairs, osmophores, schizogenous conceptacles..

Endogenous secretory tissues and structures: lysigenous conceptacles, mixed, conceptacles,

lacticifers (articulated and non-articulated), idioblasts, internal secretory cavities: features of

structure and functioning, taxonomic and diagnostic value. Chemical nature, meaning and use of

biologically active secrets.

TOPIC 9. Vegetative organs of higher plants, their anatomical structure, taxonomic

and diagnostic features. Study of the primary and secondary anatomical structure of the

root.

Anatomical structure and functions of vegetative organs. Interconnection and interaction

of cells and tissues in the plant organism. Shoot and root - the main vegetative organs of plants,

their functions, general features and differences.

Structural-functional characteristic of the root. Root zones, their structure and functions.

Primary anatomical structure. Differences in the primary structure of the roots of species, which

belong to the classes of mono- and dicotyledones. Transition to the secondary structure in

gymnosperms and angiosperms dicotyledons. Types of secondary structure of roots of grass and

tree plants. Features of the structure of different ecological types of roots and modification.

Anatomical diagnostic features, which determine the root in the case of microscopic analysis of

plant material.

TOPIC 10. Study of anatomical structure of stem and rhizome of monocotyledonous

plants and gymnosperms. Stem and shoot. Shoot: definition, function, structure, difference from the root. Anatomic

characteristic of the stem as an axial part of the shoots: its formation and development,

histogenic zones of the growth cone. Patterns of primary structure, secondary structure of shoot

and its types.

Stellar theory. Types of axial cylinder, which are typical for the major groups of higher

plants. Sheet traces and traces of branching. Anatomical structure of stems of herbal

monocotyledonous plants. General features and features of the anatomical structure of rhizomes

of gymnosperms and monocotyledonous plants.

Anatomical characteristic of underground modification of shoots of monocotyledonous

plants - rhizomes, corms, bulbs. Comparative diagnostics of the axial part of the rhizomes of

higher spore (clubmosses, horsetails, ferns) and monocotyledonous angiosperms.

TOPIC 11. Study of anatomical structure of stem and rhizomes of dicotyledonous

plants.

Stellar theory. Types of axial cylinder, which are typical for the major groups of higher

plants. Sheet traces and traces of branching.

Variety of types of the primary structure of the stem in dicotyledons. Types of secondary

structure of stems of herbaceous dicotyledonous plants. Dependence of secondary thickening in

herbaceous dicotyledons on individual peculiarities and conditions of growth. General patterns,

basic differences and comparative characteristics of the anatomical structure of stems of woody

gymnosperms and angiosperms. Features of anatomical structure of stem of tree-like plants.

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Anatomical signs used to determine the stem, as an axial organ, for establishing the vital

form of the plant, belonging to the division, class, and if possible, to the family. Signs that serve

to describe and diagnose a particular plant object.

Anatomical characteristic of underground and modification of shoots in dicotyledons

(tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, corms). Comparative diagnostics of the axial part of the rhizomes of the

higher spore (clubmosses, horsetails, ferns), mono- and dicotyledonous angiosperms.

TOPIC 12. Study of anatomical structure of leaves of monocotyledonous and

holower plants.

Structural and functional features of the leaf. The development of the leaf, the formation

of the anatomical structure of the leaf blade and petiole. Patterns of location of tissues in leaves,

types of anatomical structure of angiosperms monocotyledonous and coniferous plants.

Histological composition of veins. Features of the structure of the veins of different plant orders.

Influence of ecological factors on anatomical structure of leaves of monocotyledonous plants and

gymnosperms. Anatomical diagnostic features of leaves, that are taken into account in

microscopic analysis of plant material.

TOPIC 13. Study of anatomical structure of leaves of dicotyledonous plants.

Patterns of location of tissues in leaves, types of anatomical structure of leaf blades of

angiosperm dicotyledonous plants. Histological composition of veins. Features of the structure of

the veins of different orders. Influence of ecological factors on anatomical structure of leaves of

dicotyledonous plants. Anatomical signs of leaves of dicotyledons, taken into account in

microscopic

TOPIC 14. Study of the morphological structure of the root and its modifications. Morphology as a section of botany, its purpose, tasks, methods and objects of research.

Basic concepts of morphology: symmetry, polarity, branching, metamorphosis, homology,

analogy, reduction, atavism, etc. The evolution of the body of phototrophs from thaloma to the

autonomic organs in the higher plants.

Vegetative organs of plants: formation, general laws, the functional integrity, the signs

used in pharmacy and medicine. The significance of the morphology of vegetative organs in

macroscopic analysis of plants and plant raw materials.

Root: definitions, functions. Types of roots and their origin. Types of root systems.

Specialization and roots' metamorphosis. Specialization and metamorphosis of roots used in

pharmacy and medicine (root crops of carrot, parsley, etc., pips, or food-storage roots of

beetroot, radish, root of sweet potatoes, chufa, dahlia (georgina), etc.), mycorrhiza (fungus root),

bacteriorrhiza.

Pips, or food-storage roots, retractable, and contractile roots, root-suckers, holdfast roots,

air roots, buttress, supporting roots, respiratory roots (pneumatophores), haustoria.

Morphological description of roots during macroscopic analysis of plants and plant raw

materials.

TOPIC 15. Study of the morphological structure of the shoots and their

modification.

Shoot: definition, function, structure, difference from the root. The diversity of the

morphological structure of the shoots by the type of growth, the type of branching, the length of

the internodes, the position in space, the shape of the cross section of the stem, etc. Structural

components of the shoot. Buds: definition, structure, classification, significance.

Morphological features of modified shoots. Specialization and metamorphoses of shoot

and its parts. Underground and above-ground shoots: spine, runner, thorn, cladodes, overground

tuber; shoots of succulents, leaves modified for carnivory, ground stolons and tubers: their

origin, structure, functions, diagnostic significance. The underground metamorphosis of the

shoot and its parts which are specialized on the reservation of nutritives (caudex, rhizome, bulb,

corm, tuber, underground stolons and underground tubers). The concept of life forms.

14

Buds: definition, function, structure, classification by location (upper, lateral, additional),

structure (vegetative, generative, mixed, open, closed), rhythm of growth (dormant (resting),

renewal); buds of medicinal plants (birch, pine, black poplar).

Characteristics of metamorphoses of the above-ground shoots and their constituents on

the example of medicinal plants (creeping of strawberry; climbing of plants of the genus of

grapes, crosses; thorns of the genus hawthorns, phylloclades of the Ruscus hypoglossum;

cladodes of plants of the genus Schlumberger, or zygoccactous; Sally wattle, or lightwood, or

hickory, or mudgerabah, or Australian black-wood, or leafless acacia (Acacia melanoxylon );

overground tuber of the kohlrabi (or cabbage-colorado), etc.), as well as shoots plants of

succulents. Characteristics of the metamorphosis of underground shoots an example medicinal

plants (tubers of potato and Helianthus tuberosus or artichoke; bulbs of Drimia maritima of the

sea, onion garden, garlic; corms of crocus; rhizomes of sweet flag (Acorus calamus), yellow

water-lily (Nuphar lutea), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), eleuthero (Eleutherococcus

senticosus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma domestica); common madder

(Rubia tinctorum), tormentil (Potentilla erecta), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), rhodiola

(Rhodiola rosea), Jacob's-ladder or Greek valerian (Polemonium caeruleum), European scopolia

or henbane bell (Scopolia carniolica) etc).

Classification of life forms by I. G. Serebryakov.

Vegetative reproduction of plants, its biological significance. Natural and artificial

reproduction of medicinal plants.

TOPIC 16. Study of the morphological structure of the leaf and its modification.

Leaf: morphological differentiation of the leaf, parts of the leaf and its functions.

Phylogeny of leaves. Leaf arrangement and attachment to the stem. Parts of the leaves and their

functions. Types and categories of leaves. Formation of leaves - below, middle, upper in the

plant. Morphology of the leaf blade: shape, size, texture, pubescence, veins, consistency, margins

etc. Morphology of simple leaves with entire and divided leaf blade; compound leaves and their

characteristics. Metamorphosis and reduction of leaves and their parts. Morphological

description of the leaves and their features used in the macroscopic analysis of plants and plant

material. Influence of environmental factors on leaf morphology.

Morphology of simple leaves with whole leaf plate on examples of medicinal plants

(cranberry, bearberry ordinary, buckwheat ( Echinacea angustifolia), lily of the valley, stinging

nettle, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis); broadleaf plantain and narrowleaf plantain; ortosiphon

(Orthosiphon ferrugineus); common sorrel (Rumex acetosa); groundsel broadleaf (Adenostyles

platyphylloides; or Senecio platyphylloides); European goldenrod or woundwort (Solidago

virgaurea); oleander Indian (Nerium oleander); lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis); bay

laurel or sweet bay (Laurus nobilis); mountain knotgrass (Aerva lanata); European smoketree

(Cotinus coggygria); medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis); aloe tree (Aloe arborescens); plants of

genera Hamamelis, Gentiana, Eucalyptus, etc.). Morphology of simple leaves with divided leaf

blade on the example of medicinal plants (common mallow (Malva sylvestris);five-seeded

plume-poppy (Macleaya cordata); yellow hornpoppy (Glaucium flavum); coltsfoot (Tussilago

farfara); maypop or purple passionflower (Passiflora incarnata); meadowsweet or mead wort

(Filipendula ulmaria); common wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris); Chinese rhubarb or ornamental

rhubarb (Rheum palmatum); alpine delphinium or candle larkspur. (Delphinium elatum);

common fig tree (Ficus carica); Johnny Jump up or heartsease (Viola tricolor); ordinary hops

(Humulus lupulus); common hemp (Cánnabis satíva); black currant (Ribes nigrum); celandine

(Chelidonium majus), etc.). Compound leaves, their classification and characteristics on the

example of medicinal plants (bogbean or buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata); wild strawberries

(Fragaria vesca); Sicilian sumac or tanner's sumach (Rhus coriaria); danewort or dane weed

(Sambucus ebulus); walnut (Juglans regia); horse-chestnut or conker tree (Aesculus

hippocastanum); liquorice or licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra); goldenbanners or false-lupines

(Thermopsis lanceolata); cassia or Alexandrian senna (Cassia acutifolia) etc.).

https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delphinium_elatum&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia

15

Origin, structure and functions of metamorphosis of leaves and their parts on the example

of medicinal plants and other plants (spines of common barberry, black locust, shining spurge

(Euphorbia lucida), plants of the genus Astragalus; tendrils of pea (Pisum sativum), black pea,

blackening flat pea (Lathyrus niger); scales of mistletoe white shoots, field horsetail; bulbs of

onions, black poplar buds; colorless juicy leaves of cabbage; carnivorous plants of genera of

sundews (Drosera), Nepenthes or tropical pitcher plants; swollen nodes of the Polygonum;

sheath of plants of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and couch grass (Elymus repens); phyllodes of

Australian Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), etc.).

CONTENTS MODULE 2.


geobotany

TOPIC 17. Study of the morphology of generative organs of plants: flower,

inflorescence.

Morphology of generative organs of plants: flowers and inflorescences. Determination of

reproductive organs. Evolution of retrodactive structures from unicellular algae to highly

specialized in flowering. Generative organs of flowering plants: definition, origin, function.

Flower: definition of organ, origin, part of a flower, their functions and morphological

characteristics. Symmetry of the flower. Peduncle (pedicel), receptacle, arrangement of parts of

the flower on the receptacle. Perianth: morphological and functional characteristics and types.

Perfect or bisexual and imperfect or unisexual flowers. The structure of stamens, their functions;

the appointment of pollen and the diagnostic value of its morphological features. Types of

androecium. The structure of the pistil and its functions. Ovary position. Types gynoecium.

Dioecious and Monoecious Plants. Preparation and decoding formulas and diagrams of flower.

Unclosed flowers which are used in medicine (clove tree, Japanese Sophora).

Morphology of flowers of medicinal plants: yellow hornpoppy (Glaucium flavum), flax (Linum

usitatissimum), raspberries (Rubus idaeus), common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), foxgloves

(Digitális purpúrea and Digitális grandiflóra), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), white nettle

(Lamium album), borage (Borago officinalis), cowslip or common cowslip (Primula veris), lily

of the valley (Convallaria majalis), peach (Prunus persica), Jacob's ladder (Polemonium

caeruleum), European scopolia or henbane bell (Scopolia carniolica), black currant (Ribes

nigrum), onions (Allium cepa), and also of plants of the genus poppy (Papaver), malva (Malva),

hibiscus (Hibiscus), Mullein (Verbascum), kalanchoe (Kalanchoe), peony (Peony), gentian

(Gentiana), etc.).

Inflorescence as a specialized reproductive shoot: definition, origin, biological role,

structural elements. Classification of inflorescences, and their morphological characteristics.

Morphological characteristic of monopodial and sympodial inflorescences on the example of

medicinal plants: cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), chamomile (Chamomilla recutita), marigold

(Calendula officinalis), pyrethrum (Pyrethrum, e.g. Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium), foxgloves

(Digitális purpúrea), lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), onions (Allium cepa), mugwort or

common wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris), lovage (Levisticum officinale), centella (Hydrocotyle

asiatica), Crabapple (Malus pumila), European pear (Pyrus communis), prunus (Prunus

cerasus), populus (Populus nigra), common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), dwarf elder

(Sambucus ebulus), lavender (Lavandula spica), common centaury (Centaurium erythraea), rice

(Oryza sativa), mays (Zea mays), couch grass (Elymus repens), European vervain (Verbena

officinalis), senna (Casia angustifolia), Ginseng (Panax ginseng), Siberian ginseng or eleuthero

(Eleutherococcus senticosus), leather bergenia or pig squeak (Bergenia crassifolia), dropwort

(Filipendula vulgaris), borage (Borago officinalis) etc.

Biological role, diagnostic value and practical use of flowers and inflorescences in

pharmacy, medicine and other industries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_plant

16

TOPIC 18. Morphology of generative organs of plants: fruits and seeds. Sexual

reproduction of flowering plants.

Types and methods of pollination. Micro- and megasporogenesis and gametogenesis.

Double fertilization: the essence of the process of formation and development of the fruit and

seed.

Fruit: definition of fruit, its’ origin, and functions. Fruit’ structure. Classification and

characteristics of the fruits for morphological and morphogenetic features.

Morphology of fruits on the example of medicinal plants (star anise or badiam (Illicium

verum), common barberry (Berberis vulgaris), common grape vine (Vitis vinifera), pomegranate

(Punica granatum), olive (Olea europaea), bird cherry or hackberry (Padus avium), rice (Oryza

sativa), mays (Zea mays), onions (Allium cepa), desert false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), castor

oil plant (Ricinus communis), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-grаecum), Japanese pagoda tree

(Styphnolobium japonicum), senna (Casia angustifolia), love-in-a-mist or ragged lady or devil

in the bush[ (Nigella damascena), lemon (Citrus limon), Anise or aniseed (Pimpinella anisum),

caraway (Carum carvi), coriandrum or cilantro (Coriandrum sativum), dill (Anethum

graveolens), common fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and , as well as

plants of genus cotton, poppy currants, apple, hips, etc.).

Collective fruits: origin, structure, importance. Morphology of a collective fruits on an

example of some plant species (pineapple (Ananas comosus), common alder or black alder

(Alnus glutinosa), mulberry (Morus alba), common fig (Ficus carica), common hop or hop

(Humulus lupulus).

Seed: origin, structure, classification by nature and place of accumulation of nutrients.

Characteristic features of seeds of gymnosperms, mono- and dicotyledonous angiosperms.

Features and use of seeds of medicinal plants (devil's trumpet and metel. (Datura metel),

watermelon, Flax (Linum usitatissimum), coffee tree (Coffea arabica), walnut (Juglans regia),

common almond (Prunus dulcis), common castor (Ricinus communis), as well as plant genera

strophant (Strophanthus), Strychnos, sesame, apricot, grapes, mustard, pumpkin, Oenothera,

peach, blackberry etc).

Ways of distributing of fruits, collective fruits and seeds. Diagnostic value of

morphological features of fruits and seeds in macroscopic analysis of plants and plant raw

materials. Biological role and practical use of fruits, collective fruits and seeds in pharmacy,

medicine and other industries.

Propagation process: definitions, types, basic concepts (life cycle, gametophyte,

sporophyte, etc.), biological significance. Categories of reproduction - sexual and asexual.

Asexual reproduction with zoospores and spores. Vegetative reproduction and its forms,

meaning and practical use. Sexual reproduction. Evolution of the sexual process. Gametogamy.

Alternation in the cycle of development of sexual and asexual reproduction, change of nuclear

phases, alternation of generations. General patterns of ontogenesis. General schemes of the life

cycle of algae, mosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms and fungi.

TOPIC 19. Introduction to taxonomy. Principles of modern botanical classifications.

Characteristic features of the main groups of plants: lower phototrophs, fungi, lichens,

higher spore plants, their representatives having a medical significance, plant propagation.

Higher spore plants. Studies of plants are bryophyte, higher spore plants, brown algae

(laminaria), cyanobacteria (spirulina). Higher spore plants. Study of plants from the

Divisions: Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms.

Purpose, tasks and methods of taxonomy, its sections. Taxonomic categories and taxa.

Botanical nomenclature. Principles and methods of classification of plant organisms. Modern

phylogenetic systems. Concept about chemosistematic signs. The concept of lower and higher

plants, their features and classification.

General characteristics of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), structural features, chemical

composition, importance and use of representatives (spirulina). General characteristics of algae

and their divisions: red, green and brown; features of structure, chemical composition,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigella_damascena#cite_note-3

https://www.google.com.ua/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiewaCL4KnXAhXQ1qQKHYhEA3oQFgg3MAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfaf.org%2Fuser%2FPlant.aspx%3FLatinName%3DRubus%2Bidaeus&usg=AOvVaw2gfzJorLpsQYBuvnKxbkGO

https://www.google.com.ua/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiewaCL4KnXAhXQ1qQKHYhEA3oQFgg3MAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfaf.org%2Fuser%2FPlant.aspx%3FLatinName%3DRubus%2Bidaeus&usg=AOvVaw2gfzJorLpsQYBuvnKxbkGO

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea_arabica

17

significance and use of representatives: brown algae (laminaria). General characteristics and

classification of fungi, classes of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, peculiarities of structure,

chemical composition, value and use of representatives: basidiomycetes (birch mushroom, or

chaga). General characteristics of lichens.

Progressive signs of higher spore plants in connection with the release to land, alternation

of fire and change of nuclear phases in the development cycle, classification on the non-vascular

and vascular.

General characteristics of the divisions of higher spore plants; morphology, ecology and

the use of representatives: moss, or bryophytes (sphagnum or peat mosses); Lipopodiophyta

(Club mosses); horsetails, or Equisetophytes (Equisetum arvense); ferns, or Pteridophyta

(common male fern (Dryopteris filix-mas).

TOPIC 20. Subkingdom Embryophyta (unranked), Gymnospermae (paraphyletic.

Class coniferous. Study of plants of families of pine, cypress, ephedra, ginkgo.

Progressive signs of the structure, classification of gymnosperms. Features of the

structure of the vegetative body, strobiles and seeds. General characteristics of coniferous

classes. Morphological-anatomical and chemosystemic characteristics, ecology, resources,

importance and use of representatives of families: pine (common pine, European fir, Siberian

and white fir, Siberian larch); cypress (common juniper); Taxaceae (Taxus baccata), Ephedra

(Ephedra distachya); Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba).

TOPIC 21. Study of the taxonomy of the flowering plants (angiosperms,

Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta). Classes of dicotyledons and monocots. Dicotyledonal

class. Subclass Ranunculidae: study of plants of Schizandraceae, Ranunculaceae and

Papaveraceae families.

Progressive features of the organization and the main directions of the evolution of

angiosperms, their classification on the basis of the system A.L. Takhtajyan. General

characteristics of the angiosperms, division of the angiosperms into classes and subclasses;

general morphological and anatomical characteristic of classes, comparative characteristic of

dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous classes.

Class Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots). Subclass of Ranunculidae: a general

description of the families of Schizandraceae, Ranunculaceae and Papaveraceae. Morphological

and anatomical characteristics, the presence of certain groups of biologically active substances,

environmental conditions of growth, resources, importance, use of representatives of families:

Ranunculaceae (Adonis vernalis); Schizandraceae (Schizandra chinensis), Papaveraceae

(Papaver somniferum).

TOPIC 22. Subclass of Cariofilidae: study of plants of families of buckwheat

(Polygonaceae) and carnation (Caryophyllaceae).

Subclass of cariophilia: a general description of families of buckwheat and clove.

Morphological and anatomical characteristics, presence of certain groups of biologically active

substances, ecological conditions of growth, resources, significance, use of representatives of

families: Polygonaceae (genus Polygonum: Polygonum bistorta, P. hydropiper, P. persicaria, P.

aviculare, Fagopyrum sagittatum, genus of rhubarb: Rheum tanguticum, etc., genus sorrel:

Rumex confertus, R. acetosa); carnation (Saponaria officinalis).

TOPIC 23. Subclass of Lamiidae: study of plants of the Lamiaceae family. Subclass of the Lamiides: a general description of family of Lamiaceae. Morphological and

anatomical characteristics, presence of certain groups of biologically active substances,

ecological conditions of growth, resources, significance, use of representatives of family: (genus

of lavender: Lavandula angustifolia, Oryganum vulgare, Melissa officinalis, genus of mint:

Mentha piperita. etc., genus of canine nettle: Leonurus cardiaca, L. quinquelobatus, genus of

thyme: Thymus serpyllum, Th. vulgaris, Salvia officinalis).

TOPIC 24. Subclass of the Lamiidae: study of plants of families of Solanaceae and

Scrophulariaceae families.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic

18

Subclass of Lamiidae: a general description of the families Solanaceae and

Scrophulariaceae. Morphological and anatomical characteristics, presence of certain groups of

biologically active substances, ecological conditions of growth, resources, significance, use of

representatives of families: Solanaceae (Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger, Datura

stramonium, Solanum tuberosum, Capsicum annuum); Scrophulariaceae (genus of verbascum:

Verbascum phlomoides, V.thapsus, V. densiflorum; genus of digitalis: Digitalis grandiflora, D.

purpurea, and D. lanata).

TOPIC 25. Subclass of Lamiidae: the study of plants of families of Apocynaceae,

Plantaginaceae, Valerianaceae, and Linaceae.

Subclass of lamiids: a general description of families of colorful, rough and plantain.



families: Apocynaceae: (Vinca minor); plantain (Plantago major, P. lancetolata, P. psyllum);

valerian (Valeriana officinalis); Linaceae (Linum usitatissimum).

TOPIC 26. The subclass of Rosidae: the study of plants of family Rosaceae.

Subclass of Rosides: a general description of families Rosaceae, Valerianaceae, Linaceae.



families: Rosaceae (Aronia melanocarpa, genus hawthorn: Crataegus sanguinea, C.

oxyacantha, etc., Sorbus aucuparia, Rubus idaeus, Amygdalus communis, Potentilla erecta,

Sanguisorba officinalis, Prunus spinosa, Fragaria vesca, Padus racemosa, hipster family: Rosa

canina, R. cinnamomea etc.

TOPIC 27. The subclass of Rosidae: the study of plants of families of Fabaceae,

Elaeagnaceae, Hippocastanaceae.

Subclass of Rosidae: a general description of the families of Fabaceae, Eliagnaceae,

Hippocastanaceae. Morphological and anatomical characteristics, presence of certain groups of


representatives of families: Fabaceae (Melilotus officinalis, Cassia (Senna) acutifolia,

Glycyrrhiza glabra, Sophora japonica, Ononis arvensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Pisum sativum,

Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, Galega officinalis); Elaeagnaceae (Hippophae rhamnoides),

Hippocastanaceae (Aesculus hyppocastanum).

TOPIC 28. The subclass of Rosidae: the study of plants of families of Apiaceae,

Sambucaceaea, Viburnaceae, Rhamnaceae.

Subclass of rosids: a general description of the families of celery, elderberry, cranberry,

jester. Morphological and anatomical characteristics, presence of certain groups of biologically

active substances, ecological conditions of growth, resources, significance, use of representatives

of families: Apiaceae (Pіmpіnella anіsum, Conium maculatum, Carum carvi, Coriandrum

sativus, Anethum graveolens, Daucus sativus, Daucus carota, Petroselinum crispum, Apium

graveolens, Phoenicilum vulgaris, Cicuta virosa); Sambucaceaea (Sambucus nigra),

Viburnaceae (Viburnum opulus), Rhamnaceae (Frangula alnus, Rhamnus catartica).

TOPIC 29. Subclass of Dilleniidae: the study of plants of families of Brassicaceae,

Urticaceae, Malvaceae, Cannabaceae.

Subclass of Dilleniidae: a general description of families of Brassicaceae, Urticaceae,

Malvaceae, Cannabaceae. Morphological and anatomical characteristics, presence of certain

groups of biologically active substances, ecological conditions of growth, resources,

significance, use of representatives of families: Brassicaceae (genera of Sinapis: Sinapis alba, S.

juncea, S. nigra, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Erysimum canescens, Brassica oleracea); Urticaceae

(Urtica dioica); Malvaceae (Althaea officinalis); Cannabaceae (Humulus lupulus).

TOPIC 30. Subclass of Dilleniidae: the study of plants of families of Ericaceae,

Tiliaceae, Clusiaceae

Subclass of Dilleniidae: a general description of the families of Ericaceae, Tiliaceae,

Clusiaceae. Morphological and anatomical characteristics, presence of certain groups of

19


representatives of families: Ericaceae (Ledum palustre, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Oxycoccus

palustris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea); Tiliaceae (Tilia cordata); Clusiaceae

(genus of Hypericum: Hypericum perforatum).

TOPIC 31. Subclass of Hamamelididae: the study of plants of families Fagaceae,

Betulaceae, Juglandaceae.

A subclass of Hamamelididae: a general description of families of Fagaceae, Betulaceae,

Juglandaceae. Morphological and anatomical characteristics, the presence of certain groups of

biologically active substances, ecological conditions of growth, resources, importance, use of

representatives of families: Fagaceae (Quercus robur), Betulacea (Betula verrucosa),

Juglandaceae (Juglans regia). Seasonal development of woody plants.

TOPIC 32. Subclass of Asteridae: study of plants of the Asteraceae family.

The subclass of Asteridae: a general description of the family of Asteraceae. Morphological and

anatomical characteristics, the presence of certain groups of biologically active substances,

ecological conditions of growth, resources, significance, use of representatives of the family

Asteraceae (Achillea millefolium, Echinacea purpurea, Calendula officinalis, Arctium lappa,

Taraxacum officinale, Arnica montana, Inula helenium, Tussilago farfara, Tanacetum vulgare,

Helianthus annuus, H. tuberosus, Chamomilla suaveolens, C. recutita, Helichrisum arenarium,

Centaurea cyanus, Bidens tripartita, Artemisia vulgaria, A. absinthium, Silybum marianum).

Seasonal development of one-, two- and many-year-old herbs.

TOPIC 33. Monocotyledones Class (Liliopsida). Subclass of Liliidae: the study of

plants of the families Convallariaceae, Alliaceae.

Class Monocotyledones. Subclass of Liliidae: a general description of the

Convallariaceae, Alliaceae families. Morphological and anatomical characteristics, the presence

of certain groups of biologically active substances, environmental conditions of growth,

resources, significance, use of representatives of families: Convallariaceae (Convallaria majalis);

Alliaceae (Allium cepa, A. sativum).

TOPIC 34. Class of Monocotyledones. Subclass of Liliidae: the study of plants of the

families Poaceae, Araceae.

Class of Monocotyledones. Subclass of Liliidae: a general description of families of

Poaceae, Araceae. Morphological and anatomical characteristics, the presence of certain groups

of biologically active substances, ecological conditions of growth, resources, significance, use of

representatives of families: Poaceae (or Gramineae) (Zea mays, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum

(or Triticum vulgare), Elytrigia repens (or Agropyron repens), Oryza sativa, Secale cereale,

Saccharum officinarum; Araceae (Acorus calamus).

TOPIC 35. The elements of plant ecology, phenology and plant geography.

Protecting plant life, rational use, preservation and renewal of medicinal plant resources.

Geography of plants: purpose, tasks, research objects. Concepts of habitat areas, their

types. Floral areas of the Earth. Plant cenology: purpose, tasks, research objects. Plant

communities or phytocoenoses, plant zones and plant cover types. Concepts of plants

cosmopolites, endemics, relicts. Vegetable resources of Ukraine, their rational exploitation,

preservation. Ecology of plants. Environmental factors, their influence on plants; ecological

groups of plants. Seasonal development of plants. Environmental measures, the concept of

protected areas, the Red Book, international organizations and their legislative activities. The

World Health Organization and the European Union on programs for the development and

production of effective and safe phytopreparations - the place of pharmaceutical botany in the

phytotherapy system.

20

4. Thematic plan of lectures

№ Theme Hours

1. Introduction to botany, plant anatomy, and phytocytology. Modern

understanding of the structure of the plant cell. Structural components of

the cell: cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole. Basic organoids and their

functions. Ergastic substances or cell inclusions, (reserve food, inorganic

materials (crystals), secretory products, excretory products).

Classification of plant tissues according to their origin, structure,

functions, localization in organs. Meristematic, covering, mechanical,

conductive, basic and excretory tissues.

2

2. Vegetative organs of higher plants. Morphological and anatomical features

of the structure of the root and its metamorphosis. Morphological and

anatomical features of the structure of the stem. Shoot. Bud. Features of

the anatomical structure of the stem of woody plants. Metamorphoses of

stems and shoots. Morphological and anatomical structure of the leaf, its

physiological functions and metamorphosis.

2

3. Morphological-functional characteristic of generative organs of

angiosperms. Flower and Inflorescence, their structure and classification.

Biology of reproduction. The formation of the fruit and seed. Structure and

classification of fruits and seeds, their growth and development.

2

4. Introduction to taxonomy. Principles of modern botanical classifications.

Cladistics and chemosystems. Morphological, anatomical and

chemosystemic features of dicotyledonous plants of the Schizandraceae,

Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fagaceae,

Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Clusiaceae, Brassicaceae, Tiliaceae, Malvaceae,

Cannabaceae, Urticaceae, Rosaceae, Linaceae, Fabaceae, Elaeagnaceae,

Hippocastanaceae, and Fagaceae families, and their representatives,

important for medicine and pharmacy. Resources of medicinal plants of

Ukraine, their protection and rational use.

2

5. Morphologo-anatomical and chemosystemic features of dicotyledonous

plants of families of Apiaceae, Sambucaceaea, Viburnaceae, Rhamnaceae,

Valerianaceae, Apocynaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae,

Plantaginaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Convallariaceae, Alliaceae,

Poaceae, Araceae. Representatives of families and their importance for

medicine and pharmacy.

2

Total 10

5. Plan of рractical classes

№ Theme Hours

1. Studying of the structure of the microscope. Microscope for use and care.

Manufacturing of temporary micropreparations. Plant cell structure. 2

2. Protoplast movement. Plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts.

Vacuoles, cell sap and its chemical composition. Cell cell wall. 2

3. Ergastic substances or cell inclusions: study of the starch and aleiron

grains. Excretory substances: typas of crystalline inclusions. 2

4. Study of Meristematic tissues. Primary meristems: cone of root growth.

Secondary meristem: cambium, phellogen. 2

5. Studying of Covering tissues: epidermis, periderm, cortex, or bark. 2

6. Studying of Mechanical and Conductive tissues. 2

21

7. Studying of conductive bundles: radial, collateral, bicolateral, concentric.

Opened and Closed bundles. 2

8.

Basic tissuess. Studying of excretory tissue of exogenous secretion

(glandular hairs, glandules, nectarines, osmophores, hydatodes), and

endogenous secretion (cell-idioblasts, conceptacles, lacticifers).

2

9. Studying of the primary and secondary anatomical structure of roots of

monocots and dicots. 2

10.

Studying of the anatomical structure of the stem and rhizomes of

monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous plants and Gymnosperms. 2

11. Studying of the anatomical structure of leaves of monocotyledonous plants

and Gymnosperms. 2

12. Studying of anatomical structure of leaves of dicotyledonous plants. 2

13. The studying of morphological structure of the root and its modifications. 2

14. Morphology of vegetative organs of plants: shoot and its’ modifications. 2

15. Studying of the morphological structure of the leaf and its modification. 2

16. Studying of morphology of generative organs of plants: flower and

inflorescence. 2

17. Studying of the morphology of generative organs: fruit, and seed. 2

18.

Characters of main groups of Phototrophs: features of the species of algae

and fungi of medical significance: spirulina (cyanobacteria), laminaria

(brown algae), Chaga birch fungus (basidiomycetes), Lichens. Higher

sporous plants. The study of plants from the divisions of Lycopodiophyta,

Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta.

2

19.

Gymnosperms. Division Pinophyta. Classes Pinopsida (Coniferae), and

Gnetopsida. Studying of plants of families of Ginkgoaceae, Pinaceae,

Cupressaceae, Ephedraceae. Verification of knowledge of the herbarium.

2

20.

Studying of the taxonomy of Angiosperms. Dicotyledons. Subclass

Ranunculaceae: the study of plants of families Schizandraceae,

Ranunculaceae and Papaveraceae.

2

21. Subclass of Cariofilidae: study of plants of families of Polygonaceae and

Caryophyllaceae. 2

22. Subclass of Hamamelididae: the study of plants of families Fagaceae,

Betulaceae, Juglandaceae. 2

23. Subclass of Dilleniidae: the study of plants of families of Brassicaceae,

Urticaceae, Malvaceae, Cannabaceae. 2

24. Subclass of Dilleniidae: the study of plants of families of Ericaceae,

Tiliaceae, Clusiaceae. 2

25. The subclass of Rosidae: the study of plants of families Rosaceae,

Valerianaceae, Linaceae. 2

26. The subclass of Rosidae: the study of plants of families of Fabaceae,

Elaeagnaceae, Hippocastanaceae. 2

27.

The subclass of Rosidae: the study of plants of families of Apiaceae,

Sambucaceaea, Viburnaceae, Rhamnaceae.

Verification of knowledge of the herbarium.

2

28. Subclass of Asteridae: study of plants of the Asteraceae family. 2

29. Subclass of Lamiidae: study of plants of the Lamiaceae family. 2

30. Subclass of the Lamiidae: study of plants of Solanaceae and

Scrophulariaceae families. 2

22

31. Subclass of Lamiidae: the study of plants of families of Apocynaceae,

Plantaginaceae, Valerianaceae, and Linaceae. 2

32. Monocotyledones Class (Liliopsida). Subclass of Liliidae: the study of

plants of the families Convallariaceae, Alliaceae 2

33.

Class of Monocotyledones. Subclass of Liliidae: the study of plants of the

families Poaceae, Araceae.

Verification of knowledge of the herbarium.

2

34. Studying of the elements of plant ecology, phenology and plant

geography. 2

35. Protecting plant life, rational use, preservation and renewal of medicinal

plant resources. 2

Total 70

6. Thematic plan of independent work of students

No THEME Hours Type of control

1. The purpose and objectives of pharmaceutical botany, its

connection with professionally oriented disciplines. Sections of

Botany. The role of plants in nature and human life. The use of

plants in pharmacy, medicine and so on.

2 Current

control on

practical

classes

2. Methods of studying the structure and functions of cells, their

importance in pharmacy and other industries. Features of the

structure of plant cells. Comparative analysis of the cells of

plants, animals, fungi and bacteria.

2

3. Fundamentals of microscopic and microchemical analysis, its

significance and use in pharmacognosy and pharmacy. The

relationship and interaction between cells in plant body. Plant

tissues: the emergence and development during evolution, the

principles of classification.

2

4. Definition, sketch and description of various types of meristems

from photographs of surface microslides, and transverse and

longitudinal sections of vegetative organs of plants.

2

5. Definition, sketching and description of different types of cover

tissues from photographs of surface microslides, and transverse

and longitudinal sections of vegetative organs of plants.

2

6. Definition, sketch and description of various types of mechanical

and conducting tissues from photographs of surface microslides,

and transverse and longitudinal sections of vegetative organs of

plants.

2

7. Definition, sketch and description of various types of ground and

excretory tissues from photographs of surface microslides, and

transverse and longitudinal sections of vegetative organs of

plants.

2

8. Definitions, sketch, description of different types of vascular

bundles and their schemes photos transverse axial sections of

plants.

2

9. Introduction to morphology, basic concepts and definitions.

Morphological and anatomical and functional integrity of the

plant body. Evolution of the body and organs of the plant.

Vegetative organs of plants, formation and their development,

2

23

general patterns, functional integrity. Anatomical structure and

function of vegetative organs. The relationship and interaction of

cells and tissues in the plant organism. Shoot and root - main

vegetative organs of plants common features and differences.

10. Determining sketch, a description of the anatomical structure of

roots of monocots and flowering herbaceous plants with

photographs of cross sections.

2

11. Types of axial cylinder, which are typical for the major groups of

higher plants. Leaf traces and traces of branching. Anatomical

features that can be used to determine the plant life forms,

belonging to the class, and if possible, to the family. Definition,

sketch, description of the anatomical structure of the stems of

monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous herbaceous plants and

stems of woody angiosperms plants and and gymnosperms with

photographs of cross sections.

2


roots of angiosperms and gymnosperms with photographs of

cross sections.

2


leaves of monocots, dycots and gymnosperms with photographs

of cross sections and micropreparations.

2

14. Morphological diversity of roots and shoots. Buds: definition,

structure, classification, variety, meaning.

2

15. Metamorphoses of the shoots underground and above ground:

their origin, structure, functions, diagnostic significance.

Imagination about the homology and analogy of organs. The

concept of life forms.

2

16. Systematics plants, the main concept. Modern phylogenetic

system phototrophic and fungi. Taxonomic categories and taxa.

Botanical nomenclature. Principles and methods of classification

of plant organisms. Concept about chemosystems. The concept

of lower and higher plants, their features and classification.

2

17. Characteristics of the Division of Cyanobacteria. Examine and

describe the features of the structure, distribution, structure of

biologically active substances, used in pharmacy, medicine and

other fields of genus Spirulina.

1

18. Characteristics of algae divisions are red, green and brown. To

study and describe the general characteristics of true algae, their

nutrition, reproduction, ecology, significance and usage of

representatives of genus Laminaria.

2

19. Characterization of fungi, from ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

classes. Examine and describe the structure of the vegetative

body, nutrition, reproduction, value and usage of birch fungus -

chaga.

2

20. Characteristics of the Divisionn of Lichens. Examine and

describe lichen Cladonia rangiferina.

2

21. Divisions of Bryophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta,

Polypodiophyta: examine, describe the morphology, and to draw

a cycle of development and of alternation of generations and

change of nucleus phases.

2

22. Gymnosperms. To study the morphology, Latin names, 1

https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina

24

distribution in the nature of medicinal plant Taxus baccata.

23. Magnoliophyta Division – The Flowering plants. Dicotyledones

(Magnoliopsida) Class. Magnoliidae Subclass. To study and

describe morphology, Latin names, distribution in the nature of

medicinal plants: Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae family);

Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae family); Nuphar lutea

(Nymphaeaceae family)

2


(Magnoliopsida) Class. Ranunculidae Subclass. To study and


medicinal plants: Nigella damascena, Hydrastis canadensis

(Ranunculaceae family); Macleaya cordata (Papaveracea

family); Berberis vulgaris, Podophýllum peltátum

(Berberidaceae family); Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae family) .

2


(Magnoliopsida) Class. Caryophyllidae Subclass. To study and


medicinal plants: Rumex acetosa (Polygonaceae). Dilleniidae

Subclass. To study and describe morphology, Latin names,

distribution in the nature of medicinal plants: Viola tricolor

(Violaceae family); Populus nigra (Salicaceae family).

1


(Magnoliopsida) Class. Subclass Dilleniidae. To study and


medicinal plants: Ricinus communis, Euphorbia milii

(Euphorbiaceae family); Hibiscus spp. (Malvaceae family),

Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae family); Citrullus vulgaris

(Cucurbitaceae family); Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae

family); Urtica urens (Urticaceae family); Ficus carica

(Moraceae family).

3


(Magnoliopsida) Class. Rosidae Subclass. To study and describe

morphology, Latin names, distribution in the nature of medicinal

plants: Malus domestica, Filipendula vulgaris, Prunus persica

(Rosaceae family); Syzygium aromaticum (Caryophyllus

aromaticus) (Myrtaceae family); Punica granatum (Punicaceae

family); бадану товстолистого Bergenia crassifolia

(Saxifragaceae family);

2


(Magnoliopsida) Class. Hamamelididae Subclass. To study and


medicinal plants: Hamamelis virginiana (Hamamelidaceae

family).

2




plants: Drosera rotundifolia (Droseraceae family); Rhodiola

rosea, Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae family); Vitis vinifera

(Vitaceae family); Elaeagnus angustifolia (Elaeagnaceae

family); Pánax ginseng, Aralia mandshúrica, Eleutherococcus

senticosus (Araliaceae family); Oenothera biennis (Onagraceae

family); Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae family).

2

https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araliaceae

25




plants: Thermopsis lanceolata, Cassia acutifolia, Lathyrus

laevigatus, Acacia melanoxylon, Styphnolobium japonicum,

Amorpha fruticosa, Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fabaceae

family); Citrus limon (Rutaceae family); бузина трав’яниста

Sambucus ebulus (Sambucaceae family); Cotinus coggygria

Scop. (Rhus cotinus L.), Rhus coriaria L., сумах зонтичний

Rhush (Anacardiaceae family)

2


(Magnoliopsida) Class. Lamiidae Subclass. To study and


medicinal plants: Coffea arabica, Rubia tinctórum L.,

(Rubiaceae family); Rosmarinus officinalis, ортосифон

Orthosiphon aristatus (Lamiaceae family); Plantago lanceolata

(Plantaginaceae family);

1

32. Lamiidae Subclass. To study and describe morphology, Latin

names, distribution in the nature of medicinal plants: Scopolia

carniolica (Solanaceae family); Schlumbergera truncata

(Cactaceae family); Nepenthes spp. Nepenthaceae; Sesamum

indicum (Pedaliaceae family); Gentiana (Gentianaceae family);

Polemonium caeruleum (Polemoniaceae family); Strýchnos nux-

vómica (Loganiaceae family); Strophánthus kómbe

(Apocynaceae family)

1


(Magnoliopsida) Class. Asteridae Subclass. To study and


medicinal plants: Echinacea angustifolia, Senecio vulgaris,

Dahlias pp., Pyrethrums spp., Solidago virgaurea (Asteraceae

family); омела біла Viscum album (Loranthaceae family); ерва

шерстиста Aerva lanata (Amarantháceae family).

2

34. Magnoliophyta Division – The Flowering plants. Class

Liliopsida (Monocotyledones). Liliidae Subclass. To study and


medicinal plants: Drіmіa marіtіma (Lіlіaceae family);

Colchicum autumnale (Colchicaceae family); Aloe arborescens

(Asphodelaceae or from 2016 Xanthorrhoeaceae family);

Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae family); Cyperus esculentus

(Cyperaceae family)

2

35. Magnoliophyta Division – The Flowering plants. Class

Liliopsida (Monocotyledones). Alismatidae Subclass. To study

and describe morphology, Latin names, distribution in the nature

of medicinal plants: Zingiber officinale, Curcuma damastica

(Zingiberaceae; family)

2

36. Elements of ecology, phenology and plant geography; goal,

objectives, methods and objects of study

2

37. Protecting plant life, rational use, preservation and renewal of

medicinal plant resources. Concepts about nature reserves, the

Red Book, international organizations and their legislative

activities. The World Health Organization and the European

Union on programs for the development and production of

2

26

effective and safe phytopreparations - the place of

pharmaceutical botany in the phytoneering system .

Total 70

7. Individual tasks

Individual tasks in pharmaceutical botany are performed in separate sections according to the

following topics:

• studying morphological structure medicinal plants, their description and interpretation and

synthesis of the results, design research results, and formulation of conclusions;

• studying the anatomical structure of medicinal plants; of their anatomical microscopic study

summarizing the results, design research results, and formulation of conclusions;

• studying the systematic position of medicinal products, determining the types of determinants;

comparison of morphological and anatomical features of several species of the same genus,

design research results, and formulation of conclusions;

• familiarization with the regulations of Ukraine and the World Health Organization, the

governing principles of good practice cultivation and collection of herbs for use in pharmacy

plant material (Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, GACP).

8. Methods of training

In the study of pharmaceutical botany, verbal visual and practical methods are used. At

the same time, each stage of training in accordance with the theme uses the material, which

involves the awakening of interest, cognitive need, updating of basic knowledge, necessary skills

and abilities, which were received by students in studying previous disciplines, as well as

emphasis on methods of studying new material; on methods of concretization and deepening of

knowledge.

At each lesson are solved specific tasks in accordance with the theme of the program. The

emphasis is placed on the need to use theoretical knowledge for acquiring practical skills and

skills that facilitate the use of the knowledge; the role of practice and self-education.

The method is used to direct teaching activities directly or indirectly (distinguish methods of

explaining the teacher and various methods of organizing independent work of students)

methods.

For didactic purposes, distinguish the methods of organizing the activities of those who

teach: independent work at a lesson under the direction of a teacher; methods of stimulation of

activity: independent work with information sources, work in the laboratory under the guidance

of a teacher, participation in contests, student scientific conferences, competitions,

encouragement and other methods of verification and evaluation.

The curriculum provides for the study of pharmaceutical botany with the following types

and forms of training: a) lectures; b) laboratory classes; c) independent work of students; d)

consultations.

The topics of the lecture course summarize and structure the theoretical material, cover

the issues of the relevant sections of the discipline. All lectures from the pharmaceutical botanist

are provided with multimedia presentation materials. Also lectures are conducted using tables,

herbarium plants, samples of plant material, collections of plant organs.

Practical classes in the method of their organization are laboratory and provide for the

study of plant objects, the solution of situational tasks. During laboratory studies, herbarium

specimens of plants, samples of fresh and canned vegetable raw materials, collections of plant

organs, micropreparations, chemical reagents, microscopes are used.

Independent work of students consists of preparation for laboratory assignments,

independent theoretical study of some issues that are incompletely covered in the textbook, the

study of individual topics of the program and objects that are foreseen for self-study and not

applied to the laboratory workshops, writing reviews and abstracts, etc. The control of the

implementation of independent work is carried out in classroom according to the specific goals

27

of the topic, during the current control, including those that are not part of the structure of the

class and are processed by the student on their own. Assimilation of those that are imposed only

on independent work is controlled by the final control.

While performing independent work, students use a system of educational and

methodological tools provided by the program, namely: textbooks; educational and methodical

aids; Guidelines; lecture notes; relevant scientific and periodical literature; information sources,

web pages of the search network "Internet"

Individual work can be performed at the university library, departmental colleges and at

home. A student may contact a teacher in consultation with obscure issues arising from the study

of discipline and the performance of independent work, especially the processing of individual

topics of the program and objects that are foreseen only for self-study and not applied to a

laboratory workshop.

9. Methods of control

In studying the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" the following types of control are

used:

The current educational activity of students is controlled by laboratory classes and

during the individual work of a teacher with a student according to the subject of laboratory

work. The forms of control are testing, performing laboratory studies with the level of practical

skills and the ability to evaluate the results obtained, oral, individual survey. The final control is

carried out after the student completes the curriculum.

The form of final control in the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" according to the

curriculum is the exam (IV semester).

10. The current control of students from pharmaceutical botany is carried out during

conducting training sessions and aims at verifying students' learning of the material. Current

educational activities are supervised by laboratory tests at the beginning by testing (15 test tasks

of varying degrees of complexity), and/or the definition and description of photographs or

diagrams of the sections of the tissues and organs (control of theoretical training) and, at the end,

by verifying the accuracy of the tasks performed with the anatomy, morphology, or taxonomy

(systematics) of determining the level of acquired practical skills during oral questioning and

enrollment of the protocol (control of practical training).

10.1. Assessment of current training activities. When assessing the mastering of each topic for

the current educational activity, the student is awarded grades on a 4-point (traditional) scale,

taking into account the approved evaluation criteria. This takes into account all types of work

provided for by this curriculum. A student receives an assessment from each topic. Shown on a

traditional scale of evaluation are converted to points.

11. Form of the final control of the training success The study of the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" is carried out during 2 semesters in the

second year of study: in the third semester, according to the results of the current educational

activity, a credit is put out, the final control of the study of the discipline (examination) is

conducted in the IV semester

Semester test - a form of final control, which is to assess the mastering of educational

material on pharmaceutical botany solely on the basis of the performance of all types of

educational work provided a working curriculum of pharmaceutical botany. Semester test results

exhibited by current control. Semester test results exhibited by current control. In the third

semester, an assessment from a pharmaceutical botanist is based on the results of the current

academic activity and is expressed on a two-point scale "enrolled" or "not enrolled". To enroll

the student must receive for the current educational activity a ball not less than 60% of the

maximum amount of points in discipline (120 points).

28

In the study of the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" in the IV semester, the form of

final control in accordance with the curriculum is an examination (exam).

The semester exam is a form of final control of the student's acquisition of theoretical and

practical material from a separate discipline for a semester, which is conducted as a control

measure. A student is considered to be admitted to the semester examination on discipline, if he

has attended all classroom training sessions provided by the training program on pharmaceutical

botany, has completed all types of work envisaged by the work program of this discipline and

during his study, during the semester, scored points not less than the minimum (72 points).

A semester exam on pharmaceutical botany is conducted in writing during the exam

session, according to the schedule.

The form of the examination on pharmaceutical botany is standardized, including the

control of theoretical and practical training.

Test of theoretical training is carried out by testing with the help of a block of test tasks

of A format with the volume of 50 questions in each separate ticket, which cover the entire

program material from the discipline. The correct answer to the question of each test task is

estimated at 1 point. For each wrong answer, you are given 0 points. Maximum student can

score for theoretical training - 50 points.

The examination of practical training of a student includes 2 tasks, of which:

- 1 task: description of the characteristic morphological features of vegetative and generative

organs of plants (type of root system, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed, life form) and

definition of taxonomic categories (family, genus, species), in the case of 2 herbarium plant

specimens. Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point. Maximum student can score for this

task 20 points (10 points for each herbarium speciemen);

- 2 task: description of the anatomical structure of the vegetative body of a plant, determination

of its type of structure by a photograph or a schematic representation of its transverse (cross-) or

longitudinal section. The complete histological description of the body is estimated at 8 points,

and the determination of the type of body structure - 2 points. Maximum student can score for

this task 10 points

Maximum student can score for practical training - 30 points.

The maximum number of points that a student can score while completing the exam is 80

points. The minimum number of points during the examination is not less than 50 points.

12. Scheme of allocation and distribution of points received by students:

The maximum number of points a student can score for the current academic activity for

admission to the exam is 120 points.

The minimum number of points that a student must score for the current training for

admission to the exam is 72 points.

Calculating the number of points received is based on student assessments by 4-point

scale (national) scale in the study subjects, by calculating the arithmetic mean (CA), rounded to

two decimal places. The resulting value is converted into points by multi-scale so:

For convenience, the table is converted into a 200-point scale:

Recalculation of the average for the current activity from the pharmaceutical botany in the multi-

point scale in the IV semester, which ends with the exam.

4-

points

scale

200-

points

scale

4-

points

scale

200-

points

scale

4-

points

scale

200-

points

scale

4-

points

scale

200-

points

scale

5 120 4,45 107 3,91 94 3,37 81

29

4,95 119 4,41 106 3,87 93 3,33 80

4,91 118 4,37 105 3,83 92 3,29 79

4,87 117 4,33 104 3,79 91 3,25 78

4,83 116 4,29 103 3,74 90 3,2 77

4,79 155 4,25 102 3,7 89 3,16 76

4,75 114 4,2 101 3,66 88 3,12 75

4,7 113 4,16 100 3,62 87 3,08 74

4,66 112 4,12 99 3,58 86 3,04 73

4,62 111 4,08 98 3,54 85 3,0 72

4,58 110 4,04 97 3,49 84

Less 3 Not

enough 4,54 109 3,99 96 3,45 83

4,5 10 3,95 95 3,41 82

Independent work of students is assessed during the current control of the topic in the relevant

classwork. Learning topics submitted only on independent work is controlled at the final control.

The maximum number of points that a student can collect in the preparation of the exam is 80.

The minimum number of points during the examination - not less than 50.

The assessment from the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany", which completes the exam,

is defined as the sum of points for the current educational activity (not less than 72) and the

marks for the exam (not less than 50).

Disciplines are independently converted into ECTS and 4-point (national) scales. The

ECTS scores on the 4-point scale are not converted and vice versa.

Scores of students enrolled in the specialty "Pharmacy" to the number of points gained in

the discipline ranked on a scale ECTS as follows:

Assessment of

ECTS The statistical indicator

А The best 10% of students

В The next 25% of students

С The next 30 %of students

D The next 25% of students

E The last 10% of students

A, B, C, D, E rankings are awarded to students of this course, who study in one specialty and

successfully complete the study of discipline. Students who received FX, F ("2") ratings are not

included in the list of ranked students. Students with an FX score after reassembly automatically

receive a "E" score.

Points for discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" for students who have successfully

completed the program are converted into a traditional 4-point scale by the absolute criteria

listed below in the table:

Score points Score on a 4-point scale

From 170 to 200 points 5

From 140to 169 points 4

From 139 to 122 points 3

Below 122 points 2

The ECTS mark on a traditional scale is not converted because the ECTS scale and the four-

point scale are independent. Objectivity of assessment of students' educational activity is

30

checked by statistical methods (correlation coefficient between ECTS assessment and national

scale assessment).

13. Methodical support.

The study of the discipline "Pharmaceutical Botany" is provided with the following

methodological literature:

- Anatomy of Plant cells, tissues, organs and their morphology. Methodical instructions

for laboratory works in botany for students of pharmaceutical department. Lviv. 2005. – 122 p.

- REGISTER ON Pharmaceutical Botany for the students of specialty “Pharmacy”

7.12020101 Plants Morphology Methodical instruction for practical classes. Lviv. 2017. – 50 p. - Register of the training-field practice on Pharmaceutical Botany for the students of

“pharmacy” speciality. Lviv. 2014. – 50 p.

14. Readings

Basic:

1. Pharmaceutical botany: textbook / T.M.Gontova, A.H. Serbin, S.M. Marchyshyn et al.,

edited by T.M. Gontova. – Ternopil: TSMU, 2013. – 380 p.

2. “Plant Kingdom. Vascular plants: Flowering Plants. Selected Families of Flowering

Plants: Main characteristics, classification, and medicinal importance”. Edited by N.M.Vorobets.

– Lviv, 2010. – 260 p.

3. “Plant Kingdom. Bryophytes. Seedless vascular plants: Ferns and their relatives.

Gymnosperms. Main characteristics, classification, and medicinal importance. Edited by

N.M.Vorobets. – Lviv, 2012. – 46 p.

4. Raven P.H., Evert R.F., Eichhorn S.E. Biology of Plants. W.H.Freeman and Company

Publishers. 2005. – 686 p.

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