routing protocols in zigbee based networks: a survey
TRANSCRIPT
Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
43 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
Routing Protocols in Zigbee Based networks:A Survey
1Harmanpreet Kaur, 2Amol P Bhondekar1M.E. Scholar, NITTTR Chandigarh, 2Principal Scientist, CSIR-CSIO Chandigarh.
Abstract: ZigBee is the new standard developed wirelesspersonal area network (WPAN) based on IEEE 802.15.4 forlow cost, low data rate and low power consumption wirelessnetwork. In present times, zigbee has become a hot topic forresearch and development all over the world. This paperbriefly describes various ZigBee network topologiesincluding star, cluster tree and mesh topology and furtherintroduces different ZigBee routing protocols such as AODV,AODVjr, Hierarchical, Integrated and Enhanced hierarchicalrouting protocol (EHRP).
Keywords: Zigbee, Routing protocols, Networks, topologies.
I. INTRODUCTIONIn December 2000, an IEEE 802 WPAN (WirelessPersonal Area Network) group was founded to define thewireless protocol for WPAN. A new protocol IEEE802.15.4 was released in December 2003 for low powerand low cost wireless networking for domestic andindustrial environments. Further the ZigBee Alliancereleased its first specification in December 2004, basedupon the physical (PHY) and medium access control(MAC) layer of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol [1].ZigBee defines three types of devices: ZigBee coordinator,ZigBee router and ZigBee end device. The ZigBeespecification defines network layer, application layer andcorrelative security strategies, based upon the physical(PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer of IEEE802.15.4 protocol. The definition of ZigBee network layerincludes network topology, network establishment,network maintenance, routing and its maintenance [2].Typical applications of IEEE 802.15.4 devices are: i)industrial control, ii) environmental and structural healthmonitoring; iii) home automation, entertainment and toys;iv) security, location and asset tracking; v) emergency anddisaster response.In this paper, Part II explains various network topologies inZigbee network. Part III analyses various routing protocolsat the network layer developed to optimize networkperformance in terms of various parameters such as energyefficiency, delay, security, etc. Finally conclusions aredrawn in the last part.
II. ZIGBEE NETWORK TOPOLOGIESIn the star topology, the communication is establishedbetween devices and a single central controller, called thePAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator may be mainspowered while the devices will most likely be batterypowered. The star topology is not preferred insophisticated wireless sensor networks. The star topologyof ZigBee is mainly designed for the simplecommunication from one node to several nodes.The mesh topology has a PAN coordinator. Any devicecan communicate with any other device as long as they arein range of one another. A mesh network can be ad hoc,
self-organizing and self-healing. Applications such asindustrial control and monitoring, wireless sensornetworks, asset and inventory tracking use this topology. Italso allows multiple hops to route messages from onedevice to other in the network. It can provide reliability bymultipath routing.
Figure 4: Zigbee Network topologies[11]In tree topology, coordinators still initiate and maintain thenetwork. But routers are used to enlarge the network.Routers control the flow of data by using hierarchicalrouting strategies in the network. They also may implybeacon enabled network defined in IEEE 802.15.4 forperiodical data transmission. It is a special case of meshnetwork in which most devices are FFDs (Full FunctionDevice) and an RFD (Reduced Function Device) mayconnect to a cluster-tree network as a leave node at the endof a branch [1,3].
III. ZIGBEE ROUTING PROTOCOLSVarious Routing algorithms can beimplemented on the Zigbee network layer like AODV,AODVjr, Cluster tree, EHRP, multipath and so on whichwill be discussed in detail in this part.The AODV (Ad-Hoc On demand Distance Vector) routingis a pure on-demand route acquisition algorithm. The nodewhich needs the connection broadcasts a route requestRREQ to its neighbors who re-route the message andsafeguard the node from which they received the message.Along with its own sequence number and the RouteRequest ID, the source node includes in the RREQ themost recent sequence number it has for the destination.The path cost comparison of packets with the same RREQallows choosing best path at the moment and discardinganything worse. When a node receives a message and ithas an entry corresponding to the destination in its routingtable, it returns a RREP through the reverse path to therequesting node. So, the source sends its data through thispath to the destination with the minimum number of hops[4, 5].
Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT -2015 44
In the ZFA protocol, if one node has no route to onedestination node, it broadcasts the data of transport layerthrough the way of flooding. The ZFA protocol combinesrouting discovery with data transmission. The destinationnode sends the packet of route layer along the reversedirection after receiving packet, and then the routing isestablished [6].AODVjr removes form the AODV specification thesequence numbers, gratuitous RREP, hop count, Hellomessage, RREP, precursor lists. In AODVjr, ifcommunications are unidirectional, the destination sendsConnect messages to the source. If data traffic isbidirectional, no additional messages are used. In any case,a source detects a link break in a route when it receives nomessages from the destination [1].An AODVjr routing protocol with multiple feedbackpolicy [7] by means of processing main message duringroute discovery. The source node starts the routediscovery, the destination node processes every RouteRequest (RREQ) and sends every Route Reply (RREP) asfeedback information to the source node, and the sourcenode processes multiple RREP messages for routingdecision. The improved AODVjr changes the routingdecision commander from destination to source and makea proactive routing decision on the basis of multiplefeedback information.In ZBR (Zigbee Routing) or Hierarchical Routing Protocol(HERA), during the establishment of the network, theZigBee coordinator determines maximum number ofchildren routers a parent may have as children. In addition,each node has a "depth" which is the minimum number ofhops to reach the coordinator using only parent-child link.For constructing the path, the source node checks if therecipient is one of its descendants because it knows thenetwork address in the block of its child node. Otherwise,the source and the parent node send the data to its parent.The downlink of information is provided through atechnique for determining the successor based on theZigBee router address, depth and address of the node [4].In the integrated routing [8], a node falls into one of thefollowing two classes: routing node plus (RN+), which hasenough memory to perform AODVjr routing; routing nodeminus (RN-), which has limited memory and onlyperforms cluster-tree routing. While an RN node alwaysfollows the cluster-tree, an RN+ node can either follow thecluster-tree or dynamically discover an AODV route,depending on various factors such as session duration andtolerable route discovery delay.In ZiCL (Zigbee Cluster Label) [4], the ZigBee network isdivided into one or more logical clusters and then a uniqueCluster Label is assigned to each cluster where the ClusterLabel represents addresses of all nodes in a logical cluster.Within each cluster, nodes can communicate with eachother in at most four hops. Every node is associated with aCluster Label and cluster heads are connected with eachother via gateway nodes, which are used to communicatewith an adjacent cluster. According to one hop neighborinformation, nodes which are connected with other clusterscan identify own role as a gateway.In the shortcut tree routing[9], remaining hops from an
arbitrary source to the destination are calculated using thehierarchical addressing scheme in ZigBee, and each sourceor intermediate node forwards a packet to the neighbor
node with the smallest remaining hops in its neighbortable.ZigBee Multipath Hierarchical Tree Routing (Z-MHTR) isa multipath extension of the ZBR and the built paths arenode disjoint, used simultaneously to route data. Datapackets are routed to the sink (tree root) on up to threedisjoint paths. These routing decisions are performed on-the-fly thanks to the ZigBee tree topology propertieswithout requiring the traditional discovery phase usingRREQs [10].
IV. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, after a literature survey on the Zigbeetechnology, an in-depth knowledge about the topologiesand routing mechanism was acquired. The paper presenteddifferent routing protocols developed so far to improveperformance of Zigbee networks.
REFERENCESJing sun, Zhongxiao Wang, Hong wang, Xiaofen Zhang, “Research onRouting Protocols Based on ZigBee Network”, IEEE Third internationalConference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia SignalProcessing, pp. 639 – 642, Nov. 2007.Ran Peng, Sun Mao-heng, Zou You-min, “ZigBee Routing SelectionStrategy Based on Data Services and Energy-balanced ZigBee Routing”,IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Services Computing, pp. 400 – 404,Dec. 2006.Jianpo Li, Xuning Zhu, Ning Tang, Jisheng Sui, “Study on ZigBeeNetwork Architecture and Routing Algorithm”, 2nd InternationalConference on Signal Processing Systems, pp. 389-392, July 2010.Mohamed Kasraoui, Adnane Cabani, Joseph Mouzna, “Improvement ofZigbee Routing Protocol”, IEEE International Conference on GreenComputing and Communications, pp. 788-793, Nov. 2012.Kwang Koog Lee, Seong Hoon Kim, Yong Soon Choi, Hong Seong Park,“A Mesh Routing Protocol using Cluster Label in the ZigBee Network”,IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, pp.801-806, Oct. 2006.Zheng Sun, Xiao-guang Zhang, Dianxu Ruan, Hui Li, Xun Pang, “ARouting Protocol based on Flooding and AODV in the ZigBee Network”,International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, pp.1-4,May 2009.Shang Tao, Wu Wei, Liu Xu-Dong, Liu Jian-Wei, “AODVjr RoutingProtocol with Multiple Feedback Policy for ZigBee Network”, 13th IEEEInternational Symposium on Consumer Electronics, pp. 483-487, May2009.Sinem Coleri Ergen, “ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4Summary”,http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/csinem/academic/publications/zigbee.pdf.Taehong Kim, Seong Hoon Kim, Jinyoung Yang, Seong-eun Yoo,“Neighbor Table Based Shortcut Tree Routing in ZigBee WirelessNetworks”, IEEE Transactions On Parallel and Distributed Systems, pp.706-716, March 2014.Zahia Bidai, Hafid Haffaf, Moufida Maimour, “Node disjoint multi-pathrouting for zigbee cluster-tree Wireless Sensor Networks”, InternationalConference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp. 1-6, April2011.P. Baronti , P. Pillai , V. Chooks. Chessa , A. Gadda , Y. F. Hu ,“Wireless sensor networks: A survey on the state of the art and the802.15.4 and ZigBee standards,” Computer Communications, pp. 1655 –1695, May 2007.