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![Page 1: Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin …stecklescience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/2/2/23227308/... · 2020. 2. 4. · and the RNA polymerase will no longer be able](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081614/5fcbde041af9ed50e077db84/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FamousScientists-Belowisalistofscientistswelearnedaboutthischapter.Giveabriefexplanationoftheirexperimentorwhattheydidforgeneticresearch.RosalindFranklinWatsonandCrickFredrickGriffithIrwinChargraffMarthaHersheyandAlfredChaseMesselsonandStahlAvery,MacLeodandMcCarthyBrieflydescribeconjugation,transformationandtransductioninbacteria.Whatistheultimategoalofallthreeofthem?
![Page 2: Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin …stecklescience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/2/2/23227308/... · 2020. 2. 4. · and the RNA polymerase will no longer be able](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081614/5fcbde041af9ed50e077db84/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Howdidyouusetransformationinthelab?Howarethebacteriadifferent?Howwilltheylookonanutrientagarplate?AgarAgarwithampicillinAgarwithkanamycinEcoliEcoliw/amprEcoliw/kamrWhyisthefirstcolumnnotausefulcomparison?DNAandDNAReplicationListthebasicpartsofanucleotide.Howcanyoutellthe5’and3’endsofaDNAstrand?
![Page 3: Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin …stecklescience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/2/2/23227308/... · 2020. 2. 4. · and the RNA polymerase will no longer be able](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081614/5fcbde041af9ed50e077db84/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
HowisDNAdifferentfromRNA?WhatdeterminesthefactthatDNAhasanoverallnegativecharge?HowdoesgelelectrophoresisworkandwhatisneededtobreakuptheDNAintofragments?WhendoesacellreplicateitsDNA?WheredothenucleotidescomefromthatwillultimatelyformthenewDNAstrandcomefrom?Isitpossiblethenewnucleotideswillshowupineachofthenewstrands?Explain.Howaretheleadingandlaggingstrandsdifferent?
![Page 4: Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin …stecklescience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/2/2/23227308/... · 2020. 2. 4. · and the RNA polymerase will no longer be able](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081614/5fcbde041af9ed50e077db84/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CompletelydescribeDNAreplication.Besuretoincludewordslike:DNAPolymeraseIII,RNAPrimase,RNAPrimer,DNAPolymeraseI,OkasakiFragments,Nucleotides,Helicase,Topoisomerase,HydrogenBonds,Antiparallel,Semi-conservativeandDNALigase.WhatcanbesaidabouteachnewDNAmolecule?HowcanthePolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)beusedtospeedthisprocessup(replication)?
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HowdoesPCRworkifyouonlystartwithasmallsampleofDNA?ProteinSynthesisWhatistheprocessoftranscription?Wheredoesitoccurandwhatenzymeisnecessary?Howistranscriptioninprokaryotesandeukaryotesdifferent?HowisthemRNAcopied?Whatisthedifferencebetweenthecodingandtemplatestrand?WhichonedoestheRNApolymerasebindto?
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WhatispremRNA?Whyisitabitofahassleineukaryotes?Whatisthedifferencebetweenanintronandanexonandwhatistheenzymecalledthatcutsouttheunwantedportions?
![Page 7: Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin …stecklescience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/2/2/23227308/... · 2020. 2. 4. · and the RNA polymerase will no longer be able](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081614/5fcbde041af9ed50e077db84/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
HowelseismRNAprocessedbeforeitleavesthenucleus?IftheDNAisTACCCACACTTTmRNA_______________________________AminoAcids_______________________________Whatistranslation?TypesofMutationsNonsenseMissenseSilentDeletion/Insertion/Frameshift
![Page 8: Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin …stecklescience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/2/2/23227308/... · 2020. 2. 4. · and the RNA polymerase will no longer be able](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081614/5fcbde041af9ed50e077db84/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
GeneExpressioninProkaryotesOperons Inducible-Therepressorproteinthatismadebytheregulatorygeneisintheoperator.TheRNApolymerasecannotpassandthegenesarenotcodedfor.If
asubstanceistherethatneedstogetbrokendown(ex-lactosesothebacteriacangetthemuchneededglucose),themoleculewillfitintotherepressorproteinandalteritallostericallyandultimatelyremoveit,allowingtheRNApolymerasetotranscribethemRNAandcodeforthegenetobreakdownthegivenmolecule.
Inthisexamplealloftheenzymescodedforintheoperonwillallowlactosetobebrokendownandthebacteriacellcanusetheglucose.
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Repressible-TherepressorproteinthatismadebytheregulatorygeneisNOTinthe
operator.TheRNApolymerasecanpassandthegenesarecodedfor.Thiswillcontinuebecausethecellismakingenzymesthathelpitbuildspecificmolecules(tryptophanissynthesizedinthetrpoperon).Oncethecellhasmadeenoughofthedesiredmolecule,theextrawillfitintotherepressorproteinandalteritallosterically.ThischangewillallowtherepressorproteintofitintotheoperatorandtheRNApolymerasewillnolongerbeabletotranscribethemRNAandcodeforthosespecificenzymes.
TherepressorproteinisNOTintheoperatorsotheRNApolymerasecantranscribethegenes.Onceenoughofasubstance(trp)ispresent,therepressorproteinisalteredsoitFITSintotheoperatorandblocksthetranscription.
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GeneExpressioninEukaryotesHowisDNAcondensed?Howdoesgeneregulationleadtodifferentiation?HowdomethylationandacetylationaffectthecondensationofDNA?Whathappenswhenthecelldoesnotneedtheextraproteins/enzymesithas?Namethetwostepsthatarenecessary.