ROOT WORDSROOT WORDSDigestive and Urinary Digestive and Urinary

SystemsSystems

Heather Wipijewski CVT ALATHeather Wipijewski CVT ALAT

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEMDIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Also known as “alimentary”, Also known as “alimentary”, “gastrointestinal” and “GI” system.“gastrointestinal” and “GI” system.

StructuresStructures Oral cavityOral cavity PharynxPharynx EsophagusEsophagus StomachStomach Small and large intestinesSmall and large intestines Liver, gallbladder and pancreas are organs Liver, gallbladder and pancreas are organs

associated with digestive system.associated with digestive system.

Picture from http://www.seefido.com/html/dog_s_digestive_system.htm

1. Esophagus 11. Ileum

2. Cardiac spinchter 12. Sm. Intest.

3. Stomach 13. Colon

4. Spleen 14. Rectum

5. Pylorus 15. Anus

6. Liver

7. Gallbladder

8. Pancreas

9. Duodenum

10.Large Intestine

MouthMouth – or/o & stomat/o – or/o & stomat/o LipsLips – labi/o & cheil/o – labi/o & cheil/o CheekCheek – bucc/o – bucc/o TongueTongue – Lingu/o – Lingu/o TeethTeeth – dent/o, dent/I and odont/o – dent/o, dent/I and odont/o

– DeciduousDeciduous – Baby teeth – Baby teeth– IncisorIncisor – Front teeth used for cutting – Front teeth used for cutting– CanineCanine – Long pointed “fang” teeth – puncturing – Long pointed “fang” teeth – puncturing– PremolarPremolar – Cheek teeth – grinding – Cheek teeth – grinding– MolarsMolars- Teeth in the very back – grinding- Teeth in the very back – grinding

Canine dental formula :Canine dental formula : 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)

GumsGums- gingiv/o- gingiv/o

PharynxPharynx (throat) - pharyng/o (throat) - pharyng/o EsophagusEsophagus – esophag/o – esophag/o StomachStomach – gastr/o – gastr/o

MonogastricMonogastric – one stomach (dog, cat, horse) – one stomach (dog, cat, horse) RuminantRuminant – 4 stomachs (cattle, goats, sheep) – 4 stomachs (cattle, goats, sheep)

http://www.admani.com/alliancebeef/images/Rumen%20Diagram.jpg

•Rumen – Largest compartment of the ruminant stomach – serves as a fermentation vat.

•Reticulum – Most cranial compartment of ruminant stomach

•Omasum – 3rd compartment of the ruminant stomach. Grinds food before it enters the abomasum – also squeezes fluid out of the food bolus.

•Abomasum – 4th compartment – “true stomach” – secretes digestive enzymes.

Small IntestineSmall Intestine – enter/o – enter/o Duodenum – Duodenum – 11stst portion of the small intestine. portion of the small intestine. JejunumJejunum – Middle portion of small intestine. – Middle portion of small intestine. IleumIleum – Last portion of small intestine. – Last portion of small intestine.

Large IntestinesLarge Intestines – col/o – col/o– Consists of cecum, colon, rectum and anus.Consists of cecum, colon, rectum and anus.

– CecumCecum – cec/o - fermentation of food – also – cec/o - fermentation of food – also known as “hind gut fermenters” (non-known as “hind gut fermenters” (non-ruminant herbivores such as rabbit and ruminant herbivores such as rabbit and horse)horse)

http://www.admani.com/AllianceEquine/images/DigestiveTract.jpg

Accessory OrgansAccessory OrgansDigestive SystemDigestive System

LiverLiver – hepat/o – hepat/o Removes excess glucose Removes excess glucose

from bloodstream and from bloodstream and stores it as glycogen. stores it as glycogen. When the blood sugar is When the blood sugar is low, the liver converts low, the liver converts glycogen back into glycogen back into glucose.glucose.

Destroys old Destroys old erythrocytes (red blood erythrocytes (red blood cells), removes toxins cells), removes toxins from blood, produces from blood, produces some blood proteins and some blood proteins and stores iron, vitamins A, stores iron, vitamins A, B12, and D.B12, and D.

Produces bile – digestive Produces bile – digestive function. Aides in fat function. Aides in fat digestion.digestion.

GallbladderGallbladder – cholecyst/o – cholecyst/o Sac embedded in the liverSac embedded in the liver Stores bile for later use.Stores bile for later use. Rat and horse do not have a Rat and horse do not have a

gallbladder.gallbladder.

PancreasPancreas – pancreat/o – pancreat/o Located near dranial portion of Located near dranial portion of

duiodenumduiodenum Exocrine and endocrine Exocrine and endocrine

functionsfunctions ExocrineExocrine – Production of – Production of

digestive enzymes (tripsin, digestive enzymes (tripsin, lipase and amylase)lipase and amylase)

EndocrineEndocrine – Production of – Production of insulin and other hormones.insulin and other hormones.

URINARY SYSTEMURINARY SYSTEM

KidneyKidney – ren/o or nephr/o – ren/o or nephr/o One kidney sits on each side One kidney sits on each side

of the vertebral column below of the vertebral column below the diaphram.the diaphram.

Ren/o is used as an adjective – Ren/o is used as an adjective – such as renal pelvis or renal such as renal pelvis or renal disease. Nephr/o is used to disease. Nephr/o is used to describe pathological describe pathological conditions and surgical conditions and surgical procedures – nephritis and procedures – nephritis and nephrectomy.nephrectomy.

Blood flows into each kidney Blood flows into each kidney via the renal vein. Filtration of via the renal vein. Filtration of waste products by the kidney waste products by the kidney depends on the blood flow, depends on the blood flow, therefore, blood pressure can therefore, blood pressure can affect the rate at which affect the rate at which filtration takes place.filtration takes place.

NephronNephron – functional unit of – functional unit of the kidneythe kidney

UretersUreters – ureter/o – ureter/o Pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from kidneys Pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from kidneys

to the urinary bladder.to the urinary bladder.

Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder – cyst/o – cyst/o Hollow muscular organ that holds urine.Hollow muscular organ that holds urine. Very elasticVery elastic

UrethraUrethra – urethr/o – urethr/o Tube extending from urinary bladder to outside of Tube extending from urinary bladder to outside of

the body.the body. Females – function of urethra is to transport urine Females – function of urethra is to transport urine

to outside of body.to outside of body. Males – functin of the urethra is to transport urine Males – functin of the urethra is to transport urine

to outside of body and reproductive fluids from the to outside of body and reproductive fluids from the reproductive organs out of the body.reproductive organs out of the body.

UrineUrine End product of renal filtrationEnd product of renal filtration Collection methodsCollection methods

Free CatchFree Catch – Catch during mid-stream. Urine – Catch during mid-stream. Urine passes outside of body – therefore is not passes outside of body – therefore is not considered a “clean” sample. May also collect from considered a “clean” sample. May also collect from tabletops, floors, etc.tabletops, floors, etc.

CathetherCathether – Mostly done in males – hard to do in – Mostly done in males – hard to do in females since opening of vagina is there also. females since opening of vagina is there also. Collecting from bladder, however can cause Collecting from bladder, however can cause irritation in urethra from catheter hitting up against irritation in urethra from catheter hitting up against the sides, which can cause blood and an increase the sides, which can cause blood and an increase in cell numbers (Cathetherization vs. tumor?)in cell numbers (Cathetherization vs. tumor?)

CystocentesisCystocentesis – Withdrawl of urine directly from – Withdrawl of urine directly from the bladder using needle and syringe. Cleanest the bladder using needle and syringe. Cleanest method for collecting urine. Minimal irritation method for collecting urine. Minimal irritation (blood)(blood)