root-knot nematode management in zimbabwe · root-knot nematode management in zimbabwe : current...
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ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE :
CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS
48th TOBACCO WORKERS CONFERENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA
P.T. Makunde, T.S. Mahere, C. Chinheya and S. Dimbi
Tobacco Research Board, Zimbabwe
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NEMATODE CONTROL IN ZIMBABWEHas mostly relied on the use of the fumigants eg•Methyl-bromide in
the seedbeds and
• 1.3 D and EDB in the field.
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ADVANTAGES OF FUMIGANT NEMATICIDES
• Good return on investment
• have a broad-spectrum of activity,
• very effective when correctly applied
• Long period of control
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INTRODUCTION
• In line with international trends the fumigants – no longer acceptable for use on tobacco.
• What options are available for nematode control?
SOME AGROCHEMICALS NO LONGER RECOMMENDED FOR USE ON TOBACCO IN ZIMBABWE
ACTIVE INGREDIENT CATEGORY1,3-Dichrolopropene/Methyl bromide NematicideAcephate, Thiodicarb InsecticidesAlachlor, Trifluralin HerbicideAldicarb Nematicide/InsecticideBenomyl FungicideDimethenamid, Metolachlor, HerbicidesEthylene dibromide NematicideFenvalerate InsecticideMethamidophos, Monocrotophos Insecticides
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ALTERNATIVE SYNTHETIC NEMATICIDES
TRB working on
• Chemical alternatives (seedbed and field)
• Genetic resistance
• Cultural control K RK71
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SOME WORK ON THE CHEMICAL ALTERNATIVES
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Evaluation of Agrochemicals – Seedbed
• 1m2 beds • 3 blocks
• 2 varieties used
• 0.5 m x 0.45 m area pulled out for assessment
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Evaluation of Agrochemicals - Field
• A susceptible variety & a resistant var• Trials conducted over three seasons
• 3 rows/plot• 32 plants/row• 5 treatments• 3 blocks
32
THE TREATMENTS1. an untreated control,
2. a standard,
3. The test product at the lab determined rate,
4. a lower
5. a higher rate
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NEMATODE POPULATION EVALUATION• Soil samples collected
from around the base of the plants
• Taken to the greenhouse
• Susceptible tomato plants planted
• Galling on the tomato plants indicates nematode populations
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GALLING ON TOMATO PLANTS
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ROOT GALLING ASSESSMENTS
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SCORE DEGREE OF GALLING0 Free from galls 1 < 5 galls2 Trace to 25 galls3 20 – 100 galls4 Numerous galls, mostly discrete5 Numerous galls, many coalesced6 Heavy, mostly coalesced7 Very heavy, mass invasion, slight root growth8 Mass invasion, no root development
Daulton and Nasbaum (1961) scale of 0 – 8ROOT GALLING ASSESSMENTS
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Alternative NematicidesThe following were evaluated;
• Metham sodium• Metham potassium• Methyl iodide• Fluopyram• Fluensulfone (MCW-2)
methyl isothiocyanategenerators
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1. METHAM SODIUM
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• Beds watered - activate weeds & nematodes.
• MeNa applied as a drench
• Covered - polythene sheets for 7 days.
2.
METHAM SODIUM - SEEDBEDS
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METHAM SODIUM - APPLICATION
•Soil aerated - a fine tilth with a spade.
•Sowing - 28 days after product application.
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THE RESULTS
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
Grass Weeds Broadleaf weeds
No o
f wee
ds p
er m
2
Weed Type
ControlMeBrMeNa - 50 mlMeNa- 100 mlMeNa - 150 ml
Weed populations in MeNa treated plots
a
a
b b b b b b b b
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ROOT GALLING ON TOBACCO SEEDLINGS
012345678
Control Methylbromide
MeNa50ml
MeNa100ml
MeNa150ml
Gall
ratin
g (S
cale
0 -
8)a
b
aa a
•Root galling low
•All three rates effective
MeBr MeNa Cont
The observation: Seedlings in MeBr, MeNa and untreated plots
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METHAM SODIUM FIELD EVALUATION
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Metham Sodium – Field Application • A liquid formulation
• Applied using fumigation guns or tractor tines
• Fumigation conducted 14 days before planting
MANUAL APPLICATIONTractor Application
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Gal
l rat
ing
(sca
le 0
-8)
Treatment
a
b
c
b b b
RKN susceptible Variety RKN resistant Variety
Performance of Metham sodium in the field
ab
a aaa
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SUMMARY – METHAM SODIUM USE•Broad spectrum activity in seedbeds -controls nematodes and weeds
•Registered at the rate of 100 ml in 4 L water/m2
•In the field - applied at the rate of 4 ml/planting station
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CHALLENGES WITH METHAM SODIUM USE IN THE FIELD
• Can give inconsistent performance if not properly applied.
• Reported to be corrosive to equipment
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2. METHAM POTASSIUM &3. METHAM IODIDE
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APPLICATION METHOD
• MeK – same as Metham sodium
• Methyl Iodide -applied under 125 gauge polythene sheets.
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2. RESULTS – METHAM POTASSIUM
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Broadleaf grasses
No.
of w
eeds
per
m2
area
Weed type
Untreated controlMe-BrMe-Na (std)Me-K 80 ml/m2Me-K 100 ml/m2Me-K 120 ml/m2
Weed populations in Me-K treated plots
a
b b b b b
a
b b b b b
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00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
4
Cont Me-Br Me-K80
ml/m2
Me-K100
ml/m2
Me-K120
ml/m2
Cont Me-Br Me-K80
ml/m2
Me-K100
ml/m2
Me-K120
ml/m2
K M10 K RK66
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON SEEDLINGS
a
b
c dd a b b b b
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3. RESULTS - METHYL IODIDE
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WEED COUNTS - METHYL IODIDE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Broadleaf Grassses
No.
of w
eeds
per
m2
area
Weed type
Untreated control
Methyl Bromide
Methyl iodide 10 g/m2
Methyl iodide 20 g/m2
Methyl iodide 30 g/m2a
c cb c
c cb
c
a
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RKN GALL RATINGS ON SEEDLINGS FROM METHYL IODIDE TREATED PLOTS AT PULLING
0
1
2
3
Untreatedcontrol
Methylbromide
Methyliodide 10
g/m2
Methyliodide 20
g/m2
Methyliodide 30
g/m2
a
b b b b
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4. FLUOPYRAM
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Root
gal
ling
(sca
le 0
-8)
Treatment
Fluopyram Applied at sowing
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Root
gal
ling
(sca
le 0
-8)
Treatment
Fluopyram Applied 7 days after sowing
RKN GALL RATINGS AFTER FLUOPYRAM APPLICATION
a aaa
b
a aaab
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00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
4
Root
gal
ling
(sca
le 0
-8)
Treatment
Fluopyram Applied at sowing
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
4
Root
gal
ling
(sca
le 0
-8)
Treatment
Fluopyram Applied 7 days after sowing
RKN GALL RATINGS AFTER FLUOPYRAM APPLICATION
a aaa
b
a
bb
a
b
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FLUOPYRAM – FIELD TRIALS
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3 WAP 8 WAP 13 WAP
Gal
l rat
ing
(0 –
8)
Untreated control Metham-sodium stdFenamiphos std Velum 500SCVelum 400SC (0.05 ml/ p.s.) Velum Split application
Galling of tomato plants from soil assayed in the greenhouse
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Root galling in Fluopyram treated plots - 1
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
Root
-kno
t gal
ling
(Sca
le 0
-8)
KM10 (S) K RK72 (R)
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012345678
Con
trol
Fena
(STD
)
Fluo
(0.3
L/h
a)
Fluo
(0.6
L/h
a)
Fluo
(0.9
L/h
a)
Fluo
(1.2
L/h
a)
Con
trol
Fena
(STD
)
Fluo
(0.3
L/h
a)
Fluo
(0.6
L/h
a)
Fluo
(0.9
L/h
a)
Fluo
(1.2
L/h
a)
K M10 K RK64
Root
-kno
t gal
ling
(0 -
8)
Root galling in Fluopyram treated plots - 2
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• Effective for rkn control both in the seedbed and field
• Only registered for field use @ 0.9 L/ha (resistance management)
• No herbicidal effect - combine with a pre-emergent herbicide (eg clomazone)
Fluopyram - Summary
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5. FLUENSULFONE (MCW-2) -ADAMA
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1. Untreated control2. Metham sodium (STD) 60 L/ha3. Oxamyl (STD) 3 L/ha4. MCW-2 2 L/ha5. MCW-2 4 L/ha6. MCW-2 6 L/ha7. MCW-2 8 L/ha
FLUENSULFONE – FIELD TRIALS
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0
2
4
6
8Un
treat
ed c
ontro
l
Met
ham
-sod
ium
std
Oxa
myl
std
MC
W-2
(2 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(4 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(6 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(8 L
/Ha)
Untre
ated
con
trol
Met
ham
-sod
ium
std
Oxa
myl
std
MC
W-2
(2 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(4 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(6 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(8 L
/Ha)
K M10 T75
Gal
l rat
ing
(0 –
8)
Root-knot nematode gall rating - 2015
ab
a a a a aaaa aaab
c
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012345678
Untre
ated
con
trol
Oxa
myl
std
MC
W-2
(2 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(4 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(6 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(8 L
/Ha)
Untre
ated
con
trol
Oxa
myl
std
MC
W-2
(2 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(4 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(6 L
/Ha)
MC
W-2
(8 L
/Ha)
K M10 T75
Gal
l rat
ing
(0 –
8)
Root-knot nematode gall rating - 2016
a a a aaab bbb
d
c
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• Registered for use
• Applied in planting water @ 2 L in 450 L /ha)
FLUENSULFONE (MCW-2) : SUMMARY
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ALTERNATIVE NEMATICIDES ON TOBACCO IN ZIM CHEMICAL NAME COMMON NAME FOR USE
1. Potassium N-methyldithiocarbamate
Metham Potassium Seedbeds
2. Iodomethane Methyl iodide Seedbeds3. Tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-
1,3,5- thiadiazine-2-thioneDazomet®/Basamid® Seedbeds
4. Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate
Metham Sodium Seedbeds/ Field
5. Fluopyram - Bayer Velum® Field
6. Fluensulfone - Adama MCW 2 Field
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NON-CHEMICAL ALTERNATIVES
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NON-CHEMICAL ALTERNATIVES - SEEDBEDS
• The floating tray system
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• Developed a pine bark soilless media and a float fertilizer.
• Polystyrene tray factory put up at Kutsaga.
• Growers trained on the use of the floating tray technique
200, 242 & 120 cells2:1:2Pine bark based
FLOATING TRAY SYSTEM
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TRB agronomistTRB extentionist
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THE FLOATING TRAY SYSTEM - ADOPTION
• Adoption rate reported to be 30-40%
• Float trays sales data show the increased use
106634
84,092
226,925
351,743359,615
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
No.
of f
loat
tray
s so
ld fr
om TR
B
Year
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CHALLENGE : IMPENDING BAN OF STYROFOAM PRODUCTS
• Styrofoam already banned for food packaging
• TRB searching for recyclable alternatives & factory upgrade
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CULTURAL PRACTISES –CROP ROTATIONS
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CROP ROTATIONS• Traditionally : tobacco - 3/4 years grass-
tobacco
• Land sizes smaller post land reform
• Need for shorter term rotation crops
• Currently bulking up seed for a Katamboragrass – effective in18 months
KATAMBORA GRASS
GHR1 VARIETY
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RESISTANT VARIETIES
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• All recently developed Kutsaga varieties (K RK) have varying levels of root knot nematode resistance
RESISTANT VARIETIESVARIETY RESISTANCE LEVELSVARIETY CLASSIFICATION K RK64, K RK71, K RK72, T70, T 74, T75 Very high resistance
K RK29, T73 ,T76 High resistance
K RK66, K RK26R Moderate resistance
K M10 SusceptibleKM10 T 75
ROOT GALLING IN A SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT VARIETY POST-REAPING
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SUSCEPTIBLE VS RESISTANT VARS UNDER HIGH NEMATODE PRESSURE
KM10 (S)K RK66 (R)
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UNFUMIGATED KM10 FUMIGATED KM10
KM10 IN LAND WITH HIGH NEMATODE PRESSURE
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K RK71 IN LAND WITH HIGH NEMATODE PRESSURE
UNFUMIGATED FUMIGATEDUNFUMIGATED FUMIGATED
K RK72 IN LAND WITH HIGH NEMATODE PRESSURE
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CONCLUSIONOn their own, alternatives not as effective as the fumigants.....IPM approach – has good results• Resistant varieties
• The synthetic nematicides
• Good Agricultural practices (rotations, other tobacco best practices)
THE TEAM BEHIND THE WORK
Tafadzwa Mahere Dr Cleopas ChinheyaPrivilege Makunde
2018
_TW
C36
_Dim
bi.p
dfT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
Thank you
2018
_TW
C36
_Dim
bi.p
dfT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed