roman&republican&spaces& powerand&monumentality& · • how power, and social...
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• HOW POWER, AND SOCIAL VALUES, WERE VISUALLY EXPRESSED IN THE REPUBLIC
• THE MID REPUBLIC PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE PORTRAITURE
COINAGE • THE ERA OF POMPEY AND CAESAR
PORTRAITURE COINAGE ARCHITECTURE
• HOW VISUAL CULTURE HAD CHANGED
BY 44BCE
TERMINOLOGY • AES GRAVE – MID REPUBLICAN COINAGE • ASPECT – THE APPEARANCE OF A BUILDING • BASILICA/AE – JUDICIAL HALL • BUILT ENVIRONMENT – THE CONSTRUCTED ELEMENTS OF A
SPACE, ESPECIALLY A CITY, EG. BUILDINGS • COMITIUM/A – MEETING AREA IN THE FORUM • CULT CENTRE – PHYSICAL FOCUS OF WORSHIP • CURIA/AE – SENATE MEETING HOUSE • FORUM/A – PUBLIC SPACE IN ROME, ORIGINALLY A
MARKETPLACE, HOSTING SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
• FORUM BOARIUM – FORUM, ORIGINALLY THE CATTLE MARKET, IN SOUTH-‐WEST OF ROME
• FORUM ROMANUM – ROME’S MAIN FORUM, SITUATED BETWEEN THE CAPITOLINE AND PALATINE HILLS
• LEGEND – WRITING ON A COIN
• MOS/MORES MAIORUM -‐ THE WAY/S OF THE ANCESTORS • OBVERSE – THE FRONT, OR ‘HEADS’, OF A COIN • PERIPTERAL – HAVING COLUMNS ALL AROUND THE EXTERIOR • PHYSIOGNOMY – THEORY THAT A PERSON’S CHARACTER CAN BE
JUDGED BY THEIR APPEARANCE • PODIUM – THE HIGH BASE OF A BUILDING • REVERSE – THE BACK, OR ‘TAILS’, OF A COIN • ROSTRA – SPEAKERS’ PLATFORM IN THE FORUM ROMANUM • SEMI-‐PERIPTERAL – HAVING COLUMNS AROUND SOME OF THE
EXTERIOR • TYPOLOGY – TYPE OF BUILDING • VERISM – EXTREME REALISM • VISUAL CULTURE – A SOCIETY’S VISUAL MEDIA, EG.
ARCHITECTURE AND ART
ROME – MID 2ND CENTURY BCE
Ancient World Mapping Centre, hVp://awmc.unc.edu/wordpress/ (from this point referred to as AWMC); Google Maps, maps.google.com
PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE
• UTILITY • RELIGION • POLITICS • LEISURE • MEMORY
WALLS; AQUEDUCTS TEMPLES GOVERNMENT; HONORIFIC BATHS THEATRES FUNERARY
• UTILITY • TRADITION • RESPECT • PRIDE • MEMORY
TEMPLE OF JUPITER OPTIMUS MAXIMUS CAPITOLINUS (LATE 6TH BCE)
Clockwise L-‐R: Capitoline Temple, Musei Capitolinoi © Monique Webber 2013; plan and reconstrucbon Stamper, John W. The Architecture of Roman Temples. The Republic to the Middle Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 28 and 25; locabon AWMC
CAPITOLINE TEMPLE & TEMPLE OF MATER MATUTA (LATE 6TH BCE)
Clockwise L-‐R: image as before; Temple of Mater Matuta, Musei Capitolini © Monique Webber 2013
TRADITION & INNOVATION
Clockwise L-‐R: image as before; unidenbfied 2nd century BCE temple, Musei Capitolini © Monique Webber 2013; secbon of Parthenon Marbles, mid 5th century BCE, Bribsh Museum athensguide.org
Image as before; Temple of Portunus, mid 2nd century BCE, Rome © Monique Webber 2013
TRADITION & INNOVATION
STEPS
PODIUM
LOCAL TERRACOTTA VS. GREEK MARBLE
POLITICAL SPACES & TYPOLOGIES
AWMC; Google Maps, maps.google.com; both with addibons © Monique Webber 2013; Arch of Sepbmius Severus, 203CE, Forum Romanum © Monique Webber 2013
• BASILICA/AE – JUDICIAL HALL/S • SECOND CENTURY BCE – BASILICAE PORCIA, SEMPRONIA, AND AEMILIA • PUBLIC ARCHITECTURAL PATRONAGE – CARE FOR ROME, OWN GLORY
Rostra
Curia
PORTRAITURE – HISTORY & REALISM
Clockwise L-‐R: Alexander the Great, 2nd-‐1st century BCE, Bribsh Museum bribshmuseum.org; So-‐Called Relief of DomiFus Ahenobarbus, late 2nd century BCE, Musée du Louvre © Monique Webber 2013; Portrait of a Man, c300BCE, Musée du Louvre louvre.fr
COINAGE – TERMINOLOGY
• COINS ARE ISSUED (MINTED AND SENT OUT FOR USE) BY AN ISSUING AUTHORITY • IN THE REPUBLIC, THIS WAS THE MONEYERS (SPECIALLY APPOINTED MAGISTRATES) • MONEYERS CHOOSE/SUPERVISE THE IMAGES THAT APPEAR ON COINS
Denarius (silver coin), 47-‐46BCE bribshmuseum.org/research/publicabons/online_research_coins/roman_republican_coinage.aspx (from this point referred to as Republican Coins)
OBVERSE (FRONT/HEADS) REVERSE (BACK/TAILS)
LEGEND
PORTRAIT
IMAGE
PRIDE & PRESTIGE
Aes grave, mid 3rd century BCE, Musei Capitolini © Monique Webber 2013; denarius, 82BCE Republican Coins
EARLY 1ST CENTURY BCE – MONEYERS MAKE PERSONAL REFERENCES
MID 3RD CENTURY BCE – AES GRAVE BEARING ROMAN GODS
MID-‐REPUBLICAN VISUAL CULTURE
• FULFILLED A SOCIAL PURPOSE OF CONVEYING IDEAS • THE VIEWER WAS REMINDED OF THE PAST HOWEVER NEW IDEAS WERE MEDIATED WITH TRADITIONALISM
• PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS WAS PRESTIGIOUS HOWEVER SELF PROMOTION WAS ALWAYS LIMITED IN SOME WAY BY SOCIAL CONVENTIONS
• BALANCING OF TRADITION AND INNOVATION, INDIVIDUALISM AND COMMUNITY
REALISM BECOMES VERISM
Male Portraits, late 1st century BCE/early 1st century CE, Musei Vabcani; © Monique Webber 2013
Head of a Man, So-‐Called Brutus, early 3rd century BCE, Musei Capitolini ancientrome.ru/art/artwoken/img.htm?id=337; Portrait of Julius Caesar, c40BCE, Musei Torlonia ancientrome.ru/art/artwoken/img.htm?id=753; Pompey the Great, 30-‐50CE (posthumous), New Carlsberg Glyptotek utexas.edu; image as before
CAESAR, POMPEY, AND HISTORY
POMPEY ALEXANDER THE GREAT
CAESAR BRUTUS (REPUBLICAN)
Image as before; denarius, 46-‐45BCE Roman Republican Coins; denarius, 44BCE Republican Coins
COINAGE AND STATUS
DENARIUS OF CAESAR, 44BCE
DENARIUS OF POMPEY (POSTHUMOUSLY), 46-‐45BCE
DENARIUS (SILVER COIN), 82BCE
WHY ARCHITECTURE? • BY THE LATE REPUBLIC, ARCHITECTURE HAD BECOME OPENLY ABOUT SELF-‐PROMOTION
– CICERO ON LEPIDUS AND THE BASILICA AEMILIA • ARCHITECTURE HAS AN ENDURING EFFECT ON THE VIEWER – HOW THEY PERCEIVE AND MOVE THROUGH A SPACE • IT HAS A WIDE AUDIENCE • ROME’S PUBLIC WERE A CAPTIVE AUDIENCE • POMPEY AND CAESAR MADE THE MOST OF THIS – THEATRE OF POMPEY (POMPEY); BASILICA JULIA AND FORUM CAESARIS (CAESAR)
THEATRE OF POMPEY (55BCE)
Marbn Blazeby, View of the Theatre and Temple, 1996-‐2013 pompey.cch.kcl.ac.uk/; AWMC with addibons © Monique Webber 2013
A TEMPLE “UNDER WHICH WE HAVE BUILT SEATS FOR VIEWING THE SHOWS”
FORUM CAESARIS (BEGUN 54CE)
Forum Caesaris, modern view and reconstrucbon, ColeVa, Giuliana. Rome Reconstructed. Rome: Archeolibri, 2007.
SHOPS
VENUS GENETRIX
TYPICAL FORUM – PUBLIC SPACE; SHOPS; TEMPLE TEMPLE OF VENUS GENETRIX TO THE MOTHER OF ROME AND ALSO OF THE JULIANS NO-‐ONE HAD EVER NAMED A FORUM AFTER THEMSELVES
SHOPS
VENUS GENETRIX
FORUM CAESARIS (BEGUN 54CE)
AWMC with addibons © Monique Webber 2013
CAPITOLINE
FORUM ROMANUM
FORUM CAESARIS
SPUR
ASSESSING THE FORUM CAESARIS
• PRIVATE LAND NOW PUBLIC; NEW SPACE TO SHOP, MEET, WORSHIP, AND ESCAPE OVERCROWDED HOUSES
– GRATEFUL POPULACE • ARCHITECTURAL PATRONAGE, AND SELF-‐PROMOTION, NOT EXTRAORDINARY
– BUT THE FORUM CAESARIS ACHIEVED THIS ON AN UNPRECEDENTED SCALE • NOT OPENLY CHALLENGING THE STATUS QUO – BUT PUSHING THE BOUNDS OF TRADITIONALISM • FORUM CAESARIS WAS AN ULTIMATE STATEMENT OF CAESAR’S SUPREMACY