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The12th WEC Central & Eastern Europe Energy Forum-FOREN 2014-15-19 June 2014

The Romanian specificity and particularities of the heating/cooling systemsrunning on geothermal heat pumps – Comparative analysis with similar systems

achieved in Germany and Greece

Robert GAVRILIUC, Radu POLIZU, Burkhard SANNER,Costas KARYTSAS, Dimitrios MENDRINOS, Doinita Iuliana CUCUETEANU,

Radu HANGANU-CUCU

1. European legislation on renewable energy sourcesThe Directive 2009/28/EC (the “Renewable Energy Directive”) has given clear rules on how tocalculate the renewable share produced by geothermal heat pumps. As stipulated in Annex VII ofthat directive, the renewable (geothermal) contribution of geothermal heat pumps to the heatproduced from now on should be calculated by the following equation:

ERES = Qusable (1 – 1/SPF) [1]ERES Energy from renewable sourcesQusable Estimated total usable heat generated by the heat pumps that obey the requirement

SPF > 1.15 * 1/ηSPF Estimated average seasonal performance factor for the heat pumpη Estimated efficiency for the electricity productionEquation [1] has several limitations, namely:

a. Does not say if the heat pump (in case it is reversible) functions in heating mode, or incooling mode

b. Makes the assumption that the heat pump is electrically driven, namely the driving energy isthe electricity

Verification of Eq. [1] for heat pumps working in heating modeFirst Law of Thermodynamics shows that:

ERES, heating + Wheating = Qusable,heating [2]Where Wheating is the driving work needed by the heat pump. According to the symbols used inFigure 1, Wheating can be calculated as:

Wheating = Es_fan/pump + EHW_hp [3]Second Law of Thermodynamics shows that:

SPFheating = Qusable,heating / Wheating [4]

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Figure 1. Energy balance of a heat pump working in heating mode

Working on Eq. [4] yields:Wheating = Qusable,heating / SPFheating [5]

Substituting Eq. [5] in Eq. [2] yields:ERES, heating + Qusable,heating / SPFheating = Qusable,heating [6]

Working on Eq. [6] provides the equation for the calculation of the energy coming from renewableenergy sources and provided by the heat pump working in heating mode:

ERES, heating = Qusable,heating (1 - 1 / SPFheating) [7]One can notice that Eq. [7] is similar to Eq. [1], with the only distinction that the subscript“heating” is added to the terms ERES, Qusable and SPF.

Verification of Eq. [1] for heat pumps working in cooling mode

Let’s assume that the heat pump is reversible, and in summer time it works in cooling mode. Thereversible heat pump (in fact, a refrigeration/cooling machine) takes out of the building the energyQusable,cooling by means of Wcooling, and evacuates their sum to the environment.First Law of Thermodynamics shows that:

Qusable,cooling + Wcooling = Eenvironment [8]

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Figure 2. Energy balance of a heat pump working in cooling mode

Where Wcooling is the driving work needed by the heat pump working in cooling mode. According tothe symbols used in Figure 2, Wcooling can be calculated as:

Wcooling = Es_fan/pump + EACW_hp [9]Second Law of Thermodynamics shows that:

SPFcooling = Qusable,cooling / Wcooling [10]Working on Eq. [10] yields:

Wcooling = Qusable,cooling / SPFcooling [11]Substituting Eq. [11] in Eq. [8] yields:

Qusable,cooling + Qusable,cooling / SPFcooling = Eenvironment [12]Working on Eq. [12] provides the equation for the calculation of the energy evacuated to theenvironment by the reversible heat pump working in cooling mode:

Eenvironment = Qusable,cooling (1 + 1/ SPFcooling ) = Erecovered [13]Conclusions:

1. The concept “energy coming from renewable sources and captured by means of heat pumps– noted as “ERES” - is meaningful only when the heat pump works in heating mode. ERES isindeed extracted from the environment by means of the driving energy Wheating. We cannotspeak about ERES provided by a heat pump working in cooling mode, because it makes nosense.

2. When the heat pump works in cooling mode, the energy evacuated to the environmentEenvironment can be regarded as “recovered energy” and noted as Erecovered only if it is indeedrecovered and stored for further use. Air cooled chillers or water cooled chillers do notqualify for this denomination. Only ground source cooled chillers do qualify.

3. The term Erecovered includes also the driving energy for cooling Wcooling, which can be electricenergy or thermal energy.

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4. The term Erecovered is addressed in the Energy Efficiency Directive and must be analyzedwithin the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans.

In order to apply Eq. [1] at European level for statistical purposes, the EC issued the Decision2013/114/EU in March 2013. According to this decision and as a default (i.e. if no better data fromactual measurements are available), Qusable shall be calculated as follows:

Qusable = HHP * Prated [14]Qusable estimated total usable heat (in GWh)HHP full-load hours of operationPrated: capacity of heat pumps installedAlso default values for HHP and SPF are given in 2013/114/EU. These values are given for threedifferent climate zones (“suggested climate condition areas”: cold, average and warm), as shown infigure 3. The implications of this new, harmonised approach will have to be seen over the nextyears.

Figure 3: Climatic conditions areas (from EC Decision 2013/114/EU).

2. Application of the European legislation on renewable energy sources in the MemberCountries

2.1. GermanyStatistics on geothermal heat pumps (ground source heat pumps, GSHP) in Germany have beenorganised since the 1990s by the relevant industrial/professional associations, i.e. the German HeatPump Association (BWP) and the German Geothermal Association (GtV-BV). They were based onsales numbers reported by the heat pump manufacturers to an independent notary who compiledthem in an anonymous way (in order not to allow the sales success of individual companies to betraced back). The calculation of existing stock, installed capacity etc. was done by GtV-BV usingsome estimation (percentage of older units being withdrawn, average heating output, etc.). In 2010,BWP and GtV-BV made a joint effort to revise and align their respective numbers. In recent years,a working group on renewable energy statistics (AGEE-stat) on behalf of the German FederalMinistry for Environment (BMU) has endorsed these numbers and condensed them into the overallstatistics. With the rules of the Directive 2009/28/EC (RES-Directive) taking effect, the statistics onheat pumps now are compiled by the Federal Statistical Office (StatBA), for the time being basedupon the same sources as before.The total number of all heat pumps including non-geothermal systems reached about 460,000 in2012, producing 7.2 TWh of renewable heat (BMU according to AGEE-stat 2013). Geothermal heatpumps constitute the major portion of the total number of heat pumps used for space heating andcooling. The number of geothermal systems reached 265,000 at the end of 2012, a considerableincrease compared to 244,000 geothermal heat pumps in 2011 (Fig. 4). Brine/water systems are themost common installations with a share of about 85 % of the geothermal heat pumps (Ganz et al.,2013).

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Geothermal heat pumps still constitute the major portion of the total number of heat pump systemsused for space heating and cooling, however, sales figures of ground source heat pumps havedecreased in the last five years (Fig. 5).Market figures of the German Heat Pump Association (BWP 2013) show that the share of aircoupled systems in total heat pump sales increases continuously, while that of geothermal systemsgoes down. From a peak of about 85 % of geothermal heat pumps in 1998 the decrease isaccelerating steadily, reaching a low of only 37 % in 2012. According to BWP, the reasons for thedecreasing interest in ground source heat pumps are various:- high cost for drilling, partly arising from imposed official requirements for geothermal

boreholes- lower cost for installation for air source units and low prices of imported air-source heat pumps- lack of appropriate support measures and incentives (cf. chapter 4.2),- complicated approval practices

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Figure 5: Annual number of new ground source heat pumps (data from BWP 2013; from2010 on, the distinction between water and brine heat pumps was no longer made by BWP)

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According to the Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-stat), the heating capacityof the stock number of 244,000 geothermal heat pumps amounted to about 3,000 MWt in 2011 andreached 3,200 MWt in 2012 by 265,000 units. Assuming an average COP of 4 to 4.5 (GZB 2010,Miara et al. 2011), the geothermal contribution of the heating capacity can be estimated with about2,250 MWt in 2011 and 2,400 MWt in 2012.Using an average runtime of 1950 full load hours, the total heat produced by geothermal heatpumps can be estimated with 5 TWh in 2011 and 5.5 TWh in 2012. The renewable share of theproduced heat amounted to 3,870 GWh in 2011 and 4,170 GWh (357 ktoe) in 2012, as to themethodology used by BWP, GtV-BV and AGEE-stat in the past.For EU statistical purposes, the renewable (geothermal) contribution to the heating capacity fromnow on should be calculated according to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC “Renewable Energy”,Annex VII, by using the equation [1].In Germany, DIN 4710 states a number of climatic zones for design of heat and cooling systems.However, for application of 2013/114/EU, the overall map as shown in figure 3 seems to beapplicable. For Germany, located in the “average climate” zone therein, the default values for HHPand SPF given in 2013/114/EU are as follows: HHP is considered as 2070 h/year (a rather highvalue), and SPF for Ground-Water and Water-Water heat pumps as 3.5 (this value is more on thelow side for Germany). Then the full calculation is:

Qusable = 3200 MW * 2070 h/yr = 6’624 GWh/yr [15](so following this rule, Qusable will be estimated considerably higher than the value of 5’500 GWh/yrcalculated by AGEE-stat).

ERES = 6’624 GWh/yr * (1 – 1 / 3.5) = 4731 GWh/yr [16]The pure geothermal contribution from ground source heat pump systems in Germany thus can beestimated to be 4.73 TWhth (406 ktoe) in 2012, according to the new EU calculation rule.A first check with the data for Germany revealed that using the default values in Decision2013/114/EU seems to result in a higher amount of renewable energy produced..It is also possible to calculate the amount of CO2-emmissions saved by using ground source heatpumps instead of natural gas burners, still the most popular heat source in Germany (fig. 6). Usingthe emission factors of 0.25 g/kWh for natural gas and 0.6 g/kWh for the electricity in Germany,and assuming the (low) average SPF of 3.5 as given by Eurostat, the total emission reductionswould amount to about 590 Kt in 2012, or ca 38 % compared to the same heat provided by naturalgas.

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Figure 6: Annual reduction of CO2-emissions due to GSHP in Germany (calculated after datafrom BWP 2013, see text)

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2.2. GreeceAccording to Greek legislative framework (Common Ministerial Decree No.D6/oik.5825/09.04.2010 and Law 3851/04.06.2010) the official solution for the calculation of Eresin Greece for heating and/or cooling is given by the same Eq. [1].Furthermore it is mentioned that only heat-pumps with a SPF above 1,15 * 1/η are taken intoaccount. The value of SPF for GSHP’s in Greece is considered greater than 3,3, until the value of ηbe determined in Greek legislative framework.The map of Climate condition areas and the subparagraph 3.5 of the European CommissionDecision of 01-03-2013 do not allow for an exact quantification of the climatic zones within theGreek territory. It is clear however, that the city of Athens belongs to the warm climate area as thereference city for that area.On the other hand, according to Greek legislative framework (Common Ministerial Decree no.D6/Boik.5825_09-04-2010) Greece is divided into 4 climatic zones as shown in Figure 7. In thesame Decree and for the purposes of energy labeling of the buildings, ground source heat pumps areconsidered to have a COP value of 4.3, while conversion factors for final/primary energy and forgreenhouse gas emissions are defined as shown in Table 1.Table 1. Conversion factors for final/primary energy and for greenhouse emissions for Greece andRomania

Energy Source Conversion factors toprimary energy

Gas emission per energy unit(KgCO2/kWh)

Greece Romania Greece Romania

Natural gas 1,05 1,10 0,196 0,202

Heating oil 1,10 0,264

Electrical energy 2,90 2,50 0,989 0,701

Biomass 1,00 ---

Figure 7. The climatic zones of Greece according to the Greek legislative framework

It is worth noting that the prospects for the development of applications of GSHP’s in Greece aresignificant. Today (2013) there are around 1200 GSHP systems installed in Greece with anestimated overall capacity of around 100 MWth, corresponding to 61 MWth open loop, 30 MWth

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vertical closed loop and 9 MWth horizontal closed loop (Andritsos et al 2013), as shown in Figure8. Based on these figures and considering the action plan for GSHPs market development in Greecedrafted by CRES in the framework of the GEOPOWER project (CRES, 2012), it is reasonable toassume that a target of 30.000 GSHP systems installed corresponding to 330 MWth total capacity isfeasible for the year 2020.In Greece, several financial incentive schemes are in place supporting shallow geothermalapplications. It is emphasized that there is a national program in the framework of energy upgradeof existing homes, which is called “Saving at Home” and from this program the installations ofGSHP’s in the buildings can be subsidized. Furthermore there are several other programs providingsubsidies of up to 100% of the value (from 30%) under the National Strategic ReferenceFramework (NSRF) such as: “Green Schools”, “Energy Upgrading of Tertiary Sector buildings,such as hotels “Bioclimatic upgrades in public buildings”, “Building the future” etc.Due to the dual mode of operation of GSHPs (heating and cooling) from the ATES and BTESsystems, these applications are a sound technology in Greece. It is worth noted that there are moreprivate buildings than public buildings in Greece, which are nZEB and with SPF values around 6.Table 2: Installed GSHP systems in Greece and EU at present and prediction for 2020.

Country

InstalledGSHP’s for

the year2013

The Market ofGSHP’s from2013 to 2020

InstalledGSHP’s for the

year 2020

InstalledMW(th) for the

year 2020

Greece 1.200 28.800 30.000 330

Total number of 27Countries in EU* 1.213.300 1.172.800 2.386.100 29.500

* estimated based on EGEC (2012) and EGEC (2013)

Figure 8. Existing GSHP applications in Greece (2013)

2.3. RomaniaIn Romania, according to Directive 2010/31/EC transposed into national legislation by Law No.159/2013 on the energy performance of buildings, with effect from July 2013, all buildings to besold or rented, all new buildings and all the old buildings that are seriously renovated and owned bypublic authorities or frequented by the public are subject to energy audit and energy certification.This provision is valid also for serious renovations of the old blocks of flats and old single familydwellings built in the period 1950-1990 that belong to individuals and that are seriously renovated,with financial support from the State, according to Law 238/2013.

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The energy certification of buildings is done by energy auditors for buildings – they areindependent specialists, authorized by the ministry (MDRAP-Ministry of Regional Developmentand Public Administration). They have the duty to energy audit and to issue a certificate of energyperformance of the analysed building. The energy performance of buildings, in accordance withDirective 2010/31/EC and Law 159/2013, shall be established by declaring the building’s energyclass based on the calculation of several synthetic indicators such as:1. Specific annual consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources of energy;2. Specific annual emission of greenhouse gases equivalent CO2;3. Specific annual consumption of renewable energy produced on or near the building.The performance certificate of the building, in case of major intervention, records the energetic stateof the building before and after major intervention, and it is sent to MDRAP. MDRAP has the taskof processing and centralize the primary statistical data nationwide.From climatic point of view, Romania is divided into five climatic zones, with respect to theoutdoor design temperature for heating purposes.From the point of view of using the GSHPs for heating and/or cooling, Romania can be divided intotwo geothermal zones:- Zone I – that needs both heating in winter time and cooling in summer time, and- Zone II – that needs only heating in winter time.These zones are presented in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Climatic zones and climatic geothermal zones for RomaniaBy applying the Decision 2013/114/EU from March 1st 2013, to the specific climatic conditions ofRomania, the Qusable factor H and the Qusable factorAC were calculated for several major cities across thewhole territory of Romania. Their values are presented in Table 3.

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The Qusable factor H is the annual number of operation hours of the heat pump/pumps for heating atrated capacity Prated_H; Pdesign_H [kW].The Qusable factorAC is the annual number of operation hours of the heat pump/pumps for cooling atrated capacity Prated_AC; Pdesign_AC [kW].

Table 3. Qusable factor H and Qusable factorAC for representative cities across Romania

City Qusable factor H

[h/yr]

Qusable factor AC

[h/yr]

Bucuresti 2.129 1.767

Timisoara 1.894 1.900

Craiova 1.900 1.815

Galati 1.815 2.296

Constanta 1.664 2.302

AVERAGE OF GEOTHERMAL ZONE I 1.881 2.019

Cluj Napoca 2.332 1.340

Case analysis for the GSHP report methodologyA single family residential building from Bucharest (located in Geothermal Climate Zone Ipresented in Figure 8), built before 1990 and having a heated surface Ac = 336m², is accepted into arehabilitation major program provided by aw No. 238 / 2013, with financial support from the State,to transform the technical system of the building into an energy efficient system (system defined byDirective 2012/27/EC).The energy auditor has established the following data, based on monthly invoices issued by thesupplier of natural gas and based on the appreciation of the annual electricity consumption for thecirculation pump/pumps of the heating fluid for the building and for the preparation of domestic hotwater:- the annual gas consumption: Qgaz = 65.790 kWh/yr;

[17]- the annual energy consumption: Edriving = 1.714 kWh/yr [18]Total annual consumption of final energy: 67.504 kWh/yr [19]Total annual consumption of primary energy: 76.654 kWhpe/yr [20](for conversion factors 1,1 kWhpe/kWhnatural gas and 2,5 kWhpe/kWh for electricity, in the EuropeanUnion)Greenhouse gas emissions – equivalent CO2 = 14.492 kgCO2/yr [21](for the specific factors of Romania: 0,202 kgCO2/kWh for natural gas and 0,701 kgCO2/kWh forelectricity measured at the final consumer).Based on these data, the energy auditor has determined that the actual size of the energy required tocover the annual heat loss of the building and domestic hot water preparation, which needs to begenerated by the new technical system is:

Qusable = 48.967 kWh/yr [22]- of which the DHW preparation is 5.134 kWh/yr [23]- the heating-ventilation part of the building is 43.833 kWh/yr. [24]

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If we take into account the provisions of European Commission Decision of 1 March 2013,knowing the value of Qusable, we can find the thermal capacity of the geothermal heat pump/pumpsto be installed with the formula:

Prated=Qusable/Hhp [kW] where:[25]Hhp=Qusable factor H=2.129 kWh/kW [h/yr] [26]

according to the value from the table 3.Based on the average statistical climate data specific to Romania, knowing the variation of theheating capacity of heat pumps during the heating period, on specific time intervals, the heatingload duration curve is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10. The heating load duration curve

Usually the professional catalogs of the heat pump suppliers mention the COP values as function ofthe EWT (Entering Water Temperature) and LWT (Leaving Water Temperature). For the caseconsidered, one can make an assessment of SPFH1 values close to reality, on time intervals, inconjunction with outside air temperature on which depend the values of thermal losses of thebuilding. If on the first three time intervals of the year, one considers that SPFH1 = 4 ÷ 4.4 and forthe rest of the year SPFH1 = 5 ÷ 5.5 (the building's water equipments being on low temperature:LVT = 35°C), the electricity consumption of the heat pump/pumps can be calculated on eachinterval, which leads to find the value of the annual electricity consumption

EHW_hp = 12.576 kwh/yr [27]So, one can calculate the value:

ERES = Qusable - 12.576 = 36.391 kWh/yr [28]and the value:

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SPFH1 = 3,9 [29]If we consider, however, that the geothermal heating plant consumes more electricity than the value"EHW_hp", one must perform a statistical evaluation of the entire Edriving value of the system neededto determine its energy label (ηS = 100 · Qusable/CC·Edriving.) in accordance with the requirements ofCommission’s Delegated Regulation (EU) No 811/2013 of the European Commission with effectfrom 2015:

Edriving = ES_fan/pump + EHW_hp + Ebt_pump + EHW_bu + EB_fan/pump[30]

For a carefully designed and well-operated facility, the report:(ES_fan/pump + Ebt_pump + EHW_bu + EB_fan/pump)/EHW_hp [31]

has the value of (0,05÷0,08) EHW_hp

By noting with 'b' the range (0.05÷0.08) one can write:Edriving = (1+b) EHW_hp = 1,05 · 12.576 = 13.205 kWh/yr [32]

So, one can determine:

the annual energy consumption from non-renewable energy sources, for heating the building andpreparing DHW: 13.205 kWh/yr [33]

the annual primary energy consumption for heating the building and preparingDHW = 13.205 · CC [34]

where CC = 2.5 according to EC Decision of March 1, 2013 and Directive 2012/27/CE for the firstreporting stage. After 2020, each EU country, according to NREAP achievements of obligationsassumed on the electricity from E-RES will determine the value of the factor CC.Therefore, the current value of Eq. (34) is: 33.013 kWhpe/yr [35]Greenhouse gas emissions - equivalent CO2: 9.257 kgCO2/yr [36]With these values, thus determined, one can calculate the specific indicators (for the surfaceSC=336m²) required by the Building Energy Performance Certificate, as per the model presented inFigure 11.Since the conditions specified in the law (Law no. 238/2013) are satisfied, meaning:

- the annual specific heat consumption for heating is lower than 100 kWhep/m².yr;- the renewable energy production on location (with the value of 108 kWh/m².yr) is higherthan the non-renewable energy consumption (98kWh/m².yr);- the specific index of emission equivalent CO2 is by 37% lower than the initial;

the investment will be promoted with the financial support of the state and the building will bedeclared „energy efficient”.On completion of the intervention, during the signing of the reception documents for the building,the energy auditor for buildings will provide the energy performance certificate to the ReceptionCommission of the local public administration. Further on, this energy performance certificate –due to the responsability of the local public administration, will be transmitted in maximum 30 daysto the competent ministry (MDRAP) for financial support.

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Figure 11. Energy performance certificate of the building under review

It is possible to prove that there is a direct connection between the energy performance of a buildingand the SPF of geothermal system, showing the way towards the new buildings with almost zeroenergy consumption (NZEB).Starting from Eq. [30] and using the CC conversion factor of Edriving into primary energy, one canwrite the numeric indicator of the energy performance of the building (PEC) in the form:

PEC = Edriving x CC/Sc [kWhpe/m².yr][37]

or: PEC = (1+b)Ehw_hp x CC/Sc [kWh/m².yr] [38]Considering the data presented in Fig. 1, it yields:

PEC = (1+b) x Qusable x CC/Sc x SPFH1 (kWhpe/m².yr) [39]Equation [39] provides the following information:1. PEC is the better as the SPFH1 is higher. SPFH1 greatly increases in BTES and ATES systems. Ifwe look at FHP Bosch heat pump performance for EWT = 12°C and LWT = 35°C we obtain COP =5.3. This value allows us to evaluate that SPFH1 = 5 if EWT > 12°C all year long. Increasing thevalue of SPFH1 from 3.9 to 5 is substantial. PEC decreases from 98 kWh/m².yr to the value76kWh/m².yr2. PEC is the better as the “b” value is lower. This value decreases if:

- Water is circulated In the geothermal system, not a glycol based mix having a higherviscosity;

- The circulation pumps are variable speed type and the water flows rates are correlatedwith the thermal load of the building by a BMS, SCADA or DDC system;

3. PEC is the better as the Qusable is lower, that means the building is better insulated.

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3.PEC is the better as the CC value is lower. Romania, through an ambitious program to promotewind energy in the region of Dobrogea, very generous in terms wind, has realized by 2013 half ofNREAP task of ERES. Unfortunately, due to the influence of "green certificates", the electricity priceincreased to final consumer (population and industry), which determined the government to slowdown the program until 2018. A ERES share of 23% (data from 2013) in the energy label of energyproduction in Romania may modify, in our opinion, the CC value from 2.5 kWhpe/kWh to about 1.9kWhpe/kWh at the end of the first reporting period.

3. General conclusionsThe European legislation framework with regard to the use of energy from renewable sources needsto clarify the calculation method of the energy recovered by the reversible heat pumps working incooling mode – as a large area of the European continent experiences climatic conditions requiringair conditioning.Member states – especially the newly admitted members – must make efforts to build up reliabledata bases, which should be able to provide comprehensive information about the heat pumpsystems installed in each country.It is presumed that the record of the contribution of heat pumps with regard to the energy capturedfrom renewable sources and to the recovered energy will be done by statistical methods, using aharmonized European method based on reliable data bases.

4. ReferencesAGEE-Stat (2013): Development of renewable energy sources in Germany 2011 - graphics andtables. - Bundesministerium für Umwelt Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) according toAGEE –stat, Berlin, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de

BWP (2013): Press release on sales figures 2012, with basic sales figures, BundesverbandWärmepumpe e.V., (German Heat Pump Association), Berlin, http://www.waermepumpe.de

EU (2009): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on thepromotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealingDirectives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, 2009/28/EC, OJEU L140 pp. 16-62EU (2010): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energyperformance of buildings, 2010/31/EU, OJEU L153, pp. 13-35EU (2012): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energyefficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/ECand 2006/32/EC, 2012/27/EU, OJEU L315, pp. 1-56EU (2013): Commission Decision of 1 March 2013 establishing the guidelines for Member Stateson calculating renewable energy from heat pumps from different heat pump technologies pursuantto Article 5 of Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2013/114/EU,OJEU L62, pp. 27-35Ganz, B., Schellschmidt, R., Schulz, R. & Sanner, B. (2013): Geothermal Energy Use in Germany.- Proc. EGC 2013, paper CUR-13, 16 p., PisaAndritsos N, Arvanitis A, Dalabakis P, Karytsas C, Mendrinos D, Papachristou M, (2013):Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Greece, European Geothermal Congress 2013 Pisa,Italy, 3-7 June.CRES (2012): GSHP market development in Greece – Action Plan, 29 p., page 25.EGEG (2012): Geothermal market report 2012, 2nd edition, December 2012, 56 p., page 29.EGEC (2013): EGEC market report 2013/2014, 3rd edition, December 2013, 72 p., page 43.

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Gazette of Hellenic Republic 407B/9.04.2010. Decree number D6/B/oik. 5825 Adoption of theRules of the Energy Performance of BuildingsGazette of Hellenic Republic 85A/4.06.2010. Law 3851 on Accelerating Development ofRenewable Energy to address climate change and other provisions on Ministry of Environment,Energy and Climate Change jurisdiction.Geotrainet Training Manual for Designers of Shallow Geothermal Systems – delivrable of theIEE/07/581/S12.499061 Project „Geo-Education for a sustainable geothermal heating and coolingmarket“