romana - proba orala - bilete 001-100 - an 2008

8/6/2019 Romana - Proba orala - Bilete 001-100 - An 2008

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/romana-proba-orala-bilete-001-100-an-2008 1/50

~~~#fthbfcjfihghlhvyfhz#ilonwpoz#gob

Iklfzf

pyoih oyhlh

008"800



=

K]# Lkwzh gv gfykc ŧf nf cfyhlf/ k zfb k pfczyv f}hlvhyfh pykc

pyoih oyhlć $molowkzć gh ihqć pfcz yv gfykcŧ f lf wpfg k m kgf ghyf }oy ãcwoŧk zftzvllkzfyhy / coc lkzfyhy j f pf iklfzv l pf ghyf ãl ftzyhnf ghcj kjhzv l ãc mh ŧh gobkwkfk jffthbkchyf+

H# Kjfczkm kghyfh fbkŧćzoyvlvk şk h goczftzvlvk

• kjfczkmkghyfh şk/ whv pyfqfczhyfh goczftzvlvk ãc ghyf fw zf gocwzyv kz / fbkw

bfwhavl 5• kjfczkmkghyfh fbkŧćzoyvlvk şk/ whv pyfqfczhyfh kpow zhqfk/ kpow zhqfloy hgfw zvkh 5• kjfczkmkghyfh şk/ w hv gobfczh yfh pfy wpfgz k}f k/ h h z k zvj kc k k/ h pv cg zv lv k jf

}fjfyf/ h opkckfk fbkŧćzoyvlvk#

I# Yfmlfgzhyfh hwvpyh f lfbfcz floy gocwz kzvz k}f hlf b fwhavlvk

• kjfczkmkghyfh zkpvlvk jf zftz $chyhzk}, jfwgykpzk}, kcmoybhzk}, hynvbfczhzk}+ şk hvcoy f lfbfczf jf w z yvgzvyć şk jf gobpoqkŧkf $phyzkgvlhykzćŧk hlf oynhckqćy kkzftzvhlf, goc}fc ŧkk wpfgkmkgf, zfdckgk şk w zyvgzvyk hynvbfczhzk}f, gocfgzoyk,jkwpv cfyfh kjfkloy şk h p hy hnyh mfloy fzg#+5

• kjfczkm kghyfh vcoy mhpzf jf lkbić lh ck}flvyklf1 oyzonyhmkg şk jf pvcg zvh ŧkf ,boymowkczhgzkg, lftkgo"wfbhczkg, wzklkwzkgo"zftzvhlf5

•

jkwogkfyfh ãczyf wfcwvl pyopykv şk gfl m knvyhz, ãczyf wfcwvl nfcfyhl şk gflgoczftzvhl, ãczyf wfcwvl gocgyfz şk gfl hiw zyh gz h l vcoy gv}kczf/ w kczhnbf/ vc k zćŧk myhqfolonkgf5

• kjfczkm kghyfh vcoy flfbfczf jf yfmfykc ŧć hlf goc ŧkcvzvlvk jf kjfk hl zftzvlvk,kbplkgkzf whv ftplkgkz moybvlhzf $ kjfk, hynvbfczf, goczyhhynvbfczf, mhpzf,opkckk/ wv nfwzkk+#

G# Gocwzyvkyfh vcfk kczfypyfzćyk / ftpykbhyfh hynvbf czhzć h vcvk pvcgz jf

}fjfyf

• pyfqfczhyfh ghvqfk/ h bozk}v lv k ghyf jfzfybkcć hz k zvjkcfh pfywochafloy / hpv cgzv lvk jf }fjfyf h l hv zoyvlvk 5

• jkwgykbkch yfh ãczyf mhp zf şk opkckk , kjfc zkmkghzf ãczy"v c zftz jh z5• hc hl kqh hynvb fczfloy şk/ whv h goczyhh ynvbfc zfloy , kjfcz k mkghzf ãc zftzv l jhz 5• gobph yhyfh v coy mhpzf/ opkck k/ hynvb fczf , kjfcz k mkghzf ãczy "v c zftz , pf ihqh

vcoy yf lh ŧk k jf zkpvl hwfb ćch yf"jfowfikyf/ pv cgzf go}fynfczf"pvc gzfjk}fynfczf/ oikfgzk}"wv ikfgzk}/ pfykbhz"b ojfyc/ fmkgkfc z" kc fmkgkfc z, nfcfyhl"phyzkgvlhy fzg#5

• moybvlhyfh vcfk ãc ŧflfnfyk nloihlf1 pyfqfczhy fh bfw havlv k v c v k zftz/ hwfbckmkgh ŧkf k bfwhavlvk / ftpy kbhyfh hynvbfc zhzć h vcvk pvcg z jf }fjfyfpfywochl hwv pyh bfwhavlvk kjfcz kmkghz ãc zftzvl jhz 5

• gocwzyvkyfh vcfk kczfypyfzćy k1 gobfczhyfh vcoy kcmoybh ŧkk/ mhpzf/ kjfk/ h z k zvjkck / pv cgzf jf }fjfyf kjfcz k mkghzf ãc zftz , pf ih qh gvc oşz kc ŧfloy şk hgoc}kcnfykloy pfywochlf5

• wv w ŧkcf yfh whv gobihzf yfh vcv k h ynvbfcz / h vc vk pvcg z jf }fjfyf / h vc f kkjfk/ h v cfk h z k zvjkck , kjfcz k mkghzf ãczy "vc zftz j hz 5

• moybv lhyfh/ yfmoybv lhyfh v cfk kpozfqf şk/ whv h v cfk gocglvqkk, pf ihqhmhp zfloy pyfqfczh zf ãc z ftz5

• gocw zyv kyfh v cfk kczfypyfzćy k1 kczfypyfzh yfh j kczy"o hlzć pfywpfgzk}ć, jfgéz gfhh h vzoyv lvk , h v cfk kcmoybh ŧk k/ h mhp zfloy/ h opkckkloy pyfqfczhz f ãc zftzv l jhz 5

• moybvlhyfh vcvk yh ŧkochbfcz ghyf wć wv w ŧkc ć o gocglvqkf pfywochlć, pf ihqhgoyflćykk h j ovć kcmoybh ŧk k jkc zftz wh v h goyflćykk kcmoybh ŧkfk jkc zftz gv j hzfjkc hmhyh hgfw zv kh / jkc h lzf wvywf5

• fbkzfyfh vcfk avjfgćŧk jf }hlohyf hwvpyh vcfk kcmoybh ŧkk/ h v cf k kjf k/ hbfw havlv k vc v k zftz, pf ih qh }hloykloy şk h goc}kcnfykloy pfywochlf#



>

]# Zftzf lf l kzf yhyf/ coc lkzfyhyf pfc zyv pyoih oyhlć $lkbih şk

lkzfyhzvyh yobécć+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 8

W vi yhpoyzvl lkbi kk, gfygfz ć yklf ãczyfpykc w f U###R hv pv zvz w zhi klk vc cv bć y jf 8=0 $ow v z ć ş hkqfgk+ jf zfybfck yobécfş zk ghyf wvcz jf oyknkcf nfzo"jhgć # Hgfwzk zfybfck pyk}fwg o hykf mohyzf lhynć , ãcgfpécj gv goypvl obfcfwg $ivqć, gfhm ć, nyvbhq, nv şć+, gv mhbklkh $ićkhz, gopkl, pyvcg, qfwzyf+, gv logvkc ŧ h $}hzyć, gćzvc+ , gv ãcjflfzckgkyklfhnykgolf, pć wzoyfş zk, }kzkgolf ş k pkwgkgolf $bhqćyf, ŧhykcć5 ihgk , bécq, w z yvcnć, ŧhyg ,v yjć, qhyć5 ivzvg, gvypfc, w z yvnvyf5 ihl zć, nhyj+, gv b fj kvl mkqkg $bćnv yć, bhl+, gv mloyh $iyhj, ivcnfz , ivzvg, gojyv, gophg, gvypfc, bvnvyf, w z yvnvyf+ , gv mhvch$ihlhvy , ihyqć, bkwzyfŧ, y écqć, şopéy lć, }kfqvyf+, gv jkmfykzf hgŧ kvck $h yćijh , hwpfy kh , h qivyjh + fzg#

Jfwknvy, cvbć yvl hgfwzoy zfybfck }h wpoyk pykc gfygfz ć yk vlzfykohyf5 flf cf }oy hy ć zh jf hwfbfcfh ş k hlzf hw pfgzf hlf boş zfckykk lkcn}kwzkgf5 jf pf hgvb w f gocw kjf y ć

ãc wć gć hphy ŧ kc hgfwzfk boş zfckyk wvmktflf hzéz jf myfg}fczf ş k jf ghyhgzfykwzkgyobécfş zk1 " fwg, " fşzf $obfcfwg, gyćkfwg, ićyićzfşzf , z yvpfşzf+# Ck w"hv pć wzyhz jflh jhgo"nfŧ k ş k gézf}h cvbf jf hpf1 ãc pykbvl yécj Jv cćyfh , ghyf jfyk}ć jkczy"vcJvchy k w jhgkg5 hpok Hynfşv l j kc Hynfwwow $lh Dfyojoz jkmoybhz1 Oyjfwwow +5 Iéyqh}h ,h l gć yfk cvbf wf yfnć w fş zf ãc oyhş vl jhgkg Ifyqoikw5 Wobfşv l1 o kcwgykpŧ kf lhzkcć j kcŧ kcvzvyklf vjhzf jf hgfwz yév }oyifş zf jf W h b v w 5 fwzf wknvy gć yobhckk hv pć wzyhz }fgdkvl cv bf , hvzodzoc# Hgflhş k lvgyv gv Olzvl, Hlvz h ãc kq} ohyflf lhzkcf , ş k gv Zkwh #

$Gocwzhczkc G# Nkvyfwgv, Jkcv G# Nkvyfwgv, Wgvy zć k w z o y k f h y ob éc k lo y pf c z y v z kc f y f z ãc jf ow f i k+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 9

Pykbvl phyhjot hl jobfckvlvk yobéc wf yfmfy ć lh poqkŧ kh wh ãc wphŧ kvl gvlzvyhl

fvyopfhc# Nfonyhmkh ş k kwzoykh hv plhwhz Yobéckh ãczyf Fvyoph gfczyhlć, Fvyophyćwćykzfhcć şk Ihlghck , hwfbfck vcfk kcwvlf jf lhzkckzhzf pkfyjvzf ãczy"o bhyf wlh}ć ş kvcnhy ć # Hgfhwzh h jvw lh hphykŧ kh h gffh gf fv }ok cvbk phyhjotvl hphyzfcfc ŧ fk# U###RW phŧ kvl yobéc w"h moybhz hwzmfl lh myoczkfyh h zyfk qocf gvlzvyhlf jkmfykzf ş k , hwfbfckoykgć yvk wphŧ kv jf myoczkfy ć , ş k lf"h hpyopkhz, jkmfyfc ŧ kkcjv"wf ãc hgflhş k zkbp jf mkfghyfjkc flf# U###R

Jk}fywf wgdkbivyk ş k kcmlvfc ŧ f w"hv ãcgyvgkş hz pf zfykzoykvl yobécfwg, vcfoykhb fw zfgãcj v"wf, hlzfoyk hcvléc jv "wf yfgkpyog ş k, hj fw foyk, mkkcj hiw oyikzf ãc pyomvc qkbf h pć bãczvlvk, jhy ckgk vch jkczyf flf cv h yfv ş kz wć wf kbpvcć ãczy"vc boj hzéz jfdoz ć yézoy ãcgéz oykgf jkmfyfc ŧć wć m kf ş zfhywć ş k Yobéckh wć wf kczfnyfqf ãczy"vch jkc qocflf }fgkcf# Yobéckk ş k"hv gyfhz pyopykh loy gvlzvy ć , hggfpzécj vc bkckb jfflfbfczf gobvcf gv mkfghyf qocć }fgkcć , bkckb ghyf m ć gfh powkikl goczhgzvl gvhgfhwzh ş k ghyf h wfy}kz, ãc hgflhş k zkbp, zogbhk pfczyv h o jkmfyfc ŧ kh jf gflflhlzf qocf}fgkcf# Jhzoykz ć vcfk hwfbfcfh hyzf hv yfvş kz fk wć fgdklkiyfqf ghyhgzfyvl, hlzbkczfyk

j k}fynfcz, hl hgfwzoy cvb fyohwf kcmlvfc ŧ f# $Woykc Hlfthc jyfw gv , Phyh jotvl yobé cfwg +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 7

Hb hy ć zhz bhk ãchkczf gć cv pohzf mk }oyih jf jkwphykŧ kh popvlhŧ kfk hvzodzocf,j hgo"nfzf, gh vybhyf h y ć qiohkfloy, hş h gvb hmkybć vckk kwzoykgk wzy ć kck, plfgécj jf lhkjfk pyfgocgfpvzf ş k vybć ykcj w gopvyk polkzkgf, c v ş zkkc ŧ kmkgf# Y hŧ kochbfczvl, kczfyfwhz,hl hgfwzoy kwzoykgk, f vybć zoyvl1 jkc bobfcz gf popvlh ŧ kh Jhgkfk, jvpć y ć qiok, w"h



4

hlgć zvkz jkc golockş zk wzy ć kck, }fckŧ k jkc hlz ć phyzf, c"h mowz pyfh nyfv gh vybh ş kkhgfw zoy golockş zk wć pć y ć w f h w gć Jhgkh, lh oyjkcv l ãb pć yhzvlvk Hvyflkhc#

Yhŧ kochbfczvl plfhgć ãc wć jf lh o pyfbkw ć mhlwć # G ć gk, gdkhy jhgć hb hjbkzf , pykc kbpowkikl, gć zoŧ k ić yi hŧ kk hv pkfykz ãc lvpzf whv hv mowz lvhŧ k pykqockfyk ‗ ãcyfhlkzhzf o wfhbć jkczyf jhgk w"hv wvpvw yobhckloy lh ãcgfpvzvl gflvk jf hl joklfhy ć qiok, hş h gvb cf hyhz ć wgfcflf jf pf Golvbch Zyhkhcć ‗ hv y ć bhw zozvş k mfbfklfloy ş k gopkkk, jfgk gkygh zyfk wmfyzvyk jkc popvlh ŧ kh kckŧ khlć , jkc hvzyodzock# Lh hgfş zkh wfh j h v nć golockş zkk }fckŧ k, gvb wpvcf vc kq}oy hczkg, –jkc zohzf pć y ŧ klf kbpfykvlvkyobhc‒ $–ft zozo oyif yobhco‒+ hzyhş k jf ionćŧ kklf Jhgkfk# Hv }fckz golockş zk jkc pyo}kcgkklf }fgkcf Jhgkfk, hjkgć jkc Bofwkh, lh wvj jf Jvcć yf, jkc Kll{kykgvb, jfgk}fw zvl Pfc kcw vlfk Ihlghc kgf, jkc Phcoc kh $vc jf f Vcnhykh jf hq k+, j kc Coykgvb $vc jff Hvwzykh+, jhy ş k jkc pyo}kcgkk bhk ãcjfpć yzhzf, ş k hcvbf jkc Nhlkh, jkc Wphckh, jkc Hwkh Bkgć , jkc coyjvl Hmykgkk, jkc Wkykh5 ck w"hv pć wzyhz cvbfyohwf kcwgykpŧ kk ghyfh zfw z ć mhpzvl#

Ãc hmhy ć jf hgfş zk golockş zk }oyikcj lhzkch popvlhy ć , w"hv hş fqhz ãc Jhgkh}fzfyhckk, hjkgć woljhŧ kk yobhck flkifyhŧ k ghyf"ş k h}vwfw fy ć hkgk nhyckqohch ş k ghyf, j foikgfk, fyhv gć wć zoykŧ k gv loghlckgf jhgo"nfzf# Jhy jkc Kzhlkh c"hv }fckz golockş zk? Wf phyf gć pyfh pv ŧ kck# Pf }yfbfh lvk Zyhkhc, Kzhlkh cv bhk h}fh vc ftgfjfcz ãcwfbchz jf popvlhŧ kf pf ghyf w ć "l zykbkz ć pfwzf dozhyf# Jf hgffh, ãbpć yhzvl mkthwf gh coybć

wć cv b hk ãczyfivkcŧ fqf ãc wgopvyk jf golockqh yf popvlhŧ kh Kzhlkfk#$Gocwzhczkc G# Nkvyfwgv, Jkcv G# Nkvyfwgv, Wgvy zć k w z o y k f h y ob éc k lo y pf c z y v z kc f y f z ãc jf ow f i k+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :

Fzconfcfqh yobéckloy hphyf hwzmfl gh h}écj zyfk gobpocfczf mvcjhbfczhlf1wviwzyhzvl nfzo"jhg5 wzyhzvl yobhc5 hjwzyhzvl wlh}# Lkbih yobécć fwzf o lkbić lhzkcć ,wzyvgzvyh nyhbhzkghlć ş k gfh bhk bhyf phyzf h mocjvlvk pykcgkphl jf gv}kczf $=0&+ mkkcj jf oyknkcf lhzkcć # Moybhyfh popoyvlvk yobéc h vybhz hgflfhş k mhqf gh ş kfzconfcfqh kzhlkfckloy, myhcgfqkloy, wphckolkloy ş k poyzvndfqkloy# œ k ãc ghqvl hgfwzoy popohyf wf ãczélcfwg gflf zyfk gobpocfczf jf ihqć , wviwzyhz, wzyhz ş k hjwzyhz# Hwzmfl,jf ftfbplv, lh myhcgfqk, wviwzyhzvl fwzf gflzo"nhllkg, wzyhzvl yobhc, khy hjwzyhzvl

nfybhc kg $cv bf lf ãcw vş k hl popoyvlvk }kcf j f lh c fh b vl nfyb hc kg hl myhc gkloy+# Hpoyzvl wlh} hyf o pocjfyf ãcwfbchz ć ãc lftkgvl lkbikk yobécf, jhy fl cv h hmfgzhz

ghyhgzfyvl lhzkc hl hgfwzfkh# Wvnfwzk}ć ãc hgfhwz ć pyk}kc ŧć fwzf wzhzkwzkgh pyk}kcj }oghivlhyvl pofqkkloy lvk Bkdhk Fbkcfwgv, pofzvl cowzyv ch ŧ kochl1 jkc gflf 7=0> jfgv}kczf – :=,=0& wvcz jf oyknkcf lhzkcć ş k hv o myfg}fc ŧć jf 4 7&, pf gécj gv}kczflf jfoyknkcf w lh}ć , yfpyfqfc zécj 84 ,48 &, hv o myfg}fc ŧć jf =,;7&‒# Hl# Yowfzzk+#

Ojhz ć gv ãcgdfkfyfh fzconfcfqfk yobéckloy, ãc wfgolflf ]KKK ‗ KT, hphy ş k pykbflfb fc ŧ kvck ãc wvywflf ftzfycf jfwpyf yobéck# Ãc hgfwzf kq}ohyf, fk wvcz jfcvbkŧ k }lhdk,}hlhd k, }olodk, ilhgdk, }hykhc zf hl v cv k zfybfc ghyf, j vpć gf h jfw fb ch z vc zyki gflz, h mowz molowkz jf }f gdkk nfybhc k pfczyv h"k cv b k pf yobh ck ş k nhlkk yob hc kq hŧ k ş k h wméy ş kz pykc h m k molow kz pfczyv h"k cv b k pf logvkzoykk Pfc kcw vlfk Kzhlkgf# Jkc lv b fh nfybh cć , fl hzyfgvz hpok ãc gfh wlh}ć , pfc zyv h"k jf wf bc h p f yobhc kgk, khy jf h kgk lh ikqhc zkck, ş k j f

lh fk ãc hlzf q ocf fzc kgo"gvlzvyhlf#$Mloykc Gocwzh c zkckv, O kw zoy kf w kcgfyć h p opoy v lv k y ob é c +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 6

Ãc}ćŧ hŧ kk ghyf wgykv kwzoykh popohyfloy wvcz jf jovć mflvyk1 vckk, ghyf jkc gopklć ykf ş k pécć lh ić zyécfŧ f hv zy ć kz zoz ãczyf gć y ŧ k, khy hlŧ kk, ghyf hv zy ć kz ş k }khŧ h gfh jf zohzf qklflf, gv lvpzflf, cfghqvyklf, vyéŧ fckklf ş k myvbvwf ŧ klf fk, gvcowgécj ãc ghycf ş k ohwfohbfck }kk jf zohzf mflvyklf# Kwzoykh wgykw ć jf ãc}ćŧ h ŧ kk gć y ŧ kloy f mohyzf ionhz ć ş kb fş zfş vnkz ć ãc ãcş kyhyfh mhpzfloy obfcfş zk ş k bhk ãczozjfhvch gyfjf gć pohzf jh m ć y ć



;

mykgć ş k m ć y ć ãcjokyf j f w kcf pykgkc klf ş k vybć yklf hgfw zoy mhp zf, hş h gć h}fb y ć wpvcwvy klkbpfqk lh zohzf ãczyfić yklf gf zyfivkf wć lf pvcfb hzvcgk gécj pyk}kb zhkckghãczyfŧ fwfyf h phzkbkloy ş k nécjvykloy obfcfş zk, wkcnvyhzkgf oyk jf"hlf bvlŧ kbkloy,hlgć zvkcj }ć lbćş vnvl kwzoykfk popohyfloy#

Jkbpozyk}ć , ãc}ćŧ hŧ kk ghyf, hlć zvyfh j f gć y ŧ k, gvcow g ş k }khŧ h gfh j f zohzf q klflf, wfzfb wć jfh pyfh yfpfjf y ć wpv cw vyk hwv pyh lfnć zvykk ş k pykgkckloy mhpzfloy obfcfş zk5 jfb vlzf oyk fk bć yzvykw fw g cfp vzkcŧ h loy jf h lć bv yk jf gf w"h ãczé bp lhz gvzhyf y ć qiok oykw"h k}kz gvzhyf bhyf bfş zfy jf kgohcf myvbohwf ş k jf ghwf bć yf ŧ f, oyk jf ikwfykgk gvzozvl cok mhŧć jf gflf j f j kchkczf, ş k wf bvlŧ vbfw g cvbhk wć wpvcć gv b h mowz, ş k c vş k jf gf h mowz hş h ş k cv hlzmfl# œ k fk mhg hwzmfl, pfczyv gć } khŧ h cv f hş h jf lkbpfjfgvb wf hyhz ć ãc gć y ŧ k jf mkfghyf ob, jvpć bkczfh lvk, gk f hbhy jf ãcgvyghz ć ş kc fhş zfpzhz ć gvb f ş k gkogckyfh jkczyf bkc ŧ klf cfcvbć yhzf ş k gv zozvl wzy ć kcf vch jfhlzh, hlf ohbfckloy ghyf hlgć zvkfwg ãbpyfvcć , gv whv m ć y ć }okh loy, whzflf, oyhş flf,ŧć yklf, ãb pć y ćŧ kklf, iyfwlflf lvb kk hgfw zfkh#

$]hwklf Péy}hc, Ãcgfp vz vyk lf } kf ŧ k k yobhcf lh nvy k lf Jvcć ykk +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# =

Pyojvgŧ kh hnykgolć h Jhgkfk wf jfwm ć gfh pf pkh ŧ h kczfycć ş k, gocmoyb lfnkk yob hc f,

jkabflf jf nyécf gv}fckzf ãbpć yhzvlvk jkc ŧ kcvzvyk jfpć yzhzf jf poyzvyklf bhykzkbfzyfivkhv gocwvbhzf pf log, ãc pyo}kcgkf, jf gć zyf hybhz ć ş k hjbkckwzyhŧ kh kbpfykhlć ,kczfyqkgéc jv "wf ftpoyzvl loy# Yobh wf hpyo}kqkoch gv nyécf cv b hk jkc Fnkpz, Hmykgh ş kWkgklkh#

Ftpoyzvl }kzfloy fyh, ãc wgdkbi, vch jkc pykcgkphlflf ionćŧ kk hlf Jhgkfk yobhcf#Phvlkc jf Collh, wgykkzoy gyfş z kc, wpvcf gć pykcgkphlh ionćŧ kf h ŧ kcvzvykloy jvcć yfcffyhv ãc Hczkgdkzhzf }kzflf# ]fgdklf pćş vck hlf yfnkloy jhgk zyfg ãc wz ć péckyfhãb pć yhzvlvk ş k wvcz hyfcjhzf vcoy ionć zhş k yobhck ghyf jkwpvcfhv jf vykhş f zvybfjf ok ş k j f }kzf b hyk#

Hwzmfl, pf ihqh bvcgkk vcfk ŧć y ć ckbk lkifyf, w"h jfq}olzhz fgocobkh Jhgkfk ãc}fhgvl KK ş k vybhyfh h mowz ãcz ć ykyfh oyhş floy# Lvgyv vckg ãc Kbpfykv, jvpć vc }fhg jflh gvgfykyf, Jhgkh hyf gkcgk oyhş f, golockk gv jyfpz kzhlkg, wgohwf jf wvi avykwjkg ŧ khnv}fychzoyvlvk, géybvkcjv"wf wkcnvyf jvpć jyfpzvl yobhc# W"hv gyfhz ş k 88 oyhş fcok, bv ckgkpkk ş k golockk $jf nyhj wvpfyoy gfloy jkczék ãc pyk}kc ŧ h hvzocobkfk+#

Pć zyvcjfyfh ionć zh ş kloy yobhck ãc Jhgkh hyf gh vybhyf ykjkghyfh oyh ş floy cok gvghchlkqhyf, ghwf jf pkhzy ć , bocvbfczf pvilkgf, phlhzf, hbmkzfhzyf, ić k poyzkgf fzg#,ãczy"o ŧ hy ć logvkz ć pécć jf gvyécj jf zykivyk ihyhihyf# Oy ćş fckk ionhŧ k, ãc phyzfoykfczhlk, wkykfck, fnkpzfck ş k hlŧ kk, ã ş k kc}fwzfhv ihckk ãc cvbfyohwf ãczyfpykcjfyk jkc Jhgkh, gh jf pklj ć Xvkczvw Hfzkvw Hflkhcvw, gh}hlfy yobhc, ãcnykakzoy hl jyvbvykloy kbpfykhlf, yfpyfqfczhcz pfczyv h}fyklf pyk}hzf hlf ãbpć yhzvlvk ãc Bhyog, Iflnkh ş kNfybhckh, pyogvyhzoy hl ãbpć yhzvlvk ãc Jhgkh Hpvlfcwkw, }kgf"pyfş fjkczf hl gocwklkvlvkbvckgkphl jkc Whybkwfnfzvqh $hcvl 974+# Vc hlz ionć zhş , Xvkczklkhc, fyh pyfoz ş k pykbhy hl golockfk Whybkwfnfzvqh, gocwklkfy bvckgkphl lh Hpvlvb, phzyoc hlb vc kgkpkvlvk Poyolkw w vb ş k h lŧ kk lh mfl, pyozfgzoyk hk iyfwlfloy, hyfcjhş k hk pćş vcfloy ş kw hlkc floy, pyfgvb ş k hk omkgkkloy jf } éc q hyf hlf p yojv w floy kbpf ykhlf j kc Jh gkh#

$P# P# Phch kzfwgv , Kc zyoj vgfyf lh k w z oy kh gv l zvy k k yobé cfş z k+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >

Wf pvcf ãczyfihyfh, jf gf yobhckk, ãc zkbpvl gykqfk fgocobkgf jkc }fhgvl hl KKK"lfh,hv whgykmkghz cvbhk pyo}kcgkh Jhgkh, yfzy ć nécj hvzoykz ćŧ klf, pf oy ćş fckk ionhŧ k ş k ãc phyzf, zfb poyhy ş k lfnkvcklf, pf gécj gflflhlzf pyo}kcgkk jkc Fvyoph hlf Kbpfykvlvk hvbhk y ć bhw ãc wzhyfh loy jkchkczf, zkbp jf bhk bvlzf wfgolf? Jhgkh mvwfwf vlzkbh pyo}kcgkf gvgf ykz ć jf Kbp fykv ãc Fv yoph ş k h mowz pykb h pć y ć w kz ć pfczyv gć oynhckqhyfh



80

fk fgocobkgć , ihqhz ć pf oyhş f ş k pf fgocobkh jf wgdkbi ãc ghjyvl Kbpfykvlvk cv fyhjfplkc gocwolkjhz ć # Cv ãcghpf ãcjokhlć gć yfzyhnfyfh lfnkvckloy ş k h yfpyfqfczhc ŧ kloy w z ć péckykk gfczyhlf h mowz pyfgfjhz ć jf o yfzyhnfyf h ohb fckloy jf hmhgfyk, h w z ć péckloy jf wglh}k, jf bkcf jf hvy ş k h cfnvwzoykloy# Plfghyfh gfloy ionh ŧ k, ojhz ć gv yvkchfgocobkgć , h m ć gvz gh pyo}kcgkh w ć cv bhk hkić pyf ŧ pfczyv Kbpfykv# Jhgkh h mowz whgykmkghz ć pfczyv gć }hlohyfh fk cv bhk ãcwfbch pyfh bvlz ãc oynhckwbvl fgocobkg hl Kb pfykvlvk gocj vw j f o olknhydkf oy ćş fcfhwgć #

Jkwphykŧ kh kcwgykpŧ kkloy pobfckcj jf –ikcfmhgfyk‒ hgoyjhzf jf ionć zhş k pfczyvykjkghyfh zfbplfloy, ić kloy, pfczyv wpykakckyfh golfnkkloy jf bfwfykhş k ş k h opfyfloy jfkczfyfw pvilkg, ãcgfpécj gv bkalogvl wfgolvlvk KKK, wvcz wfbcf wknvyf hlf hgfwzfkyfzyhnfyk, gć yfkh k"h vybhz hgffh h omkgkhlkz ćŧ kk# Kwzoykgkk c"hv oiwfy}hz pécć hgvb pykoykzhzf h yfzyhnfykk yfpyfq fc zhc ŧ kloy }kfŧ kk fgocobkgf mh ŧć jf hgffh h hvzoykz ćŧ kloy jfw zh z ş k hv gyfqv z gć oy ćş fckk h}v ŧ k hv vybhz lfnkvcklf# Jkwzkcgŧ kh ãczyf bobfczflf gfloy j ovć yfzyhnfyk hyf o bhyf kbpoyzhc ŧć 5 fh hyhz ć gć pć y ć wkyfh Jhgkfk hyf lh ihqć vc mfcob fc fgocob kg ş k cv vcvl bklkzhy polkzkg#

$P# P# Phc hkzfwgv, Kc zyoj vgfyf lh k w z oy kh gv l zvy k k yobé cfş z k+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 4

Pyoilfbh fwfc ŧ khlć pfczyv Nyknoyf Vyfgdf fwzf cfãcjokflckg hgffh jf h"ş k wgykfgyockgh ãc yobécfş zf# Ãc wfgolvl T]KK, yobéch wf hmlć mhŧć jf w lh}ocć ãc hgflhş k yhpoyz ãc ghyf w"hv hmlhz mhŧć jf lhzkcć yobhc h yv w z kgh , hjkgć kzhlkhc h gobv cć , ãc jv fgfczo,zdfojkwgvw whv nfybhch popvlhy ć gv ãcgfpf yf jkc w fgolvl ]KKK w hv lf yobh c , myhcgfq h popvlhy ć , ãc wfgolvl KT# H wgykf ãc lkbih }vlnhy ć ş k cv ãc hgffh gvlz ć cv yfpyfqkcz ć pfczyv gyockghy johy o kco}h ŧ kf, gv kbfc wf gocw fgkc ŧ f jf oyjkc pyhgzkg U###R, gk ş k o bhyfjkmkgvlzhzf ãc wkcf#

H wgykf gfl jkczék ãc lkbih ãc ghyf }oyifwg jf gécj lvbfh hk z ć k ş k zv ãcwv ŧ kãcwfhbcć h zyfgf vc pyhn kbpoyzhcz# Zyfivkhv gyfhzf o wkczhtć ş k o zopkgć wpfgkmkgwgykpzvyhlf, pyfgvb ş k yfnlhz vc }oghivlhy ghyf cv wf pohzf yfqvbh lh hgflh yflknkow$wkcnvyvl h}écj, jvpć Goyfwk, zyhjkŧ kf wgykwć +, pyfzkcqécj zfybfck hjbkckwzyhzk}k, avykjkgk, bklkzhyk ghyf cv wvcz pyfqfcŧ k cfhpć yhz ãc }oyikyf, jhy ftkwzhv kcgkpkfcz ãchgzflf jf ghcgflhykf ş k ãc w gykw oyklf om kgkhlf#

Ãc wméy ş kz, pyogfjfflf ãcwfş k gfyvzf jf wzklvl kwzoykonyhmkg cv hv pyfgfjfczfyobécfş zk lh avbć zhzfh wfgolvlvk T]KK# Hş fq ãcj hlć zvyk poyzyfzvl lvk Dhckihl jkc Zkzvw Lk}kvw ş k hgflh hl lvk œ zfmhc gfl Bhyf jkc Vyfgdf, Pobpklkv Gocwzhczkcfwgv h hzyhwhzfc ŧ kh hwvpyh ãbpyvbvz ć ykk jf gć zyf gyockghy hzãz h –ghcohcfloy yfzoykgf‒ glhwkgf, géz ş k h vcoy flfbfczf gocgyfzf jf pwkdolonkf $}ćy wćzoy jf wécnf cf}kco}hz, cflfcfş, lhyćqiohkf b fşzfy+#

$Ckgolhf Bh c olfwgv , Kw zoy kh gy k z kgć h l k z f y h z v y kk y ob éc f , K +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;

Pvzfyckgvl Jvbcfqfv, gkcwzkzf, kvikzf gfzkzoykvlf, w ć "ŧ k j ć yvkhwgć , jvpć hgfwzfgvbplkzf }yfbk hckloy coş zyk, gécj v}h ş k bhk wloiojf }fhgvyk, ãczyv ghyf, pf lécnć hlzf

zyfik, wć hkik }yfbf ş k gv gfzkzvl gć y ŧ kloy h mhgf kw gvw kz ć qć ih}ć , gć cv kfwzf hlzh ş k bhk myvbohwć , ş k b hk jf molow ãc zohz ć }kkhŧ h obv lvk qć ih}ć jfgéz v gfzkzvl gć y ŧ kloy#

Gv gfzkzvl gć y ŧ kloy gvcohş zfb pf qkjkzoykvl cowzyv, Jvbcfqfv, gv gfzkzvl lhvj ć ãk mhgfb pfczyv zohzf hlf lvk gć zy ć cok ivcć z ćŧ k, gv gfzkzvl pfczyv nyfş hlflf cohwzyfbklowzk} ãl hmlć b# Jkc Wgykpzvy ć ãc ŧ flfnfb bkcvchzf ş k }fgkckgf mhpzf pvzfykk lvk, mhgfb mfykgkz ć }kkh ŧ h, hnockwkb cfbvykzoykv cvbf# Wécnvy Béczvkzoykvl cowzyv, Jobcvl ş k Jvbcfqfv Dykwzow, cf ãc}hŧć , qkgécj v 1 hjfgć 1 –Gfyghŧ k Wgykpzvyklf‒# Wgykpzvyh jfphyzflvgyvyk jf ogdkk coş zyk cf ãc}h ŧć gv, hgflf zyfgvzf }yfbk w ć pykgfpfb gflf }kkzohyf#Gkzfş zf gv wć cć zhzf hgfhw z ć h cohwzy ć gv jyhnowzf ow zfcfhlć #



88

Jf zohzf mfykgkk ş k jhyvyk jf lh Jvbcfqfv }okzoykv, Bkyoc Gowzkc, ghyf hb mowz lonom ć z b hyf ãc Boljo}h#

$Bkyoc Gowzkc , Opfyf h lfwf # Lf zop kwfŧ vl ũć y k k Bolj o}fk # Jf cfh bv l bolj o}fckloy +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 80

Mowz"hv hgfwzv œ zfmhc }oj ć ob cv b hyf jf w z ć zv, béckow ş k jf nyhiv }ć yw ć zoykvjf w écnf cf} kco}h z5 jf b vlzf oyk lh owpf ŧ f oboyéfh m ć y ć avjfŧ v# Hbkczyklfh fyh obãczyfn lh mkyf, cflfcfş v, ş k lvgyvl wć v ãl ş zkkh h"l hgopfyk ş k vcjf cv nécjkkhk, hgolo ãlhmlhk# Lh lvgyvyk jf y ć qiohkf bfş zfy, vcjf fyh cf}okf ãcwvş k wć }éyéfh, gh }ć qécjv"lh k wć k, wć cv wć ãc j ć y ć pzkfhqf ş k pfczyv hgfkh yhyv y ć qiokv jf cv ikyvkh# œ k vcjfikyvkh hlŧ kk, cv pfyjfh cć jfajfh, gć ş zkkcjv"wć gć qvz aow, wć y ć jkgh jfhwvpyhikyvkzoykloy# Bhk hp ok, j v pć bohyzfh lvk ş k mkgkoyvl wć v, Ionjhc }oj ć , vybh lvklvhwć , jf lvgyvyk }kzfafş zk, gvb wć zébplć jkc pob ivc, yohj ć ivcć khwf#

Khy ć pyf œ zfmhc }oj ć l"hv ãcnyophz ŧ hyh gv bvlz ć ahlf ş k plécnfyf ãc bć cć wzkyf ãcPvzch, ghyf fyh qkjkz ć jf jéc wv l# Hzézh ahlf fyh, jf plécnfh zoŧ k gh jvpć vc pć ykczf hlwć v , gć gvcoş zkkh zoŧ k gć w"hv wgć phzv jf bvlz ikcf ş k jf bvlz ć hphyhzvy ć # Gf jvpć b ohyzfh lvk, péc ć hw z ć qk ãk qkgv w}fzk œzfmhc }ojć , cv pfczyv w vmlfzv, gf khw zf ãc b éch

lvk Jvbcfqfv, gć fl ãcgć hv mowzv ob gv pć ghzf, gk pfczyv lvgyvyklf lvk gflf }kzfafş zk,ghyklf c kbkcfh j kc j obc k, ckgk b hk ch kczf, c kgk jv pć hgfkh l"hv h avc w v#

$Nyknoyf Vyfgdf, Lfzopkwfŧ vl ũć y kk Bolj o}fk + ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 88

Ãcmloykyfh, gv zozvl yfbhyghiklć , h wgykfykloy gv ghyhgzfy kwzoykonyhmkg pf ghyf ohj ć powzfwg wfgolvl hl T]KK"lfh ş k pykbflf jfgfckk hlf }fhgvlvk vybć zoy, hzéz ãc Boljo}h, géz ş k ãc ũ hyh Yobécfhwgć , cv h yfpyfqfczhz ckgkjfgvb vc mfcobfcgocavcgzvyhl#

Ck}flvl, jk}fywkzhzfh, }hykfzhzfh bojhlkz ćŧ kloy jf hioyjhyf jfbocwzyfhq ć gć pyojv wf lf lkzfyhyf h lf hgfw zfk fpogk jf }éym w vc z mkyfş zk ãb plkc kyk hlf v coy pyfogvpć yk gf

wf j fmkcfw g pykc j vyhz ć ş k gocwzh c ŧć #Wfgolvl hl T]K"lfh ãc gvlzvyh yobécfhwgć fw zf j obkchz ‗ jvpć pć yfyfh cohw zy ć ‗jf vc hgvz wfczkbfcz hl kwzoykfk $kcjkgkv pfyfbpzoykv hl kcwzhlć ykk ş k ãcgdfnć ykkgocş zkkc ŧ fk chŧ kochlf+, ghyf ãk hckbć , lh mfl jf kczfcw, pf ohbfckk polkzkgk, gh ş k pfgć yzvyhyk# Ãczohygfyfh gć zyf pyopykvl zyfgvz, gocwolkjhyfh lfnć zvykloy gv ãchkczhş kk ş k pvcfyfh ãc }hlohyfh h zyhjkŧ kkloy chŧ kochlf $zohzf wfbcf hlf pfyfckz ćŧ kk, hlf vcfk pfybhcfc ŧ f gocş z kfczkqhzf+ wvcz moybf jf bhckmfwzhyf hlf kjfkk jf hphyzfcfc ŧć h pyfqfc zvlvk lh v c gv yw gobvc hl kw zoykfk# U…R

$Jhc Doykh Bhqklv , Bhykk gyockghyk hk wfgolvlvk hl T]KK"lfh +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 89

Jkbkzykf Ghczfbky fwzf gocş zkkc ŧ h gfh bhk gvpykcqć zohyf ş k bhk hjécgć jkc zohz ć

gvlzvyh ş k lkzfyhzvyh cohwzy ć jf pécć lh avbć zhzfh }fhgvlvk hl T]KKK"lfh# H mowz gobphyhz gv Loyfcqo jfk Bfjkgk, gv Lfkickq ş k gv ]olzhkyf# Wp yf fl, w pyf opfyh lvk,goc}fyn gh ãczy"vc w v b b v b zohzf lkckklf jf moy ŧć hlf wpkykzvhlkz ćŧ kk yobécfş zk1h gŧkvcfh polkzkgć ş k bklkzhy ć , gh fmoyz golfgzk} ãc }fjfyfh wgvzvy ć ykk avnvlvk ozobhcwfgvlhy ş k pfczyv géş zknhyfh hvzocobkfk wzhzhlf jfplkcf5 kwzoykh, gh hynvbfcz ãc mh}ohyfh jyfpzvlvk jf h ftkwzh ş k jf h wf hmkybh hl popoyvlvk cowzyv ãczyf gflflhlzf popohyf hlf lvbkk5 şzkkc ŧh , gh wfbc ş k zyfhpz ć wvpfykohy ć h lvbkcć ykk bkc ŧ kk, lhãcgfpvzvl vcvk wfgol ghyf h}fh w ć gvlzk}f yhŧ kvcfh bhk pyfwvw jf oykgf5 l k zfyh zvyh , ghbhckmfwzhyf plfchy ć h lkbikk ch ŧ kochlf, ãc gfl pv ŧ kc o ghpojopfy ć , j ć kcvkcj pfwzf



89

}fhgvyk ş k vkbkcj ãcgć pykc cfić cvkzflf"k myvbvwf ŧ k jf hyz ć h gv}éczvlvk1 Kwzoykhkfyonl km kgć #

Gv Jkbkzykf Ghczfb ky, pfyw ochlkzhzfh gfh b hk pv zfyckgć ş k wgykkzoyvl gfl bhk pyolkmkgş k bhk gvpykcqć zoy jf lhynk oykqoczvyk jkc ãczyfhnh cohwzy ć lkzfyhzvy ć }fgdf, wf ãcgdfkfo fpogć # Opfyh lvk wkczfzkqfhqć , ãc bhyf, phzyv wfgolf ş k bhk ikcf jf bhckmfwzhyf hgvlzvykk yobécfş z k, jfw gdkqéc j zozojh z ć lhynk oykqoczvyk pfykohjfk vyb ć zohyf, hgffh hw fgolvlvk lvb kc kloy ş k h b kş gć ykk gvc owgv z ć wvi cv bflf jf œ gohlh hyjflfhcć #

$Koc Yozhyv, L k zfyh zvyh yobécć }fgdf+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 87

Klvbkckwbvl fwzf kfş kyfh obvlvk jkc wzhyfh jf bkcoyhz jf ghyf fl ãcwvş k w"h m ć gv z }kco}hz# Bkcoyhzvl ãcw fhb cć cfpvzkcŧ h jf h wf wfy}k jf pyopykvl wć v kczflfgz m ć y ć h mkgocjvw jf hlzgkcf}h# Hgfwz bkcoyhz pyo}kcf jkc }kch cohwzy ć , jhgć bozk}vl wć v cvfwzf o jfmkgkfc ŧć h kczflfgzvlvk, gk lkpwh jf doz ć yéyf ş k gvyha ãc h mhgf vq jf fl m ć y ć gocjvgfyfh hlzvkh# Whpfyf hvjf( Wć hk gvyha ãc molowkyfh pyopykvlvk z ć v kczflfgz( fwzfjf gk jf }kqh klvb kckwb vlvk###

G ć gk klvbkckwbvl cv cfgfwkz ć hlzgf}h jfgéz lkifyzhzfh, ş k hcvbf gfh bhk pv ŧ kcj ć vcć zohyf jkc zoz gf pohzf mk cvbkz lkifyzhzf1 molowkyfh ãc boj pvilkg, ãc zohzf

pyk}kcŧ flf, h yhŧ kvckk# Hgvb ãcw ć hvj jkc zohzf pć y ŧ klf –Cv jkwgvzh ŧ k(‒# Omkŧ fyvl wpvc f 1–Cv jkwgvzhŧ k, gk ftfywhŧ k (‒, Gocwklkfyvl jf mkchc ŧ f 1 –Cv j kw gvzh ŧ k, gk plć zkŧ k(‒, Glfykgvl 1–Cv jkwgvzhŧ k, gk gyfjfŧ k(‒# Johy vc wkcnvy wz ć péc ãc lvb f w pvc f1 –Jkw gvzhŧ k géz pvzf ŧ kş k jfwpyf oykgf, jhy mkŧ k hwgvlz ć zoyk(‒# Ãc hgfw zf ghq vyk fwzf }oyih j f o ãcny ć jkyf h lkify"z ćŧ kk# Jhy gf mfl jf ãcny ć j kyf p ohzf ãbp kfj kgh klvb kckwb vl? œ k ghyf, j kbpozyk}ć , ãl pohzf mhgf wć ãchkczfqf? Fv y ć w pvc j1 molowkyfh pvi lkgć h yh ŧ kvckk zyfivkf wć mkf ãczozjfhvchlkify ć 5 cv bh k hw zmfl wf p ohzf yfhlkqh lvb kch yfh ohb fc kloy5 molowkyfh pyk}hz ć h yh ŧ kvckk pohzf mk ãcw ć ãcny ć j kz ć , m ć y ć wć ãbpkfjkgf hw zmfl pyfh bv lz pyonyfw vl klvbkwb vlvk#‒

$Yobvl Bvczfhcv , K lvbkckwbvl , KK +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 8:

Ãc qoyklf lvbkk bojfycf, –oyknkcfh‒ wf ivgvyh jf vc pyfwzknkv hpyohpf bhnkg# Hh}fh o –oyknkcf‒ ikcf wzhiklkz ć ãcwfbch, jf mhpz, h zf pyf}hlh jf o oyknkcf coiklć #–Wvczfb vybhş kk Yobfk( yfpfzhv gv bécjykf kczflfgzvhlkk yobéck jkc }fhgvl hl T]KKK"lfh ş k hl TKT"lfh# Gocş zkkc ŧ h jfwgfcjfc ŧ fk lhzkcf fyh ãcwoŧ kz ć lh fk jf vc mfl jf phyzkgkph yf b kwzkgć lh bć yf ŧ kh Y obfk#U###R

Lh ãcgfpvzvl }fhgvlvk hl TKT"lfh, bkyhavl –oyknkckk coiklf‒ wzéycfş zf ãc zohz ć Fvyophgfczyhlć ş k jf wvj"fwz o hjf}ć yh z ć phwkvcf pfczyv kwzoykh chŧ kochlć , bhk hlfw pfczyv mhqflf bhk }fgdk hlf hgfwzfk kwzoykk# –Vc popoy m ć y ć kwzoykf $hjkgć 1 m ć y ć –jogvbfczfkwzoykgf‒ whv m ć y ć kwzoykonyhmkf+ f gh ş k gvb c"hy mk(‒ Ãczé lckb h gfhw z ć hc tkfzhzf ãc zohzfkwzoykonyhmkklf chŧ kochlf hlf Fvyopfk Gfczyhlf ş k Oykfczhlf#O hwfbfcfh phwkvcf fyh,jfwknvy, gocwfgkc ŧ h j fş zfpz ć ykk chŧ kochlkz ćŧ kloy ãc hgfhwz ć phyzf h Fvyopfk ş k fh w"hzyhcwmoybhz mohyzf gvyécj ãczy"vc kcwzyvbfcz jf pyophnhcj ć ş k jf lvpz ć polkzkgć # Jhy joykcŧ h jf h jo}fjk –oyknkcfh coiklć ‒ ş k –hczkgdkzhzfh‒ popoyvlvk w ć v jobkch ãczy"hş h

bć w v y ć wvj"fwzvl fvyopfhc ãcgéz, ãc hmhy ć jf gézf}h ftgfpŧ kk, zohzf kwzoykonyhmkklfyfwpfgzk}f w"hv ghczochz ãc kwzoykh ch ŧ kochlć ş k hv havcw ãc gflf jkc vybć lh vc pyo}kcgkhlkw b gvlzvyhl#

$Bkygfh Flkhjf, Hwpfg zf h lf bk zv lv k , ghp#KT, Wvpyh}kfŧ vkyk ş kghb vm lhaf hlf b kzvykloy, –Bkzvyklf lvb kk bojf ycf‒+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 86



87

Pf gécj v kzhwfb gć wvc zfb yobéck ş k gć h}fb ş k cok o lkbić , pf gécj cf lkpwfh ş kgć y ŧ k ş k zkponyhmkf5 pf gécj zohz ć lvbfh wf hyvcghwf ãc jhwkk gh ihiflf ãc gćŧ fk ş kbozhck, gć gk lh ş gohlh pvilkgć wf ãc}ćŧ h cvbhk nyfgfş zf5 gécj, ãc wméy ş kz, lkzfyhzvyhyobécć fyh lh jhyfh wvmlfzvlvk, géŧ k}h iokfyk, yvnkckŧ k ãc yobéckwb, cfpvzécjv"wfjf pykcj f gv myvb ohw flf qkgfyk, ş fjfhv zykş zk ş k ać lfhv pfyjfyfh lkbikk# U###R Zoz ãcw ć b h ky ć bć wfwf o ş gohlć pyf ghyf hgfş zk ivck ić zyéck o pyk}fhv gh wkcnvy hqklvl pyknockzfklkbik, ş gohlć vcj f wf ãc}ćŧ h ãcgć yobécfş zf, hpyohpf j f Khş k, ãc bochwzkyfh Wogolh#

Zh z ć l b fv f yh vcv l j kc yobéc kk hgfş zkh# Ãczy"o qk, }kkcj jf lh ş gohlć , l"hb nć w kz gv o bh yf ghyzf jkchkczf#" Gfzfş zk"b k, ãb k qkwf, o }khŧć j"h w mkc ŧ kloy jkc ghyzfh hgfhwzh#" Khyz ć "bć , pć ykczf, fv cv poz gfzk yobé cfş zf #" Gvb ( hpok j hy gf ãc} fŧ k zv?" Flkc fş zf, hb y ć w p v c w pć vckcjv"bć #" Pohzf wć mkf myvbohwf hgflf gf wpvk zv, qkwf zhz ć l bfv, jhy f yvş kcf wć cv ş zkk

lkb ih zh( Bécf }f k }fc k gv b kcf lh W ogolh, vc jf fw zf fthb fc # ]ok }oyik pfczyv zkcf gvj h w gć lvl, ghyf f vc ob p yfãc}ćŧ hz# U###R

" Iokfyk ş k gvgohcf, qkgfh f l, hb h}v z gkcw zf h hy ć zh gć lkbi h c ohwzy ć , pyf ghyf zoŧ kwogoz gć o ş z kv, j hy ckbf cv o ş z kf gvbw fghjf, cv fw zf m ć y ć nyhbhzkgć , m ć y ć wkczhtkw ş k m ć y ć oyzonyhmkf# U###R

Gf m ć gfhb fv ãc }yfbfh hgfhwzh? Fv y ć bć wfwfb ãcgyfbfckz, gv ogdkk dolih ŧ k, gvnvyh gć wghz ć , gć gk cv ãc ŧ flfnfhb ckbkg, fv ghyf bć ŧ kcfhb gć ş zkv gf}h( U###R Hb h lfynhz lh i kilkozfgh zh z ć lvk bf v, gh yf fyh ãczy"o lhj ć bhyf, pvyvyf jfwgdkwć , ãc

goykjoy5 ş k lvécj Kwzoykh yobéckloy jf Pfzyv Bhkoy, havzhz jf hifgfjhyvl vynkwkz, ãc pv ŧ kcf gfhw vyk hb ãc}ćŧ hz h gfzk#

$Gowzh gd f Cfnyvqqk, Hbkcz ky k jf avcfŧ f , Gvb h b ãc}ćŧ h z y ob éc f ş z f + ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 8=

Gécj hb ãcgfpvz h ãc ŧ flfnf gflf gf wf pfzyfg ãc lvbf, kczyhwf jf gvyécj ãc gvywvlzkbpvlvk vc wfgol cov, wfgolvl hl TKT"lfh, wfgol bhyf ş k lvbkcow ãczyf zohzf, bfckz hwgdkbih mhŧ h lvgyvykloy pf pć bécz, jf lh hpvw lh y ć wć ykz5 wfgol ghyf h hjvw gv jécwvl

o gk}klkqhŧ kvcf gv zozvl ş k gv zozvl covć , cfić cvkz ć ş k cf}kwhz ć jf zkbpkk hczfykoyk5gk}klkqh ŧ kvcf kfş kz ć jkc jfwgopfykyklf ş zkkc ŧ kmkgf jhzoykzf nfckvlvk obfcfwg, ghyf h jhz yévykloy, bć ykloy ş k ogfhcfloy }hpohyflf, h ãcqfwzyhz goczkcfczflf gv jyvbvyk"jf"mkfy, hlvbkchz pć béczvl gv nhq ş k gv wgéczfkh flfgzykgć , cf"h j ć yvkz zflfnyhmkh, zflfmockh ş k mozonyhmkh5 pykc bfghckgć ş k pykc gdkbkf h zyhcwmoybhz zohzf hyzflf ş k bć kfwzykklf, hãcwvzkz ş k ãcb kkz pyojv gŧ kvcfh ş k h y ć j kghz pf ob j kc yoikf ş k jkc hpć w hyf lh fnhlkzhzf ş klkifyzhzf5 h }ć qvz yfcć wgécj gh jkc gfcvş f wzhzf covć gh Nyfgkh, gh Iflnkh, Yobéckh,Wfyikh ş k Ivlnhykh#U###R

Pf lh hcvl 8498 zvcvl ãcgfzhwf j"h y ć wvch ãc Fvyoph5 fl ã ş k pyojvwfwf fmfgzvl1j fş zfpzhwf c hŧ kochlkz ćŧ klf, vch gézf vch, j kc hboy ŧ fhlh ãc ghyf fyhv gć qv zf j f w fgolk,ş k Yobéckh wgć ph jkc ndfhyflf mhchykoŧ kloy# U###R Iokfykk ãcgfpvwf h wf qkgf yobéck, h}oyik ş k h wgykf yobé cfş zf U###R#

œ golk yobécfş zk jf ãc}ćŧć bécz wfgvcjhy wf jfwgdkwfwf ãc –Wméczv Wh}h‒ ş k ãc

–Zykwmfzkzflf‒, ş k bhk bvlŧ k zkcfyk fyhv zykbkş k wć wzvjkfqf ãc Myhc ŧ h, ãc Nfybhckh ş k ãc Kzhlkh, jfwzkchŧ k gh, lh ãczohygfyfh loy ãc ŧ hy ć , wć pyfjfh ş zkkc ŧ flf ãchlzf1 mkloqomkh,jyfpzvl, b hzfb hzkgklf, ş zkkc ŧ flf ch zvyhlf ş k mkqkgf ãc lkb ih yobéc ć #

$Koc Ndkgh, Wgy kwoy k gć z y f ]hw k lf Hlfgwhcj y k +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 8>

–Ãc 8 40 =, hb ãczélckz ãcgć bv lzf mfbf k pvyzécj ãbiy ć gć bkczfh oykfczhlć , zy ć kcj ãcghwf m ć y ć boiklf ş k gv ić yi hŧ k nfloş k cf}okf bhyf# Ãcw ć yf}olv ŧ kh ghyf w"h pfzyfgvz



8:

hzvcgk lh Khş k, hpok lh Ivgvyfş zk ş k ãc pyo}kcgkf, h mowz pf géz jf yhpkj ć pf zoz hzéz jfgobplfz ć 1 jvpć vc hc, zohzf mfbfklf jkc Boljo}h ş k jkc ũ hyh Yobécfhwgć hv lvhz poyzvl fvyopfhc# Jf pyfzvzkcjfck, hv wowkz, ãc gflf jovć ghpkzhlf, cfnvwzoyk jf bojf,gyokzoyfwf… jf lh ]kfch ş k jf lh Phykw…

Gvyécj w"h }ć qvz ş k boiklć , gf}h bhk }fgdf, hjvwć jf lh ]kfch gv bhyfgdflzvkhlć # Zy ć wvyklf ghyf, bhk ãchkczf, hy ć zhv gh ckş zf ikyaf }fgdk jkc ]kfch, hv mowz ãclogvkzf gv zy ć wvy k ş k ghlfş zk flfnhczf# Ghwflf w"hv vbplvz jf wfy}kzoyk wzy ć kck, jfiv gć zhyk myhc gfqk ş k, pykc w hlohcf ş k khzhgv yk, cv w "h b hk }oyikz j fgéz myhc ŧ v q fş zf# U###RGé ŧ k}h zkcf yk hv ãcgfpv z wć poh yzf myhg5 ãcwć ić zyéckk ş k ić yi hŧ kk gv w lvaif ş k"hv pvyzhz bh k jfp hyzf ihyih ş k hczfykvl lvc n péc ć lh nlfqcf#

U…R Bojh hpvwfhcć hggfczvfhqć , lh hgfwzf johbcf, nvwzvl pfczyv lvt bhk bvlz jfgéz lh ić yi hŧ kk loy# U…R Lh ić yi hŧ k, wgdkbihyfh fwzf ãczy"hjf}ć y bhk ãcgfh z ć # œ k, b hkhlfw, lk wf ãczébp lć wć wf ãczohygć lh gf mvwfwf hlz ć j hz ć # U…R Mfbfklf ãcw ć , jf bvlz ć }yfbf, wf ãbiyhgć zohzf fvyopfcfş zf… Wf ş zkf ikcf gć mfbfklf wvcz ãczozjfhvch pykbflf gh yf pćş fw g pf ghlfh gk}klkq hŧ kfk…‒

$Cfhnv Jav }hyh, Ãcz yf Oykfc z ş k Ogg kj fc z , ghpkzolv l Iokfykk+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 84

Ãc kwzoykf, cv ftkwz ć bkyhgolf, gk, jkc gécj ãc gécj, ãczébplć yk bkcvchzf5 ftkwz ć ,gézfojhz ć , ãc }kh ŧ h popoh yfloy glkpf pyk}klfnkhzf géc j , ãczy"o w kcnv y ć nfcfyhŧ kf, j fwzkcvlh j v cć bh k bv lzf wgdkbić yk jfgé z ãc gézf}h }fhgvyk jf zoyopfhlć #

Hş h w "h ãczéb plhz lh cok, gv ić yihŧ kk cć w gv ŧ k, wć wpvcfb, ãczyf 8400 ş k 847 0, ş k pfghyf"k pvzfb cvbk –nfcfyh ŧ kh jf lh 84:4‒# Fyhv johy o béc ć jf ohbfc k, ãcw ć lvpzhvgh béchŧ k jf o gyfjkc ŧć c fŧć ybvykz ć ãc jfwzkcflf ŧć ykk loy# Hv q}éylkz gh pf ckş zf}fgdkzvyk, oikgfkvyklf, kcwzkzv ŧ kklf, pécć ş k }oghivlhyvl, kbpvwf jf o pvzfyf wzy ć kcć # Hvwoyikz gv cfwhŧ jkc kq}ohyflf gvlzvykk hpvwfcf5 hv hjopzhz kcwzkzv ŧ kk cok, hv ãccokz lkbih, hv gyfhz pf jf"h"czyfnvl o lkzfyhzvy ć jf }hlohyf vck}fywhlć , hv ãcgfpvz ãclkckş zf, vc pyogfw j fb ogyhzkg, ãczy"vc ykzb cfb hkgvc owgvz j f }yfo hlz ć ŧ hy ć j kc Fvyoph5hv mkthz, pfczyv nfcfyh ŧ kk, gv ãcjy ć qcfhlć ş k yfhlkwb, bhyklf oikfgzk}f polkzkgf hlfcfhbvlvk ş k hv jf zfybkch z Fvyoph wć ŧ kcć wf hb h jf flf# Fk hv m ć gvz zohzf hgfwzfh# Hv m ć gvz gdkhy bhk b vlz1 hv m ć vykz Yobé ckh#

$Cfhnv Jav}hyh, Ãcz yf Oykfcz ş k Ogg kjfc z # ũć yklf yobécf lh ãcgfpv zv l fpog k k bojfycf+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 8;

Pykbvl bfykz gvlzvyhl fwfc ŧ khl hl phş opzkş zkloy fwzf gocş zkkc ŧ h kbfcwvlvk nol kwzoykg pf ghyf wvcz gdfbhŧ k wć "l flkbkcf# Kjffh oiwfjhcz ć , ftpykbhz ć hjfwfh gv hggfczfbfwkhckgf, fwzf h –ãcgfpvzvlvk‒ hiwolvz ş k ãc zohzf jobfckklf# –Yobéckk hv zyfivkc ŧ hhw z ć qk wć wf ãczfbfkfqf‒ hmkybh, ãc wpkykz ş k wzkl jf –bhckmfwz‒, C# Ić lgfwgv $84:6+#–Lvbkcfhqć "zf ş k }fk mk(‒ yfpyfqkcz ć hgffhş k loqkcgć h ãcgfpv zvlvk ãc zohzf j kyfgŧ kklf# Ohvzonfcfqć pykc gvlzvy ć h mkkc ŧ fk chŧ kochlf# œ k, zoz ãc hgfwz wfcw, hl –ãcgfpvzvlvk‒ gv

oykgf pyf ŧ , zozhl yhjkghl ş k m ć y ć kcdkikŧ kk, zyfivkf gkzkz ş k ãcjfbcvl lvk Dflkhjf"Yć jvlfwgv1–Wgykf ŧ k, ić kfŧ k, cv b hk wgykf ŧ k‒#U###R

Fwzf f}kjfcz gć phş opzkş z k k cv jkwpvcfhv jfgéz jf o wkcnvy ć bfzoj ć kbfjkhz ć ş k pyhgzkgć jf yfgvpfyhyf h ãczéyqkfykk gvlzvyhlf# Jf h –vbplf‒ nolvl kwzoykg ş k jf h ãcgfpfgocwzyvkyfh vcfk gvlzvyk yobécf –bojfycf‒ ãcgć kcftkwzfcz ć 1 –w kcgyockqh yfh‒ yhp kj ć ş k pf wghyh gfh bhk lhynć # Ãc pykbvl yécj, pykc kbkzhŧ kk, hjhpz ć yk, gobpklhŧ kk, zyhjvgfyk#Pécć ãc 84:4, jhz ć wkbiolkgć , wf gocwzhz ć o hjf}ć yh z ć kc}hqkf jf zyhjvgfyk ãc zohzfjobfckklf#### Hgvb wf pvc ş k ihqflf pykbfloy –ikilkozfgk‒ jf zyhjvgfyk jkc lkzfyhzvyhvck}fywhlć # Dflkhjf"Yć jvlfwgv lhcwfhqć ãc gć jkc 849; vc hwzmfl jf pyokfgz1 –Jkc



86

ikilkozfgh yobécfhwgć ‒# Hyf ãc }fjfyf ş k o –Golfgŧ kf jf hvzoyk glhwkgk‒ $847=+# Yfkh ‗j vpć vc pyokfgz myhcgfq goczfbpoyhc, hl lvk H# Hkbë Bhyzkc $Plhc j‛vcf ikilkozdfxvfvck}fywfllf, 847>+ ‗ vc }hwz ş k pyhgzkg kyfhlkqhikl ghzhlon yobécfwg hl vcfk –Ikilkozfgkvc k}fywhlf‒ $84 := +# Kjf fh plvzfh ãc hfy# Oiw fj h ş k pf hlzkk# Hgfhwzh }okc ŧć ş k vzopkf hzozhlkz ćŧ kk, kcwpkyhz ć jf oiwfw kh ş k phwkvcfh –ãcgfpvzvlvk‒ hiwolvz, yfpyfqkcz ć vc fcoybwhlz ghlkzhzk}# O myfcfzkgć jfwgdkjfyf, vybhz ć jf o kczfnyhyf ş k hwvbhyf, m ć y ć pyfgfjfcz lh cok, h gvlzvykk vck}fywhlf# Pfczyv gocş zkkcŧ h wpkykzvhlć yobécfhwgć yfpyfqkcz ć o kckŧ khzk}ć ş k o ftpfykfc ŧć vckgć , jf bhyk pyopoy ŧ kk# O hjf}hyhz ć –pyfbkfy ć hiwolvz ć ‒#

$Hjykhc Bhykco, Hg zv h l k z h z f h k jf o lon k f k phw op z k w z f +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 90

Vch jkczyf ghyhgzfykwzkgklf gflf bhk pyfnchczf hlf nfcfyh ŧ kfk phş opzkwzf jf gć yzvyhykş k wgykkzoyk h mowz hcnhahyfh loy pf bvlzkplf ş k }hykhzf plhcvyk, ãc zoz gffh gf hyfpyfqfc zhz mfc obfc ş k f}fc kbfc z gyvgkhl ãc j fw zkcv l popoyvlvk loy#

Jf lh polkzkgć $bhk ãczék gh pvyz ć zoyk jf kjfk cok, hpok gh phyzkgkphc ŧ k lh yf}olv ŧ kf ş klh lvp zh pfc zyv v ckyf, ãc wmé y ş kz gh j fb ckzhyk hk w zhzvlvk yob éc b ojfyc1 Eonć lckgfhcv

‗ pykb"bkckwzyv, Hlfgwhcjyk ş k Ndkgh ‗ hbihwhjoyk, gh w ć j ć b cvbhk ftfbplflf gflfb hk gvcow gvzf+ ş k, hb qkgf hwz ć qk, –bhchnfbfcz gvlzvyhl‒ $gocjvgć zoyk jf qkhyf ş k j fyf}kwzf, pyopykfzhyk jf zkponyhmkk ş k fjkzvyk, bfbiyk hk Wogkfz ćŧ kk Mklhybockgf ghyf }h pyfnć zk pykbkk hgzoyk pyomfwkockş zk ş k hk hlzoy hwogkh ŧ kk gvlzvyhlf, pécć lh Hwzyhzyhcwkl}hcć whv Wogkfzhzfh Hghjfbkgć , }kkzohyfh Hghjfbkf Yobécć +, pécć lh gyfhŧ khlkzfyhy ć ş k hyzkwzkgć pyopykv"qkwć $Hwhgdk, jf pklj ć , wf pykgfpfh lh hyzflf plhwzkgf ş k hgocgfpv z gézf}h nyh}vyk jf wv ggfw ãc fpogć +#

M ć gécj –b vlzf ş k jf zohzf‒, ãc wfcwvl ivc hl gv}éczvlvk, pfczyv gć c v ş k"hv ykw kpkz ckgkojhz ć fcfynkklf ãc }hc, cv hv pyojvw jfgéz yhyfoyk ghpojopfyf $vcflf jkczyfwgykfyklf loy y ć béc, zozvş k, pvcgzf jf yfmfykc ŧć ãc kwzoykh lkzfyhy ć 1 Qivyć zoyvl lv k Dflkhjf Yć jvlfwgv, Hlfthcjyv Lć p vş cfhcvl hl lvk Cfnyvqqk U###R, Phwzflvy k lf lv k Hlfgwhcjyk, pykczyf hlzf ftfbplf powkiklf+, jhy hv kckŧ khz ãc zohzf nfcvyklf $lkykg, fpkg ş kjyhbhzkg+ jkyfgŧ kk pf ghyf lf }oy goczkcvh, gv bhk bvlzf ãbplkckyk, vybhş kk loy jkc

vlzkb flf j fgfc kk hlf }f hgv lvk hl TKT"lfh ş k jkc gfl v ybć zoy#$Nfoynfzh Hczocfwgv, L k zfyh zvyh yobécć ãcf p o gh p h ş op z k w zć , ãc Lkbih ş k lkzfyhzv yh yobé cć +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 98

Ãc Kczyojvgŧ kh lh Jhg kh l k z f yhyć , Eonć lckgfhcv hş zfycf pf déyzkf pyonyhbvl ş kbhckmfwzvl yobhczkwbvlvk yobécfwg# Fl fwzf wkcgyockg gv hgflh jkc Yvwkh, Wphckh,Poyzvnhlkh ş k jkc hlzf ŧć yk, h}écj hgflhş k hwpfgz, }ć jkz, jkc ghpvl logvlvk, ãc plfjohykhhvzoyvlvk pfczyv chzvyh, molgloyvl, oikgfkvyklf, kwzoykh $gv fthgz vc jfgfckv bhk jf}yfbfş k Dflkhjf Yć jvlfwgv o yfgobhcjh gh kq}oy+ ş k lkbih ch ŧ kochlć $ãcŧ flfnécj ftplkgkz gć f } oyih jf yobéc kk j kc zohzf p yo}kcgkklf Jhgkfk+# Gkcf cv ş zkf pf j f yow z hgfwzf gv} kczf?

–Kwzoykh cohwzyć hyf jfwzvlf mhpzf fyokgf, myvbohwflf cohwzyf ŧćy k wv c z jfw zv l jfbh yk, oikgfkv yklf coh wzyf wv cz jfwzv l jf pkzoyfşz k şk pofzkgf gh wć pv zf b nćw k şk lhc ok wv afzv yk jf wgykw m ćyć wć h}fb pfczyv hgfhw zh z yfiv kc ŧć wć cf ãb py vb v zćb j f lhhl zf ch ŧkk‒#

Pykbh nfcfyhŧ kf yobhczkgć cv wf }h hihzf gv o koz ć jf lh hgfwz pyonyhb kjfolonkgş k ãc pykbvl yécj Eonć lckgfhcv ãcwvş k, jécj ftfbplvl gv}fckz ãc Vc cov gd kp jf h mhgf gvyzf , vcjf gvlfnf o oyhŧ kf jf cvcz ć ŧć y ć cfhwgć ş k pyfqkcz ć gv wkbphzkfgfyfb ockklf yfwp fgzk}v lvk f }fc kbf cz#

Moybv lh lć vczykgć h yobhc zkw bv lvk cow zyv lkzfyhy y ć béc f hgffhş k gfl pv ŧ kc p écć lhFbkcfwgv, vcjf fh wf bojkmkgć ãc gdkp w fb ckmkghzk}, j fş k cv pécć lh cfyfgvcohş zfyf,



8=

wv i pyfwkvcfh h zéz h bkcŧ kk nfc khlf h pofzv lvk, géz ş k h c ovlvk goczft z w ogko"gvlzvyhl, zoz b hk }kgzoykhc , hl gć yvk lkjfy jf opkckf jf} kcf Zkzv Bhkoyfw gv#

$Ckgolhf Bhc olfwgv , Kw z oy kh gy k z kgć h l k z f y h z v y k k y ob éc f +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 99 Kvikzf hbkgf,

Nyfk, jhy plć gv ŧ k hck hb pfzyfgvz cok ãbpyfvcć 5 bvlz hb lvpzhz cok, zkcfykk jf pfhzvcgk, gv pyfavjf ŧ flf ş k gv oikgfkvyklf gflf yflf, bvlz hb hpyopkhz cok glhwflf ãczyfj éc w flf5 b vlzf kjf k nyfş kzf jf hlf ić zyéckloy ş k jf hlf iokfykloy hb wpvlifyhz ş k bv lzf kjfkbojfycf hb ãbpléczhz ãc wpkykzf5 bvlz ć yvnkcć hb gvy ćŧ k z jf pf bvlŧ k# Hb m ć gvz"o,yfwpfgzécj gyfjkc ŧ flf mkfgć yvkh, gkcw zkcj pfykk gfk hlik, lć vjécj ş k hjbkyécj mhpzh ivcć ,oyk jf v cj f }fcfh , ş k }fc fyécj pf h gfk ghyk kvi fhv ŧ hyh ş k jyfpzhzfh#

Lvgyhb ş k lvpzhb cv ãbpkcw jf wfzfh jf powzvyk ikcf plć z k zf whv jf joykc ŧ h j fyhcnvyk pf wghyh hydoczolonkfk, jhy cvbhk jf joykc ŧ h jf h jfq}olzh ãc wpkykzf ş k ãc kckbkwfczkbfczvl ikcflvk, hl myvbowvlvk ş k kvikyfh jf ŧ hy ć # Ãc ihck fyhb plć zkŧ k gvb jh Jvbcfqfv5 fv, pfczyv jovć lfgŧ kk pf qk, hjkgć 9: jf gfhwvyk, jf ghzfjy ć pf wć p z ć b écć , pykbfhb 700 jf lfk }fgdk, 4 nhlifck, gf}h gh vc myhcg pf lfgŧ kvcf5 jhy fyhb ikcfy ć w p lć z k z py kc whz kw mhgŧ kvc fh gf w kb ŧ f h b }ć q éc j pf zohz ć qkvh gvb w f lć ynfh gfygvlkjf kloy gfloy iv cf # Lvgyhb mkfghyf gv gv }éc zvl ş k gv gocj fkvl, jvpć pv zfyklf b kalohgfloy

cohwzyf, lh jfq}olzhyfh chŧ kochlkz ćŧ k k yobécf# œ k ş zkk gć lvgyv cv fyh lfwcf ãczy"vczkb p pf géc j gdkhy gfh b hk bkgć hlvq kvcf fyh pfj fpw kz ć gv ãcgd kw ohyf ş k gv ftkl#U###RF yh b w v w ŧ kc v ŧ k ãc wogkf zhzf , ãc pyophnhcjh gf m ć gfhb ãc mh}oyvl kjfkloy lkifyhlf jfFlfch Cfnyk, woyh lvk Gowzhgdf Cfnyk, jf hbkgh wh, myvbohwh ş k nyhŧ kohw h Fb klkh Yf{ boc,jf mkkgflf johbcfk B ć ykh Yowco}hcv, Ghzkcgh ş k Qof Wzvyjqh# Kjfklf fnhlkzhyf ş kjfbogyhzkgf ãcgfpvwfUy ć R h wf kczyojvgf gdkhy ãc whlohcflf flfnhczf ş k hykwzogyhzkgf hlf plć gvzfk ş k wp kykzvohwfk goczfw f Flfch W zvyjq h#

Gv géz ć pć yfyf j f y ć v hb pć y ć wkz Khş vl ş k b"hyc j fw pć y ŧ kz jf }ok, ivckk bfk hbkgk5 oj hzoykf j f mhb klkf w hgy ć ş k jvyfyohwć bć gdfb h lh Ivgvyfş zk1 zhz ć l bfv gć qv wf nyfviolch}# $Koc Nd kgh, Wgy kwoy k gć z y f ]hw k lf Hlfgwhcj y k + ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 97

Hlfgwhcjyk h goczykivkz ãc lhynć bć w v y ć lh bojfyckqhyfh }kfŧ kk cohwzyf pvilkgf, polkzkgf ş k gvlzvyhlf pykc gyfh ŧ kh lvk jkchbkgć , pykc pyfwzknkvl wć v pfywochl, pykc mvcgŧ kklf omkgkhlf pf ghyf lf"h ãcjfplkckz, gh bkckwzyv, gh bfbiyv hl Hghjfbkfk bhkzéyqkv, pykc wpykakcvl jfgkwk} jhz goczhgzfloy cohwzyf gv Oggkjfczvl yobhckg, ãc wpfgkhl#

Hqk hpyohpf w"h vkzhz hbć cvczvl pvilkgć ykk jf gć zyf pofz h vcfk –Nyhbhzkgkyobécfş zk‒ lh Phykw, ãc 84=7 pykc ghyf, gv bvlzf zftzf phyhlflf ãc gflf jov ć lkbik,klvwzyécj coybflf hgfwzfk lkbik, Hlfgwhcjyk h goczykivkz ãc mohyzf bhyf b ć w v y ć lhãccokyfh yfwvywfloy ftpyfwk}f hlf yobécfk lkzfyhyf pykc goczhgzvl wzyécw gv gk}klkqh ŧ kh ,lkzfyhzvyh ş k lkbih myhcgfqć ş k gv gfh kzhlkhcć , jfopozyk}ć 5 lvgyv mvcjhbfczhl, wgykwvllvk mklzyhz, h hwkbklhz ş k ãccoiklhz bkk jf cfolonkwbf kcjkwpfcwhiklf bojfyckqć ykk ş kgdkhy yfyobh c kqć ykk lkbikk cohwzyf#

Gffh gf pykbf hb hgvb vc wfgol }fcfh jkc zfqhv yvl gobvc , kbfc w, hl yobhc kz ćŧ kk,

jkc géş zknvyklf gvlzvykk yobhckgf oggkjfczhlf, ghyf h yfnfcfyhz zohz ć gvlzvyhfvyopfhcć , ãc zohzf lkbiklf#

$Nd# Ivlnćy , ]hw k lf Hlfgwhcjy k , ãc Lkbiha ş k h y zć l k z f y h yć ãc opfyh wgy k k zoy k loy yobé ck+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 9:

Hlć zvyhyfh hgfwzoy jovć ghyhgzfyf jfowfikzf, ghyf jo}fjfş zf hzéz jf bvlz ãcyévykyfh F}yopfk hwvpyh vcfk pć y ŧ k jkczyf yobéck, phyzfh ionhz ć ş k pyk}klfnfz ć , ş k



8>

lvpzh cfgoczfckz ć ãczyf kjfklf }fgdk ş k covć cv fyh ckgkjf gvb zkpć ykz ć pf mhŧ h ghp kzhlfkcohwzyf gv }yo géŧ k}h h ck bh k ãc vybć # Hzvc gk fh pv yzh o mkqkocob kf b hk bv lz oykfc zhlć 5ãc wć jf géc j w pkykzflf hv ãcgfpv z h wć jfq}ć lk lh yhqflf gk}klkqh ŧ kfk, o bhyf pyfmhgfyf w"hv k}kz ãc zohzf, o wgdkbih yf y ć pkjf w"hv wć }éy ş kz hzéz ãc nvwzvyklf géz ş k ãc oikgfkvyklfhgflfk bkgk pć y ŧ k h w ogkfz ćŧ kk yobé cfş zk jf ghyf hb pob fc kz#

Dhkcflf lvcnk ş k lhynk hv jhz yécj wzyhkfloy bhk wzyébzf h F}yopfk5 ş lkgvl w"hvãcgdkchz jkchkczfh pć lć ykfk5 gkviozflf yoş kk ş k nhlikcf hv jhz phwvl ãcgć lŧć bkczfloy jf}ht 5 j k}hc vyklf lhzf w "hv gkoplkz ãc moybf jf ghch pflf flfnhczf, ş k ãc vybh yfh zvzv zyoy hgfwzoy covz ćŧ k ş k h bhk bvlzoy hlzf gf w"hv ãczyojvw gv bojh, ghwflf hv zyfivkz cfnyfş kz wć pykkbfhwgć o moybć w zy ć kcć ş k pozyk}kz ć gv chzvyh kjfkloy jf hwz ć qk# Flf hvãcgfpvz h wć wvpvcf yfnvlfloy pyopoy ŧ kfk, h wć ãbpojoik gv golohcf, gv mfyfwzyf lhynk ş klvbkcohwf, gv ihlgohcf jfwm ćŧ hzf U###R5 hv ãcgfpvz, ãczy"vc gv}écz, h w ć yéjkgh pf plhcvyk flfnhczf ş k p lć gvzf ogdkloy#

Hgfwzf qkjkyk covć moybfhqć phyzfh f}yopkfcfhwgć h oyhş vlvk# Géz pfczyv gfhoykfczhlć , fh fwzf yfpyfqfczhz ć pykc o bvlŧ kbf jf dhyjvndkk }fgdk, chlzf, wzyébif,bvgfjf, gv pć yf ŧ kk hmvbhŧ k ş k gy ć phŧ k, gv mfyfwzyflf bkgk ş k gdkohyf, gv wzyfş kcklf pvzyfjf ş k hwgv ŧ kzf, gv wgć yklf ãczvcfghzf, gv oj ć klf omzkgohwf, gv ony ć qklf bhyk ş k pvw zkk, gv ny ć j kcklf plkcf j f iv yvkfcf w ć lihzkgf ş k gv q kj vyk nyohw f pkb pyfnkvy#

$]hw klf Hlfgwh c jy k, Khş k k ãc 8 4 : : +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 96 Jobckloy( Jh ŧ k"bk }okf h }ć fwpvcf hkgk vc y ć pkjf zhilov jf pyo}kcŧ kklf Jvcć yfk logvkzf jf

yobéck# Gh mkv hl Yobéckfk, b ć pyopvc wć }ć wlvafwg j f gć lć vq ãc p ykbi lhyfh gf }okŧ k h mhgf pykc hgflf ŧć ybvyk jf pć yzhzf ş k h ş h pv ŧ kc gvc owgvzf ãcgć jf F}yoph oggkjf czhlć #

Wć zyfgfb ãc nyhić Ndfybhckh, Nhlkŧ kh ş k Ivgo}kch $pyo}kc ŧ kf bć cohw ć pf ghyf Hvwzykh hv jfwpć y ŧ kz"o jf Boljo}h ãc 8>>6 ş k hv ãcgoypoyhz"o Kbpfykvlvk+ ş k wć hnkvcnfb ãc hgflf logvyk gć yoyh logvkzoykk loy jhv cvbflf jf Yobéckh, ş k pf ghyfw zy ć kckk lf gdfhbć Pyo}kcŧ k k Jhcvikfcf # Hgvb pćş kb Bolckŧ h, péyév gf wlvafş zf jfdozhy ãczyf Ivgo}kch ş k Boljo}h, ş k khz ć "cf ãc wméy ş kz pf hgfwz golŧ j f pć bécz hzéz jfcfgvcowgvz, ãcgéz bvlŧ k jkplobh ŧ k ş k bvlŧ k }fwzkŧ k ãc}ćŧ hŧ k l"hv gocmvcjhz gécj gv pć béczvl Zvygdkfk, gécj gv pć béczvl Yowkfk# Khz ć "cf ãczy"o ŧ hy ć gv zozvl covć , jhy vcjf }ob h}fh plć gfyf h nć wk o bvlŧ kbf jf gvcoş zkc ŧ k m ć gvzf jf cok ãc gć y ŧ klf Kwzoykfk Yobhcf# U###R

F}yoph phyf gć cv }yfh ckgk b ć ghy wć ŧ kf wogozfhlć jf zoz wécnflf }ć ywhz ãchpć yhyfh fk( Gf"k phw ć F}yopfk jf hgfhwz ć ŧ hy ć w lć ikz ć pykc hzézf y ć qiohkf ş k jf hzézfcfcoyogkyk( Gf"k phwć jf chŧ kochlkzhzfh hgflvk popoy yobéc ghyf }yokfş zf hw z ć qk wć w fyéjkgf jkc gć jfyfh wh, pfczyv gh wć "ş k kfkf jkc cov powzvl gf Jvbcfqć v ãcwvş k k"hvãcgyfjkc ŧ hz( Hgfwz popoy, hgfhwz ć ŧ hy ć , bfykz ć ohyf jf h zyhnf lvhyf"hbkczf hOggkjfczvlvk?

]fckŧ k gv bkcf, jobckloy, gh w ć gfygfz ć b ãbpyfvcć hjf}ć yvl lh kq}oyvl w ć v, ş k wvcz ãcgyfjkc ŧ hz gć ãc w méy ş kz }fŧ k qkgf1 Ivcć ŧ hy ć ( iv c pop oy(

$]hwklf Hlfgwhcjyk, Yobéckk ş k pof q kh l o y +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 9=Ndfynhck, ndfc hykf 84 48

Kvi kzf h b kgf, Ã ŧ k hjvgk hbkczf jf ãczékh cohwzy ć ãczélckyf, wvcz hgvb }yfo :6 jf hck, lh Phykw,

ghb pf lh hcvl 8476? Gkcgk whv ş hwf yobéck bvczfck jkc ]hlhdkh, gvb wf qkgfh pf"hzvcgk, logvkhb ãc yvf Wz# D{hgkczdf gv Ckgvlhf Ghczhgvqkco Phş ghcv ş k gv KhcgvMklkpfwgv ]vlphgdf# ]ok, hlŧ k hzéŧ kh yobéck boljo}fck, ãczyf ghyk ş k mowzvl jobc HlfgvGvqh logvkfŧ k gv vc pyomfw oy hcv b f Mvych yhgdf ãc yvf Cúzyf"Jhbf jfw Gd hb pw #



84

Ãczy"o jvbkcfgć , bkgflf cohwzyf géyjvyk wf ãczélcky ć pf Xv hk ]olzhkyf , ş k cok ş k }okbfynfhb zoz wpyf Gdhbpw Fl{wëfw # Bfczoykk coş zyk wf opyky ć vc bkcvz lh }oyić # Cvş zkv gvb, ckgk ãc gf mfl, jhy cf"hb pobfckz jfojhz ć hbfwzfghŧ k ş k iyhŧ lh iyhŧ vcbvczfhc g"vc boljo}fhc5 }oyifhb mkfghyf lkbihnkvl pyo}kcgkfk cohwzyf ş k c fãc ŧ flfnfhb, phyg"hb mk }oyikz hgffhş k lkbić # Gf yf}flhŧ kvc f( Jkczy"hgfl bob fc z cv hbb hk mowz ckgk bv czfc k, ckgk boljo}fck# Fyhb zoŧ k yobéc k( U##R

Gézf lvgyvyk w"hv pfzyfgvz jf hzvcgk pf lvbf ş k bhk hlfw ãczy"hgfwz golŧ kş oy jf pć bécz, ghyf pohyz ć hw z ć qk cvbflf jf Yobéckh, pf ghyf pf hzvcgk ckbfck cv"lgvcoş zfh ãc wzy ć kcć zhzf ckgk jf c vb f bć ghy( Pvzfhb wć wzyknć b géz cf "hy mk lvhz nvyhgć wvczfb yobéck, w zy ć cfpoŧ k jf"hk lvk Zyhkhc, gć ckbfck cv cf gyfjf h, cv c f hw gvlzh,cv cf ãc ŧ flfnfh5 wvyjh lf qkgfhb gć cok fyhb }hlhdk ş k gć }ok fyhŧ k boljo}fck5 ck wfy ć wpvcjfh1 –]h wć q kgć wvczfŧ k bvwghlk? Wvczf ŧ k zvygk?‒ ş k pykc vybhyf doz ć yhv gć fyhb nyfgk, jf }yfbf gf fyhb wgd kw b hzkgk ş k cf ãcgdkchb lh y ć wć ykz#

$Koc Ndkgh, Wgy kwoy k gć z y f ]hw k lf Hlfgwh cjy k +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 9>

œ k pyfgvb whgyflf pykcgkpkk jf jyfpzvyklf ş k ãcjhzoykyklf obvlvk ãc wogkfzhzf qć gfhvwvi péglh kncoyhc ŧ fk , hwfbfcf ş k lkbih, ş k lkzfyhzvyh, ş k hyzflf myvbohwf wf

yfwéb ŧ fhv jf kcmlvfc ŧ h péglfk# Ihyihykh zvygfhwgć , goyvbpfyfh nyfgfhwgć ş k jfwflfogvpć yk yvwfş zk lć w hy ć vybf jfployhiklf ãc boyh}vyklf ş k ãc wpkykzvl wogkfz ćŧ kk, ş kghyhgzfyvl fk yobéc jkwpć yvwf pyfgvb jkwphyf pć béczv l wvi qć phjh kfycfk# Wohyflf Yobéckfk fyh phlkj ş k m ć y ć gć ljvy ć c hŧ kochlć ( Lkbih, pć wzyhz ć gv wmkc ŧ fckf jfw zy ć ivckk coş zyk ş k jf popoy, jf}kcf vc zvzzk myvzzk, ãbpfwzykŧ hz gv }oyif nyfgfş zk,zvygfş zk, yvwfş zk ş k myhcgfq f# U…R

Vc hj f}ć yhz yobéc y ć z ć gkz ãc wogkfzhzf pf hzvcgk y ć bécfh gv nvyh gć wghz ć ş k w f pv zfh gyfjf zyhc w poyzhz ãczy"o lvb f gv zozvl w zy ć kcć w hv bh k ikcf ãc zvycvl jkc Ihifl#Gf pvzfh m k j hy lkzfyhzvyh vc vk hwf b fc h zkb p? U…R

Ãc gvyécj Boljo}h mv kcvcjhzh jf whzkyf, géczfgf hboyohwf ş k flfnkk, ãc ghyfjvbcfqfkk bkzolonkgk ş k bhk gv wfhb ć Hmyojkzh ogvphv logvl gfl bhk kbpoyzhcz, pyfgvb ãc pofqkklf myhc gfqf j f lh hgffh ş k fpogć # U…R

Whzkyflf fyhv mohyzf nvwzhzf, gć gk flf goyfwpvcjfhv gv chzvyh wpkykzvlvk yéqć zoy hlyobé ckloy5 j hy, bhk pyfwv w j f zohzf, géczkgflf jf lvb f fyhv i kcf pykb kzf, mkkcj géczh zfj f lć vzhyk lh b fwf , cvc ŧ k, pfzyfgfyk pykc ny ć jkck ş k }kk#‒

$]hwklf Hlfgwhcjyk, Gocw zhc z kc Cfnyvqq k+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 94

HGZVL K, Wgfc h 7Gdkykŧh, Nvlkŧć, œhyl, Whmzh, Koc# $Koc }kcf hlfynécj jkczyf gvlkwflf jkc jyfhpzh#

Gfklhlŧk kfw j kc ghw ć şk wf goioy ãc gfyjh g#+NVLK ũĉ1 Gkcf bć gdfhbć ?### Ckcfh gh(WHMZH1 Gf fw zf?### Gf fw zf?œHYL1 Xvk jkhilf?### Hd, bhjhbf(###!

KOC1 Hvj , gvgohcć … Khgh kh…GDKYK ũ H1 Jh‛ }fckŧ k hqk jf bh goioyé ŧ k jf pf ghl… Gf, Johbcf khyz ć " bć (### h ŧ k

hj oyb kz gv zoŧ kk?$Koc wf pv cf jkch kczfh ghlvlvk şk" l hpvgć jf qćihlf gh wć"l ŧkf# Gfklhlŧk w f hjv cć

ãbpyfavyvl Gdky kŧfk#+NVLK ũĉ1 Ih cv , ckcfhgć … j hy ãc}ćŧ hb Zflfb hg! gv bocw kv j hwghlv#U…R



8;

GDKYK ũ H1 Xvfl iocdfvy( Nvnvlfh ckcfhgć k( ### Hvqk gf wpvcf bocwkv œ hylh?### Qégfgć hk wć }oyifş zk myhc ŧ v qćş zf gh hph… C‛fwz"gf phw, bocwkfvy Gdhylfw, xv‛kl phylfyhgobbf l‛fhv?

œHYL1 Gobbf?## # Hd, ovk, ovk… }ovw jkzfw gobb f îh fc boljh}f… Ovk… ovk#GDKYK ũ H1 Jh‛ khc wć " k mhg fv vc fthbfc… Nvlkŧć , wpvcf ckcfhgć k, gvb w ć

gdfhbć myhc ŧ v qćş zf mvygvlkŧć ?NVLK ũĉ1 Mvygvlkwkoc#GDKYK ũ H1 Myvbow … Jhy mykpzvy ć ?NVLK ũĉ1 Mykpzvykwkoc#GDKYK ũ H1 Pyfh myvb ow… Jhy ãc} éyzkzh?NVLK ũĉ1 Kc}hyzkwkoc#GDKYK ũ H1 Iyh}o… Nvlkŧć (### Iyh}o, Nv nvlkŧć (### $Ãl wćyv zć#+œHYL $ãc ph yz f, mv ykow+1 Nonobhckzkoc, }h(### –

$]hwklf Hlfgwhcjyk, Gdky kŧ h ãc p yo} kcŧ k f +

!Xvk jkhilf?### Hd b hjh bf( $my#+ ‗ Gkc f jy hgv ?### Hd , joh b cć(!Zflfbhg, Ãczébplć yklf lvk Zflfbhg, mkvl lvk Vlkwf ‗ pofb fpkg ãc pyoqć h l

wgykkzoyvlvk myhcgfq Mëcfloc ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 9;

–Jhgkh‒, hmhy ć jf gobpvcfyklf oyknkchlf h yfjhgŧ kf k ş k h goclvgy ć zoykloy wć k, }h pykkbk ãc golohcflf whlf gflf bhk ivcf wgykfyk oyknkchlf gf }h nć wk ãc jfowfikzflf avychlvyk yobécfş zk# Hş hjhy mohkh cohwzy ć }h mk vc yfpfyzoykv nfcfyhl hl lkzfyhzvyfkyobécfş zk, ãc ghyflf, gh ãczy"o onlkcj ć , wf }oy }fjë wgykkzoykk boljo}fck, bvczfck,hyjflfck, ić cćŧ fck, ivgo}kcfck# Mkfş zfghyf gv kjfklf whlf, gv lkbih wh, gv gdkpvlwć v#U…R

Gykzkgh cohwzy ć }h mk cfpć yzkckzohyf# ]ob gykzkgh ghyzfh, khy cv pfywohch#]y ć abhş k h hyikzyhyvlvk, cv }ob mk hyikzyhyk ãc avjfgćŧ klf cohwzyf# Kvikzoyk h pć gfk, cv}ob pykkbk ckgk ãc moh kh cohw zy ć jkwgv ŧ kk gf hy pv zë w ć wf wgd kb if ãc } yhaif# U…R

Joyvl kbkzhŧ kfk w"h m ć gvz lh cok o bhckf pykbfajkohw ć , pfczyv gć obohy ć ãc cokjvdvl chŧ kochl# Hgfhwz ć bhckf fwzf bhk hlfw go}éy ş kzohyf ãc lkzfyhzvy ć # Bhk ãc zohzf qklflf kfw jf wvi zfhwg gć y ŧ k ãc lkbih yobécfhwgć # Jhy gf molow( G ć w v c z c v bh kzyhjvgŧ kk jkc hlzf lkbik ş k ãcgć ş k hgflf jf hy mk ivcf# Zyhjvgŧ kklf ãcwć cv mhg olkzfyhzvy ć #

Cok }ob pyknock géz }ob pvzë hgfhwz ć bhckf vgknć zohyf h nvwzvlvk oyknkchl,ãcwvş kyfh gfh bhk pyf ŧ kohwć h vcfk lkzfyhzvyk# Kwzoykh cohwzy ć hyf jfwzvlf mhpzf fyokgf, myvbohwflf cohwzyf ŧć yk wvcz jfwzvl jf bhyk, oikgfkvyklf cohwzyf wvcz jfwzvl jf pkzoyfş zk ş k pofzkgf, pfczyv gh w ć pvzfb nć w k ş k lh cok wvafzvyk jf wgykw, m ć y ć wć h}fb pfc zyv hgfw zh zyfivkcŧć wć cf ãbpyvb vz ć b jf lh hlzf ch ŧ kk# Mohkh c ohw zy ć }h pykkbk géz wf pohzf bhk yhy zyhjvgfyk jkc hlzf lkbik5 gobpvcfyk oyknkchlf ãk }oy vbplf bhk zohzfgolohcflf#

$Bkdh kl Eonćlckgfhcv, Kczyojvg ŧ kf lh Jhgkh lkzfyhy ć +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl c y# 7 0

Jhgć nfcfyhŧ kklf jkczyf 8>40"8470 wf wzy ć jv khv w ć pyoglhb f oyknkcfh lhzkcć ş k wć w vw ŧ kcć ãc goczyh nyfgkwbvlvk cfgfw k zh zfh vcfk gvlzvyk chŧ kochlf, phş opzkş zkkjfbocwzyfhqć } h lohy f h hgfwzfk gvlzvyk pykc kwzoykf, molgloy ş k mklolonkf ş k kc j k gć j y v b v l j f v y b h z pfc zyv h o j vgf lh ãcm loykyf#

Ãc moybh gfh bhk ftplkgkz ć , pyonyhbvl loy f jfmkckz ãc yf}kwzh Jhg kh l k z f yhyć ,hpć yv z ć lh 84:0, wvi kbpvlwvl lvk Bkdhkl Eonć lckgfhcv# Hyzkgolvl kczyojvgzk} }ć j fş zfnykah goczkcvkz ćŧ kk# Hgzk}kzhzfh gzkzoykloy pyfwfk yobécfş zk1 Dflkhjf ş k Hw hgdk, f obhnkhz ć



90

gv gć ljvy ć , w hygkc h zyhw hz ć m kkcj jf h ãbivcć z ćŧ k ş k hpyomvcj h gffh gf fk hv ãcgfpvz ãcgocjkŧ kk nyflf, cv jf h lf yfcfnh opfyh whv h lf y ć wzvych pykcgkpkklf# –Vybécj vcvkjyvb ić zvz jf jécş kk ‗ hmkybć fjkzoyvl ‗, molowkcjv"cf jf gfygfz ć yklf ş k kwpkzh loy, }obh}f b hk pv ŧ kcf nyfvz ćŧ k ş k bh k bh yk ãclfwc kyk ãc lvgy ć yklf c ohw zyf‒#

Gocwzh zécj kc} hq kh j f zyhj vgfyk ghyf j kmvq h lh cok m ć y ć ckgkvc mfl jf jkwgfycć b é c z bhgvlhzvy ć h zoz mflvl jf lkzfyh ŧ k oiwgvyk ş k jf fmfbfyf nloykk hlf pkf ŧ kk lkzfyhyfoggkjfczhlf, Eonć lckgfhcv hy ć zh ãc goczkcvhyf gć –joyvl kbkzhŧ kfk w"h m ć gvz lh cok obhckf pykbfajkohwć ‒# Fl hpyfgkh gv jyfpzhzf gć –zyhjvgfyklf cv mhg o lkzfyhzvy ć ‒ ş kgdfbh hzfc ŧ kh wgykkzoykloy wpyf yfhlkz ćŧ klf chŧ kochlf1 –Kwzoykh cohwzy ć hyf jfwzvlf mhpzffyokgf, myvbohw flf cohw zyf ŧć yk wvcz jfwzvl jf pkzoyfş zk ş k pofzkgf pfczyv gh wć pvzfbnć w k ş k lh cok wvafzvyk jf wgykw, m ć y ć wć h}fb pfczyv hgfhwzh zyfivkc ŧć wć c fãbpyvbvz ć b j f lh hlzf chŧ kvck‒#

$Phvl Goycfh , Jf lh Hlfthcj yfwgv lh Fbkcfwgv +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 78

Pyfwh pfykojkgć , ghyf ãc ŧć yklf lkifyf, wf cvbfş zf o h ph z y h pv zf y f ãc w zh z ş k ghyf pyfzvzkcjfcf, pécć ş k ãc pć y ŧ klf pć béczvlvk gflf bhk jfwpozkg ogéybvkzf, h hnkvcw h mko cfgfwkzhzf ş k pfczyv nv}fychyf ş k pfczyv popohyf5 gć ykkh ş k vcflf ş k hlzflf ãk mhg

gobplkbfczf ş k"k wolkgkzfhqć hplhvqflf, hgfwz ć pyfwć lh yobéc k, fw zf o kco}h ŧ kf h gć ykkhoyknkcć jhzfhqć jf"hikh jf kfyk# Cv wvcz gkcgkqfgk jf hck jf gécj ãc Pykcgkphzf cvw zy ć ić zfh pohzf gkcgk avychlvyk myhcgfqf ş k j oć nfybhcf5 ş k hgfwzf ãcgć jf"hikh wfgfzfh ãc ghwflf h gé ŧ k}h iokfyk ş k gv jfowfikyf ãc ghikcfzvl jobckloy, ghykk fyhvãcjhzoykŧ k jf gć zy ć Pohyzh Ozobhcć jf h hjvch ş zkyk j kc zohzf pć y ŧ klf Fvyopfk ş k j f h lfãb pć yz ćş k lh Gocwzhczkcopol#

Cv wvcz zyfkqfgk jf hck gécj yobéckk c"h}fhv ãcgć o wkcnvy ć mohkf pfykojkgć ãclkbih loy# Ãc hcvl 848>, j# Yhgogfh, zyhcwlhzoy yobécfwg ãc Lfbifyn, pvilkg ć , ãchjf}ć y, pyowpfgzvl vcvk avychl gf fyh wć khwć pfczyv ãczékhş k jhz ć y ob é cfşzf5 ãcwć plhcvl wć v cv wf pvzv hjvgf lh ãbplkckyf# Lh 8499, jl# Q# Ghyghlfgdk, jfghcvl avychlkş zkloy yobéck jf hwz ć qk, gfygć phczyv h jovh ohy ć , ãc Ivjh, o hwfbkcfãczyfpykcjfyf, jhy hgfhwzh fyh bhk bvlz o yf}kwz ć lkzfyhy ć ş k ghyf gvyécj ş k gć qv# Ãc8494, G# Yowfzzk jkc ]hlhdkh pvilkgć ãc Whtockh gézf}h cvbfyf h vcvk avychl polkzkgyobécfwg cvbkz Mhbh Lkp ŧgćk5 ãc wméy ş kz, Flkhj, lh 849>, gfyvwf hwfbkcf }okf jf h pvilkgh o mohkf yobécfhwgć ãc Ivgvyfş zk, jhy ş k ogéybvkyfh jf hzvcgf cv"k ãcgv}kkc ŧć gfyfyfh# œ k hş h gfklhlŧ k pv ŧ kck ić yihŧ k gf pf hzvcgf hy mk pvzvz goopfyh lh kczyojvgfyfh pyfw fk pfykoj kgf ãczyf yob éc k pkfyjv y ć b hk wpf yhyfh jf h"ş k yfhlkqh plhcvl#

$Bkdhkl Eonćlckgfhcv, Av y c h l k w b v l y ob éc f w g ãc 84 66 +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 79

Jhgć oiwfy}ć b ikcf, gv zohz ć hzfc ŧ kh, boyh}vyklf, kcwzkzv ŧ kklf, mflvl jf h yfhgŧ kochhl popoyvlvk cowzyv, }ob havcnf vş oy lh gocglvqkh gć pwkdolonkh wh kczy ć ãc hgfwz mfljf gobpoyzhyf fgdkjkwzhcz ć ãczyf }olvczhykwbvl hgzk}kwz hl Hpvwvlvk ş k phwk}kzhzfh mhzhlkwz ć h Oykfc zvlv k#

Hş fq hŧ k nfonyhmkgfş zf ş k wvmlfzfş zf ãczyf kcmlvfc ŧ f ghyf cf }kc jkczy"o phyzf ş k jkchlzh, wvmlfzvl cowzyv ş k"h hlgć zvkz vc fgdklkiyv jkc ghyhgzfyf lvhzf ş k jkczy"o phyzf, ş kjkc hlzh# Hgfwzf kcmlvfc ŧ f jvilf c"hv y ć bhw ãcwć ãczyf flf ãc gocmlkgz, ãc jvhlkwb# Ãcwvmlfzvl cowzyv flf w"hv zopkz moybécj o wkczfqć c ov ć , vc fgdklkiyv# Fgdklkiyvl cowzyvwvmlfzfwg wf gdfhbć hjhpzhiklkzhzf# Pykc fl cf jfowfikb jf zohz ć lvbfh Oykfczvlvk,j hy ş k jf gfh h Hpvwvlvk# Ftkwz ć ãc ghyhgzfyvl cowzyv ftgfwf jf lfcf, jf plkgzkwfhlć ,jf ãcj vyfyhyf, jf y ć ij hyf ftgfw k}ć , ghyf cf ãbpkfjkgć jf h mk oggkjfczhlk#

Pf jf hlz ć phyzf, nć wkb ãc cok kckŧ khzk}ć , o hcvbkz ć dć yckgkf ãc h pykgfpf kbfjkhz bfghckwbvl vcfk covz ćŧ k, o hnfykbf ãc h cv mk jfqoykfczh ŧ k ş k ckgk kczkbkjh ŧ k ãc mh ŧ h



98

cfpyf}ć qvzvlvk, ghyf cf ãcjfpć yzfhqć gv bv lz jf hp hzkh kcjolfcz ć h Oykfczvlvk# C"hbh}v z z kbp vl wć gocw zyvkb covz ćŧ k, jhy hb h}vz bfykzvl jf h pykgfpf ş k hwkbklh kbfjkhz gf hv m ć gvz ivc hlŧ kk# Hgfhwz ć hjhpzhiklkzhzf hb pfymfgŧ kochz"o m ć gécj jkc fh hybhcohwzy ć jf lvpz ć ãc ftkw zfc ŧć #

$Bkd hk Yh lfh, Mfcobfcvl yobé cfwg +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 77

Hjfwfoyk, powzfykzhzfh fwzf kcnyhz ć , khy moybhzoykk jf opkckf, gécj cv wvcz y ć z ć gkŧ k, phy zflfndkj hŧ k# Jfwknvy, yfgfpzhyfh opfyfloy gvlzvyhlf, ãc nfcfyhl, ş k h gfloy jf hyz ć , ãcwpfgkhl, gvcohş zf o pfybhcfcz ć jkchbkgć # Zyhkfgzoykh fwzf vch ocjvlhzoykf, gv wvkş vykş k goioyéş vyk# Jhy, }hloyklf hyzkwzkgf ş k gvlzvyhlf w f hm lć ãc yhpoyz gv j fw zkc hzh ykk loy ãc zy"oyflh ŧ kf gobplftć # O opfy ć fwzf hwfbfck vcfk fgvhŧ kk hlf gć yfk yfqvlzhzf hphy jkc aogvlãczyf o gocwzhcz ć ş k o }hykhiklć # Gocwzhczh fwzf opfyh, }hykhiklh fwzf jfwzkchzhyvl,goczfbplhzoyvl, yfgfpzoyvl, o yfhlkzhzf pyhgzkg kcmkckz ć ãc wvggfwkvcfh nfcfyhŧ kkloy obfcfş zk# Jf hkgk yfqvlz ć , pf jf o phyzf, goc} fynfc ŧ h fwfc ŧ khlć h zvzvyoy hwvbć ykloy, jhy ş k }hykhiklkzhzfh loy m ć y ć jf w méy ş kz#

Ãc cvbflf hgfwzfk kc}hykhczf, ck wf phyf gć hihcjochyfh ãc vkzhyf h lvk Hlfgv

Yvwwo fwzf cfjyfhpz ć pfczyv f l ş k pć nvikzohyf pfczyv cok# Pfczyv gć , ãc ghqvl wć v, cokgyfjfb gć cf hmlć b ãc mh ŧ h vcfkh jkc gflf bhk ãchkczhzf ş k mkcf gocş zkkc ŧ f jf ghyf wvcz lfnhzf ãcgfpvzvyklf bojfycf hlf lkzfyhzvykk yobécf#

Jfş k kczfnyhikl pfymfgz ãc gooyjochzflf zkpolonkgf hlf nfcfyh ŧ kfk phş opzkwzf$pyomvcj ć gocş zkkc ŧć gk}kgć , flf}hŧ kf h kjfhlvykloy, nfcfyoqkzhzf h j ć yvkykk ş k h mhpzfk,wfczkbfcz hl pyfvywkykk ãczyv fbhcgkphyfh cfhbvlvk ş k hl }kzyfnkfk kwzoykgf gvdhcjkghpvyklf fk+, wgykkzoyvl ã ş k phyzkgvlhykqfhqć ftkwzfc ŧ h ş k opfyh, jfq}ć lvkcj powzfykz ćŧ kk o mknvy ć jf ftgfpŧ kf#

Bhk ãczék, wvi yhpoyz ikonyhmkg, }khŧ h phyf h"k mk dć y ć qkz ć bhk zvzvyoy cfpykflckgkkloy# Lh 89 hck y ć bécf oy mhc jf bhbć # Ãc hgflhş k hc, zhz ć l ãl zykbkzf lh wzvjkk ãc Fl}f ŧ kh ,kbpv céc jv "k o covć j f w pć y ŧ kyf# Wf pyojv gf, hwzmfl, cv j ohy o jv ilć yvpzvy ć $jf b hbhkczyhz ć ãc cfmkkc ŧć ş k jf phyhjkwvl gopklć ykfk pvl}fykqhz pykc jfqy ć j ć gkchyf+, gk ş k o pyf}kqkiklć wvpyhpvcfyf# Bhkgh jkwpć yv z ć wf zopfş zf ãc m ć pzvyh ŧć ykk, khy ãcwzy ć kchyfhjf bflfhnvl chzhl jf}kcf wvmfykc ŧć jf oymflkc#

$Hlfthcj yv Bflkhc , Polfbkgk kbplkg k zf+ ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 7:

Wpkykz bhk bvlz fbpkykg jfgéz wpfgvlhzk}, Bhkoyfwgv zyhwf kbfjkhz gocglvqkklf pyhgzkgf h lf poq kŧ kfk lvk fwzfzkgf1 hyzh ã ş k hyf w gopvl ãc w kcf, hj kgć ãc fb oŧ kh fwzfzkgć , ş kcv ãc hlzgf}h5 hyzh fwzf pfczyv hyz ć # œ k gvb pkfwflf lvk Ghyhnkhlf fyhv hgvqhzf jfkboyhlkhzf, nyfvzhzfh hpć y ć ykk zyfivkh w ć gh j ć ãc hgfhwz ć jkyfgŧ kf, hjkgć hwvpyhyhpoyzvykloy jkczyf hyz ć ş k boyhlć # Hyf hyzh }yfo bkwkvcf boyhlć ? Wf ãczyfhić fl# –Jh,hyzh h h}vz zozjfhvch bkwkvcf boyhlć ş k oykgf hjf}ć yh z ć opfy ć hyzkwzkgć oãcjfplkcfş zf#‒ Yć béc f ãcw ć j f }ć qv z ãc gf gocw z ć b oyhlkzhzfh hyzfk### Boyhlh yfq kj ć ãc

ãc wćş k fwfc ŧ h hyzfk5 jkc bobfcz gf fnokwbvl fwzf pykcgkpkvl oykgć yvk y ć v ş k chzvyhfb oŧ kfk fwzfzkgf f jf h cf ykjkgh pykc vkzhyf jf wkcf jfhwvpyh lvk ãc lvbfh mkg ŧ kvckkkjf hlf, bć ghy pfc zyv o glkpć , hzéz géz ŧ kcf fboŧ kh fwzfzkgć , vybfhqć jf lh wkcf gć hyzhfw zf boyhlć pykc ãcwćş k jfmkckŧ kf#

Pvwć hwzmfl, ş k ckgk cv pohzf mk hlzbkczfyk, gocglvqkh f gć hyzh cv hyf hlzf wgopvykboyhlf jfgéz gfl gf f ãcwćş k fwfc ŧ h fk, h ãcć lŧć ykk kbpfywochlf, h jfqyoikykk obvlvk jkcgć zv ş flf fnokw b vlvk5 hyzh cv pohzf h} fh hlzf kczfc ŧ kk gf"l ãbp léc z ć pf ob ãc goczkcnfc z,kczfcŧ kk polkzkgf whv boyhlkqhzohyf# U###R Bhkoyfwgv y ć bécf, hş hjhy, fnhl gv wkcf ãcwvş k,



99

zfoyfzkgkhcvl vcfk hyzf jfqkczfyfwhzf, lkpwkz ć jf oykgf zfcjkc ŧć pyhgzkgć , hj}fywhyvllkzfyhzvykk jf ghyhgzfy polkzkg, boyhl ş k gdkhy p hzykozkg#

$F# Lo}kcfwgv, Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 76

Fwzf jhy, kvikzf golfn, ãcjokz ć bv lŧ vbkyfh gv ghyf }kv w ć zf mflkgkz pfczyvkczyoj vgfyfh gykzfykvlvk lhzkc ãc gfygfzhyfh pofq kfk popv lhyf ş k pfczyv }kokgkvcfh wzklvlvkgv ghyf ş zkk wć cf ãbpć yz ćş fş zk goc}kcnfyfh j"zhlf# Ãc hgfhwz ć phyzf h jkwgvywvlvk cf pv zfb v ck cv cv b hk j"zh gv gfl gf hyf plć gfyfh j f h"ŧ k y ć wpvc jf ãc hgfw z bobfcz , jhy pyoihikl zoŧ k golfnkk coş zyk jkc Hghjfbkf# G ć gk cf hmlć b pf vc z ć yéb vcjf gfygfz ć yklfwf hpyopkf jf ohyfghyf fthgzkzhzf ş zkkc ŧ kmkgć ş k poz gocjvgf lh gézf}h jo}fqkgoc}kcnć zohyf#

Lvgyvl wf wgdkbić gécj zyfgfb lh hpyfgkfyklf gvyhz lkzfyhyf, vcjf jo}fqklf fthgzfcv w vcz gv pvzkc ŧć , vcj f avj fghzh wf ãczfbf khq ć hjfwfoyk pf flfbfczf pyfh wvikfgzk}fş k vcjf f zozjfhvch nyfv $khy lh cok " gv lkpwh vcfk zyhjkŧ kk lkzfyhyf wzhzoyckgkzf " bhknyfv jfgéz hkvyfh+ w ć nć w kb pyfbkwflf ãc ŧ flfnfykk gobvcf# Hkgk cv cf y ć béc f hjfw foykjfgéz jhzoykh jf h cf wpvcf pć yfyfh gv zohz ć wkcgfykzhzfh ş k jf h o wvw ŧ kcf gvhynvb fc zflf gf c f p hy b hk hggfwkiklf wp kykzfloy cfpć yzkckzohyf#

Hwzmfl, cv poz lć w h wć zyfhgć m ć y ć ãbpozyk}kyf kbpvzhyfh hjvwć gvlfnfykk jf pofqkk popvlhyf h lvk ]hwklf Hlfgwhcjyk# J"zh qkgk1 –Hlfgwhcjyk h mowz vc y ć v gvlfnć zoy jf pofqkk popvlhyf ş k bhk gv wfhbć w"h ãcş flhz mvcjhbfczhl gécj h gyfqvz gć pohzfkczyojv gf vcf lf jvlgfnć ykk wfczkbfczhlf ãc }kh ŧ h }fywkmkghz ć h popoyvlvk cow zyv#

$Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv, Ãc gdfw z kh pofq kf k popv lhyf # Yć w p v c wlh jkwgvywvl jf yfgfp ŧ kvcf hl j"lvk Jvklkv Qhbmkyfwgv, yowzkz lh Hghjfbkh Yobécć , lh 8= bh k 8;0 ; +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 7=

Jkyfgŧ kh gfh covć ‚ ck wf qkgf ‚ cv pvzfh w ć wf kczyojvgć ãc goclvgyhyf phş c kgć pf lécnć gfh }fgdf? Zyfivkh ohyf o gykzkgć hş h jf cfãbpć gh z ć ãc goczyh gfloy bhk

bvlzf moybf ş k hvzoykz ćŧ k jf hw z ć qk? Hjbkŧ écj gdkhy gć zyhcwkl}ć cfckk wgykv y ć v , gć Ić yc v ŧ kv cv f ob jf ş zkkc ŧć , gć œ kcghk cv f kw zoykg, gć Wogkfzhzfh Hghjfbkgć Yobécć fwzfhypć , gć gflf b hk bv lzf q khyf ş k pofqkk ckgk cv bf ykz ć hgfwz cv bf5 jf gf wć mkf zozvş hş h jf hbhy gobić zvzf? Zoz wvcz gyfh ŧ kvck jf gvlzvy ć , moybf mkf ş k nohlf pfczyv pykb kyfh gvpykcw vlvk }kkzoy, zoz w vc z gf}h, wv cz v c w fb c j f }kh ŧć ş k wv cz b hk ikcf j fgéz ckbkg#

Lh hgfhw zh y ć w p v c j f b1Pvzfyklf vcvk popoy, mkf boyhlf, mkf bhzfykhlf, hv ãc oykgf bobfcz jhz o ghczkzhzf

bć ynkckz ć # H}fyfh chŧ kochlć h yobéckloy hyf hwz ć qk o gkmy ć m ktć , fcf ynkh loy kc zflfgzvhlć wf hm lć hwfbfcfh ãczy"o gézkbf mkthz ć # Cv zf poŧ k avgh c fpfjfpw kz gv hgfhw z ć w v bć h pvzfykloy, gv ghpkzhlvl ãczyfpykcjfykk jf gvlzvy ć ãczy"vc popoy# Zkbpvl, h}fyfh, z ć ykhboyhlć ş k hnfykbfh kczflfgzvhlć gf lf ãczyfivkc ŧ fqk pfczyv o lvgyhyf jf pykwow, cfgvb pfczyv o lvgyhyf nyfş kz ć , w vc z ãc }fgk pkfyjv zf pf czyv lvgyhyfh gfh zyfivkcgkohw ć ş k gfh

hjf}ć yh z ć # Hbécjovć cv poz bfynf lécnć olhlz ć , zogbhk mkkcjgć kq}oyvl pvzfykloy vcfkc hŧ kvck cv fwzf cfwfghz, gk fwzf jkc mkyf b ć ynkckz# Jhgć jh y ã ŧ k lkpw fw g o bkf jf ş golhykwklkzoyk ş k bojfş zk, j f kcj vw zykhş k ş k bfwfykhş k c hŧ kochlk, jf pof ŧ k ş k pyoqhzoyk bhk ivck,jf ohbfck jf ş zkkcŧć hjf}ć yh ŧ k , ghvqh fwzf gć bć ynkckzflf pvzfyk jf ghyf jkwpvcf popoyvl z ć v pfczyv hgfhwzh wvcz gocwvbhzf U…R jf mvcgŧ kochyk cfzyfickgk, jfhghjfbkgk U###R, wfgyfzhyk, bfbiyk ocoykmkgk, hwogkh ŧ k ãc gvlzvy ć , avychlkş zk, hzfcfkş zk,gocwfy}hzoykş zk, pofzhş zy k , wpécqvy ć zoyk jf pécqf lh –ftpoqkŧ kh hyzkş zkloy ãc }khŧć “, ş kgflflhlzf, ş k gflflhlzf#



97

Hk vc wkcnvy ilog jf bhybvy ć 1 jhgć ãl ãczyfivkc ŧ fqk pfczyv o mknvy ć ghykghz ć , jfvcjf wć bh k poŧ k wgvlpzh o Bkcf y}ć ?

$Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv, O gfygf zhyf gy k z k gć hw v py h pof q k f k y ob é c f j f l h 8 4 = > # Pyfmhŧ h h vzoyvlvk lh fj kŧ kh jf lh 84> : +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 7>

Ãc hphyfcŧć , jvpć wzhzkwzkgh moybfloy jkchmhy ć , yobéckk powfj hwz ć qk hpyohpfãczyfhnh gk}klkqhyf oggkjfczhlć # H}fb polkzkgć ş k ş zkkc ŧć , h}fb avychlf ş k hghjfbkk,h}fb ş golk ş k lkzfyhzv y ć , h}f b b vq ff, gocwf y}hzoykk, h}f b gdkhy o gocw zkzv ŧ kvcf#

Jhy ãc yfhlkzhzf, zohzf hgfwzfh wvcz pyojvgŧ kvck bohyzf, pyfzfc ŧ kk m ć y ć mvcjhbfcz ,wzhmkk m ć y ć zyvp, klvqkk m ć y ć hjf}ć y, ş k hwzmfl gvlzvyh glhwfloy bhk ãchlzf hlf yobéckloy fw zf cvlć ş k m ć y ć }hlohyf, ş k hikwv l ghyf cf j fw phyzf jf popoyvl jf aow j f}kcf j kc gf ãcgf b hk hj éc g#U…R

Moybh m ć y ć mocj cv cvbhk gć cv hjvgf ckgk vc molow, jhy fwzf jf"h jyfpzvlwzykgć gkohwć , mkkcjgć ckbkgfş zf vc bkalog pvzfyckg jf gvlzvy ć # œ k pykc vybhyf }ob qkgf1fw zf bhk ikcf w ć cv mhgfb o ş gohlć jf log jfgéz wć mhgfb o ş gohlć yfh, b hk ikcf w ć c v mhgfb o pkchgozfgć ! jflog jfgéz w ć o mhgfb lkpwkz ć jf hyzh myvbohwć 5 bhk ikcf wć cv

mhgfb jflog wzhzvzflf, oynhckqhyfh, bfbiykk ocoyhyk ş k cfocoyhŧ k hk vcfk hwogkh ŧ kvckjfgéz wć lf mhgfb m ć y ć gh wpkykzvl pyopykv jf hwogkfyf wć wf mk bhckmfwzhz gv w knvyhcŧć ãc pfywohc flf gf o gob pvc 5 b hk ikcf wć cv mhgfb j flog hghjf bkk, gv wfgŧ kvcklf loy, gvş fjkc ŧ flf wolfbcf, gv jkwgvywvyklf jf yfgfp ŧ kvcf, gv hchlflf flhioyhzf, jfgéz w ć lf mhgfb zohzf hgfwzfh m ć y ć bhzvykzhzfh ş zkkcŧ kmkgć gf wkcnvy ć lf j ć yh ŧ kvc fh j f h mk#

$Zkzv Bhkoyfw gv , Ãc goczyh jkyfgŧ k f k jf h q k ãc gv l zvyh yobé cć +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 74

Gf h ãcwfb chz ş k gf h yfpyfqfc zhz yf}kwzh –Goc}oyikyk lkzfyhyf‒ ãc gvlzvyh c hzkochlć ãc pfykohjh fk avckbkwz ć ‗ jkc bhyzkf 84=> pécć ãc jfgfbiykf 84;: gécj Khgoi

Cfnyvqqk gocwfbcfhqć 1 –Jvpć jok hck jf ãbpyfvcć lvgyhyf, hb joiécjkz ãcgyfjkc ŧ hyfh gć hgfk zkcfyk }oy ş zk wć j v gć gv wvggfw opyfh ãcgfpvz ć jf nfcfyhŧ kh pyfgfjfcz ć ş k }kc hwz ć qk wć zyfg hwvpyh loy whygkch pvyzhz ć jf b kcf gv hzézh j yhnowzfzkbp jf 94 hck‒( $cy# 8, hc TTKT jkc 8 khc# 84;6 hl –Goc}oyikykloy lkzfyhyf‒+?

Jvpć hckk jf ãcgfpvz hk pyfwfk gvlzvyhlf kfş fcf, gv fjkzhyfh yf}kwzfk –Jhgkhlkzfyhy ć ‒, wvwpfcjhz ć lh pv ŧ kc zkbp jf lh hphykŧ kf jkc ghvqh cfãczflfnfykloy lvk BkdhkEoe ć lckgfhcv gv bhk bhykk }yfbkk, hphykŧ kh yf}kwzfk –Goc}oyikyk lkzfyhyf‒ h ãcwfbchz, ãc phyzf, ş k goczkcvhyfh pyonyhbvlvk –Jhgkfk lkzfyhyf‒# Nyvpvl jkc avyvl –Avckbkk‒, jhy ş khiklkz ćŧ klf hjbkckwzyhzk}f hlf lvk Khgoi Cfnyvqqk, ãcgocavyhz jf ]hwklf Ponoy, Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv ş k gfklhlŧ k avckbkş zk, h m ć gvz gh yf}kwzh w ć gyfhwgć jf lh cvbć y lh cvbć y ş kwć hjvcf ãc phnkcklf fk }hloyklf lkzfyfloy jf hzvcgk, jf}fckzf gv zkbpvl }hloyk hlfwpkykzvhlkz ćŧ kk yob éc fş zk#

Zkbp jf 94 jf hck yf}kwzh h hp ć yvz wvi hjbkckwzyh ŧ kh pykbvlvk nyvp avckbkwz,zvzflhz jf Khgoi Cfnyvqqk, gh hpok yf}kwzh w ć wf kbpvcć gv hbpyfczh nfcfyh ŧ kkloy v ybć zohyf, ghyf hv yfwpfgzhz boş zfckyfh hwzmfl pykbkz ć # M ć y ć hphykzkh yf}kwzfk–Goc}oyikyk lkzfyhyf‒, vcjf w"h jhz jkyfgŧ kh lkzfyhzvykk yobécf bojfycf, vcjf Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv ş k"h ftpvw pykcgkpkklf whlf gykzkgf, pohzf gć hb mk h}vz wkcgopfhwfbć cć zohyf gfloy jf ghyf w"h lo}kz yf}kwzh –Jhgkh lkzfyhy ć ‒# Pyobo}hyfh hjf}ć yhzfkgvlzvyk ãc phnkcklf hgfwzfk yf}kwzh h ãcwfbchz vc phw wknvy pfczyv bhk zéyqkv ãcjfq}olzhyfh ş k kbpvcfyfh lkzfyhzvykk yobécf cv cvbhk ãc wph ŧ kvl lkbikk yobécf, gk w ć wf wzhiklfhwgć , gh vc hjf}ć yhz yfpfy hl vcfk lkzfyhzvyk }hloyohwf# Mhpzvl gć Fbkcfwgv



9:

ş k Gyfhcnć ş k"hv pvilkghz bhyf phyzf h opfyfloy loy ãc phnkcklf hgfwzfk yf}kwzf j ć nkyvlfk jf }hlohyf ş k pfyfckzhzf#

$O wvzć phzyvqfg k jf hc k jf –Goc}oyiky k l k z f yhyf‒ ,hcgdf zć yfhlkqhzć jf Ghwwkhc Bhykh Wpky kjoc, yćw pvcw jh z jfNfllv Joykhc, ãc Goc}oyikyk lkzfyhyf+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 7;

Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv fwzf pykbvl polfbkwz yobéc h gć yvk hybć pykcgkphlć f lonkgh, oãcş kyvkyf w zyécw ć jf hynvb fczf5 cv }yfh w ć hkić jyfpzhzf jfgéz gécj o hyf, jhy hzvcgkş k"o pvcf ãc }hlohyf gv o wzykgzf ŧ f gć yfkh ckbkg cv"k wghpć # O hwzmfl jf polfbkgć pyfwv pvc f o lkb kzhyf h géb pvlvk jf opfyh ŧ kf5 cv wf lvpz ć oykgécj ş k pf c zyv oykgf#U…R

Hjf}ć yhzvlv k w pkykz polfb kg ãk zyfiv kf v c mf l j f j fzhş hyf mhŧć jf oikfgzvl ãc j kw gvŧ kf,gf"k ãcnć jvkf ş k o lvgkjkzhzf ãc jfzfybkchyfh pvcgzfloy wlhif ş k ãc hlfnfyfh bkalohgfloy jf hzhg oyk jf hpć yhyf, ş k, lh cf}okf, ş k jhgć ãk wz ć ãc yfwvywflf wvmlfzfş zk ‗ ãk j ć powkiklkzhzfh jf h ãczyfivkcŧ h hgfh kyockf ikcf}okzohyf gf"l ãchlŧć jf lh wkcf ãczy"vc plhc jf wv pfykoykzhzf b oyhlć , j fş k goc ŧ kcf ãcgć ş k jfw zvlć lvgkj kzhzf p fczyv h "ş k jkqol}hhj}fywhyvl bhk wknvy jfgéz zohzf ozy ć }klf }fdfbfc ŧ fk#U…R Fl hyf vc wgop pyfgkw1zyfqkyfh ãc gkzkzoy, ãc opkckh pvilkgć , h vcfk goc}kcnfyk, h goc}kcnfykk lvk# Jkc vyh

jfq lć c ŧ v kz ć ãc avyvl hgŧ kvckk gykzkgf h lvk Bhkoyfwgv c"hv y ć bhw jfgéz jkyfgzk}flf lvk, pfc zyv gć hv plfghz jkczy"vc wpkykz gykzkg, ş k hyzkgolflf, pfczyv gć hv mowz ftpyfwkh vcvkwpkykz polfbkg hlkbfczhz cvbhk jf hynvbfczf kczflfgzvhlf# Pf géz f jf kcjfwzyvgzkiklflfbfc zhl yhŧ kochl, pf h zéz flfb fczv l hmfgzk} w f ykw kpfş zf ojh z ć gv hbikhc ŧ h ãc ghyf w"h pyojvw #

$F# Lo}kcfwgv, Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv, ghp# T]KKK +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :0

Zé cć yh nfcfyhŧ kf yobécć wf hm lć hw z ć qk wvi kcmlvfcŧ h opfyfk pofzkgf h lvkFbkcfwgv#

Wf gv}kcf jhy wć cf j ć b wfhbh jf phyzfh ghyhgzfykwzkgć h hgfwzfk opfyf ş k wć

ãcgfygć b zozjfojhz ć h mkth kcj k}kjvh lkzhzfh obv lvk ghyf h pfywockmkghz ãc w kcf gv hzé zhw zy ć lvgkyf vlzkbh mhqć h pofqkfk yobécf jkc qklflf cohwzyf#U###R Jf lh 84=0 ãcgohgfjhzfhqć ãcjyfpzhyfh5 fh ãcgfpf gv ]hwklf Hlfgwhcjyk, ghyf ş zkf wć j fş zfpzf nvwzvl pfczyv pofqkh popvlhy ć , wf goczkcvć ş k wf ãcjfplkcfş zf pykc gfygfzhyfh ş k ãc ŧ flfnfyfhgocjkŧ kkloy wvi ghyf wf jfq}olz ć lkbih ş k wgykfyfh v cv k popoy#

Mkkcj hwzmfl géş zknhz ć o zfbflkf mkyfhwgć , gfh jkczék zyfhpz ć jf ãcć lŧ hyf h lkzfyhzvykkc hŧ kochlf, ãc lfnć zv y ć wzyécwć gv zohz ć hwpkyhyfh nfcfyhŧ kfk cohwzyf wpyf gvlzvyhoggkjfczhlć , zyfivkf cfhpć yhz wć y ć w p v c j ć lh jovć gfykcŧ f1 w ć hyhzf ãczék ãc gvp ykcw vlfk o phyzf jkc gvnfz ć yklf ş k wkb ŧ kyklf ghyf hnkz ć jfopozyk}ć zohz ć kczflknfc ŧ h fv yopfhcć ãc hyz ć , ãc ş zkkc ŧć , ãc mkloqomkf5 wć hkić , hl joklfh, ãc moybh fk o lkb ić hjhpzhz ć m ć y ć w klć lh ftpykbhyfh gyfjkcgkohwć h hgfw zfk hbp lkmkgć yk#

Hbécjovć gocjkŧ kklf lf yfhlkqfhqć pofqkh lvk Fbkcfwgv ãc lkbkzflf ãc ghyf lf pohzfyfhlkqh o pofqkf lkykgć 5 jf h gffh Fb kcfw gv mhgf fpogć ãc b kş ghyfh cohw zy ć lkzfyhy ć #

$Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv , Fbkcfwgv ş k pofq k k l f lv k +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :8

Pofzvl cv }h oiowk wć mhgć flonkvl wpkykzvlvk zolfyhcz, hl hjécgkk obfckk }ć jkzfzozjfhvch jf popoyvl cowzyv ãc bojvl jf h goc}kf ŧ vk gv gfk jf o hlz ć c hŧ kochlkzhzf# Ãccokfbiykf 84>=, ãc phnkcklf –Gvykfyvlvk jf Khş k‒, hyzkgolvl U–Wf }oyifşzf gć ãcgocwklkvl###‒R jfqić zfh hgfhw z ć pyoilfbć , pf lhyn ş k gv f}kjfcz ć gobivwzkvcfkczfykohy ć 1 –Ckgk vc cfhb jf pf mh ŧ h pć bãczvlvk cv hyf bhk bvlz jyfpz w ć gfhy ć



96

yfwpfgzhyfh wh jfgéz zogbhk yobécvl, pfczyv gć ckbfcf cv fwzf bhk zolfyhcz jfgéz j éc wv l‒# Jyfpz ft fb plv, fl kc}ogh m hpzvl gć –jkc }yfbk wzy ć }fgdk mkfghyf h h}vz }okf w ć w f ãcgdkcf lh oykgf J"qf v h v } yokz ş k w ć }oyifhwgć gf lkb ić k"hv plć gvz‒# Wp yf jf owf ikyfjf hlzf ŧć yk, ghyf hv vybć ykz wć "ş k gyffqf, gv moy ŧ h, pyoqflkŧ k jkc –goclogvkzoykk jf hlz ć lfnf oyk lkbić ‒, lh cok wkzvh ŧ kh h mowz gv zozvl hlzh# Ãc Boljo}h, ikwfykgh ghzolkgć fw zfhzéz jf }fgdf, ş k ckbfck cv k"h wklkz pf ghzolkgk w ć zyfhgć lh yflknkh –oykfczhlć ‒, lkpo}fckk mvn jkc Yvwkh ş k –zy ć kfwg cfwvpć yh ŧ k ãc golŧ vl loy pf pć béczvl yobécfwg‒, hpok–hybfckk, ghl}kckk, pyozfwzhc ŧ kk, f}yfkk zoŧ k wvcz mhŧć ş k poz wpvcf jhgć nv}fycflfyobécfş zk hv opykz }yfo ikwfykgć whv }yfo ş gohlć hybfcfhwgć , pyozfwzhcz ć w hvf}yfkhwgć # Ckgk vch‒#

Hwzmfl jf kjfk pvcgzfhqć ‚ gh ckş zf jéyf jf mog ‚ ãczyfnvl zyhkfgz hl nhqfz ć ykfkfb kcfw gkfcf# G ć gk wć cv vkz ć b, j kcgolo jf ftgfw flf polfb kgf j kc vc flf hyzkgolf, ftkwz ć ãc vck}fywvl nécjkykk pofzvlvk vc cvglfv wolhy gć zyf ghyf hwpky ć zohzf flfbfczflfkjfhzkgf, polvl bhncfzkg bfyfv kcjkghz jf hgvl ivwolfk whlf wpkykzvhlf ‚ oykgéz w"hy hnkzh wvi kbpfykvl vcoy mvyzvck zyfgć zohyf ‚ ş k ghyf, wf ş zkf, fwzf yfpyfqfczhz ć j fgocgfpŧ kh jfbogyhzkgć , pozyk}kz gć yfkh chŧ kvcfh ãcwfhbcć glhwflf bvcgkzohyf, ş k ãc pykbvl yécj ŧć y ć ckbfh# Cv h hmkybhz fl, gv vc phzow kcfnhlhikl, gć –f pohzf wkcnvyhgdfwzkvcf ãc ghyf hb wgykw gv zohz ć phzkb h j f ghyf f ghphi klć kckbh c ohwzy ć , gv zohz ć jvyfyfh ş k gv zohz ć bklh pf ghyf cf"o kcwpky ć zogbhk ŧć yhcvl, hgfwz vckg ş k hjf}ć yh z

popoy yob éc fw g?‒# U###RPf hgfhwz ć plhzmoyb ć h kjfkloy wf wvilkbfhqć zohzf goczyhjkgŧ kklf, wf jfghczfhqć zohzf yfqkjvvyklf vcfk wfcwkiklkz ćŧ k vlzyhnkhzf jf wpfgzhgolvl oyécjvkykk –gfh gyvj ć ş kcfjyfhpz ć ‒, pfczyv h y ć bécf , pvy ć ş k kcghcj fwgfcz ć , ftpyfwkh jyhnowzfk jf ŧ hy ć , ghãc hgfhwz ć wpo}fjhckf jf o bkş gć zohyf ş k cfhwgvcwć wvpfyikf1 –Kvikb ŧ hyh ş k c hŧ khcohwzy ć hw zmfl gvb c"o kvif ş zf ckbfc k, gvb ckbfc k c"hyf pv zfyfh j f h o kvik‒

$Hl# Opyfh, W zv j kv kc z y ojv g z k } lh Bkdh k Fbkcfw gv, Opfyf, KT, Pvilkgkw z kgć 8 4 > 0 " 8 4 > > +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :9

Nhqfz ć ykh fbkcfwgkhcć kbpyfwkocfhqć pykc moy ŧ h gv ghyf yfvş fş zf wć ãbikcf ‚ãczy"vc hlkha oyknkchl ‚ zy ć wć zvyk hlf mhqfk yobhczkg"nfcfyohwf h ãcgfpvzvykloy gvdh ikzvj kcklf gvyfc zf ş k ãcj ć zkch zf hlf q khykw zvlvk bojfyc#

G ć gk, w f ş zkf, pfczyv bvlŧ k jkc zyf w gykkzoykk ph ş opzkş zk, hgzvl pvilkgkwzkg h}fh o mvcgŧ kfoghqkochlć ş k oykgvb wvioyjochz ć vcfk kbfjkhzf ŧ k pyhnbhzkgf, m ć y ć h bhk pvcf lhwogozfhlć ‚ ãc hmhyh ftgfpŧ kkloy gvcowgvzf ‚ vc hcvbf hbhzoykwb, o hnkzh ŧ kf jfwvpyhmh ŧć , pozyk}kz joykcŧ fk jf h mh gf gézf gf}h j kc zoh zf U###R#

Hyzkgolflf fbkcfwgkfcf wf kbpvc ãcwć pykc ãchlzvl loy pyomfwkochlkwb, pofzvl pyhgzkgãcj nhqfz ć ykh gh pf o hvzfczkgć bfwfykf, gv zohzf pyfyonhzk}flf jf yknohyf# Wfgfyf h wf hj ć vnh gć , ş zkkcj wć mh gć mhŧć pyoqhkgfk ş k kwzo}kzohyfk bvcgk jf nhlfy ć h qkhykw bv lvk gozkj khc , fl cv gfjfh qć w pkykzvlvk j f yvzkcć ş k jf goc}f c ŧ kochlkwb, ykjkgécj phnkch zkpć ykz ć lh ãcć lŧ kbfh vcoy pyoilfbf jf gocş zkkc ŧć , pć w zyécj cfhlzfyhz ć , }fgdf h mvcgŧ kf w hgfyjozhlć h gv}ãczvlvk wgykw#

Wzvjkvl bojflvlvk pf ghyf"l omfy ć Fbkcfwgv fwzf gv hzãz bhk kcwzyvgzk}, gv géz wf

gocwzkzvkf ãczy"o pfykohj ć gécj h ãcgfzhz jf}ć lbćş kh jkczyf nfcvyk, gécj mkfghyfjobfckv zkcjf wć "ş k kbpvcć , gv wzy ćş ckgkf, w zhzvzvl w pfgkmkg, opvc écj v"wf kb ktzkvckloy hlzoy hgzk}kz ćŧ k# Jhgć hgfhwzh f hj f}ć yhz, ãczy"o moybvlhyf nfcfyhlć , gv hzéz bhk bvlz hp hyf ãc ghqv l hc zkzfqfk ‚ fthnfyhz ć jf hzéŧ kh ‚ j kczyf pofq kf ş k nhq fz ć ykf#

Cf hbkczkb jf wkbiolvl vzklkqhz jf Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv, gv wzhzvkh jf bhybvy ć ghyf pyk}fş zf wvyéqć zohyf, jf lh ãcć lŧ kbfh hv nvwz ć h }fş ckgkfk hyzfk, lh qnobozohwh hnkzhyfh ohbfckloy ãc polkzkgć , jfgk, ãc fmfbfy# Khz ć ãc wć gć Fbkcfwgv, m ć y ć h zy ć jh gv ckbkglfnklf fzfycf hlf gyfh ŧ kfk, ãc hgflhş k zkbp, zy ć kfş zf, gv kcghcjfwgfc ŧć , gflf bhk–pyoqhkgf‒ pyoilfbf hlf hgzvhlkz ćŧ kk, jhy jf ghyf jfpkcjfh jfwzkcvl ŧć ykk# Ftplkghŧ kh ogvcohş zfb, ŧ kcf jf wkzvhyfh pf poqkŧ kklf ŧć y ć ckbkk, glhwh mvcjhbfczhlć h c hŧ kvckk#



9=

Hgfhwz ć plhzmoybć wpkykzvhlć ãl havz ć wć c v y ć b écć pykqockfyvl oykqoczvlvk wzykgz hlhzflkfyvlvk wć v jf gyfhŧ kf, wć hkić pyfogvpć yk bhk hbplf, bfckzf w ć gvpykcj ć }khŧ hzyfgvz ć ş k pyfqfc z ć h p opoyvlvk#

$Hl# Opyfh, W zv j kv kc z y ojv g z k } lh Bkdhk Fbkcfwgv, Opfyf, KT, Pvilkgkw z kgć 8 4 > 0 " 8 4 > > +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :7

Wć cf hbkczkb fpogh ãc ghyf wf qkgfh gć ãc Nyfgkh ftkwz ć vc phyzkj fcnlfq, vcvl myhcgfq, hlzvl yvwfwg, ş k gć ãc qhj hy wf gć vzh ph yzkj hjf}ć yhz chŧ kochl# Ohb fckk jf w zhz hkNyfgkfk w"hv goc}kcw pykc fw pfykfc ŧć gć hjf}ć yhzh polkzkgć chŧ kochlć cv pohzf mk hlzh jfgéz hgffh ghyf wf yhqkbć pf pyopykklf kczfyfwf hlf ch ŧ kvckk5 ş k hwz ć qk cfnyfş kz ftkwz ć ãc Nyfgkh phyzkjf polkzkgf, gh ãc oykghyf wzhz gocwzkzvŧ kochl, ãcwć flf cv bhk poz mk ghlkmkghzf jf phyzkj fcnlfq, myhcgfq whv yvwfwg# Hy mk yfnyfzhikl, hy mk o cfcoyogkyf gdkhy pfczyv cok jhgć , hjovh qk jvpć yfgvcohş zfyfh kcj fpfcj fcŧ kk cohwzyf, hb gć jfh ãc nyfş fhlh gf o gobkzfhojkckohy ć Nyfgkh ãc log wć cf kcwp ky ć b jf polkzkgh cohw zy ć zyhjkŧ kochlć #

Ãc gf gocwz ć ãc wć hkgk zyhjkŧ kvcfh? Fh gocwz ć ãc gffh gf cf kbpvcf gdkhy poqkŧ kvcfh cohwzy ć nfonyhmkgć 5 jf"h f}kzh oykgf pyo}oghyf mh ŧć gv pvzfyklf cohwzyf}fgkcf ş k j"h ãczyf ŧ kcf ãcjfoiş zf gv zohzf pvzfyklf gflf bhk ivcf yflhŧ kvck# Pykc

hwpkyhŧ kvcklf cohwzyf, pykc jfq}olzhyfh kczflfgzvhlć gf ş k"h jhz Yobéckh jf avbć zhzfjf wfgol hpyohpf, fh h gć vzhz h wf hpyopkh jf gk}klkqh ŧ kvcfh hpvwfhcć 5 kjfklf jf pyonyfw , jf q}olzhyfh cohw zy ć fgocobkgć zyfivkf wć mkf pvyvyfh ŧ kczh cohw zy ć pfczyv hcf ãcz ć yk ãclć vczyv ş k h kcwpkyh ãcgyfjfyf ãchmhy ć #

Jhgć pvzfyklf lh Ifylkc cv cf"hv nhyhczhz cfvzyhlkzhzfh, zyfivkf gh cok, pykchzkzvjkcfh gf }ob ŧ kcfh"o, wć cv cf jfpć yz ć b gézvş k jf pv ŧ kc jf lh o polkzkgć ãc ŧ flfhpz ć , ghyf wć cv wf kcwpkyf jfgéz jf pyopykklf kczfyfwf yobécfş zk, mkkcjgć fw zf o pyoić f}kjfcz ć gć o hwfbfcfh polkzkgć fwzf wkcnvyh ivcć pfczyv Yobéckh, mkkcjgć pvyvyfh hb gfyvz"o, mkkcjgć hb yfnyfzhz ş k yfnyfz ć b ş k hwz ć qk gć ãchlzvl hyfophnfvyopfhc cv cf"h hwknvyhz fl ãcwv ş k gocj kŧ kklf jf ftkwzfc ŧć gf lf j oyfhb gv zoŧ kk pfczyvwzhzvl cow zyv#

Cok cv pvzfb jfgéz yfnyfzh gć w f }ć j zfcjkc ŧ f jf h hcnhah ŧ hyh ãc o polkzkgć ihqh z ć pf hpyopkfyfh f tglvw k}ć gć zyf v ch whv gfhlhlz ć jkc b hyklf pv zfyk, jf pć yzécj"ohwzmfl jf lh lkckh jf gocjvkz ć pf ghyf o wogozkb wkcnvyh ivc ć , mkkcj kcwpkyhz ć c v bh kjkc pyopykklf cohwzyf kczfyfwf#

$Bkdhk Fbkcfwgv, U–F nyfv pfczyv o mohkf jkc opoqkŧ kf# # #‒R ãcZkbpvl, = bhyzkf 8440, h p v j B# Fbkcfwgv, Opfyf, TK, Pvilkgkwzkgć , Ivgvyfş zk, 8;4 : +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ::

Pfkwhavl jf hcwhbilv hl pvilkgh ŧ kkloy yobécfş zk lkzfyhy"ş zkkc ŧ kmkgf, hghjfbkgf,vbhckzhyf ş k popvlhyf wf ãbionćŧ fş zf gv qfgk ş k qfgk jf yf}kwzf $cvbhk ãc pfykohjh84; 0"8;0 0+ hphy pfwzf o wv z ć #

Ãc hgfwz jk}fyw goczftz fwzf kczfyfwhcz jf vybć ykz bojvl ãc ghyf pvilkgh ŧ kklf

yfpyfqfczhzk}f hv kqivzkz w ć "ş k kbpvcć vc pyonyhb yfjhgŧ kochl ghyf wć goczkcvfzyhjkŧ kh pyonyfwkw z ć h pyfwfk yobécfş zk, wć kco}fq f w zklvl pvi lkgkw zkg ş k lkbi haflf lv k pykccok moybvlf ş k nfcv yk nhqf z ć yfş zk ş k wć goczykivkf lh flvgkjhyfh jkwpvzfloy lkcn}kwzkgf ş klkzfyhyf gv pyk}kyf lh lkbić ş k lh lkzfyhzvy ć #

Oiwfy}ć b bhk ãczék gć –jkyfgŧ kh covć ‒ pyopvwć jf Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv ãc –Goc}oyikyklkzfyhyf‒ wf gocmyvczh, jvpć 8440, gv hlzf –jkyfgŧ kk‒, zfcjkc ŧ f ş k oykfcz ć yk ghyf wfjoyfhv jkwzkcgzf vcflf mh ŧć jf hlzflf ş k ghyf hv kq}ojkz ãc pyfhabh vcoy yf}kwzfgvcowgvzf#U###R



9>

Wzklvl pvilkgkwzkg ş k nfcvyklf nhqfz ć yfş zk jf lh wméy ş kz jf wfgol $wfg# hl TKT"lfh+ cfh zfw z ć , ãc boj ftplkghikl, hcvbkzf zfcjkcŧ f ghyf hv goczykivkz lh jfq}olzhyfh pyfwfklkzfyhyf# Wf gvlzk}ć hyzkgolvl polfbkg ‗ polkzkg, wogkhl, gvlzvyhl, kwzoykg, mklowomkg# Gyockghlkzfyhy ć , jf zfhzyv bhk hlfw, jhy ş k gfh jf ghyzf, gvcohş zf pykc Fbkcfw gv, Jflh}yhcgfhş k Ghyhnkhlf o h b plohyf j fowfi kz ć # Vc nfc myfg}fcz f w zf b fj hlkocvl lkzfyhy, pyfqfc z ãcb hk zohzf yf}kw zflf#

$]kgzoy ]kşkcfwgv, ]hloyk lftkghlf ş k w z k l k w z k gf ãc pvil kg k w z k gh l k z f yhyć y o b é c f h w gć +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :6

Zoŧ k gvcohş zfb kbpoyzhc ŧ h zfhzyvlvk pfczyv vc popoy, zoŧ k ş z kb, hwfbfcfh, gć c flkpwfş zf hgfwz flfbfcz jf gvlzvy ć # ]ob zyhjvgf jhy jyhbflf fbkcfczf jkc hlzflkzfyhzvyk, }ob ãcgvyhah ãcgfpvzvyklf cohwzyf gflf ivcf, jhgć lf h}fb, }ob jfwgvyhah pf gflf yflf ş k cf }ob kczfyfwh, lh zkbp opoyzvc, jf h moybh hgzoyk hjf} ć yh ŧ k###qfgk ş k qfgk jf hck }oy zyfgf ãchkczf jf h wf pvzfh gobpvcf o wkcnvy ć zyvpć jf hgzoyk ghyf w ć bfykzf hgfwz cvbf#U###R

Ãc goczyhwzvl hy ć zhz pécć hkgk wf gvpykcjf gfh bhk lć bvykz ć ftplkghyf h jkyfgŧ kf kcok, ãc jfowfikyf jf gfh }fgdf# Jkyfgŧ kh }fgdf h ić yi hŧ kloy coş zyk pvilkgk fw zf b vlz bh k

ãcjyfpzhz ć wpyf moybflf jkchmhy ć 5 jkyfgŧ kh covć ş k avcć ghvz ć bhk ãczék jf zohzf mvcjhbfczvl jkclć vczyv ş k, vcjf cv"l hyf ş k pécć gécj ãcgć cv"l hyf, jkwpyf ŧ v kfş zf moybh jkchmhy ć gh cfhjf}ć yh z ć ş k cfjfbcć #$###+ œ k mkkcjgć }oyikb hkgk jf lkzfyhzvy ć pyoqhkgć , }ob ãbpć y ŧ k gfygfzhyfh cohwzy ć j vpć gflf jovć wpfgkk hlf fk, ãc gfygfzhyfhş zkkc ŧ kmkgć ş k ãc gfh fwzfzkgć whv gfl pv ŧ kc wzklkwzkgć # Yfpyojvgfyk jkc gdkhy opfyflfhv zoykloy cv poz h }f h log hkgk1 ãczkcj fyfh lvgy ć ykloy pyoqhkgf wf ãbpozyk}fş zf lh hgfhw zh#Zyfivkf wć c f bć ynkckb h gkzh cvbhk zkzlvl wgykfykloy ş k h wgohzf lh k}fhlć flfbfczflfgobvcf ghyf lf ãbpyfvcfhqć ãc v ch ş k hgff hş k jkyfgŧ kf#

$Zkzv Bhkoyfwgv, Jkyfgŧ kh covć ãc pofq kh ş k p y oq h y ob éc ć , ãc Gykz kgf +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :=

Oykş kghyf wgykkzoy ghyf wf wkbzf, ŧ kcf wć wgykf pfczyv zoŧ k yobéckk, ih gdkhy ş k pfc zyvgfk }kkzoyk# Fl hyf jhy w ć wgykf gvb }oyifwg zoŧ k yobéckk, ih gvb, jvpć zohz ć pyoihiklkzhzfh, }oy }oyik ş k gfk gf cv w"hv cć wgvz ãcgć # Fl zyfivkf jhy w ć "ş k jfh ikcfwf hb h gvb hlfnf, gvb ãczyfivkcŧ fhqć ş k gvb hş hqć }oyiflf, gć gk o }oyić y ć v hlfhwć cv hyf pfczyv zoŧ k gkzkzoykk ãc ŧ flfw, vch y ć v ãczyfivkc ŧ hz ć wzykgć ãc ŧ flfwvl, khy vch y ć vhş fqh z ć ãl wvpć y ć pf gkzkzoy#

Hgfhwz ć ić nhyf jf w fhb ć lf lkpw fş zf gfloy b hk bv lŧ k jkc zyf w gykkzoykk coş zyk# Hb gkzkz, jf ftfbplv, wgykwf jf vcvl jkczyf wgykkzoykk gv bhyk pyfzfcŧ kvck }oyiflf

–phnkch ãczékh‒# œ zkb ãcwć gv zoŧ kk gć yobéckk qkg –phnkch ãczék‒ oyk –pykbh phnkcć ‒# Jfgf h w gykw hgfl hv zoy pyfzfc ŧ kow gvb cv qkgf ş k ckgk c "hyf wć q kgć ckbfck?

Pfc zyv gć }okh wć mkf b hk gv b oŧ jfgéz hlŧ kk#

Mkkcjgć cok gfklhlŧ k qkgfb –h jovh‒, –h zyfkh‒ ş k –h phzyh‒, fl wogozfh gć zyfivkf wć qkgfb ş k –h"czékh‒# Hgfhwzh jo}fjfş zf gć fl cv ş k"h jhz wklkc ŧ h wć wf jvbkyfhwgć hw vp yh nyhb hzkgkk yob écf ş zk#U###R

Hwzmfl, hgfl wgykkzoy gv pyfzfcŧ kvck bhyk ş k gv pyfnć zkyf cfãcjfwzvlć zohyf,c f bv lŧ vb kz wć wgykf gvb }oyifş zf lvbf h, h pogkz lkbi h, gyfq éc j g"o jyfnf#

$Kohc Wlh}kgk, Hbkcz k y k+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :>



94

Pykcgkpflf Ghyol Uc#c# }kkzoyvl yfnf Ghyol hl KK"lfhR havcnf, ãc 8;89, wć w vw ŧ kcć vcihghlhvyfhz cfbhkãczélckz pécć hzvc gk ãc Yob éc kh#

O gobkwkf wpfgkhlć , moybhz ć jkc pyomfwoykk ghyf"l pyfnć zkwfy ć ãchkczf, h mowz ãc wć ygkchz ć jf Ghyol K w ć "l }fykmkgf pfczyv hgoyjhyfh gfyzkmkghzvlvk jf hiwol}kyf# Kc Hydk}h Ghwfk Yfnhlf w"hv pć wzyhz zohzf jogvbfczflf hgfwzvk fthbfc gvykow1 lvgy ć yklfwgykwf hlf gflvk fthbkchz5 pyogfwvl" }fyihl pyk}kcj jfwm ćş vyhyfh fthbfcvlvk# U###RFthbfcvl ─ pf ghyf Ghyol K ãl joyfh –gobplfz şk h bćc v c ŧkz‛‛, gocmoyb pyogfwvlvk"}fyihl ─ }h h }fh log pf 9= " 9; kvc kf 8; 89 , lh Ghw zflvl Pflfş jkc W kchkh, vcj f Gobkwkhw"h jfplhwhz jf lh Ivgvyfş zk# Vybhv h mk pyoif jf lkbih lhzkc ć , bhzfbhzkgć , mkqkgo"chzvyhlf, lkbih myhcgfqć , o –jkqfyzhŧ kvcf‛‛, lkbih nfybhcć , pyoif oyhlf ş k ft zfbpoyfjkc mkloqomkf ş k kwzoykf# Mflvl gvb h jfgvyw fthbfcvl fwzf pyfqfczhz pf lhyn# Hv phyzkgkphz Ghyol K, ghyf h pyfqkjhz, pykcgkpflf boş zfckzoy Mfyjkchcj ş k w oŧ kh wh Bhykh, myhŧ kk ş k w vyoyklf gflvk ft hb kc hz#

Gobkwkh pyopvcfh ghcjkjhzvlvk bhk bvlzf wvikfgzf, jkc ghyf hgfwzh ã ş k hlfnfhvcvl# Lh lkbih yobécć h hlfw Py kcgkphlflf ghl k zćŧ k h lf opfyf k lv k Ghyhnkh lf 5 lh mkloqomkf ş k kwzoykf, jkc gflf 90 jf wvikfgzf, h lvhz Pol k z kgh Yvwkfk ãc Oykfczvl Fvyopfk pécć l h 8 > > : # Cozflf oiŧ kcvzf1 lkbih yobécć ─ ;5 bhzfbhzkgk ─ 4,605 myhcgfqć ─ ;5 ş zkkc ŧ f mkqkgo"chzvyhlf ─ ;5 nfybhcć ─ 4,605 lhzkcć ─ >5 jkqfyzhŧ kh lhkwzoykf ─ 80 5 mkloqom kf ─ 805 bfj kh nfcfyhlć ─ 4,48# Ghlkmkghzk}vl –Hjbkw‛‛#

$Pfzyf ũ vy lfh , Ihg h lhv y f h z l h g hw z f l , ãc yf}kwzh Dkwzoykh+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :4

Pyk}kŧ k o glkpć mflvl gvb gć v z ć b wć cf ãc ŧ flfnfb, pyk}kŧ k géz jf pv ŧ kc gocjvkzhgvyfcz ć h v cv k yobéc , hzvc gk gécj }oyifş zf jf ohbfckk, jf kcwzkzv ŧ kklf, jf boyh}vyklfoyk jf gvlzvyh cohwzy ć # ]fŧ k oiwfy}h cvbhkjfgéz jovć zkpvyk jf hpyfgkfyf ikcfghyhgzfykqhzf, jhy ãc hgflhş k zkbp pfymfgz opvwf# O ghzfnoykf jkc goch ŧ kochlkk coş zyk,j kczyf h gfkh gh yf ş k"hv m ć gvz wzvjkklf wvpfykohyf ãc wzy ć kcć zhzf ş k mhg phyzf jkc glhwhh}vz ć , oyk jf gézf oyk }oy zyfivk w ć mhgć o avjfghz ć hwv pyh }yfvcv k mfcobfc yobécfw gohyfghyf, }oy lvh hpyohpf wkwzfbhzkg hgffhş k hzkzvjkcf1 wgfpzkgkwbvl yhjkghl#Gvcohş zf ŧ k gv zoŧ kk hgfwz bocozoc jkwgvyw1 Wvczfb ãc vybh zvzvyoy popohyfloy#Wzyvgzvyh cohwzy ć fzckgć f kcmfykohy ć ş k ckgk vc }kkzoy bhk ivc cv f jf h ş zfpzhz#Ghyhgzfyvl cowzyv f lhş ş k wfy}kl# Kcwzkzv ŧ k k lf cohwzyf wvcz wkbplf bhkbv ŧć yflk jvpć w zy ć kcć zhzf # U…R C"h} fb zyfgvz, c"h}f b hyz ć , c "h}f b lkzfyhzvy ć # U…R

Fthgz opvwć hgfwzfk bfczhlkz ćŧ k, hphyf o hlzh, ghyf, gv zoz hwpfgzvl fk pyomvcj phzykozkg, y ć bécf zoz hş h jf oizvqć , zoz hş h jf yfmyhgzhy ć lh pykgfpfyfh wvmlfzvlvkc hŧ koch l gh ş k gfh j kczé k#

Zohz ć lvbfh khy ćş k gvcohş zf ş k jkwgvywvl jfbhnonvlvk ch ŧ kochlkwz ş k gvlzvyhl# U…R Yobéckk wvcz wkcnvyvl popoy ghyf wf ãcaowfş zf, wf gykzkgć bfyfv# Zyfivkf wć jf w gopfykb } hloyklf ch ŧ kochlf, ghyf wvc z wv mkgkfc zf gh wć pvzfb zy ć k jkc flf, ãcgdkqéc j nyhckŧ flf kcmlvfc ŧ fk wzy ć kcf# Lkzfyhzvyh cohwzy ć hyf cvbf gf wf poz fnhlh vş oy gvbhyklf nfckk hlf wzy ć kcć z ćŧ k k # Wvczfb ionh ŧ k gh ckbfck $po}fwzfh pfzyolvlvk ş k hnyévlvk+, wvczfb }kzfak $“Yobécvl hyf ş hpzf }kf ŧ k ãc pkfpzv"k jf hyhbć ‒+, wvczfb pof ŧ k$“Yob éc vl f cć w gvz pof z‒+ fzg# f zg# U…R

Ãc nfcfyhl, hzkzvjkcfh gfloy bhk bvlŧ k yobéck mhŧć jf f}fckbfczflf ş k lvgyvyklfcohw zyf ow gklfhqć fnhl jf }kco}hz ãczyf w gfpzkgkw b ş k nyhcj obhc kf#$Bkd hk Yh lfh, Mfcobfcvl yobé cfwg +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# :;

Pfczyv zyhjkŧ kochlkş zk, fzfych gdfwzkvcf h oggkjfczhlkqć ykk whv h yhpoyzvykloy gvOggkjfczvl, ghyf ãcgvygć ş k jfqoykfczfhqć hzézfh kczflknfc ŧ f yobécfş zk, wf yfjvgf lhvc pyogfw mkyfwg jf hwkbklhyf# Jhy jkcgolo jf hgfhwz ć hwkbklhyf, ŧ kczh ãchlz ć y ć bé c f



9;

gyfhŧ kh pyopykf# Vc Ckgolhf Ić lgfwgv, vc Bkdhkl Eonć lckgfhcv, vc I#P# Dhş jfv, vc Bkdhk Fbkcfwgv, vc Nfoynf Goş ivg, vc ]hwklf Péy}hc whv Ckgolhf Koynh ck wfãc m ćŧ kş fhqć wvi ãcjokzvl hwpfgz jf }hwz ć hwkbklhyf h gvlzvykloy wzy ć kcf ş k j fbocvbfczhlć gyfhŧ kf hvzodzocć # Zyhjkŧ kochlkwbvl }fjf ãc fk yf}flhŧ kk kwzoykgf hlfwviw zhcŧ fk jf } khŧć pfybhcfcz ć gf qhgf ãc hj éc gvl hgfw zvk popoy#

Jhgć bfckyfh popoyvlvk yobécfwg fwzf hgffh jf h gyfh o gvlzvy ć j vpć gdkpvl ş khwfbć ch yfh lvk, hmkybh ŧ kh hgfhw zh kbplkgć ş k wolv ŧ kh vcfk oykfcz ć yk# Gkcf pyfgockqfhqć oykfczhyfh wpyf Oggkjfcz yowzfş zf vc coc"wfcw# Oykfczhyfh gvpykcj f ãc w kcf gv}éczvlOykfcz ş k ãcw fhb cć oykfc zhyfh w pyf Oykfc z, jv pć Oykfc z# Hlzhyflf w f hş hqć wpyf Oykfcz,kgohcflf gć bkcvlvk wf hş hqć pf pfyfzflf jkcwpyf Oykfcz, ŧć yhcvl gécj wf ãcgdkcć pfgébp wf ãczohygf wpyf Oykfcz# Qkghlh wpvcf pyfzvzkcjfck gć lvb kch }kcf j f lh Yć wć ykz#œ k gvb cok cf hmlć b nfonyhmkg ãc Oykfc z ş k gvb, pykc yflknkh oyzojotć , j fŧ kcfb hjf}ć yv llvbkckk y ć wć ykzfcf, oykfczhyfh cohwzy ć cv pohzf mk jfgéz wpyf Oykfcz, hjkgć wpyf cokãcş kcf, w pyf gffh gf wv czfb pykc boş zfckyfh jf ghyf c f"hb ãc}yfjc kgkz#

Boş zfckb vc pć bécz y ć wć ykzfhc, boş zfckb pć ykc ŧ k gyfş zkck" wohyzh cohwzy ć w fgvpykcjf ãc hgfwzf jhzf nfo"hczyopolonkgf# O gvlzvy ć pyopykf cv wf pohzf jfq}olzhoynhc kg jfgéz ãc hgfw zf gocj kŧ kk hlf pć béczvlvk ş k hlf j vd vlvk cowzyv# Oggkjf czhlkq hyfhãcwfhbcć cfnhyfh oykfczhlkwbvlvk cowzyv, ckdklkwbvl fvyopfckqhcz ãcwfhbcć cfnhyfh powkiklkz ćŧ kloy coh w zyf gyfh zohyf#

$Ckgd kmoy Gyh kckg, W f c w vl z y h j kŧ k f k , ãc Pvcgzf gh yj kch lf ãc dhow +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 60

Wvi jkmfykzf }hykh ŧ kk jf jfzhlkv, obvl ghyf logvkfş zf hw z ć qk goczkcfczvl cowzyv wf pyfqkcz ć wvi j ovć zkpv yk ikcf j fmkckzf1 oggkj fc zhlvl ş k oykfczhlvl#

Zohz ć gk}klkqh ŧ kh oggkjfczhlć w z ć ãczy"vc wkcnvy gv}écz1 –hpzkzvjkcf gyfhzohyf‒# Ykjkghz jfhwvpyh bfjkvlvk, jobkcécjv"l pykc wz ć péckyf jf wkcf, pykc gvyha, pykcy ć ijhyf ş k kckŧ khzk}ć , oggkjfczhlvl f wpkykz hgzk} bhk ãchkczf jf zohzf# Fl pyfmhgfhbikhcŧ h, wmkc ŧ fş zf logvl, gć yvkh ãk kbpvcf lfnfh ş k kjff h w h ş k ghyf ãl hwgvlz ć jogkl ş kãc}kcw# Hpvwfhcvl f wz ć pécvl }okcŧ fk whlf flhwzkgf ş k mfybf ãc hgflhş k zkbp ş k pfczyvhgfhwzh f ş k w z ć pécvl lvgyvykloy ãcgocavy ć zohyf# Gvyhavl wć v f gécj zfbfyhy, gécj yfqochikl# œ zkf wć ykş zf ş k wć mkf ãc hgflhş k zkbp pyvjfcz# Fl wviavnć moy ŧ flf chzvykk,wfqohcflf, mhvch ş k mloyh# Jhy bhk hlfw, h kc}fczhz zfdckgh, ghyf k"h jf}fckz hlkhz ć hwgvlz ć zohyf#

Ãc hwfbfcfh gocjkŧ kk , mkloqomkh wh cv pohzf mk jfgéz }olvczhykwz ć # Fl gyfjf gć zozvl f powkikl, f opzkbkwz ãc ãcgyfjfyfh pf ghyf o hgoyj ć moy ŧ floy whlf, gyfjf ãclkifyzhzf, bhk bvlz, ãc lkify hyikzyv, pfczyv gć yfqkwzfcŧ h j fzfybkckw bv lvk oyi o ãc}kcnfgv pv zfyfh ãcŧ flfpgkvc kk wh lf $…+

Pwkdolonkh oykfczhlvlvk f fthgz goczyhy ć # Fh wf yfjvgf, jf oikgfk, lh o “yfwfbchyf phwk}ć ‒# Jhgć oggkjfczhlvl wf kbpvcf bfjkvlvk, oykfczhlvl wf wvpvcf# Moy ŧ h chzvykk ãl qć pć gfş zf, ãl qjyoifş zf, ãl hphwć # Yfgvcohş zf ãczy"ãcwh gkcf ş zkf gf moy ŧć yflknkohw ć bkwzfykohw ć , goczyh gć yfkh k wf phyf kcvzkl w ć bhk lvpzf# $…+ Mhzhlkwbvl, hjkgć gocwzhzhyfh hgfwzfk hş fqć yk pyfwzhiklkzf ş k pf ghyf }okc ŧ h obvlvk f pyfh wlhić gh wć oãcjyfpzf, k wf phyf w kcnv yh wolvŧ kf# $Bkdhk Yhlfh, Mfcobfcvl yobé cfwg +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 68

Jfş k bvlz b hk gobp lft ş k ãcnloiéc j ãc f h pykcgkpkk goczyhj kgzoykk ş k mfcobfcf gf cvwf poz ftplkgh vckmoyb, bkş ghyf bojfyckwz ć wf gocmvcj ć hjfwfh ş k gv wkbiolkwbvl,ghyf, ãc yfhlkzhzf, cv f jfgéz vch jkc moybflf fk, pf ghyf cf y ć bé c f wć o wzvjkfb ãccozh w h j kmfyfcŧ kh z ć # U…R



70

Bkş gć yklf lkzfyhyf cv poycfwg, ãc nfcfyf, jf lh gocgfp ŧ kk jfmkckzf, gk jkczy"o zfcjkc ŧć ãbpozyk}h vcfk moybf ãc}fgdkzf ãc hyz ć 5 moybvlh }kkzohyf kq}oy ćş zf jkczy"o flhioyh ŧ kfãcgfhz ć ş k oiw gvy ć , cfgykw zhlkq hz ć ãczy"o moybvlć j fgéz zé yqkv# U…R

Poyckz ş k fl jkczy"o yfhgŧ kvcf, cv zyfivkf jfgk w ć gocwkjfy ć b wkbiolkwbvl cvbhk pykc lhzvyh lv k cfnh zk}ć , gk ş k pykc ghyhgzfyflf fwfc ŧ khlf gf"k jhv vc hwpfgz ş k o vckzhzfkczfykohy ć # Kfş kz jkc mh qh b klkzhcz ć h cfnhŧ kvckk ş k kczyhz ãc ykzbvl gvyfczfloy lkzfyhyf ghvc mfcob fc j kw zkcgz, wkbiolkw b vl pohzf mk hgvb yfj vw lh flfb fczv l wh v ghyhgzfykw zkg#

Fl cv zyfivkf gocmvcjhz gv kcjk}kjvhlkwbvl ãc hyz ć …#5 oykgf zhlfcz cov fwzfhmkybhŧ kh vcvk kcjk}kjvhlkwb5 fl cv f cvbhk pykcgkpkvl flkifyhzoy jkczy"o moybvlć lkzfyhy ć }fgd f, ãczyvgéz oykgf ş golć c ovć yfpyfqkcz ć pycgkpkvl vcf k fbh cgkpć yk# U…RWkbiolkwbvl fwzf jf o chzvy ć bhk wpfgkmkg5 ãc fwfc ŧć , fl yfpyfqkcz ć hjécgkyfhlkykwbvlvk ãc wvigocş zkfcz pykc ftpykbhyfh pf ghlf bhk bvlz jf wvnfwzkf h mocjvlvkbvwkghl hl wvmlfzvlvk obfcfwg#

$F# Lo}kcfwgv, Kw z oy kh l k z f yh z vy k k yobé cf goc zfpoyhcf +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 69

B"hb wm kkz zozjfhv ch w ć w gykv p fc zyv zkph y lh p fywoh ch ãczék#U###R Jhy, mkkcjgć wvcz ãczyfihz, ãcjy ć qcfwg h wpvcf gć wgykwvl cv bk wf phyf jflog o

avgć ykf hnyfhi klć ş k ckgk bhk gv wfhb ć o aocnlfykf gv myhqf# Pfczyv bkcf hyzh" qkg “hyz ć ‒ş k b ć nécjfwg bfyfv cvbhk lh lkzfyhzvy ć " ãcw fhb cć gyfhŧ kf jf ohbfc k ş k j f }khŧć #

Hwzmfl hyzh, ãczogbhk gh ş k gyfhŧ kh jk}kcć , jf}kcf gfh bhk bkcvchz ć zhkcć # Gyfécj ohbfck }kk, gv }kh ŧć pyopykf, gv lvbf pyopykf, wgykkzoyvl wf hpyopkf jf bkwzfyvlfzfyckz ćŧ kk# Cv myvbowvl, o cć wgogkyf obfcfhwgć , kczfyfwfh q ć ãc hyz ć , gk pvlwhŧ kh }kf ŧ kk#Gécj hk yfvş kz wć ãcgdkqk ãc gv}kczf gézf}h glkpf jf }kh ŧć hjf}ć yh z ć , hk yfh lkq hz o opf y ć bhk pyfŧ kohwć jfgéz zohzf myhqflf myvbohwf jkc lvbf# Pyfgvb chş zfyfh, kvikyfh ş kbohyzfh hlgć zvkfwg fcknbflf gflf b hk lfnhzf j f }khŧ h obfcfhwgć , zoz flf pyfogvpć b h kbvlz ş k pf wgykkzoyvl ghyf ãcgfhygć wć gyffqf }khŧć #

Lkzfyhzvyh yfqvlzhz ć jkc hwfbfcfh pyfogvpć yk cv }h bvlŧ vbk, pohzf, ckgk pfwvpfyfwzf ŧ kk gf w h}v yfhq ć cvbhk yhmkcć ykklf wzklkwzkgf whv ftzyh}hnhc ŧ flf wfc zkbfc zhlf,c kgk pf hb hzoykk jf p o}fw zkyk nfc zklf jf w hloc# Ckgk c"hyf cf }okf# Lkzfyhzv yh zy ć kfş zf p ykcfh ş k pfc zyv f h ãcwćş k# Jvyhiklkzhzf h f k hzéycć cv bh k jf ghc zkzhzfh jf }khŧć }fykzhiklć gf o gvpykcj f# $Lk}kv Yfiyfhcv , Gyfj +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 67

Wkcgyockwb vl ãcwfh bcć , jvpć gvb hb wpvw , hgŧ kvcfh vckmoybkqhzohyf h zkbpvlvkhwvpyh }kf ŧ kk wogkhlf ş k gvlzvyhlf h jkmfykzfloy popohyf lfnhzf ãczyf flf pykczy"okczfyjfpfcjfcŧć bhzfykhlć ş k boyhlć # Ftkw z ć , gv h lzf gv}kczf, v c w pkykz hl }fhgv lvk w hvgffh gf cvbfh Zhgkz vc –whfgvlvb‒, hjkgć o zozhlkzhzf jf gocjkŧ kk gocmknvyhzohyf h} kfŧ kk obfckykk# Wpkykzvl F}vlvk Bfjkv, jf pklj ć , wf bhckmfwz ć wvi jovć moybf1 gyfjkc ŧ hyflknkohw ć ghyf"k jfzfybkcć ãczyfhnh hgzk}kzhzf wvmlfzfhwgć $lkzfyhzvyh, hyzh, mklowomkhfzg#+ ş k pyo}ohgć ãc jobfckvl polkzkg gyvgkhjflf, hjkgć ftphcwkvcfh Oggkjfczvlvk wpyfOykfcz5 khy pf jf hlz ć phyzf, ãc jobfckvl wogkhl, moybh wpfgkmkgć h mfvjhlkz ćŧ kk, jf

oyknkcf nfybhckgć w hv cv , ãc oykgf ghq, ftpyfw kf h kcj k}kjvh lkw bv lvk wogkhl, jv pć gv bw zklvl onk}hl fw zf o ftp yfw kf h b kw zkgkw bv lvk#

Yfchş zfyfh yfhgŧ kocfhqć ãbpozyk}h wpkykzvlvk gyfş zkc pykc yfãc} kfyfh w pkykzvlvk h czkg,gv bhckmfwz ć yk b hk ghyhgzfykw zkgf ãc job fc kvl hyzfk ş k hl gvnfz ć ykk mklowom kgf#U…R

Yf}olv ŧ kh myhcgfqć cf"h hjvw, ãc wméy ş kz, pykcgkpkvl wv}fyhckz ćŧ kk chŧ kochlf, hllkifyz ćŧ kk pyfw fk ş k gv}éc zvlvk, pykcgkpkvl fnh lkz ćŧ kk lfnhlf, mkwghlf ş k polkzkgf j f lh zfb flkhzvzvyoy jfbogyhŧ kkloy goczfb poyhc f ş k, gh vybhyf mkyfhwgć , pykcgkpkvl chŧ kochlkz ćŧ kloy gfcf gocmknvyfhqć #U…R Wpkykzvl zkbpvlvk f, hş hjhy, mkyvl gocjvgć zoy hl kwzoykfk ãcgoczyo}fywflf mhpzfloy# Pyfqfcz pyfzvzkcjfck, fl wf jfq}olz ć , zozvş k, ãc vcflf ŧć yk bhk



78

kczfc w1 lh Yob h ş k lh Hzfch ãc hczkgdkzhzf5 lh nfybhck ãc zkbpvl F}vlvk Bfjkv5 ãc Kzhlkhãc fpogh Yfc hş zfykk5 ãc Myhc ŧ h ãc }fhgvl T]KK ş k wm éy ş kzvl }f hgv lvk T]KKK#

$F# Lo}kcfwgv, Bvzh ŧ kh }h loy k loy fw zf z kgf +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 6:

Hgfwz oynolkv hl lhzkckz ćŧ kk cohwzyf f boş zfckyfh vcoy }yfbvyk gécj h zyfivkz w ć wvmfykb yéwvl ihzaogoykzoy hl }fgkckloy, ghyk gv oykgf pyf ŧ cf }okhv w viavnhŧ k# Hqk f lkpwkz jf ivc"wkb ŧ # ]oyikb jfwpyf wpkykzvl gvlzvykk cohwzyf5 }yfb wć mkb cvbhk hzéz1 lhzkck "lkbpfqk, yhŧ kochlk, gvbpć zhŧ k, kvikzoyk jf moybć , glhwkgk ‗ jhy }yécj"cf}yécj wvczfbbhk bvlz# Ãcwfbchzvl pyogfcz jf wécnf wlh} ş k zyhg, gf glogozfş zf ãc mkkc ŧ h cohwzy ć ,gocwzkzvkf pyfzftzvl vcfk pyoilfbf, ghyf hy zyfivk pvw ć gv bh k bv lz ć ãcjy ć qcfhlć #

Gvcohş zfb ftpfykbfczvl ãcgyvgkşć ykk vcfk mloyk hlif gv mlohyfh yoş kf h hgffhş k}hykfz ćŧ k# Ikolonkk }oyifwg jfwpyf hş h"cvbkzflf –jobkchczf‒# Gf ãcwfhbcć gv}éczvlhgfwzh? G ć ãc nfcfyhŧ kklf c ovć gf wf c hw g jkc ãbpyfvc hyfh gfloy jovć mloyk ‗ ãcwvş kyklfvcfkh jkczyf flf wvcz wz ć péckzohyf5 ivcć oh y ć gflf bhk bvlzf }oy mk hlif# W"h jo}fjkz ãc wć gć jkc gécj ãc gécj , gv ohyfş kghyf gkvjhz ć yfnvlhykzhzf yfhphy ş k ãcw vş kyklf gvyhzfhlf gflfklhlzf mloyk# F o kqivgckyf jkc Bkwzfy, gécj ckgk cv zf hş zf pŧ k# ]fgdklf ãcwvş kyk lf"hk gyfqvz pkfyjvzf pfczyv zozjfhvch, flf wf hmkyb ć zozvş k jkc zkbp ãc zkbp ãc zohz ć

wplfcjohyfh zyfgvz ć # Ãczy"o ãcjfpć yzhz ć hchlonkf gv ftpfykbfczvl hgfwzh ikolonkg ‗ hzéz jf goc}kcnć zoy pykc wkbplkzhzfh wh ‗ wf pohzf wpvcf gć ãc wpkykzvl yobécfwg fjobkchcz ć lhzkckzhzfh, lkckş zkz ć ş k pykc ftgflfc ŧć gvlzvyhlć # H}fb ãcwć ş k vc ionhz mocj lhzfcz wlh}o"zyhg, ftvifyhcz ş k }kzhl, ghyf, oykgéz cf"hb ãbpozyk}k, wf jfwpykcjf vcfoykjkc goyolf cfgvcowgvzvlvk, y ć wć ykcj pvzfyckg ãc gocş zkkc ŧ f# Wkbfzykh ş k hybockh lhzkcć cf f hjfwfoyk wméyzfghz ć jf mvyzvch ghyf mvlnfy ć bolgob ãc hjécgkbklf ohyfgvbb fzhmkqkgf hlf wv mlfzvlvk yobé cfw g#

F yf}olzh mocj vlvk cowzyv c flhzkc# U…R$Lv gkhc Ilhnh, Yf}ol zh mocjvlv k cow z yv cf lh z kc , ãc yf}kwzh Nécjkyfh+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 66

Jfwknvy, ckbkg cv yojfş zf jkc ckbkg, cv ftkwz ć gyfhŧ kf ft ckdklo, zozvl hyf vczfbfk ãc yfhlkzhzfh vck}fywhlć # Jvpć gvb wć b éc ŧ h wf chş zf jkc bohyzfh myvgzvlvk,“gv}kczflf pozyk}kzf‒ ã ş k hv woynkczfh ãc hydhkgflf “ãcjfbcvyk pfczyv }kzf‒# Oykgfnfybkch yf f o bfzhmoy ć , vc w hlz# Yoikh ãcjv yhz ć , owécj h lvk Hjh b ş k Wkwkwm, “wvjohyfhbvcgkk wvzfloy jf hck‒, wvmfykc ŧ h ãc ãczvcfykg, h gfloy wbfykŧ k, gdkhy owfbkczflf vwghzfhlf ić zyéckloy, ãczyfn “yojvl jvyfykk jf }fgkk ãczyfnk‒ pohzf mk kq}oy jf pofqkf, zogbhk pfczyv gć f yoj# G ć gk, jvpć gvb wzfyklkzhzfh jfwmknvyfhqć ş k jfwgobpvcf ãc dhow, mfgvcjkzhzfh zyhcwmknvyfhqć , hlgć zvkfş zf cok oyjkcf# Pofzvl f gfl ghyf yf}flfhqć ,j fş zfhpz ć gffh gf johybf ãc oiwgvykzhzf, gfl ghyf mhgf Jvbcfqfv jf pkhzy ć j kcgfcvş h boy ŧ kloy jkc }hzy ć , m ć vyfş zf }fywvl ãchlz jkc oghy ć ş k ‗ nfybkchyf pykczyhcwmknvyhyf" jkc “bvgfnhkvyk, ivif ş k coyok‒ kwgć “myvbvwf ŧ k ş k pyf ŧ vyk cok‒# Lvbfhhyndfqkhcć cv f hwfpzkgć , wzfyklkqhz ć , gk f o lvbf h nfybfckloy# Pofzvl cv f y ć z ć gkzoy pykczyf hw zyf pv yf gk, hw fb fcf h Dfyv}kbv lvk gć qvz ãc lvbf, ob pyfh vb hc, nć w fş zf ãc

oykgf “iv ić pć béczfhcć ‒ pvzkc ŧ h vc fk wfb kc ŧ f, h vc fk cok chş zfyk powkiklf#Wvmfykcŧ h ãcwćş k pohzf, jfgk, wć yojfhwgć #U###R G ć gk1 “h wgykf f h mhgf jkc cov‒,

gyfhŧ kh pofzkgć yfpfzécj gyfhŧ kh gowbkgć # Jhy pfczyv gh hgfwz wvpyfb }kwobfcfwgU###Rwć yojfhwgć ãczy"o opfy ć jvyhiklć , f cf}okf U###R jf o ãczyfhnć }khŧć ãcnyophz ć ãc zfb flkk#

$Ckgolhf Ihlozć, Opfyh lv k Zvjoy Hyndfq k +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 6=



79

O lfgzvy ć ãc oyjkcf gyocolonkgć h pofqkfk lvk Ilhnh hyhz ć gć , ãc ghlkzhzf j f hj f}ć yh z bozk} lkykg, gv}éczv l cv hphyf lh fl jfgéz yflhzk} zéyqkv, ş k ãczy"vc bobfcz jfzfybkchz jf lonkgh kczfycć h bkzvlvk pofzkg ãc hcwhbilvl wć v# Kpowzhqh gfh bhk jfmkckzoykf hobvlvk ilhnkhc fwzf, ãc pykbflf jovć gć y ŧ k, hgffh jf mkkc ŧć zćgv zć gf wf j kwpfcw fhqć gv vş vykc ŧć j f yowzkyf, lć wéc j b hk jfnyhić lvbfh wć wf yowzfhw gć ãc f h#

Cv gv}éczvl fwzf gfl gf wf kbpvcf hgvb, gk goczyhykvl w ć v , zćgfyfh, lkckşzfh ‗ oz ć gfyf nfybkchzk}ć , wzy ć ić zv z ć johy jf zvlivy ć yklf wf}floy oyk hlf wécnflvk ş k lvbkckk,gf vybfh qć gć klf hw gvc w f h lf kbpv lwv ykloy }kzhlf gfloy bh k kcgoc zyolhiklf# –Z ć gfyfh"bkfwzf jvdvl‒ ‗ wf jfmkcfş zf pofzvl ãc W z h l h g z k z h , kjfczkmkgécjv"wf vcfk yfhlkz ćŧ kflfbfczhyf1 –qć gécj‒ ãc vbiyh noyvcvlvk, k wf phyf gć –wzyopk jf lkckş zf $ãk+ gvyn pykc}kcf, cv jf wécnf‒, khy ãc Lkckş z f 1 –hzézh lkckş zf"k ãc avy jf"bk phyf gć h v j / gv b w fkqi fw g jf nfhb vyk yhqflf jf lvc ć #‒

Ãc gowbkgh z ć gfyf, wvikfgzvl f, gflf bhk hjfwfoyk vc yfgfpzhgvl phwk} hl bkş gć ykloy lvbkk, ãc v b iy ć ş k z ć gfyf fvl gobvckgć ãc pyomvcqkbf gv vck}fywvl, jf}fckcj fl ãcwv ş kvc flfbfcz pykczyf flfbfczf# Gécj hphyf zozv ş k, gv}éczv l wf lhwć johy şopzkz, hpyohpf kcvzkl hzézh }yfbf géz zy ć kyfh cfbkalogkz ć ãk pohzf lvh logvl ftpykbécj plfckzvjkcfh mkkcŧ fk5 oyk, jkbpozyk}ć , jf}kcf wzy knćz , gdkoz, jfioyjhyf wocoy ć hjfq lć c ŧ v kzfk fc fynkk jkockw khgf, pyflvcnkyf h b hyflvk zvb vlz hl w zkd kkloy#

$Koc Pop , Lvgkh c Ilhn h " vck}fywv l l ky kg +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 6>

Jfgéz wć ob kz jf zhlkklf, pyfmfy wć lf fthnfyfq, wć lf pvc w vi lvpć # Fwzf bfzojh gfhbhk wkbplć jf h gć lć zoyk ãc zkb p, j f h zf ãczohygf gv qfgk jf hc k ãc v ybć U…R Wgykkzoykk ã ş kãcgfyghv coyogvl lh fjkzvyk, khy gć y ŧ klf loy cv h}fhv ãcgć zkzlvyk ikcf wzhiklkzf ş k w f hmlhvw gykw f pf avb ć zhzf w hv pf w mfyz, ãc zkbp gf ckbfc k, ckgk bć ghy fk, cv ş z khv gvb , jhgć ş kgéc j lf }oy ãcgd fkh, géŧ k lf }oy gkzk ş k ghyf j kc gocmyhŧ k }h w gykfU…R jf w pyf cov h h ph ykŧ kf#Pf hzvcgk pfywochaflf bhykloy yobhcf h}fhv ãcgć zohzf jyvbvyklf jfwgdkwf, Mflkt bhk pvzfh wpfyh wć wf ãcwohyf gv Ozklkh ãc gkvjh lvk Phwghlopol, Myfj hy mk pvzvz w ć f}kzfãc gć , ãc q kvh mhzhlć , wć w f v ygf ãc ghylkcnć , khy Hjflh b hk h}fh o ş hc wć jf h j fwgopfyk avychlvl jogzoyvlvk Gojyfwgv# U###R

Pf hzvcgk pfywochaflf cv fyhv wgvmvcjhzf gv zozvl ãc déyzkf, h}fhv cvbhk avbć zhzfjf jfwzkc wgykw, khy gfhlhlz ć av bć zhzf jkc fk, lkify ć , wf hmlh ãcgć , kcjkwzkcgz ć ş k ãc mkfyifyf, ãc bkczfh ş k }khŧ h vcoy hvzoyk, fk ãcş kş k gv cvbhk o ivghz ć jkc }khŧć wgykwć # Yfiyfhcv wf plkbi h, pf w zy ć qklf Ivgvyfş zkvlvk, ãczy"vc Gdf}yolfz yoş vU###R G ć lkcfwgv ã ş khgdkqkŧ koch }hyh pyo}kqkh jf lfbcf pfczyv khycć U###R Ihgo}kh mvbh gv wfzf ş k ifh pfz ć gvzf, Koc Ih yiv h}f h gézf gkcgk"ş hwf w zvjfc ŧ k lh gvywvyklf lvk jf bhzfbhzkgkwvpfykohyf, pf Ckgdkmoy Gyhkckg ãl pvzfhk nć wk lh phzyv cvbfyf jf zflfmoc jkmfykzf, lvkGhbkl Pfzyfwgv ãk zyfgvwf wfykow pykc nécj w ć wf hpvgf jf gdkbkf, jvpć gf kc}fczhwf pf dé yzkf o phyhş v z ć "ihloc#U###R

Cv wfbć chv vckk gv hlŧ kk ş k ckbfck cv ãk oilknh w ć nécjfhwgć lh mfl ş k wć wpvcć hgflhş k lvgyv# Bkcvchz fwzf gć lvbfh loy cv fyh ckgk phyhjkw, ckgk kcmfyc, gk o lvbfcoybhlć , o lvbf h zvzvyoy powkiklkz ćŧ kloy ş k vc log wvi wohyf gh oykghyf hlzvl#U###R Ivgvyfş zkvl kczfyiflkg fwzf logvl vcjf w"h ãczébplhz zozvl#

$Kohch Péy}vlfwgv , Ãcz ohyg fyf ãc Ivgvyfş z kv l kc zfyifl kg+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 64

Ãc lkzfyhzv yh w h, Bhykc Pyfjh h kbpv w o hlz ć kbhnkcf h obvlvk# Ãl pyfogvpć ifq b fzkgkk, ãl cflkc kş zfwg wpkykzflf pykbhyf hnyfwk}f, jhy cv lf hgoyj ć vc log pyfh bhyfãc wphŧ kvl lkzfyhy# Cv zkgć loş kk, ifqbfzkgkk, cfwć iv kŧ kk, wpkykzflf pykbhyf hnyfwk}f popvlfhqć w phŧ kvl boyobf ŧ khc# Wgykkcj ‗ bć yzvykwfş zf Bhykc Pyfjh ‗ hb h}vz zozjfhvch ãc mh ŧć vc bojfl pyfftkwzfcz, o bć w v y ć h }kf ŧ kk boyhlf1 zhz ć l bfv# Fl fwzf



77

Klkf Boyobf zf( Wkbi olvl vc fk –fzfycf lvb k jf } hy ć ‒# Kvikyfh mhŧć jf h gfwz bojfl pohzf mk o ftp lkgh ŧ kf, vc h mohyzf pvzfyckgć , zozvş k cv pohzf mk wkcnvyh#

Bhykc Pyfj h gyfj fh ãc myvb vw fŧ fh boyhlć h obv lvk# Lfgzvyklf, b fj kzhŧ kklf lvk ãcb hynkcfh gć y ŧ kloy $ş k cv cvbhk h gć y ŧ kloy jf lkzfyhzvy ć + ãk moybhwfy ć o }kqkvcf hw vpyhobvlvk ş k, ãc gfczyvl fk, wz ć wolkj, gv pvzfyckgf y ć j ć gkck boyhlf, obvl }hloykloy boyhlf,obvl }hloykloy mvcjhbfczhlf, myvgzvl gocş zkkc ŧ fk boyhlf# Obvl ghyf pohyz ć , zozjfhvc h,o lvb kcć pf mhŧć # Obvl ghyf hyf hggfw lh w zhyfh jf goczfb plhŧ kf, gć gk ‗ qkgf p yoq hzoyvlvc jf }h " –goczfb plhyfh fwzf w kcnvyvl boj jf h pyk}k ghyf ã ŧ k pfybkzf w ć ãc ŧ flfnk gvhjf}ć yhz‒# $Fv nfc Wkbkoc, Ãc zoh ygfyfh hv z oyv lv k +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 6;

Mloykc Bvnvy1 Wpvcfhŧ k gć , pfczyv h wfbć ch gv j oc Xvkaozf, Boyobfzf hy zyfiv kwć hgŧ kocfqf ãc wfcwvl klvqkkloy lvk# Gvb hjkgć ? ] ć yon wć ãcgfyghŧ k w ć j hŧ k vc f tfbp lv# Ãczy"o ãbpyfavyhyf ohyfghyf, gvb hy mk pyogfjhz Boyobfzf, jhg"hy mk mowz joc Xvkaozf? Hy zyfivk bhk ãczék pyfgkqhz ć klvqkh, hpok wć }fjfb gvb hy mk hgŧ kochz ãc wfcwvl hgflfkklvqkk#

Bh ykc Pyfj h 1 Vch jkc klvqkklf hgfwzvk fyov fwzf gć lvb fh hy pvzfh zy ć k m ć y ć ihck,

khy poqkŧ kh hwzh f h ŧć yhcvlvk phzykhydhl# Fl wkbzf gć pvzfyfh ihcvlvk, pvzfyf ghyfjf}kcf jkc gf ãc gf bhk bhyf ãc zkbpvl wć v, gécj fl ãcw vş k h havcw vc b kg pyopykfzhy j f pć bécz, ãl pvcf ãc wkzvhŧ kh j f h mhgf pyojvgŧ kh wh o bhym ć # F jhzoy wć bvcgfhwgć pfczyv h"ş k ãczyf ŧ kcf mhb klkh, j hy wć bvcgfhwgć ãczy"vc hcvbf wzkl, ş k hcvbf, pyojv gécj gfyfhlf pfc zyv w kcf, j hy ş k pfczyv h lf }kcjf# F cf}okf w ć joiécjfhwgć ih c k# U###R Jfgk ih cv l ãcw fh b cć vc h zhg iyvzhl lh hj yfwh klvq kfk gv ghyf wf cv zyfş zf pfywochavl, gć fl, gv pć béczvl lvk ş k gv gopkkk lvk, gv gf hyf, pohzf goczkcv h wć zy ć khwgć lkckş zkz, gć cv }h mk cf}okz w ć kczyf ãc gvywć ## U###R Gvb hy zyfivk w ć hgŧ kocfqf Boyobfzf, fyovl bfv, ãc wpkykzvl klvqkkloy lvk? Yć wpvcwvl fw zf gć fl ş k hgŧ kocfhqć ãchgfwz wpkykz, ş k wknvy gć ãc hgfw z hyf o zy ć wć zv y ć jocxvkaozfhwgć # Wć cf yfhbkczkb# Ãczék gć fl kh ãc yéw gopkkk, ghyf }oy wć géş zknf ihck# ]yfh w ć "ş k pć wzyfqf gopkkk, wć "kãc}fŧ f mflvl wć v j f }khŧć , wć bvcgfhwgć lh gébp, khy gv wvyplvwvl jf gfyfhlf, ghyf o mk,

c"hv jfgéz wć "l }écj ć lh bvczf whv lh ihlz ć # Hw zh hy mk vch# Hl j oklfh1 fl cv gfjfh qć hzvcgk gécj hgfş zk gopkk wz ć yvkf ãc joykc ŧ h loy j f h"ş k mhgf hlz ć } khŧć jfgéz gfhzyhjkŧ kochlć ş k cv hggfpz ć , lvp z ć gv jkwpf yhyf wć "ş k pć wzyfqf gopkkk lécnć fl# U###R

$Mloykc Bv nvy 1 Goc}oyiky k gv Bh ykc Pyfjh +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# =0

Pfczyv h kfş k jkczy"vc vck}fyw gocgfczyh ŧ kochy ‗ ş k cv f cfhpć yhz cf}okf wć mkf vclh nć y, o zfbc kŧć oyk o hlz ć moybć jf ãcghygfyhyf5 zfoykh w f h plkgć oykgć yvk zkp j f pyojvwhl zozhlkzhykwb vlvk ‗ ftkw z ć wolv ŧ kh $bkwzkgć + h gyfjkc ŧ fk# U###R

Gflf zyfk wolv ŧ kk lh ghyf cf yfmfykb w vc z w zykgz lvb fş zk, hv ghyhgzfy pyhgzkg ş k w fãc m ćŧ kş fhqć gh h ggfw kiklf oykş kgvk# U###R

Wolv ŧkh h zyfkh1 h lv k k̂cwzoc Gdv ygdkll şk ]lhjkb ky Iv eo}wek#

Fh wf yfqvbć 1 ãc pyfqf c ŧ h zkyhckfk,hwvpykykk, bkqfykfk, cfcoyogkykloy, cć phwzfloy, pykbfajkkloy cv cvbhk gć cv zf jhk ić zvz, gk j kbpozyk}ć w goŧ k j kc flf pomzh cfiv cć j f hzy ć k ş k jf h lvpzh#

Gv géz ã ŧ k bfynf bhk y ć v, gv géz wvc z nyfvz ćŧ klf bhk kbfcwf, gv géz fş zk b hk lo}kz,bhk ãbpyfwvyhz oyk bhk wvpvw hzhgvykloy, gv géz cv bhk ãczyf}fqk }yfo c ć jfajf pyoihiklkwzkgć ş k yh ŧ kochlć , gv géz gfc vş kvl ãczvcfyfgvl ş k }éw gowv l wf kczfc w kmkgć $###+, gvgéz pfykgolvl zf wmyvczfhqć jkyfgz, gv hzéz fş zk bhk joyckg jf lvpz ć ş k gvcoş zk vcw kb ŧć b éc z jf kcft plkghiklć fvmoykf# U###R



7:

Wolv ŧ kh hgfhwzh, mkyfş zf, pyfwvpvcf, o z ć ykf jf ghyhgzfy ftgfp ŧ kochlć , o gocgfpŧ kfbklkzhy ć h }kfŧ kk, o moybkjhiklć ãcjéyakyf boyhlć h zyvpvlvk# O }okc ŧć j f oŧ fl ãccoiklhz ş k o wć cć zhzf wpky k zvhlć hjhbhczkcć !# F pyoihikl gć pyfwvpvcf ş k vc j vd wp oyzk}1 wć "ŧ k plhgć ić z ć lkh ãc w kcf ‗ ãcgć kfyhyfh b hk bv lz jf géz wv ggfw vl#

! hjh bh czkcć 2 wzy ć lvgkzohyf$C# Wzfkcdhyjz, Avychlvl mfy kg ky k k+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# =8

Cv pyfh wf pyhgzkgć jfglhyh ŧ kh jf jyhnowzf ãc gykzkgh hgzvhlć # U###R Jhy gykzkgh f o moybć jf kvikyf# Phyf vc gkzhz, jhy cv ş zkv j f vc jf # Jkc Hlfthc jyv Phlfolonv? Whv b hkjfnyhić jkc ]hlfykv Gykwzfh# F bhk yh ŧ kochl wć mhgk vc yfgdkqkzoykv, o lkwz ć jf yfpyoş v ykwgykkzoykloy ghyf hv h}vz cfmfykgkyfh wć zy ć khwgć ãc pfykohjh gobvckwz ć , jf géz wć }fq k ş kwć hy ćŧ k gvb ş k"hv pć wzyhz jfb ckzhzfh# Cv zoŧ k, f}kjfcz# W"hv pvyzhz o }yfbf, kbfjkhz j vpć 8;;0, pf wghy ć lhynć , gfl pvŧ kc jovć hifyh ŧ kk# Pykbh f o avjfghz ć fwzfzkgć hiwolvz ć 1 ckbkg jkc gf w"h wgykw ãc pfykohjh 8;:6" 8;4; cv bhk yfqkwz ć , zozvl fkyfbfjkhikl hlzfyhz jf gobvckwb# H jovh f o avjfghz ć boyhlć hiwolvz ć , wpykakckz ć pf pyfwvpoqkŧ kh ikonyhmkkloy gobpyobkwf1 zoŧ k wgykkzoykk wvcz }kco}h ŧ k, ãczy"vc mfl whv hlzvl,zoŧ k hv golhioyhz, zhgkz whv ftplkgkz# Hbiflf avjfgćŧ k wv cz m hlwf ãc nfc fyhlkzhzf h loy# U###R

Hv mowz jfwzvk kczflfgzvhlk yobéck jfbck ãc gobvckwb, ghyf cv hv phgzkqhz ãcckgk vc mfl gv yfnkbvl, jfwzvk gh wć gocwzkzvkf vc pol hgvqhzoy pfczyv gfk ghyf cv hv mowz jfbc k ş k hy }yfh wć cv ftkwzf gfk jkczék#

Wgykkzoykk nfcfyhŧ kfkº=0 hv wgow lkzfyhzvyh yobécć jkc pyolfzgvlzkwb ş k jkc gfl bhkcfnyv kbphw# Hv wgow"o, pfczyv gć yfnkb vl p olkzkg w "h yflht hz ş k h pfybkw yfgocwzyvgókhco}hzohyf# F, jhzoykz ć gocavcgzvykk pfybkwk}f, bfykzvl loy bhk bkg? Wvcz fk jf }kc ć gć hv yfvş kz o yfgocwkjfyhyf wpfgzhgvlohwć h lkzfyhzvykk ãc ãbpyfavy ć yk hzéz jf nyflf ş k j fcfmhwzf? H mowz nfcfyh ŧ kh whl}hzohyf h lkzfyhzvykk yobécf goczfbpoyhcf( H ãcgfpvz fqkzhcz# Pykbflf gć y ŧ k hlf lvk J#Y# Popfwgv, Gocwzhczkc ũ okv, Ckgdkzh Wz ć cfwgv, Gfqhy Ihlzhn wvcz pyomvcj hmfgzhzf jf goczftz, jhy lh wgvyz ć }yfbf jvpć 8 ; = 0 ã ş k }oy yfgocw kj fyh zfb flf, w zklvyklf ş k pf ywpf gzk}flf#

Nfcfyhŧ khº=0 cv bhckmfwz ć lh jfivzvl wć v o wolkjhykzhzf jf nyvp ş k o vckzhzf jf pyonyhb fwzfzkg jf mflvl gfloy f}kjfczf ãc hmkybhyfh nfcfyhŧ kfk º40# Jhy hgfwz mhpz cvhyf, jkc pvcgzvl bfv jf }fjfyf, ckgk o yflf}hc ŧć # Cv }yfhv wć pvc hggfczvl hkgk pfkjff h jf nfcfyhŧ kf, gk pf bobfczvl kwzoykg $mh}oyhikl, f hjf}ć yhz+ hl hphykŧ kfk vcfk wfykkftzyhoyjkchyf jf wgykkzoyk, ghyf hv ykjkghz jkczy"ojhz ć lkzfyhzvyh yobécć lh yhcnfvyopfhc# Ãc pykbvl yécj, jhzoykz ć pofqkfk# Ckgdkzh Wz ć cfwgv ş k Bhykc Woyfwgv, bhkãczék, hpok ş k Hch Ilhcjkhch hv pvzvz gkygvlh ãc Fvyoph gh bhyk pof ŧ k ş k hv mowz yfgfpzh ŧ k ş k ãczébpkchŧ k gh hzhyf# U###R Gfczyvl jf nyfvzhzf hl ghcocvlvk fwzfzkg hllkzfyhzvykk yobécf goczfbpoyhcf ãl yfpyfqkcz ć w gykkzoykk nfc fyhŧ kfk º=0 #U###R

$Koc Wkb v ŧ, Jfglhyh ŧ k f jf j y h now z f pf c z y v nf c f y hŧ kh º=0 +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# =9

Ãc yfhlkzhzf, gfcqvyh gobvckwz ć fwzf vch jf zkp cov, gh w ć molowkb o ftpyfwkf

vqvhlć jkc lftkgvl bhytkwz"lfckckwz# Hyf gézf}h ghyhgzfykwzkgk pf ghyf bfykz ć wć lfzyfgfb yhpkj ãc yf}kw z ć # Ãchkczf jf oykgf, wf ãcm ć pzvkfş zf pykczy"o kcwzkzv ŧ kf wpfgkhlkqhz ć h phyzkjvlvk"wzhz# Lh cok, kcwzkzv ŧ kh kh mkkc ŧć pykczy"vc jfgyfz hl Gocwklkvlvk jf Bkckş zykj kc 8; :; wv i zkzvlhzvyh Jkyfgŧ kh Nfcfyhlć h Zkpć ykzvykloy Wzhzvlvk#

F jf cozhz gć ckgk hgvb, ckgk bhk zéyqkv, kcjkmfyfcz jf ãcm ćŧ kş hyf ş k wvioyjochyf,kcwzkzv ŧ kh cv pohyz ć ãc cvbf gv}éczvl gfcqvy ć $oyk vc wkcockb+# ]h mvcgŧ koch pf zohz ć jvyhzh yfnkbvlvk gobvckwz5 phyhjothl, ş k jvpć gf }h mk jfwmkkc ŧ hz ć jf Gfhvş fwgv ãc8;>># Jf yfnvlć , ãc kwzoykf, pyogfwflf goczyh opkckfk hv gć qvz ãc gobpfzfcŧ h avwzkŧ kf k$fglfwkhwzkgf, ãc F}vl Bfjkv, bklkzhyf, ãc zkbp jf y ć qiok, gk}klf, ãc jfbogyhŧ kklf



7=

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# =6

Ãc 8;>4 w"h doz ć yéz gh, ãc gocmoybkzhzf gv wlonhcvl Ãc}ćŧć bécz"Gfygfzhyf"Pyojvgŧ kf, wć wf nfcfyhlkqfqf ãc}ćŧć béczvl kcjvwzykhl ‗ kcjvwzykhlkqhyfh moy ŧ hz ć hlkgffloy ã ş k vybh cfhić zvz gvywvl# Gdkhy ş k Lkgfvl jf Mklolonkf"Kwzoykf –Qokh

Eowb ojfb khc we hkh‒ pykb kw f w hygkch ãcmkkc ŧć ykk vcfk wfgŧ kk jf kcjvwzykf vş oh y ć # Lkgfflfjf bhzfbhzkgć "mkqkgć kczyojvwfwfy ć w fgŧ kk jf Flfgzyozfdckgć ş k, bhk hlfw, Bfghckgć 5hw zh pyfwvpvcfh bvlz ć pyhgzkgć ãc pyojvgŧ kf ş k bhzfykk zfdckgf jf pyomkl# Cvbć yv lglhwfloy jf bhzf"mkqkgć mvwfwf jyhwzkg yfjvw, kczyhv hgolo cvbhk –}éymvyklf‒, khy –gvlzvyh nfcfyhlć ‒ vbhckwz ć ghyf wf m ć gfh lh hj ć powzvl mkybfk –yfhlf‒ mvwfwfbhynkchlkqhz ć wvplkbfczhy# Fnhlkqhyfh lkgffloy jf flkz ć gv gflf kcjvwzykhlf vybh w ć h kić log pykc ck}flhyfh ãc aow h gfloy jkczék# Gf kf ş fh jkc lkgfflf kcjvwzykhlf fyh vcjfqhw zyv, bvlŧ k jkczyf zkcfykk hiw ol}fc ŧ k fyhv hiyvzkqh ŧ k, hikh ş zkhv wć w gykf $gv lkzfyf j fzkphy, m ć y ć oyzonyhmkf ş k pvcgzvhŧ kf+ ş k wć wogozfhwgć # U###R M ć gfhb bfjkzhŧ kk lhbhzfbhzkgć vcjf y ć bécfhb ãcwć bfjkogyv, khy o coz ć kcwvmkgkfcz ć lh yobécć pvzfhh}fh gocwfgkc ŧ f jfqhwzyvohwf, havcnfhb chkikk lh }yfvc lkgfv kcjvwzykhl### U###R Hjf}ć yvl f gć lkgfflf kcjvwzykhlf fyhv ş golk pyomfwkochlf jfndkqhzf ãc lkgff, hş h gvblkgfflf jf bhzf"mkqkgć fyhv lkgff jf gvlzvy ć nfcfyhlć ghbvmlhzf kcjvwzykhl# Oykgvb,

gdkhy ãc lkgfflf kcjvwzykhlf gf}h bhk ivcf, }kkzoyvl bk"hy mk mowz gh ş k iloghz, cv bć w kb ŧ fh b jf w zvl jf p vzf yckg pfc zyv h –yfgvpfyh‒# U###R

Opzhwfb, jvpć o bhzvy ć gdkiqvkcŧć , pfczyv Lkgfvl jf bhzfbhzkgć "mkqkgć –Ckgolhf Ić lgfwgv‒ $mowz ş k hgzvhl Wméczv"Wh}h+# ]okhb vc lkgfv jf flkz ć , gv flf}k ş k pyomfwoykivck, zyhjkŧ kf ş k pyfw zknkv hc zfif lkg# U###R Lkgfvl b "h ãczé b pkch z b hw k}, w f}f y, gv h lf wh lfgvlohyf ãczvcfgohwf ş k vc pvzfyckg bkyow jf zfyfifczkc ć # Fthbfcvl l"hb jhz ãczy"ow hlć gv }fjfyf wpyf ikwfykgć # –Bhzfbhzkgh‒ h jfgvyw hggfpzhikl, jhy wvikfgzflf lhlkzfyhzvy ć b"hv m ć gvz wć pć lfwg# Vcvl fyh –Cfhbvl œ okb ć yfş zkloy‒# Gflć lhlz fyh ãcw ć –Gobvckwzvlvk‒ jf Lhikş 1 –Gobfczhŧ k }fywv l ¥Ckbkg pfczyv zkc f, zoz pf c zyv zoŧ kµ–, kyockhw oy ŧ kk, whgykmkgkvl jf wkcf ãc mh}ohyfh golfgzk}kz ćŧ kk fyh zoz gf jfzfwzhb bhk bvlz### Okckŧ kfyf yoş kf gv wphzflf lh qkj# B ć ghy jhg"hş mk mowz mohyzf ivc lh bhzfbhzkgć , hş h ãcwć fyhb lh b éc h –Gobvc kw zvlvk‒ ghyf"bk w pfgvlh w lć ikgkvcklf# Oyk cv wgykhb ckbkg jfwpyf pofqfhvh lvk Lhikş ş k ykwghb wć pkg $pf pyoih j f b hzfb hzkgć cv bć pvzfhb i hqh, khy nyhbhzkgh cv fyh pvcgzvl bfv moyzf+, oyk m ć gfhb vc gobfczhykv jkzkyhbikg ş k kczyhb# Hb hlfw }hykhczh gobpyobkwvlvk ş k hb w gykw vc gobf czhykv nyfŧ ow"hpolonfzkg ‗ vc zftz ãc ghyf c v gyfj fhb o koz ć #

$Phv l Gfychz , O lvbf j kwpć yvzć # Pyfŧ vl wvggfwv lv k+ ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ==

Hchlkqh yfnkbvykloy gobvckwzf cv h yfgvyw pécć hgvb lh vzklkqhyfh wkwzfbhzkgć hghzfnoykfk jf pfywfgv ŧ kf U###R h}fb jf"h mhgf, ãc ghqvl gobvckwbvlvk, gv vc zkp jf yfnkb$zozhlkzhy‒+ ghyf wf kcwzhvyfhqć ş k wf bfc ŧ kcf pykc zfyohyf ş k ãc ghyf hivqvl jf pvzfyfwf bhckmfw z ć gfl bhk hjfwfh zogbhk pykc lhcwhyfh jf pfywfgv ŧ kk hivqk}f ş k hyikzyhyfãbpozyk}h vc oy pfywohc f w hv nyvpv yk# Ãc hydk}flf gobv ckwzf f tkw z ć o wfykf ãczyfhnć j f

jogvbfczf gf poz mk kczfnyhzf ghzfnoykfk zftzvlvk " pfywfgvzoy, zftzf yfjhgzhzf jf pfywfgvzoy $ghyf pohzf mk o kcwzkzvŧ kf whv vc hcwhbilv jf kcwzkzv ŧ kk+, gv wgopvl jf hlhcwh p fywfgv ŧ kk ş k j f h lf avw zkmkgh#

Jow hyvl jf wf gvykzhzf f w zf pykc ftgflfc ŧć vc zftz " pfywfgvzoy, pykc ghyf o kcwzkzv ŧ kfwpfgkhl gyfhz ć $Wfgvykzhzf+ ã ş k ãczfbfkhqć ş k lfnkzkbfhqć hgvqhŧ kklf pfywfgvzoykk, ãccvbflf gć yoyh }h lhcwh ãc gflf jkc vyb ć hgzf jf pfywfgv ŧ kf $vybć ykyf, hyfwz,gocmkwghyfh h}fykk, flkb kch yfh j kc mvc gŧ kk, gocjhbchyf pf }kh ŧć , ftfgvŧ kf fzg#+ hwvpyhvcfk }kgzkbf kcogfczf " h gć yfk }kcć ftkwz ć wzykgz ãc wkwzfbvl jf yfmfykc ŧć hl pfywfgvzoyvlvk# O ghzfnoykf hphyzf h zftzvlvk " pfywfgvzoy o gocwzkzvkf jf ftfbplv



7>

lkwzflf jf lvgy ć yk kczfyqkwf, pfczyv wzhiklkyfh gć yoyh h mowz jf hwfbfcfh ãcmkkc ŧ hz ć okcwzkzv ŧ kf wpfgkhlć # ]kgzkbh cv fwzf ãc hgfwz ghq johy hvzoyvl }kqhz ãc boj jkyfgz jf pfywfgvzoy, gk o gocwzkzvkf nfcfyhŧ kklf ghyf vybhv wć pykbfhwgć hgfhwz ć }kqkvcfjfmoybhz ć j fw pyf pyopykh loy gvlzvy ć # U###R#

O jfmkckŧ kf ãc wfcw mohyzf lhyn h yffjvgć ykk hy zyfivk wć kcglvj ć hgfwz nfc jfkczfy}fc ŧ kf pf goypvl }kv hl vcfk gvlzvyk $fpvyhyf, kczfyqkgfyf, ftglvjfyf, fzkgdfzhyf+ lhck}flvl opŧ kvckloy mvcjhbfczhlf ş k oykfcz ć ykloy jf }hlohyf pf ghyf vc hnfcz $oykghyf hy mk fl, nv}fycf, yfwpocwhiklk polkzkgk whv fjvghŧ kochlk, bhww"bfjkh+ h}écj pvzfyf$polkzkgć , fgocob kgć , b klkzhy ć + kczfc ŧ kocfhqć wć o kbp ykb f nfc fyhŧ kkloy }kkzohyf #

$Glhvjkh Ivyvkhcć, Mfcob fcvl –yffj vg ć y k k‒ jk c ãcgdkw oy k lf gobvckw zf , ãc Yowz , c y #9; , 9006+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# =>

Ãc }kqkvcfh $jf woynkczf lfckckwz ć + h phyzkjfloy gobvckwzf $hmlhzf ãc wvioyjkcfh Bowgo}fk+, lkzfyhzvyh, gh ş k gvlzvyh ãc nfcfyhl, kczy ć ãc ghzfnoykh kcwzyvbfczfloy fmkghgfjf gvgfykyf ş k jf gocwolkjhyf h pvzfykk# Gécj ŧć yklf hv mowz ogvphzf jf Hybhzh Yoş kf,gocjvgć zoykk hgfwzoy phyzkjf ‗ bockzoykqhzf jf Bowgo}h ‗ hv gocwkjfyhz gć h }fckz bobfczvl wć goczyolfqf ãczyfhnh pyojvgŧ kf hyzkwzkgć h zkbpvlvk loy ş k wć pfybkz ć vc

w kcnv y mfl jf hyz ć 1 hgffh pv wć ãc wlvaih ghvqfk gobvckwzf# U###RFyh kbpfykow cfgfwhy gh bhk ãczék w ć wf flkifyfqf zfyfcvl fjkmkgć ykk cokk gvlzvyk

wogkhlkwzf pykc f}hgvhyfh –yfwzvykloy‒ ş k –jfafgŧ kkloy‒ gvlzvykk ivyndfqo"boş kfyfş zk, ãc mhpz, h hynvbfczfloy kjfczkz ćŧ kk chŧ kochlf# Gffh gf w"h ş k ãczébplhz pykc pvcfyfh ãcb kş ghyf h bhş kckk jf fpvyhz wgykkzoyk ş k opfyf# Fpvy ć yklf, whcgŧ kvc klf, kczfyj kgŧ kklf jf zoz mflvl ş k jfm ć kbhyfh pykc hyzkgolf, ykjkghyfh jyfpzvlvk jf pyomfwhyf hv ãcgfpvz lhw méy ş kzvl hcvlvk 8;::# U###R Pécć lh 8 hvnvwz fyhv pvwf lh kcjft ;80 zkzlvyk $ãc yobécć ,bhndkhy ć , kzhlkhcć ş k myhcgfqć +# Ãc 8;:= wf j ć pvilkgkz ćŧ kk o covć lkwz ć , gv 9674 jfzkzlvyk, pfczyv gh ãc 8;:4 w ć wf zkpć yfhwgć iyoş vyh Pvilkgh ŧ k k k c z f y q k w f pécć lh 8 b h k 8 ; : 4 , ghyf gvpykcjf ãczy"vc }olvb jf 600 jf phnkck lkwzflf hczfykohyf,gobplfzhzf gv v c cv bć y vlvkzoy jf cv bf jf hv zoyk w hv zkzlvyk jf gć y ŧ k# U###R

Jhzflf j f pf i vlfzkcv l jf kjfczkzhzf hl popoyvlvk yobéc w vc z wpć lhzf gv nykać , gh wć cv wf bhk }hj ć ckbkg jkc gf k"hy bhk jh hgfwzvkh wfczkbfczvl wknvyhc ŧ fk ş kwzhzoyckgkfk#

]écć zohyfh jf gć y ŧ k f hwogkhz ć gflfk jf ohbfck, ãczyvgéz popvlh ŧ kh f hŧ éŧ hz ć wć "kjfpkwzfqf pf pyopykfzhykk ikilkozfgkloy yfhgŧ kochyf# Ãc ş golk ş k ãc vck}fywkz ćŧ k ckbfck cvbhk gocwvlz ć , m ć y ć wphkbh jf h m k jfcvc ŧ hz, }olvbf zkpć ykzf ãchkczf jf 8;:4# Gfk bhkgvyhaoş k hw gvcj ş k ãbpyvb vz ć ãc zh kcć hpyopkhŧ kloy gć y ŧ k ghyf ãcgfp wć géş zknf } hlohyfh myvgzvlvk opykz# Hzbowmfyh hjvgfh, pykc gocwpkyhzk}kzhzf, gv hgffh jkc Mhd yfcdfk z : 68 jf Yh{ Iyhjivy{, m k kcjgć ãc gobvckwb mkgŧ kvckk ãk fyh hjfwfh kbpowkikl wć b h khczkgkpfqf yfhlkzhzfh# Pykczyf hgvqhŧ kklf hjvwf ãc pyogfwflf polkzkgf hlf }yfbkk h mowz ş khgffh yfmfykzohyf lh mvyckqhyfh whv hwgvcjfyfh jf gć y ŧ k kcj fth zf ş k cv pv ŧ kck –ohbfckhk bvcgkk‒ w"hv wkb ŧ kz boiklkqhŧ k wć jfpkw zfqf jvş bhckk jf glhwć jf pf yhmzvyklfikilkozfgkloy#

$G ob kw kh p y f q kjf cŧ kh l ć p f c z y v h c h l k q h j k g z h z v y k k

gobvckw zf j kc Yobéckh # Yhpoy z m kch l +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# =4

Jf lh vc bhk }fgdk wgdfgk hl lvk Zobh Ghyhnkv, w"h popvlhykqhz zfybfcvl jf–ş opéylć ‒, ãc wfcwvl vcfk ãczébplć yk whv wkzvhŧ kk ihchlf, po}fwzkzf gv vc hfy hphyfcz cf} kco}h z, j hy ghyf, j hzoykz ć hbiknvkz ćŧ kk gyfhzf pykc bkalohgf hyzkwzkgf, j ć c hş zfyf lhwviãc ŧ flfwvyk –wvi}fywk}f‒# Ãc gocjkŧ kklf zoz bhk wf}fyf hlf gfcqvykk gobvckwzf,–ş opéylflf‒ wf –wzyfgvyhv‒ gv jkić gkf ãc w pfgzhgolf, h}éc j nykać wć cv mkf oiwfy}hzf jf



74

hvzoykz ćŧ k, ãc wgdkbi pvilkgvl wć lf nvwzf jkc plkc# œ k hwzmfl, ãczy"o whlć plkcć "ogdk jfzkcfyk, Hlfthcjyv Hcjykfş géczh gézf o bflojkf hl gć yfk zftz ftpykbh whzkwmhgŧ khhvzoyvlvk1 –Hwfhy ć lh Zflfavychl/ Hb }ć qvz ghş gh}hl(‒# Whv jklfbh bklkŧ khcvlvk jhgć zyfivkf whv cv, w ć hyfwzfqf vc iolch} jf pcfvbockf1 –Wf j ć pvş gć ykf/ Pfczyv pcfvbockf?‒# Pf o zfbć ãc wzkl ilvfw hvzfczkg, kczfypyfzhz ć lh bvqkgv ŧć , hgflhş k Hcjykfş wv ypykcj fh p ykc kczfyghlhyfh v cv k zftz w gvyz ş k pfygvzhc z, gobpv w f tglvw k} j kcwkczhnbh –Mhiykgk ş k vq kcf/ Gf oyhş myvbow(‒, yfpfzhzã wzvpkj, oiwfjhcz ş k kcvzkl# Wf pozyk}fh gh cvgh"c pfyfzf###

Bhfş zykk ãc bécvkyfh –ş opéylfloy‒ fyh Wzflh Popfwgv ãbpyfvcć gv Hlfthcjyv Hy ş kcfl ghyf, ãc wpfgzhgolf jf fwzyhj ć , gv gobplkgkzhzfh pvilkgvlvk, zyhcwmoybhv vczftz –gvbkczf‒ ãczy"vc mfl jf –lhw ć gć ş zkb cok jfwpyf gf f }oyih###‒ U###R

Ãc qoch zftzfloy hgfwzfh, wvi}fywk}f, h hgŧ kochz ş k nyvpvl –Jk}fyzkw‒# Ftkwzhvjk}fywf wgdfgkvyk pf hgfhwz ć lhzvy ć jf wpfgzhgol# œ k wpfgzhgolf, jfwzvl jf yfwzyécwf#Vcflf fyhv opykzf# Wf j ć jfhv Uhvzoykz ćŧ kloyR zftzflf ãchkczf, wpyf h mk gkzkzf, jhy vcfoykcv oiwfy}hk –ş opéylh‒# Jhv vc ftfbplv# Qkgfh vcvl –W"h opykz gvyfczvl‒# œ k hlzvly ć wpvcjfh, –W"hy pvzfh w ć mkf jf lh zhilov‒ ş k pyk}fh wpyf vc hcvbf zhilov $hl lvkGfhvş fw gv+ hmlhz pf w gfcć # $ Hckk ‛4 0 # B ć y zvy k k oyhlf+ ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# =;

Aklh}h fyh o ãcgdkwohyf wvizfyhcć ‗ –hgopfykş vl‒ gflvlfloy wf hmlh gv gé ŧ k}h bfzykwvi ck}flvl pć béczvlvk, hl gébpkfk, khy ckş zf ş hc ŧ vyk gocgfczykgf jf}fckwfy ć gv y ŧ klfãcgdkwoykk# Hgfwzf –gvy ŧ k‒ fyhv lhynk jf }yfo qfgf bfzyk, hjécgk jf }yfo ş hpzf, pohzf ş kb hk hjéc gk, pfczyv gć , jf hgolo jf v cj f wf zyfb kch gć pzvş fhlh jf gć y ć b kj ć , ãcgfpfhvc zhlvq j f pć béc z, jf ãcgć }yfo jok"zyfk bfzyk# Jh, pfyf ŧ kk –gvy ŧ kloy‒ fyhv plhghŧ k gv ogć y ć b j ć mohyzf jv y ć , wzkglohwć #

Gécj , ãc hpyklkf ‛6> mvw fw fb –}ć ywhz‒ lh Aklh}h ş k pfczyv p ykb h ohy ć mvwfwfb wgowlh plkb ihyf, hgolo, ãczyf qkjv yklf hgflfh, h b h}v z wf cq hŧ kh gć hb pć zyvcw ãczy"vc gkb k### Cv, cv f ikcf wpvw gkbkzky, cv gkbkzky, gk vc mfl jf### gvb wć "k wpvc?, ckgk owvhy, ckgkbhvwolfv## #

Hpyohp f mkfghyf gć y ć b kj ć , pécć lh ãcć lŧ kbf h lh ghyf vc ob pohzf havcnf gv b éch , pvyzh gézf o### ãc m kcf , fyh w gykw ć ## #

Jh‛ jf vcjf, cv nyhmkzzk( Cvbf ş k jhzf, hwzfh fyhv# G ć y ć bkjh, ŧ k"hb wpvw, fyh mohyzf j vy ć , jhgć hk mk mowz lć whz ãc phgf, hk mk h}vz cf}okf jf gézf}h gfhwvyk ivcf ghwć poŧ k qnéykh, gv vc gvk, w ć qkgfb, qfgf lkzfyf# Cvbhk gć j f ŧ kcv ŧ kk, lh plkbihyf, c"h}fhv }okf wć wzfh pf log, gv hzéz bhk pv ŧ kc wć "ş k wgykf cvbflf pf pfyf ŧ k ‗ fyhboilknh ŧ k wć –b kş gć b‒ gv békcklf lh wphzf $vcfoyk ŧ fpfcf, jf"h lvcnvl gohpwfloy, jvpć zohcflf nhyjkfckloy ghyf cf pć qf hv +, gv ghpv l ãc pć bécz5 m ć y ć wć }oyikb , m ć y ć wć kfş kbjkc yécj, m ć y ć wć ## # œ k zozvş k, jkc bfyw, jf ŧ kcv ŧ kk ã ş k wgykhv cvbflf pf gć y ć bkqk# Ãcgfhygć wć hmlk ghb géz zkbp ãk zyfivkh vcvk ob ‗ pyfwvpvcécj gć h}fh coyogvl wć m kfwgow lh plkbihyf ãc mkfghyf qk, gézf vc wmfyz jf oy ć ‗ gh wć "ş k wgykf cvbflf ş k jhzhw owkykk lh A klh}h #

Wć cv qkgfb hck, jhy gézf}h lvck ivcf zoz zyfgfhv# Mkfghyf ogdfh gézf o gć y ć b kj ć lkify ć ş k, jkc bfyw, hzfcz w ć cv"l }hj ć nhyjkhcvl $hlzmfl fyh zykbkw lh kqolhyf, khy

golfnkloy lk wf –z ć kh‒ plkbihyfh ‗ vcfoyk pf gézf}h qklf+, qnéykh vc bklkbfzyv, jok### ghyfbklkbfzyv zyfivkh hjécgkz, –goyfgzhz‒, –hgoyjhz‒###$Phvl Nobh , Ndfylh +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >0

Cv jfbvlz, ãc ndfŧ vyklf wkifykfcf w"hv jfwgopfykz gã ŧ k}h bhbv ŧ k ikcf gocnflhŧ k ãcivyzh gć yoyh, w pyf w zvpohyfh gfygfz ć zoykloy, wf nć wfhv mloyk jf bvş fŧ fl# C"o wć jkwgvz



7;

hkgk j fw pyf m ćŧć yckgkh chzvykk, ckgk jfwpyf jfwzkcvl zyhnkg hl hgfwzoy ilécjf kfyik}oyf, gkjfwpyf o aknckzohyf gobphyh ŧ kf jkc zkzlvl vcvk hyzkgol hpć yvz ãc pyfwh oggkjfczhlć –Ãc Yobéckh, vlzkbvl bhbvz Wzhlkckwz‒# Wzhlkckwz jfwknvy, jhy jf gf bhbvz? Mkkcjgć zhyfbć zfb gć , ãc log jf bvş f ŧ fl, lh o f}fczvhlć bvzhŧ kf h glkbfk wogkhlf, ãc péczfgvlãc gć pć zoy hl wzhlkckwzvlvk cowzyv }ob jfwgopfyk gézf}h jvqkck jf ghjh}yf# Jkc ]hlfh Akvlvk, Iyhş o}, Zkbkş ohyh, Glva, Khş k, Zn# Bvyfş , Ivgvyfş zk, hv mowz ş k wvcz ãcgć –pć w gv ŧ k‒ ohbfckk }kk, pyfh pv ŧ kc gvcowgv ŧ k whv jf"h jyfpzvl hcockbk, gf hv h}vz gvyhavl wć "ş k wzyknf fthwpfyhyfh mkf ş k ãczyf p hzyv p fyfŧ k# U###R

Vcj f wć mvnk, gécj qkjvl Ifylkcvlvk h mowz kbpoyzhz gć y ć b kj ć gv gć y ć b kj ć ş k bv zhz lh nyhckŧ flf Yobéckfk? Gkcf wć zf hpfyf? Ohyih avwzkŧ kf? Pć k hgfk jobck ghyf hvwzvjkhz lh mhgvlzhzf moy ŧ h ş k wv pfykoykzhzf h –w zéc nkk‒ yob éc fş zk hw vp yh jyfpzvlvk yobhcwf hiyvzkqfhqć ãc cfpvzkc ŧ h ş k oifjkfc ŧ h wpfgkmkgć wkwzfbvlvk, ãcgéz, pfczyv h cv"ş k pkfyjf powzvyklf, havcn fk ãcş kş k wć gocwkjfyf jvlgfh gocwzkzv ŧ kf h Y#W#Y# jyfpz vcwkbplv bhzfykhl jf pyophnhcj ć , o vcfhlz ć h jkh}olvlvk, jf ghyf cv zf poŧ k pyf}hlh ãc mhzh kcwzhcŧ fk# Vc mowz golfn jf lkgfv, ghyf ãczy"vc bobfcz jf jkwpfyhyf ş k yf}olz ć hlkpkz gézf}h mkŧ vkgk hczkpyfqkjfc ŧ khlf ãc Nhyh j f Coyj, h mow z gocj hb ch z ãc 8 ;> 0 lh gkcgkhck ãcgdkwohyf ş k, lvgyv mhwgkchcz, ãcwvş k h}oghzvl hpć y ć ykk l"h ãcmkfyhz gfl bhk zhyf ãczkbpvl pyogfwvlvk, ŧ kcvz ikcfãc ŧ flfw gv vş klf ãcgdkwf #

Lh gkcf wć hpflfqk? Lh popvlhyh cohwzy ć bklkŧ kf? Qjyh}fckk ş k ãbivaoyhŧ kk mlć gć k, gf

hv lć whz G#H#P#"vyklf jf kqiflkş zf ãc wfhbh ić zyéckloy ş k h ikfzfloy mfbfk, hv mowz plhczh ŧ k ãc bécjyflf loy vckmoybf, jkc qfgf ãc qfgf bfzyk, pf wzy ć qklf Ivgvyfş zkvlvk, ş k pyk}fw g hgvb wp yf popvlhŧ kf gh lh o zvybć cf}olckgć j f ok# Ãc w gvyzh loy ş golhykq hyf h vãc }ćŧ hz gć zoz gf bkş gć j v pć oyh 90, gécj wf ãcgdkj lvbkcklf, gkcfbhzonyhmflf,yfwzhvyhczflf, zfhzyflf, hjkgć oyh gécj boy oyhş flf Yobéckfk, zoŧ k pkfzockk wvcz pyfqvbzk}k kcmyhgzoyk#

Vcjf wć nć w fş zk vc wpykakc? Lh hcnhahŧ kk pyfwfk? Lh hpowzolkk gvlzvlvk pfywochlkz ćŧ kkghyf wgykv gv lkcnvyh gv ghyf bć cécgć ? Jf 90 jf hck ãcgohgf ãc qkhyflf cohwzyf hphy hgflfhş k mozonyhmkk nyowolhc yfzvş hzf# Wf qjy ć cnć cfwg hgflfhş k j fş flhzf myhqf, wkcnvyvlw phŧ kv gv hj f}ć yhz }kv mkkcj gfl jfw zkch z hcv cŧ vykloy boyzvhyf## # U###R

88 cokfb iykf 8;4 ;,hpć yvz ãc Myhcemvyzfy Hllnfbfkcf Qfkzvcn $Bkygfh Jkcfwgv , Bhbvzvl ş k l kzfyh zvyh +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >8

H gocgfpf johy o –Kwzoykf h Lkzfyhzvykk Yobécf jf Jfzfczkf‒ wvi gobvckwb ãk myvwzyh pf vckk ãchkczhş k nloykoş k jf jyfpzvl jf h mk pyfqfc ŧ k ãc fh " pykc ftglvjfyfgyocolonkgć ş k polkzkgć ", j fş k fk wvc z hgfkh ghyf hv ãcgfpvz h d y ć c k gv lvgy ć yklf loy hgfw z nfc lkzfyhy hphyzf# U…R Hgfhwzh h kwghz o hlz ć j kmkgvlzhzf, pyo}fc kcj j kc opŧ kvc fh ãczyfzfdckgklf ftpvcfykk powkiklf bkf# Ghpkzolflf wf gv}fcfh w ć pyopvcć poyzyfzf hlfbfboykhlkş zkloy, ikonyhmkk ş k pyfqf czhyfh lvgy ć ykloy pykc yfqvbć yk gob fczh zf, zogb kzf j fbkcf? Whv zyfivkh wć hjopz vc wzkl g}hwkjkjhgzkg, hgflh hl klvwzy ć ykk pykc gkzhzfftfbplhyf?

Hb hlfw ghlfh j kc v ybć U###R pfczyv zyfk bozk}f1 bhk ãczék, mkkcjgć kbpyfwkklf bflf hv

pyfh pvŧ kcć ãcwfbcć zhzf ãc yfgfpzhyfh pvilkgć h opfyfloy ãc jkwgv ŧ kf, gobphyhzf gv pvzfyfh jf kbphgz h vcoy phnkck wbvlwf jkc wvmfykc ŧ h ãcwć wk5 ãc hl joklfh yécj, pfczyvgh, mkkcj }oyih jfwpyf gfh jkczék –Kwzoykf h Lkzfyhzvykk jf Jfzfczkf‒ gf hphyf ãclkzfyhzvyh v ck}fyw hlć , wf ghjf gh fh wh pvcć lh jkwpoqkŧ kh vcoy gkzkzoyk cfmhbklkhykqhŧ kgv bhzfykh fk géz bhk bvlzf pyoif pfczyv avjfghyfh }hloykgć , kwzoykgvl y ć bé c é c j wć kcj kgf j ohy gć klf jf hpvghz jf ghzyf gkzkzoy ãc }fjfyfh yfgfpz ć ykk# U###R Ãc hl zyfklfh yécj,gvb hb pyfgkqhz bhk wvw, m k kcjgć fj kŧ kklf vcoy hzhyk gć yzk wvcz bkgk, }écjvzf vcjf cvzf hş zf pŧ k ş k bhk pv ŧ kc pf vcjf lf ghv ŧ k, flf wf fpvkqfhq ć gv yhpkjkzhzf, hwzmfl ãcgéz zyfgfyfh b fh ãc yf}kwz ć f j hzohyf w ć omfyf gkzkzoyvlvk ghyf c v gvcohw zf ikcf b hzfykh fkş k o pfywp fgzk}ć jkyfgz ć hw vp yh w gykfykloy jkw gvzh zf# U###R



:0

Gv}éczvl wgykkzoyvlvk kc}fwzknhz fwzf wvpyfb, ãc hgfhwz ć pfywpfgzk}ć , mkf ş khggfpzécj fv ilhbvl –jkjhgzkgkwbvlvk‒, oyk hgflh gć cv ãcm ćŧ kş fq pvilkgvlvk ş k powzfykz ćŧ kk o lvgyhyf fbkchbfczf oyknkchlć # Hvzoykk wf }oy jfq}ć lvk pf fk ãcş kş k, ãc gflfgf vybfh qć #

$Bkdhk Yćjvlfwgv , K w zoy kh l k z f yh zvy k k yobécf jf jf zfcŧ k f 1 bfboy kh l k w z k gh yffjvgć ykloy +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >9

Gobvckwbvl cv f johy o kjfolonkf, fwzf o lvbf# Fh cv pohzf mk ckgk pvy ş k wkbplvjfbockqhz ć , ckgk pv y ş k wkbplv vkzhz ć # U###R Ãc mocj, pyk}kz gh o fpogh ãcgdfkhz ć , ãcgdkwć jfmkckzk}, gobvckwbvl pohzf h}fh mhybfgvl lvk1 vc wglh}hnkwb –wvpyhyfhlkwz“ ‗ gvwglh}k mhgécj goqk lh gkcfbhzfgk, lh gć y ŧ k $gvbpć yhzf –lh phgdfz“, ivcf ş k pyohwzflholhlzh+, gv mhbklkk pvzfyckgf, vckzf, ghyf pć wzyhv }fgdk zyhjkŧ kk ş k ãc ghyf ić zyéckk m ć gfhv goqk jf oyf ãc ş ky $pf cw kochyk mkkc j + gh wć –pykcj ć “ gf}h dyhcć pfczyv zyki, ãcghyf gvlzvl pykfzfckfk gyfh moybf jf hnyfnhyf wogkhlć }olvpzvohwć ‗, o cfbć ynkckz ć mfykgkyf kczflfgzvhlć $ş k hmfgzk}ć + jhz ć jf j kwgv ŧ kk cfw méy ş kzf ãc avyvl gfş zkloy gv gf hk# Fyho fpogh ãc ghyf zkbp vl gvynfh h lzmfl, ãc } olvzf ghyf j ć jfhv lvb kk o cfwméy ş kz ć , wv pfyić ,vc foyk, bf lhcgolkf…

Jhgć hb mowz fnhlk ãc wć y ć gkf, c"hb mowz fnhlk $hwfbć cć zoyk+ ãc gff h gfgobvckwbvl h m ć gvz jkc mkfghyf# Ãc mocj, fv wv cz gffh gf gobvc kw bv l ş k yfhgŧ kh lhgobvc kwb hv m ć gvz jkc bkcf# U###R Bk"hv jhz gć y ŧ k –wć cć zohwf“, jhy fv b k"hb gvb pć yh z johy zobvyk –jfghjfczf“, –iolch}f“# Bk"hv wpvw po}fş zk fjvghzk}f gv pkockfyk, khy fvbć j ć jfhb ãc }écz jvpć po}fş zklf gv ihj"io{w ş k ihj"nkylw $hvq kwfb jf vch, Bhjocch, ghyf géczh jkwgo, hpok hb }ć qvz"o ş k pf }kj fo+# U###R Ãbk j ć jfhv lh yhjkobvqkgć popvlhy ć whv goyhlć ş k fv hwgvlzhb lh ghwfzomoc Wkboc ş k Nhymvc e fl, Pkce Mlo{j w hv b hk ş zkv fv gf# Ãbk j ć jfhv mklbf gv fyok hk cfhbvlvk whv fyok goczfbpoyhckş k f v bć jvgfhb wć mhg gohj ć lh Gkcfbhzfgć vc jf yvlhv m klbflf lvk Mfllkck, Hc zockock, Ifynbhc, Moybhc fzg# Ãbk pvcfhv wvi chw kfyhydkk gvlzvyhlf jvikohwf, jhy cv"bk pć wh, h}fhb lh jkwpoq kŧ kf gvlzvyh vcjfynyovcj1 gfch glvyklf lkzfyhyf ãc ghyf w f c ćş zf hvc hlz mfl jf lkzfyhzvy ć jfgéz gfh jf pécć hzvcgk1 yhmkchbfcz ş k wvi}fywk}kzhzf# œ k ghbkcf m ć gfhv zoŧ k pykfzfckk bfk# Gobvckwbvl cf"h jfmoybhz ş k cok hb y ć w p v c wjfmoybć ykk pykczy"o chzvyhlć gyfh zk}kzhzf# Jhgć hb ş zk ş k gv b w "o molowkb (

Wvcz vc wgykkzoy pfczyv ghyf zyfgvzvl f bkqh lvk lkzfyhy ć # Jhy vc w gykkzoy pfczyv ghyfcv zkbpvl f gfl pkfyjvz ş k gć vzhz, gk wvikfgzk}kzhzfh# Pfczyv bkcf, gh wvikfgzk}kzhzf,kczfy}hlvl jkczyf 8; =6 $hcv l ãc ghyf b"hb cć wgvz+ ş k 8; 4; $hc vl ãc ghyf h yfcć wgv z Yobé ckh+ cv fw zf kczfy}hlvl vcv k zkb p h l gobv ckwb vlvk, gk }khŧ h b fh# ]khŧ h b fh ghyf,vc foyk, pohzf w fb ć ch gv h }ohwzy ć , jf oykvc jf h ŧ k mk…

$Wkboch Popfwgv , Hl l Zdhz Cowzhlnkh +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >7

Jkcgolo jf oykgf yf}kwz ć whv jf gfchglvl –bhzgć ‒, kbpoyzhcz ć fw zf yfhlkqhyfh v cfkkcjk}kjvhlkz ćŧ k pofzkgf, ghphgkzhzfh mkfgć yvkh jf h"ş k gocwzyvk vc vck}fyw pyopykv, o

yfzoykgć wpfgkmkgć $ãc kczfykoyvl cokk phyhjknbf pf ghyf o hjvgf nfcfyhŧ kh wh+#Nfcfyhŧ kh Ί40 f ionhz ć ãc pfywochlkz ćŧ k pofzkgf kyfjvgzkiklf# Gf vcfş zf ãcwć hgfhwz ć nfcfyhŧ kf, gf j ć w pfgkmkgvl f k?

Pf lécnć wpkykzvl jf myocj ć , jf yfmvq hl glkş ffloy jf zoz mflvl, jfwgopfykb, lh gfk bhk}hloyoş k pof ŧ k hk nfcfyhŧ kf k Ί40, gézf}h bkqf bhaoyf1 $hvzo+ikonyhmkgvl, hzfc ŧ kh lhyfhlkzhzfh ãcgocavyćzohyf , jhy ş k gocş zkfc zkqh yfh mhp zvlvk gć pofqkh f vc zftz , ghyf wfyhpoyzfhqć cv cvbhk lh oikfgzflf ş k wfcqhŧ kklf kbfjkhzf, gk ş k lh zoz gffh gf w"h wgykw$wpvw+ jfah, ãcgfyghyfh jf molowkyf $kcglvwk} ãc pofbflf gv f}kjfcz ć jfwgdkjfyfbfzhmkqkgć + h vc vk jkwgvy w hp yopkhz jf lkbih }oyikzć fzg#



:8

Fwfcŧ h cokk phyhjknbf pofzkgf pf ghyf o jfwgdkjf nfcfyh ŧ kh Ί40, o gocwzkzvkfy ć wzvychyfh yflhŧ kfk, ghyf jobkch ãc bojfyckwb, jkczyf pofz ş k lkbiha, jkczyf zftz ş kyfhlkzhzf# Jhgć pfczyv pofqkh kczfyiflkgć ş k pfczyv gfk bhk kbpoyzhc ŧ k pofŧ k powziflkgk$jf lh œ zfmhc Hvnvwzkc Jokchş lh ]kynkl Bhqklfwgv+ pofqkh fwzf lkbiha, f zftz, khy pofzvlzyfivkf wć –jkwphy ć ‒ ãc wphzflf hgfwzvkh, wć mkf –kbpfywochl‒, pfczyv pof ŧ kk opzqfgkş zk pofqkh ftpykbć , gobvckgć o yfhlkzhzf $zftzvl pofzkg cv bhk f o mkch lkzh zf, gk v c b kalog+, khy pfywohch pofzvlvk jf}kcf wkwzfbvl jf yfmfykc ŧć , kcwzhcŧ h oyjochzohyf, ãc logvl l kbihavlvk wh v hl zyhcw gfcjfc ŧ fk $–nohlf‒ whv –plkcf‒+# U###R

$Hlfthcjyv Bv şkch , O pofqkf pfczyv bklfckvl KKK , ãc Hczolonkh pofq kf k nfcfyhŧ kf k Ί4 0 +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >:

Wpyf wméy ş kzvl hckloy ‛>0 ş k ãcgfpvzvl hckloy ‛40 hphyf, bhk ãczék ãc gfchglvyklf ş kgfygvyklf lkzfyhyf wzvjfc ŧ fş zk, hpok wpoyhjkg ãc yf}kwzf, o covć nfcfyhŧ kf jf pofŧ k, pyoqhzoyk ş k gykzkgk ghyf ãcgfp w ć pvcć ãc jkwgv ŧ kf bojflflf lkzfyhzvykk#

Gfk bhk hgzk}k wvcz pof ŧ kk# ]fywvyklf loy kyockgf, –yfhlkwzf‒, ikonyhmkgf cv wfhbć cć ckgk gv hgflfh hlf lvk Ckgdkzh Wz ć cfwgv, Bhykc Woyfwgv whv hlf Hcfk Ilhcjkhch, ckgk,bhk hlfw, gv hgflfh gvlzkgf, kckŧ khzkgf, wolfbc bhnkgf hlf pof ŧ kloy fgdkcotkş zk# Vc cov

wzkl jf h nécj k ş k jf h mhgf pofqkf f pf ghlf wć w f gocw zkzvkf ş k wzklvl, gvb wf ãczébplć ãc boj gvyfcz ãc lkzfyhzvy ć , ãczébpkcć yfqkwzfc ŧ h w pkykzfloy gocw fy}hzohyf#

Wf kc}ogć bfyfv pyoqhkwbvl ş k wpkykzvl fthnfyhz phyojkg, –ićş gć lkow‒ hl hgfzoy pofbf ghyf cv bhk }oy wć ŧ kcć wfhbh jf lfnklf nfcvlvk lkykg# Pof ŧ kk cv wf lhwć kczkbkjh ŧ k ş k, wpykakckŧ k jf o phyzf h gykzkgkk, jvg bhk jfphyzf ftpfykbfczvl loy# Bhkzéyqkv, wpyf bkalogvl jfgfckvlvk hl KT"lfh, bojflvl pofzkg wf jfmkcfş zf bhk ikcf ş kgh pć z ć v c c v bf 1 powzbojfyckwbvl#

$Fv nfc Wkbkoc, W g y k kz o y k y ob é c k jf h q k , K] + ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >6

W kb pzobf hlf hzkzvj kckk powzb ojfycf j fzfgzhiklf ãc lkzfyhzvyh yobéc ć h hc kloy ‛40 "

‛;01 –ãczohygfyfh hvzoyvlvk‒ ãc zftz, yfikonyhmkqhyfh pfywohcfloy nyhbhzkghlf pykczy"oc ovć hcnhahyf ftkwzfc ŧ khlć , kbplkghyfh bhk hgvz ć ãc yfhlkzhzfh gozkjkhcć , jf hkgk ş khgvb, f}kzhyfh ghpghcfloy –chk}kz ćŧ kk‒ gocmfwk}f pykc jfgocwpkyhyfh bfghckwbfloy zftzvhlf ş k hzkcnfyfh" pykc hzhyf jf gocw pkyhyf" h v cv k phzfzkwb b hk pyomvcj #

Wkbpzobf wzklkwzkgf1 ftzkcjfyfh chyhzk}kz ćŧ kk hwv pyh pofqkfk ş k gykzkgkk, ãc wpfgkhl wvi moybh wgykkzvykk zkp avychl, gocgfjkfyfh bfzhmoyfk jkc poqkŧ kh jfŧ kcvz ć ãc bojfyckwb,gvlzk}hyfh fmfgzfloy gv jkyfgzf ŧ f wkczhgzkgć ş k lftkghlć , jhy ş k bhckmfwzhyfh jkwzhc ŧć ykk–pyomfwkockwzf‒ mhŧć jf aogvl ãcş flć zoy hl lkbihavlvk, jf vcjf hgŧ kvcfh jf zkp gykzkgo"zfoyfzkg ftfygkzhz ć jkc kczfykoyvl opfyfk, hjfwfh goc}fyzkz ć $ whv bhwghz ć + ãc kyockf,wvpyhfzhahyfh zftzvhlć , bvlzkwzklkwbvl, hpflvl lh hlvqkh gvlzvyhlć , lh gkzhz, golha, phwzkşć , phyojkf ş k hlzf moybf jf kczfyzftzvhlkzhzf, o b hk hggfc zvhz ć obolonkf wzklkwzkgć ãczyf nfcv yk#

$Koc Ionjhc Lfmzfy , Pow zbojfyc kwb# J kc k w zoy kh vcf k

–ić zć l k k‒ gv l zvyh lf+ ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >=

Hb mowz ãczy"o }yfbf, pf gécj }kh ŧ h ãcgfpvwf wć bk wf phy ć hzéz jf gfcvş kf ãcgéz cv bhk bfykzh zy ć kz ć , vc b hc khg hl aogvykloy pf gobp vzfy# Zkb p j f }yfvc hc jf qklf h bh}vz cf}okf jf joqh qklckgć jf }kyzvhlkzhzf1 ãbk m ć gfhb zohzf zyfivyklf pf mvnć ,yfcvcŧ hwfb lh bécghyf ş k lh wobc ş k ãbk zyfbvyhv békcklf jvpć glh}khzvy ć ş kbovwfU…R



:9

Pf lécnć bvlzf hlzf fmfgzf jf hjécgć hlkfchyf, aogvyklf jf hgŧ kvcf ş k wzyhzfnkf bk"hv wgdkbihz, ãc hgfh }yfbf cv zogbhk ãcjfpć yzhz ć ş k ckgk zogbhk gv jfw ć }éy ş kyfãcgdfkhz ć , ãcwćş k kjf fh j fw pyf ob, j fw pyf zyvp , jfw pyf mflvl gvb hyhz ć ş k mvc gŧ kocfhqć ivghzh hwzh gobplkghz ć jf b hzfykf ghyf hw gvlz ć ‗ phy ŧ khl" j f } okcŧ h cohwzy ć #U…R#

Jhy gffh gf jfowfifş zf fwfc ŧ khl }kf ŧ klf cohwzyf }kyzvhlf jf gflf yfhlf fwzfbkyhgvlohwh ş k ikcfgv}éc zhzh pvzfyf jf h jh –W h}f‒# –W hl}fhqć , zhzk, whl}fh qć (‒ ãb kwpvcf mkkgć "bfh, hlhybhz ć , j kc jov ć ãc jovć b kcv zf, jf gézf oyk bć pyk}fş zf avgécj v"bć # –Av gécj v"bć ?‒ Cv1 zy ć kcjv"bk }khŧ h } kyzvh lć , gfh ãc ghyf wvcz fyov, ãc ghyf c"hbcf} okf j f pykfzfc kf, jyhnowzf w hv mfykgkyf, gv o kczfc w kzhzf gvb c"hb zy ć kz ckgkojh z ć ãc–lvbfh gfh gobvcć ‒# Kchkczfh mkfgć yfk gocmyvcz ć yk j fgkw k}f –w hl}f q ‒# Jhgć pkfyj, jhvzkbpvl ãchpok jf vcjf hb whl}hz ş k"bk ãcjyfpz nyfş fhlh# Hlzmfl, yhyfoyk hş pvzfhãcgdfkh vc aog# Jhgć , }yfojhz ć , hş mk gocwvlzhz jf hvzoyvl aogvlvk ãc ghyf zy ć kb gv zoŧ kkş k hş pvzfh wć wvnfyfq o wkcnvy ć ãbivcć z ćŧ kyf h lvk, hwzh hş ãcjy ć qck wć gfy1–Johbc f, j ć "cf , bć ghy jf gé zf}h oyk ãc }khŧć , pv zfyfh jf h molowk gob hc j h W h}f(‒, jfh jh zkbpvl ãchpok, jf h ş zfynf yfbvş ghyfh, wvmfykc ŧ h, y ć vl pyo}oghz hlzoyh, jf hyfphyh kyfph yhiklvl# U###R

$Bkygfh Gćy zćy fwgv , Pvyvyk z é cć y, ãcm ćş v y h z ãc p ktf lk+ ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >>

Yf}fckcj pf bflfhnvyklf chzhlf, wć kc}fczhykfb pfczyv ãcgfpvz wviwzkzvfc ŧ kkzfybkcolonkgk hk powzbojfyckwbvlvk, pyopvş k jf lkzfyhŧ kk yobéck# O mhgfb gv zykwzf ŧ fhlvgkj ć h gflvk ghyf ã ş k }fjf ikfzflf mkş f wzyécwf jf"h lvcnvl hckloy hcvlhzf jf hgflhş kwpkykz wkczfzkg ş k oyjochz pécć lh pfjhczfykf ghyf fwzf Goykc Iyhnh1 –o covć wfcwkiklkzhzf‒ $Kohc Ionjhc Lfmzfy+, –hczyopolonkwb‒ $Bkygfh Cfjflgkv+, –covhczyopogfczykwb‒ $Hlfthcjyv Bvş kc h+, –yob hc zkw b ãczoyw ‒ $Yhj v N#ũ fpowv+,–hczkbojfyckwb‒ $Wkboch Popfwgv+ whv –fpkwzfbć gvlzvyhlć ‒ $Ndfoyndf Gy ć gkvc+# Lkwzh cv w"h zfybkchz, gć gk Bkdhflh Vywh yfhbkczfş zf jfwpyf –cov"dfybfzkwb‒ $Goykc Iyhnh+ ş k –pwkdfkwb‒ $G ć lkc ]lhw kf+#

Plć gfyfh ftfygkŧ kvlvk ocobhwzkg o hv ş k h lŧ kk# Jf mohyzf hpyohpf jf lkbkzflfnfcfyhŧ kfk, ]hwklf Hcjyv }fjf powzbojfyckwbvl gh pf o –hczyoponfckf‒, khy bhk jfjfphyzf, Yhjv Fcfwgv cv"l }fjf jflog ikcf, opvcécjv"k zfybfcvl jf–zyhcwbojfyckwb‒# ]kch fwfc ŧ khlć h powzbojfyckwbvlvk hy mk hgffh gć nolfş zf jfwviw zhc ŧć lkb ihavl, pf gécj zyhc w boj fyckw bv l ãl yf}kzhlkqf hqć # Powzbojfyckwbvl hy mkjf gk vc bob fc z gyfpv wgvlhy, pf ghyf ─ ş k bhk z ć kow ─ Ndfoyndf Nyknvygv ãl }fj f gh p f–vc wkbpzob hl jfqoykfcz ć ykk‒, vc mfl jf –oiowfhlć h bojfyckwbvlvk‒, wkczfqć pwfvjoglhwkgć ş k ãc fw fc ŧć –vc wmé y ş kz jf gkglv‒#

$Hl#Zd# Kocfwgv, Bkygfh Cfjflgkv " boconyhm kf , hczolonkf gobfczh zć , y fgfpzh yf gy k z k gć +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >4

Pofzvl bojfyc wpvcf gffh gf wpvcf lkzfyhl ş k ãc zohzf wfcwvyklf# Hgfhwzh pyfwv pvcf, gyfjfb , o bhyf y ć w zvychyf, jhgć cv gdkhy o yf}olv ŧ kf ãc kbhnkch ŧ kh lfgzvykk#

Jf hkgk ‗ gfl pvŧ kc wzhzkwzkg }oyikcj ‗ gobplkghzh pyoilfb ć h yfgfpz ć ykk pofqkfkbojfycf# Gkzkzoyvl fwzf oikş cvkz $fjvghŧ kh lkzfyhy ć pyfjobkchcz glhwkgć h ş golkkgoczykivkcj cv pv ŧ kc ãc hgfhwz ć pyk}kc ŧć + wć gyfhj ć gć vc zftz wpvcf zozjfhvch ş khlzgf}h jfgéz wpvcf ãc boj jkyfgz5 khy hgfwz hlzgf}h k wf phyf fwfc ŧ khl# Fl pohzf,f}fczvhl, hggfpzh gć hggfwvl lh hgfwz hlzgf}h w ć mkf jkmkgkl, gć wpyf h havcnf lh fl, w ć mhgć fmoyzvyk, wć "ş k ãcwvş fhwgć o ghczkzhzf bhyf jf kcmoybh ŧ kk $kwzoykgf, ikonyhmkgf,lkzfyhyf+, wć ãc}fŧ f h molowk gojv yk ghyf"k fyhv , pé cć hzvcgk, cfgvcowgvzf#

Oykgéz jf wzyhckv hy pć yfh, gkzkzoyvl bfjkv $ş k cv cvbhk fl+ wf wkbzf hpyohpfkcwvlzhz kczflfgzvhl gécj k wf wpvcf gć hgfl hlzgf}h j f j kcgolo jf zftz pvy ş k w kbp lv cv



:7

ftkwz ć # O hzhyf hiwfc ŧć k wf phyf wghcjhlohwć , zftzvl ãcwvş k jf}kcf kckczflknkikl,hvzoyvl, gocjhbchikl pfczyv gć cv }yfh wć w p v cć ckbkg $jfş k wpvcf+# Hggfpzhyfhlkzfyhlkz ćŧ kk pofqkfk $ş k bojkmkghyfh ãc gocwfgkc ŧć h kbhnkchŧ kfk lfgzvykk+ fwzf pykbh ş k pohzf gfh b hk ãcw fb chz ć gocjkŧ kf h yfgfpz ć ykk hjfg}hzf h lkykwbvlvk bojfyc#

Jfwknvy, zfczhŧ kh kczfypyfz ć ykk hphyf, fh pohzf mk gdkhy mohyzf pvzfyckgć 5 m ć y ć fh c kgkcv w"hy pvzfh chş zf hgfh wfcqhŧ kf jf ionćŧ kf wfbhczkgć kcfpvkqhiklć nhzh wć w fyf}fywf, wć ftplojfqf, wć jkwlogf, pykc moy ŧ h fk bkwzfykohwć , ãcwfş k ghzfnoykklflkb ih avlvk# Oykgf kczf ypyfzhyf p hyzkgvlhy ć wf }h lo}k ãcwć jf gocş zkkc ŧ h powkiklkz ćŧ kk vc vkc v bć y kcjfmkckz jf kczfypyfz ć yk gfl pv ŧ kc zoz hzéz jf avwzkmkghzf# Hbiknvkzhzfh pofqkfkbojfycf $jkbfcwkvcf h ãcwfş k gocş zkkc ŧ fk bojfycf h pofzkgvlvk+ fwzf yfqvlzhzvl jkyfgz hl vcfk lfgzvyk lkzfyhlf#

$Bhzfk Gćl kcfwgv, Goc g fp zv l b ojf y c jf pof q k f +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# >;

Pofqkh cv }h yfvş k ckgkojhz ć , fh wkcnvy ć , wć h j v gć ckgk phgf ş k ckgk bhk bvlz ć pyowpfykzhzf ãc lvbfh goczfbpoyhcć # Fh cv }h yfqol}h ckgkvch jkczyf pyoilfbflf polkzkgf whv fgocobkgf hlf lvbkk cohwzyf ş k cv }h goczh gh hynvbf cz pfczyv hş fqhyfh pf vc cov mvcjhbfcz h yflhŧ kkloy jkczyf pkwkgk ş k ş ohyfgk, jkczyf gékck ş k pkwkgk, jkczyf

ohbfck ş k gékck# Wkcnvyvl log ãc ghyf pofqkh pohzf wfbckmkgh gf}h fwzf lvbfhgoczfbpoyhcć kcjk}kjvhlć # Hgolo, ãc mkyfh mkfgć yvkh, pofqkh bhk pohzf bojflh gf}h ş kjkc hgfwzf bkgk ş lfmvkyk hlf gyvjkz ćŧ kloy cohwzyf kczkbf wf bhk pohzf hpykcjf o vcj ć j fgobvc kghyf coyb hlć ãczyf kcj k}kqk h} éc j gyfkfyf kj fc zkgf, jhy }kqkvc k j kmfykzf#

Pofqkh pohzf vb hckqh, jhy cv ãc bh y ş vyk ş k cv ãc bkwkvck jf vbhckqhyf# Lf gkzfwgvcfoyk, gézf o pofqkf, flf}kloy bfk# Ãk }ć j jkczy"ojhz ć hzfc ŧ k5 gdkhy jhgć cv ãc ŧ flfn,jf}kc hzfc ŧ k# Hwgvlz ć bhk jfnyhić jkc ivgvykh jf h kfş k jkc yvzkch qklckgć # Hgfhwz ć bkckbć hzfc ŧ kf fwzf o bhyf }kgzoykf h pofqkfk hwvpyh mkykk loy# W ć mkk hzfcz lhgobvckghyfh vcvk bfwha, gdkhy jhgć cv"l ãc ŧ flfnk ãc zozhlkzhzf, bk wf phyf goplfş kzoy pfc zyv o lvb f coybhlć #

$Bhzfk ]kşckfg, Jfwp yf yo lv l pofq kf k ãc lvbfh goc z fbp oyhcć +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 40

O lkckş zf kbfcwć , wvwpfgz ć , fbhcć jkc ãczyfhnh pofqkf bojfyckwz ć ãc hgfwz wfgolcflkckş zkz# Hwz ć qk ghyhgzfyvl jkgzhzoykhl hl }ć qvlvk gv zoz gf kbplkgć fl $yfcvc ŧ hyfh lhvbhckwb, lh gobvckghyf, lh plć gfyfh lfgzvykk, lh gć ljvyh ş k ghzkmflhyfh }ogkk+ h gć pć zh z pyopoy ŧ kklf vcv k jf qh w zyv# Pofq kh h y ć b h w m ć y ć pvilkg, khy pofzvl h havcw w ć c v w f bh k pohz ć ftpykbh pf wkcf ãcwvş k ãc pyopykvl wć v zftz, wć pyojvgć lvgyvyk wzy ć kcf jf pfywohch wh yfhlć # Jkc pofbflf vcvk bojfyckwz, gdkhy yfbhyghiklf fwzfzkg, cv pvzfbş zk gkcf fwzf jf mhpz hgfl pofz, gvb zy ć kfş zf, gf nécjfş zf jfwpyf }kh ŧć # Myécnfyfh pvc ŧ kk jkczyf zftz ş k yfmfyfcz, whlvzhy ć lh wméy ş kzvl wfgolvlvk zyfgvz, h jf}fckz hqkkcwvpoyzhiklć # Cv wf b hk pohzf yfw pkyh ãc ckş zf zkphyf pofzkgf ghyf pkfyj jfcozhzvl ãczy"o pvlifyf jf gocozh ŧ kk# Ykbihvj h wgykw ãc –Hlgdkbkh }fyivlvk‒ gć , pykc jfyfnlhyfhzvzvyoy wkb ŧ vykloy, yfvş fh wkcgfy wć }hj ć ãc log jf o mhiykgć c kş zf zvycvyk jf bkchyfz#

Hwz ć qk pofŧ kk jf pyfzvzkcjfck wf wzy ć jv kfwg wć }hj ć mhiykgh ş k cv b hk yfvş fwg wć }hj ć jf géz zvycvyklf gv wf b klvcć #

U###R### zyfivkf wć jf}fckb gocş zkfc ŧ k jf mvcj ć zvyh ãc ghyf bojfyckwbvl h hjvw pofqkh# œ k bhk hlfw jf nyfvzhzfh kbfcwć jf h }fjfh, lh oyh hgzvhlć , vc hlz jyvb,yfnfcfyhzoy, ãc pofqkf# Pfczyv gć yfmlftflf }kqvhlf cf"hv kczyhz ãc wécnf, pfczyv gć ãczyfhnh gykzkgć lkzfyhy ć fw zf hq k vc j fivş fv hl bojfyckwbvlvk# Pohzf gć pofb flf ghyf}oy mk gocw kjfyhzf pfw zf hck ghpoj opfyf hlf powzb ojfyckwb vlvk yobé cf wg $cv bf wg hş hckbkg hlzgf}h jfgéz bkyhgvlohwh, kpozfzkgh yfnfcfyhyf jfwpyf ghyf }oyifhb+ ftkwz ć



::

jfah, zyfgvzf gobplfz gv }fjfyfh cv cvbhk jf gykzkgć ş k pvilkg, jhy pécć ş k jf hvzoykkãcş kş k# $Bkygfh Gćy zćy fwgv , Gv}kc zf ãbpozy k}h bh ş kc k k jf wgy k w +# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

Iklfzvl cy# 48

Gh yobéc hb goc}kcnfyfh ş k kczvkŧ kh gć lkzfyhzvyh ş k gvlzvyh ŧć ykk cohw zyf ftp ykbć o

phyzf jkc Fvyoph, jvpć gvb Fvyoph wf ftpykbć , lh yécjvl wć v, ãc phyzf, pykc Yobéckh#U…RPyonyfwvl pfygfpŧ kfk yobécfş zk h Oggkjfczvlvk, hl jfwgdkjfykk hjfwfh yhpkjf,

}fyzknkcohwf, wpyf kjfklf, moybflf, }hloyklf ş k bojflflf whlf, h mowz ş k fwzf ãcwoŧ kz ‗ ş kzyfivkf wć mkf zoz bhk bvlz ãcwoŧ kz ‗ jf o géz bhk hjécgkz ć , cvhcŧ hz ć ş k hbplkmkghz ć jfq}olzhyf h wpfgkmkgkz ćŧ kk cohwzyf, h oyknkchlkz ćŧ kk gyfhzohyf yobécfş zk#–Oggkjfczhlkqhyfh‒ cv pohzf mk gocgfpvz ć jfgéz gh vc kcgkzhcz, mfybfcz, wzkbvlfcz,zfybfc yknvyow jf gocmyvczhyf pfczyv zozhlkzhzfh }kyzv ŧ kloy coh w zyf w pkykzv hlf#

Ãc bć wvyh ãc ghyf hgfw zfh wvcz ş k wf jo}fjfwg zoz bhk hvzfczkgf, bhk }khiklf,ãczy"hjf}ć y gyfhzohyf, goczhgzflf gv Fvyoph cv cvbhk gć cv hlzfyfhqć , goyvp whvwvnyvbć }hloyklf ş k powkiklkz ćŧ klf cohwzyf –wpfgkmkgf‒, jhy hgfwzfh jkc vyb ć cv poz m kjfgéz kcgkzhczf, gocwolkjhzf ş k hbplkmkghzf pykczy"o hwzmfl jf gocmyvczhyf#Wolkjhykqhyfh ş k kczfnyhyfh wvcz vybhzf ãc boj kcf}kzhikl jf gocmyvczhyf ş k

jflkbkzhyf, jf gocwolkjhyf pf mvcjhbfczf pyopykk#Myfg}fc ŧ flf cohwzyf fvyopfcf cf ãbionćŧ fwg gh ohbfck ş k gh yobéck, wpoykcj

gocş zkkc ŧ h yobécfhwgć "fvyopfhcć h mkfgć yvkh jkczyf cok# U…R Ãc oykgf gvlzvy ć ,kcmlvfc ŧ flf aohgć vc yol mfgvcj #

$Hjykhc Bhykco, Pyfqfcŧ f y ob é c fş z k ş k y fh l k zćŧ k fvyopfcf +

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 49

Jvpć gvb wf ş zkf, pyoilfbh –zyhjkŧ kochlć ‒ h gvlzvykk yobécf h mowz, jf"h lvcnvlwfgolfloy TKT"TT, yfzhyjhyfh Uyćbécfyfh ãc vybćR mhŧć jf bhyklf gvlzvyk oggkjfczhlf# Jkc hgfwz pvcgz jf }fjfyf, pyokfgzvl phş opzkwz c"h mowz hlzf}h jfgéz vc fmoyz jf

yfgvpfyhyf h jfghlhavlvk# Ãc bojfyckwb, Lo}kcfwgv l"h goc ş zkfczkqhz, l"h zfoyfzkqhz ş k,w vw ŧ kcvz jf o ãczyfhnć b kş ghyf lkzfyhy ć l"h }ć qvz jécj yfqvlzhzf# –Wkcgyockqhz ć ‒ c"hy ć bhw ‗ ãcwć ‗ lkzfyhzvyh yobécć powziflkgć jkc ghvqh fpkwojvlvk pyolfzgvlzkwz ş k ‗ ãcnfcfyhl ‗ yfnkbvlvk gobvckwz, ghyf h opykz f}olv ŧ kh ş k h jhz gfhwvl gvlzvykk ãchpok# Ocovć wkcgyockqhyf wf }h pyojvgf hikh ãc hckk ‛40";0, ojhz ć gv hphykŧ kh vcvk powzbojfyckwb yobéc fwg#

Zy ć nécj lkckf ş k hjvcécj, }fjfb gć , ãc gkvjh vcoy jfghlhaf, pfyzvyić yk, hlkckfykvş oy zhyjk}f, lkzfyhzvyh cohwzy ć w"h gocfgzhz ãcjfhavcw jf gocglvjfcz lh vlzkbflf jovć bhyk gvyfczf lkzfyhyf ş k gvlzvyhlf fvyopfcf ş k fvyo"hbfykghcf, bojfyckwbvl ş k powzbojfyckwbvl# Ãc wgdkbi, pyfgfjfczflf jovć , glhwkgkwbvl ş k yobhczkwbvl wvcz klvwzyhzf lh cok mohyzf hzkpkg, gv bhyk ãczéyqkfyk ş k ãc hbfwzfgvyk ghyf mhggoyfwpocjfc ŧ flf jkmkgkl jf jfwgykw ş k jf wvw ŧ kcvz# M ć y ć h kczyh hkgk ãc hlzf jfzhlkk, }okwpvcf johy gć , jkc pfywpfgzk}h yhpoyz ć ykk lh pfykojkqhyfh wzhcjhyj h gvlzvykloy

oggkjfczhlf, gflf jovć wfgolf jf lkzfyhzvy ć yobécć kcwzkzv ŧ kochlkqhz ć hv wzhzvz jkwzkcgz1ãc wfgolvl TKT, gvyfczflf cohwzyf lkzfyhyf hv pyomklvyk wpfgkmkgf, jfwgykpzkiklf ãc mvcg ŧ kfjf gvyfc zflf fv yopfc f pyfb ojfycf, j hy kyfjvgzkiklf lh flf, ãc zkbp gf ãc w fgolvl TT w f pyojvgf hlkckhyfh, gocgfpzflf nfcfyhlf jf}fckcj ş k lh cok opfyhŧ kochlf, jfş kkczvqkvcklf polkzkgvlvk ãc bfzhiolkwbvl gvlzvyhl }oy pyojvgf ãc avbć zhzfh h jovh hwfgolvlvk pfyzvyihŧ kk nyh}f#

$Koc Ionjhc Lfmzfy, Yfghpk zv lhyfh bojfyc k zćŧ k k+



:6

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 47

O phyhlflć ãczyf lfgzvyh pyopykv"qkwć ş k lfgzvyh kgockgć , kczfybfjkhz ć j fgkcfbhzonyhm whv jf Z] f fjkmkghzohyf# Gf mhgfb gécj gkzkb vc yobhc ş k gf mhgfbgécj }kqkocć b vc mklb? Gkzkzoyvl c"hyf hggfw jkyfgz lh kbhnkcf, gk lh gv}kczf, jfgk lh

yfpyfqfcz ć yk bhk bvlz whv bhk pvzkc hiwzyhgzf, pf ghyf zyfivkf w ć lf –zyhjvgć ‒wfcwkikl, wć lf –ãcgdkpvkf‒ ãc plfckzvjkcfh goypoyhlkz ćŧ kk loy# Ckgk b ć ghy vc bhyfb hfw zyv hl jfw gykfykk pfkw hakw zf, jf zhlkh lvk Whj o}fhc v, c v p ohzf yk}hlkqh ãc ionćŧ kh j fjfzhlkk, hvzfczkgkzhzf ş k pyowpf ŧ kbf h goloykzvlvk gv vc opfyhzoy jf mklb, mkf fl ş kbfjkogyv# Hgfhwz ć jkmfyfc ŧć jf –yfjhyf‒ f ãcwć gobpfcwhz ć lh wgykkzoy pykczy"vcftgfjfcz jf –wvnfwzkf‒# Whjo}fhcv wgykf1 –Pfwzf wkcnvy ć z ćŧ k h ckcw jfojhz ć ozochlkzhzf wvy ć , zykw z ć ş k yfgf‒# Gvb pohzf oikfgzk}vl hphyhzvlvk jf lvhz }fjfyk w ć f}ogf–wkcnvy ć z ćŧ klf‒ pfwzf ghyf –ckcnf‒ o –zochlkzhzf‒ ãc hgflhş k zkbp –wvy ć , zykwz ć ş k yfgf‒? Jhy pyopoqkŧ kh1 –Cf opyky ć b gh ãczy"vc mfl jf mhybfg ş k vkbkyf‒? Ãc gf gdkp fjfwgykpzkiklć mozonyhmkg o hwfbfcfh wzhyf jf wpkykz pykc ftgflfc ŧć hpyotkbhzk}ć ,kcfmhiklć , hbiknvć ? Pyogfjfvl wgykkzoyvlvk f jfgk jf h molowk –yhgvywkvyk‒ Ubojh lkzhzf jfyfjhyf h vcvk wvikfgz ãc pkg zvyć, wgvlpzvyć whv mozonyhmkf, bkgşoyécj jkbfcwkvck lfpykc fmfgzvl pfywpfgzk}fkR wkbiolkgf ş k bfzhmoykgf jflkghzf wpyf h"l wolkgkzh pf gkzkzoy wć "

ş k –mhiykgf‒ o yfpyfqfczhyf bfczhlć –ãbionćŧ kz ć ‒, goc ŧ kcécj hzéz gf k wf gobvckgć cfbkalogkz, géz ş k gffh gf zyfivkf wviãc ŧ flfw $gobplfzécj zhilovl gv jhzflf obkwf+, jhy ghyf pohzf mk hwogkhz $goc}ogécj jk}fywf gocozhŧ kk bh k bv lz whv b hk pvŧ kc pfyw och lf+#

Hş hjhy, gkzkzoyvl cv f vc wkbplv hphyhz jf ãcyfnkwzyhyf, gk vc golhioyhzoy ghyfz ć lbć gfş zf –kcwzyvgŧ kvcklf‒ hvzoyvlvk, –gocwzyvkfş zf‒ ãc wpkykzvl loy ş k goczykivkf gv vcwvplkbfcz jf kcmoybhŧ kk#

$Phv l Goycfh, Kc zyoj vgfyf ãc z foy kh lfg zvy k k +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 4:

Ãc gffh gf pyk}fş zf yflhŧ kh hvzoy"chyhzoy"pfywocha, fwfc ŧ khlć ãc oykgf chyhŧ kvcf, pvzfb w pvcf gć ãc chyhŧ kvc fh b fb oykhlkw zkgć hvzoyvl ãcgdfkf vc phgz hvzoikonyhmkg ş k

vc phgz kwzoykg5 fl ã ş k wgykf }kh ŧ h j v pć gvb o zy ć kfş zf ş k, jkc hgfhwz ć pykgkcć , }kqkvcf hw gykkzoyvlvk pohzf wgdkbi h wf cw vl mhp zfloy zy ć kzf# U###R Hpok, wkcgfykzhzfh, hjf}ć yvl wvcz c oŧ kvck ghyf zy ć kfwg kcjfpfcjfcz jf chyh ŧ kvcf ş k jf pvzfyfh fk jf h jh kbhnkcfh}fyowkbklć h v cfk }kfŧ k ãc kwzoykf#

Hl joklfh flfbfcz $chyhzoyvl+ hyf, hphyfcz, bhk pvŧ kcf lkifyz ćŧ k jfgéz chyhzoyvl jkc pyoqh jf mkgŧ kvcf# Fl opfyfhqć gv jhzf goczyolhiklf ş k po}fwzfş zf o }khŧć zy ć kz ć , cvkbhnkchz ć # Ã ş k kh, gv zohzf hgfwzfh, lkifyzhzfh jf h po}fwzk kwzoykh jkc pvcgzvl w ć v j f}fjfyf ş k mhgf poyzyfzflf pf ghyf lf gyfjf jf gv}kkc ŧć # U###R Gkzkzoyvl, ãcjfpć yzhz ãc zkbpjf mhpzflf chyhzf, pykbfş zf ş k avjfgć zozvl ãc mvcgŧ kf jf gffh gf hb pvzfh cvbkkbhnkch ŧ kh hj f}ć yvlvk ãc kwzoykf#

Bhk kczfyfwhcz ãc bfboykhlkwzkgć fw zf pfywoch avl fk, gfl jfw pyf ghyf w f }oyifş zf# Oghyhgzfykwzkgć h lvk hy ŧ kcf jf mhpzvl gć fl cv }kcf wkcnvy, gvb w"h qkw, ãc chyh ŧ kvcf1}kcf b fyfv ãcwoŧ kz jf f}fc kbfc zf, jf ãczéb plć yk j kc hmhyh ft kw zfc ŧ fk lv k, }kcf, pf w gvyz,

ãcwoŧ kz jf kw zoykf# Jf b ojv l ãc ghyf pyfq kcz ć mhp zflf kw zoykfk j fp kcj f gyfjkiklkzhzf h lvk ghbhyzoy ş k gyfjkiklkzhzfh lvk gh pf ywoc ha ãczy"o c hyhŧ kvc f ghyf }yfh w ć pv cć kwzoykh ãczy"o po}fwzf ş k , gvb hb qkw , wć zyhcwmoybf o }kh ŧć ãczy"vc jfwzkc# Gkzkcj bvlzf gć y ŧ k j fb fb oykk, hb havcw lh goc}kcnfyfh gć bf b oykklf cv wv cz c kgkojh z ć b ojfw zf# Flf pyopvckbplkgkz whv ftplkgkz o boyhlć jf }khŧć ş k vc bojfl jf ftkwzfc ŧć # Cv zyfivkf gyfqv ŧ k gfkghyf cf w pvc gć cv }oy wć mkf jf géz –cozh ykk vb klk hk kwzoykfk‒# Géc j w f h pv gć wć wgykf,h bi kŧ kklf, kwpkzflf ãk goplfş fwg#

$Fv nfc Wkbkoc, Phgzvl gv kw zoy kh +



:=

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 46

Wgykkzoyvl powzbojfyc wgykf ãczy"o fpogć ãc ghyf bhww"bfjkh pyojvgf pyopykhgvlzvy ć , o gvlzvy ć ãc ghyf yfhlvl cv pohzf mk jfowf ikz jf kbhnkchy, hj f}ć yvl jf mkgŧ kvcf#

O gvlzvy ć h wkbvlhgyvlvk, yfpfz moybvlh# O gvlzvy ć ‗ ãc gfh bhk bhyf phyzf ‗ jfgocw vb , o gvlzvy ć h kbhnkckk ãcndkŧ kz ć h j ovh q k jf hlz yécj jf kbh nkck#Gvb wf jfwgvygć ãc hgfwzf gocjkŧ kk gyfhzoyvl }fykzhikl, hgflh ghyf bkqfhqć pf

wgykkzvy ć whv pf kbhnkcfh plhwzkgć ? œ hcwh lvk fwzf wć pyfqkczf oikfgzk} ş k kcwpkyhz yflhŧ kh jkczyf kcjk}kj ş k gvlzvyh wkbvlhgyvlvk ş k wć }oyifhwgć jfwpyf gffh gf bhww"bfjkh pyo}ohgć ãc fl, ãl mhlwkmkgć whv ãl mhgf w ć yfmlfgzfqf wgfpzkg lh hgfwzf goboj kz ćŧ kghyf k"hv kc}hjhz wph ŧ kvl jf wfgvykzhzf# O powkiklkzhzf( Hlzh hy mk gh hyzkwzvl w ć molowfhwgć ãc kczfyfwvl opfyfk whlf mhgklkz ćŧ k lf bhww"bfjkh ş k kbfcwh loy moy ŧć j f pfcfzyh ŧ kf# Jf pklj ć , –wć zyfhgć opfyh‒ $hş h qkg bhchnfykk gvlzvykk hgzvhlf+ lhzflf}kqkvc f, w ć pyo}ohgf pv ilkgvl, wć "k w zéycfhw gć kczfyfwvl ş k w ć "k zvlivyf gob ojkz ćŧ klf#

Bvlŧ k wpvc gć , jhgć o ghyzf cv zyfgf lh zflf}kqoy, cv ftkwz ć # Cv fwzf, zozvş k, wknvy gć , jhgć o ghyzf fwzf pyfqfczhz ć lh zflf}kqoy, }h havcnf lh jfwzkchzhyvl fk $gkzkzoyvl+#Gdfw zkvc f kbp yfgkwć , zyhwfv gobp lkghz# Kcj kw gvzhikl fw zf j ohy mhpzvl gć bhww"bfjkh f

pfc zyv w gykkzoy vc gocgvyfcz pf ghyf fl, w gykkzoyvl, zyfiv kf wć "l zyhcwmoybf ãczy"vc hlkhz# Hlzbkczfyk, gocgvyfcŧ h ãl }h qjyoik pvy wk wkbplv# Jfah k"h lvhz gfh bhk bhyf phyzfj kczyf gkzkzoyk#

$Fv nfc Wkbkoc, hy z kgolv l Powz"Powzbojfyckwbvl , 8;;4 +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 4=

Pofqkh gfloy bhk bvlŧ k wgykkzoyk jkc nfcfyhŧ kh bfh Uc#c# nfcfyh ŧkh Ί40R pkfyjf lhlfgzvyh gv –ogdkk‒# Fh f w zf pyojv w vl gfc hglvykloy, hl vcf k hcv b kzf wzyhzf nkk oyhlf, ghyf obhygdfhqć ãc gflf bhk kczkbf yfwoyzvyk hlf fk# Fwzf vc zkp jf pofqkf ghyf ŧ kcf gocz fcoyb jf pvilkg ş k bhk hlfw jf gfh bhk kncoyhz ć zy ć wć zv y ć h pofqkfk ãc bojfyckwb1 o}ogf , jf }ogfh gflvk ghyf h gyfhz pofqkh# Ckbfck cv hy pvzfh wgohzf bhk bvlz jkczy"o

pofqkf j f"h b fh jf géz w goz fv, ãczy"o lfgzvy ć pvilkgć $mkyfş zf, molowfwg vc –fv‒ nfcfykg+#Vc }olvb jf }fywvyk hl vcvk pofz jkc nfcfyh ŧ kh bfh ã ş k hzkcnf wgopvl gécj ã ş kjfzfybkcć gkzkzoyvl wć yfgkzf gv }ogf zhyf# Flfb fc zvl }kqv hl cv lkpw fş zf, jfwknvy, jhy flãcgfhygć wć wf h ybockqfqf gv }ogfh, wć o havzf wć wf ãchlŧ f#

–]olvpzvow aog gv kgohcf ş k gv nlhwvyk zyfbvyhzf‒ ‗ Fbkcfwgv jfmkcfh pofqkh gh owkczfqć jf } kqvhl ş k hvjkzk}# Jhgć }yfh wć yfjf}kcć o plć gfyf ş k o nfcfyhzohyf jf plć gfyf, wć yfjoiécjfhwgć vc b fwha obfcfw g, wć hkić jkc cov hggfw lh hgfh gć ljvy ć h }ogkk ş k h pkflkk ãc lkpwh gć yfkh pofqkh y ć b écf v c aog gv b ć ynflf jf wzkglć $lvgyv ghyfbkf, gfl pv ŧ kc, bk wf phyf jf cfhggfpzhz+, pofqkh }h zyfivk w ć khwć jkc bojfyckwb#Powzb ojfyckwb vl cv f w zf, jfgk, pfc zyv b kcf, v c gocgfpz, gk o cfgfw kzhzf yfhlć #

]h zyfivk wć hihcjocć b b hş kch j f wgykw# $Bkygfh Gćy zćy fwgv , Gv}kc zf ãbpozy k}h bh ş kc k k jf wgykw , ãc Ghkfzf gykzkgf+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzv l cy# 4>

Lh ãczyfih yfh j hgć vc w gykkzoy zyfiv kf w ć hkić gvlzvy ć ş zkc ŧ kmkgć y ć wpvcj, cv mohyzfjfgkw, jhy bć ghy hvjkikl1 cv# Lh mfl y ć wpvcj lh ãczyfihyfh jhgć fl zyfivkf wć mkf vcfyvjkz whv, jkbpozyk}ć , vc kncoyhcz, vc kczflfgzvhl whv vc ihyihy, pohzf gdkhy ş k lh"ãczyfihyfh jhgć zyfivkf wć mkf zhlfczhz whv mhywfvy# Gv}éczvl ghyf b ć kcgobojfhq ć ãczohz ć hgfhwz ć wfykf f –zyfivkf‒# ]oyocgh h}fh jyfpzhzf ãc oiwfy}h ŧ kh lvk $pf ghyf c"h pvw "o zozvş k ãc pyhgzkgć , pfczyv gć ãczyfhnh w h pofq kf j fgvynf j kczy"vc ş ky kcgyfj kikl j f



:>

gocwzyécnfyk, vcfoyk hiwvyjf+1 –Pofqkh cv zyfivkf ckbkg#‒ H mowz o }yfbf gécj hbgyfqvz ş k fv, gh o ivcć phyzf jkc nfcf yhŧ kh b fh, gć wgykkzoyvl zyfivkf wć m kf vc ob j f o}hw z ć gvlzvy ć , plkc jf gocş zkkc ŧć jf wkcf, pyfogvphz jf hwpfgzflf zfoyfzkgf hlf hyzfkwhlf# Jhy hb wvpyh}kf ŧ vkz }yfvc wmfyz jf }fhg hgflfk fpogk, khy hqk, pyk}kcj ãchpok,oiwfy} gć hlć zvyk jf –zyfivkf‒, molowf hb pf "hzv cgk ãcgć vc gv}écz1 –wgykkzoy‒# Wgykkzoyvl,hb ãc ŧ flfw jf"hzvcgk, cv ftkwz ć , ftkwz ć johy wgykkzoyk, zfykikl jf jk}fy ş k, ghyf my ć bé c z ć "c mfl ş k gdkp wviwzhc ŧ h bvlzkmhŧ fz ć h lkzfyhzvykk# Bvlŧ k jkczyf gfk bhk wvizklk bécvkzoyk jfgocgfpzf zfoyfzkgf cv bhk wvcz gkzkŧ k hqk# U###R Hvzoykk ghyf"hv y ć b hw ş k wf gkzfwg ş k hqkwvcz gfk ghyf, bfynécj pf cfcvbć yhzf gć k , bvlzf jkhbfzyhl opvwf, hv havcw w ć ãc ŧ flfhnć , kczvkzk}, kczflfgzvhl whv pvy ş k wkbplv pykc moy ŧć hyzkwzkgć iyvz ć , gff h gf w gykh^kzznfcwzfkc wpyf wméy ş kzvl opfyfk whlf jkc zkcfyfŧ f1 gć cv ftkw z ć ckbkg bkyhgvlow ãclvb f, gć bkyhgvlow f johy mhpzvl gć lvbfh ftkwz ć # G ć pofqkh wgykwć fwzf o méczécć ãcogfhcvl jf pofqkf chzvyhlć h lvb kk#

Hzyhgŧ kh bfh pfczyv wgykfyklf ş zkkc ŧ kmkgć , pykc vybhyf, cv fwzf vc –zyfivkf‒ pfczyvvc –wgykkzoy‒, gk johy vc yfmlft hl gvykoqkz ćŧ kk bflf ãc mhŧ h lvbkk, h pofqkfk fk chzvyhlf# Lvbfh bć kczfyfwfhqć gh ob, ş k cv gh wgykkzoy, pykc cfwméy ş kzh fk kczflknfc ŧć , ãc ghyfkczflfgzvl bfv wf kczfnyfhqć gh vc bozk} ãczy"vc go}oy# Cv }yfhv w ć pkfyj ckbkg, khv pfybhcfcz bowzyf jkc cfcvbć yhzf wzyhzvyk hlf gvcohş zfykk# Cv gkzfwg bhk bvlzf gć y ŧ kjf lkzfyhzvy ć jfgéz gć y ŧ k jf ikolonkf, m kqkgć , cfvyolonkf whv gć y ŧ k jf iv ghzf# U###R

Cv f }oyih hkgk jf mflvl ãc ghyf –wgykkzoyvl‒ –zyfivkf‒ wć }hj ć lvgyvyklf# F }oyih j f mflvl bfv jf h mk# Cv }yfhv wć "l kbpvc ckbć cvk# Cv }yfhv wć m kf whv wć havcnć jobkchcz# $Bkygfh Gćy zćyfwgv, O méc zé cć ãc b hy f , ãc Jklfbh }fgdf+

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 44

Jkczyf pvzfyklf ftfygkzhzf wogkhl, wkcnvyh ghyf cv joyfş zf wzhiklkyfh vcfk bhk bhyk pvzfyk hwvpyh gflvklhlz, wkcnvyh ghyf cv hwpky ć wć wf wpoyfhwgć pf fh ãc jfzykbfczvlgflvk hwvpyh gć yvkh wf ftfygkz ć , fwzf pvzfyfh bfjkghlć # U…R G ć fw zf hş h o jo}fjfş zfhgfh phyzkgvlhykzhzf h }okc ŧ fk jf"h ãcnykak, hcvbf gć yfvş fş zf wć j fpćş fhwgć hwpfgzflfjfqhnyfhiklf, vcfoyk yfpvlwk}f, hlf hgzk}kz ćŧ kloy bfjkghlf# Zoz hş h gvb vcfk bhbf cv" kf wklć wć wgdkbif wgvzfgflf vcvk gopkl, ckgk bfjkgvlvk whv kcmkybkfyfk cv"k yfpvncć gflfbhk jkmkgklf ş k bhk jfqnvwz ć zohyf hwpfgzf hlf pyomfwkfk# Mkyfş zf, yfhlkzhzfh hj vgf b vlzfgoyfgzk}f hgfwzfk wgdfbf kjfhlf# Ãchkczf jf zohzf, pyomfwkvcklf jf ãcnykakyf, ş k bhk gvwfhbć ghykfyh jf bfjkg, hjvg yfpvzh ŧ kf ş k wvcz yflhzk} ikcf plć zkzf# –Jogzoykk m ć y ć hynkcŧ k“ ‗ Gowbh ş k Jhbkhc ‗ hv mow z ghcockqhŧ k, gffh gf fw zf o jo}hj ć gć cv "k nć w fş zk pf zohzf j yvbv yklf#

Hgfhwz ć hzkzvjkcf pyfbkhlć mhŧć jf bfjkgkcć hjvgf hlzf bozk}h ŧ kk ãc pyomfwkf# Bfjkgkch fwzf ş k ghlfh wpyf pyfwzknkvl wogkhl# Ãc mkcf, bfjkgkch fwzf ş k, kczflfgzvhl}oyikcj, o pyomfwkf ftgkzhcz ć ş k }h hzyhnf pf gfk ghyf }oy wć yfqol}f bkwzfyflf chzvykk# Hgfw zf –kbpv ykz ćŧ k“ cv wvcz gv cfgfwkzhzf myécf gć zyf pyomfwhyfh vcfk bfjkgkck ocfwzfş k fmkgkfczf# Gv o wkcnvy ć gocjkŧ kf1 goftkwzfc ŧ h }oghŧ kfk jf"h ãcnykak# Kcş kk ghyf cv hvhgfhwz ć mkiy ć –bhzfycć “ cv hv gf gć vzh ãc pyomfwkklf bfjkghlf# U###R Pf jf hlz ć phyzf, pvzfyfh bfjkghlć ãczélcfş zf j kmkgvlz ćŧ k lfnhzf jf ftfygkzhyfh fk ãc ghjyvl vcoy kcwzkzv ŧ kk#

Kcwzkzv ŧ kklf ‗ wpkzhlflf, ãc ghqvl jhz ‗ wvcz bfjkk ãc ghyf wf ftfygkz ć cvbfyohwfgobpfzkŧ kk pfczyv pvzfyf#]okc ŧ h jf"h wgdkbih kfyhydkklf wzhiklkzf, bkş gć yklf oykqoczhlf ş k }fyzkghlf ãc wécvl

fgdkpfloy wvcz kcfyfczf pyomfwkfk# Gh ş k ãc ghqvl gh}hlfykloy Nyhhl"vlvk , ghyf vkzhwfy ć ŧ flvl loy pykboyjkhl $nć w kyfh oikfgzvlvk wméc z, h poghlvlvk ãc ghyf h mow z gvlfw w éc nflf lvkGykwzow+, hgfwz oyjkc gh}hlfyfwg jf zkp wpfgkhl ghyf fwzf oyjkcvl bfjkghl vkz ć gézfojhz ć bfckyfh lvk phyzkgvlhy ć , ãcnykakyfh, pfczyv h wf fpvkqh ãc lvpzflf kcwzkzvŧ kochlf# Yf pfz1ãcnykakyfh, cv }kcjfghyfh# Oykgf bfjkg ivc ş zkf gć cv zyfivkf wć zy ć khwgć ãc oiwfwkh}kcjfgć ykk iolch}vlvk# Hgfhwzh hy jvgf lh o nyfş fhlć mhzhlć , hgffh gć kcjk}kqkk jf lhghyf cv wf pohzf oiŧ kcf o yfw zkzvzko hj kczfnyvb hy zyfiv k hihcj och ŧ k# ]kcj fghyfh fw zf



:4

f}fczvhlć , yhyfoyk gobplfz ć # Opzkgh goyfgz ć fw zf ãcnykakyfh# Jvpć fh }kcf w hl}hyfh }kfŧ kk$jf vcjf wgfpzkgkwbvl bfjkghl mh ŧć jf fv zhchwkf+ ş k cv b hk lh v ybć }kcjfghyfh, hjkgć yfgvpfyhyfh hgflfk coybhlkz ćŧ k kjfhlf ghyf fwzf wć cć zhzfh# B"hş ivgvyh jhgć hgfwzfgézf}h yécjvyk hy gć jfh wvi ogdkk gfloy gf ãcgfp w ć pyhgzkgf pyomfwkk hlf ãcnykakykk whvwf pyfnć zfwg wć lf w zvjkfqf#

$Koc ]khc v , Jf w py f p v z f y f h b f j kg h l ć , ãc Jklfb h } fgdf +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 4;

Jkmfyfc ŧ h fwfc ŧ khlć jkczyf Fwz ş k ]fwz fwzf ‗ gyfj ‗ jkmfyfc ŧ h jkczyf béckf ş k ghlb,jkczyf zfcwkvcf ş k jfwzkcjfyf# F }oyih jf hzbowmfyh ãc ghyf yfwpky ć b, jf glkbhzvlwvmlfzfwg hl }kf ŧ kk qklckgf# Ftkwz ć ş k ãc Oggkjfcz fcfy}ć yk, kcwhzkwmhgŧ kk, y ć wzflk ş k gdkhy hzhgvyk jf mvykf# U###R Ãc nfcfyf ãcw ć , wzyhjh, bhnhqkcflf, kcwzkzvŧ kklf, bkalohgflf jfzyhcwpoyz, wgfch polkzkgć , qkhyflf cv wvcz logvyk hlf gocmlkgzvlvk# Cv wf }ogkmfyfhqć , cvwf wgdkbić kcavykk ş k ãbiyécgflk, cv wf ghvz ć d hy ŧ hnvl gv oykgf pyfŧ # Ãc Yć wć ykz,jkbpozyk}ć , hfyvl f hpć wć zoy, gh jfhwvpyh vcvk gãbp jf lvpz ć # W"hy qkgf gć zohz ć lvbfh vy ćş zf pf zohz ć lvbfh# Gfhyzh fwzf vc boj jf }kh ŧć # Zy ć kb jkc yfwfczkbfcz# Lvpzh polkzkgć }kqfhqć ftzfybkchyfh hj}fywhyvlvk, nhqfz ć ykh f vc hponfv hlcfy}oqkz ćŧ kk omfcwk}f# Kczflfgzvhlkk wf gfhyz ć ãczyf fk, wogkfzhzfh gk}klć f o wkbplć

bhcvmhgzvy ć h pyozfwzvlvk, nv}fycvl, pyfş fjkc ŧ kh ş k phylhbfczvl wf fpvkqfhqć ãc pvyvlfczf bhcf}yf jf ndfyklć # Glkfc ŧ kk ãk jfzfwz ć pf gobfywhc ŧ k ş k gobfywhc ŧ kk, pfglkfcŧ k, popoyvl w"h wć zvyhz jf polkzkgkfck ş k polkzkgkfckk jf popoy, gvlzflf yflknkohwf wfftgobvckgć yfgkpyog# Lh } olhc zf ãcmvykk, ãc w zhŧ kh j f hv zoivq, lh nhy ć ş k lh hfyopoyz zfãcmvykk, lh wlvaić zf ãcmvykk, lh zflf}kqoy zf ãcmvykk# Yobécvl jf hqk f, pykc jfmkckŧ kf,b éc kow # U###R

Wf }oy nć wk jfwzvk ghyf w ć ghvzf hgfwzfk fpkjfbkk jf iklć nhlifcć avwzkmkgć ykgoczftzvhlf# Gvb wć cv mkk béckow? ũć ykş ohyh f fcfy}hcz ć lh bhtkbvb# Zozvl ‗ jf lh polkzkgć lh pyfwć , jf lh ikyogyhŧ kf lh pyf ŧ vyk, jf lh bhckfyf lh boyh}vyk ‗ zf pohzfwgohzf jkc bkc ŧ k# Jhgć fş zk géz jf géz coybhl, ã ŧ k kfş k jkc mkyf# ]oyih lvk Zfomyhwz1 –F gvcfpvzkcŧć gh vc ob ivc w ć cv mkf gvpykcw jf b éckf gécj hyf jf h mhgf gv ohbfc k y ć k‒#Vc gobfczhykv hl lvk Wfcfgh pvcf ãcwć hgfhwz ć myhqć ãczy"o hlz ć pfywpfgzk}ć 1 w"hy qkgfgć , jvpć Zfomyhwz, gv géz gkcf}h f bhk ivc, gv hzéz f bhk kyhwgkikl# Lh lkbkz ć , obvl pfymfgz f vc wok jf cfivc mvykow, lo}kz, glkpć jf glkpć , jf bkqhczyopkf# U###R Hczkgdkzhzfhş zkh gć béckh f, hjfwfh, opvwvl gvyhavlvk, gdkhy jhgć $ş k zogbhk pfczyv gć + ãbpkcnfwpyf zfbfykzhzf# Béckh f cfić yić zfhwgć # Wkczhnbh –popoy }fnfzhl‒ cv ftglvjf $ihjkbpozyk}ć (+ cfy}oqkzhzfh ş k nélgfh}h# Zyhcqkŧ kh f, pykc ftgflfc ŧć , o pfykohj ć cf}yozkgć , cć w gć zohyf jf cf}ykghlf ş k jf cf}ykgoş k# ]ob mk wgć phz jf fh, gécj wzy ć qklfcohw zyf }oy mk b hk pv ŧ kc qnobozohwf, gécj ohbfckk }oy }oyik bhk pv ŧ kc ş k bhk hş fqhz ,gécj polkzkgkfckk }oy yfvş k pykc kczflknfc ŧć gffh gf hqk yfvş fwg $klvqoykv+ pykc wzykgzh}hloykmkghyf h ioaogkloy# Gh wć mkv gkcwzkz, kjffh gć o hwzmfl jf pfywpfgzk}ć f ãcgć mohyzfãcjfpć yzhz ć bć kykz ć ## # $Hcjyfk Plfşv , Jfwp yf b éckf , ãc Jklfbh }fgdf+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;0

8# Bojfyckqhyfh fjvghŧ kfk ãc pfykohjh 9004"9087, hwzmfl ãcgéz ãc 908:, hzvcgkgécj vc cov ivnfz hl VF }h kczyh ãc }knohyf, ş gohlh yobécfhwgć wć mkf pfymfgz wkcgyockqhz ć gv yfhlkz ćŧ klf ş golkloy fvyopfcf# Cf hcnhahb wć yfmvqhb kbpyo}kqhŧ kklfjf zfyb kc hzf jf bozk}f polkzkgkhc kw zf ş k wć bojfyckqć b w kw zfbvl jf fjvghŧ kf gv b knhlć ş k gv bojfyh ŧ kf, pfczyv h jh gofyfc ŧć phygvywvykloy ş k op ŧ kvckloy kcjk}kjvhlf, ãc phyzkgvlhy pykczy"o yf}kqvkyf gvyykgvlhy ć wviw zhcŧ kh lć , ghyf wć mkf oykfczhz ć j fgobp fzfc zflf gdfkf gf zyfiv kf j oiéc j kzf ãc ş gohlć #

9# Hwknvyhyfh ãc pfykojh 9004"9087 h vcvk bkckb jf =& jkc PKI pfczyv fjvgh ŧ kf, pfczyv h o hş fqh pf o zfbflkf wolkj ć , pf jvyhzh bfjkf ş k lvcnć # Nhyhcz ć b mhbklkkloy,



:;

flf}kloy ş k pyomfwoykloy gć yfnvlklf wkwzfbvlvk jf fjvgh ŧ kf cv wf }oy wgdkbih ãc mvc gŧ kfjf hc ozkbp ş k gć hgfwzh } h mk mkch c ŧ hz gocw zhcz ãc mvcgŧ kf j f oi kfgzk}f glhyf ş k hwvb hzfzyhcwphyfcz#

7# Zyhcw moybh yfh fjv ghŧ kfk zkbpvykk ãczy"vc ivc pvilkg, nhyhczhyfh vcfk fjvgh ŧ kkş golhyf oilknhzoykk jf 80 hck ş k h vcv k hggfw c fãcnyhj kz lh fjv ghŧ kf nyhzvkz ć jf 87 hck# Johy ãc hgfwz mfl, Yobéckh wf pohzf yhgoyjh lh wogkfzhzfh gvcohş zfykk, pyfnć zkcj nfcfyhŧ kklf wvggfwk}f jkc ş golk ş k lkgff pfczyv h ifcfmkgkh jkc plkc jf yfmoybh jf lh Iolonch h jopzh z ć jfah ãc Vck}fywkz ćŧ klf jf lh cok#

: # Jfwgfczyhlkq hyfh mkch cgkhy ć , jfmkckyfh polkzkgkk jf yfwvywf vbhcf ş k hjhpzhyfhgvyykgvlvbvlvk ãc mvcgŧ kf jf cf}oklf wpfgkmkgf mkfgć yfk gobvckz ćŧ k# Hgfwzfh yfpyfqkcz ć bojhlkzhzfh pykc ghyf pć ykc ŧ kk, hvzoykz ćŧ klf loghlf ş k wogkfzhzfh gk}klć poz jf}fck

phyzfcfyk yfwpocwhiklk hk moybć ykk }kkzohyfloy nfcfyh ŧ kk jf flf}k, hwzmfl ãcgéz ş gohlh wć mkf plhwhz ć ãc gfc zyvl }kfŧ kk gobv ckz ćŧ kk#

6 # Hjopzhyfh pykcgkpkvlvk –mkchc ŧ hyfh vybfhqć flf}vl‒ ãc ãc}ćŧć béczvl pykbhy,nkbchqkhl ş k lkgfhl, yfwpfgzk} h pykcgkpkvlvk –mkchc ŧć ykk bvlzkhcvhlf pf gkglvyk jf wzvjkkş k ihqhz pf pyokfgzf‒ ãc ãc}ćŧć béczvl vck}fywkzhy# Jhgć mkchc ŧ hyfh vybfhqć flf}vl,hzvcgk ş golklf b hk ivc f }oy h}fh gć vzhyf, khy gflf ghyf c"hv pfymoybhc ŧć }oy mk oilknh zfwć wf yfjyfwfqf# Jhgć ãc Vck}fywkz ć ŧ k, wf }h zyfgf lh mkchc ŧ hyfh pf ihqć jf pyokfgzf hvcoy gkglvyk jf wzvjkk, wf }h pyojvgf jkmfyfc ŧ kfyfh hgfwzoyh# Plfgécj jf lh vc wkwzfb

zyhcwphyfcz ş k gofyfcz j f kcj kghzoyk j f yfmf ykc ŧć , }ob h }fh hw zmfl Vck}fyw kz ćŧ k gfczyhzf pf wzvjkk jf lkgfcŧć , Vck}fywkz ćŧ k ghyf }oy oynhckqh wzvjkk jf lkgfc ŧć ş k bhwzfyhz, gh ş kVck}fywkz ćŧ k gfc zyhzf pf w zvj kk j ogzoyhlf ş k gfygfzhyf# U###R

$Phgzvl chŧkochl pfczyv f jvghŧkf + ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;8

Hvj zoz bhk jfw o moybvlć ghyf bć goczyhykhq ć 1 –h gkzk gć y ŧ k‒# –Gf mhgf ŧ k ãc zkbpvllkify?‒ –Gkzfwg gć y ŧ k#‒ –Bhk gkzfş zf ş k zv gć y ŧ k, gć cv wzykgć (‒ –Hb hvqkz gć T gkzfş zfgć y ŧ k#‒ Pécć bhk kfyk, gkzkzvl ã ş k wviãc ŧ flfnfh gobplfbfczvl jkyfgz# Pvzfhk, jfwknvy, w ć gkzfş zk ş k nhqfzf whv wgykwoyk whv kcwgykpŧ kk, jhy, ãc nfcfyf, h wpvcf jfwpyf gkcf}h gć –gkzfş zf“, gć f –vc zkp gkzkz‒, gć f –vc bhyf gkzkzoy‒ kbplkgh, cfgfwhybfczf, oikfgzvlcvbkz –ghyzf‒# Gkzkb gć y ŧ k, gf hlzgf}h? Ftkwz ć , f jyfpz, moybvlh gflfiy ć h lvk BkyocGowzkc jfwpyf –gfzkzvl gć y ŧ kloy‒# Jhy fh wf yfmfyfh lh o ogvph ŧ kf ãcgć bkcoykzhy ć , ghyfzyfiv kh jf mkckz ć pyfgkw# Ãc plvw, gyockghyvl molowfh plvyhlvl h}ãcj ãc bkczf, kcf}kzhikl,Ghyzfh, pf ghyf bvlzkplkgkzhzfh –gć y ŧ kloy‒ cv mhgf jfgãz wć o yfmlfgzfqf fjkmkghzoy# $–Gvgfzkzvl gć y ŧ kloy gvc ohş zfb pf qkjkzoyvl cowzyv, Jvbcfqfv###‒+#

Yfhphykŧ kh, ãczy"vc goczftz gv zozvl cov, h ftpyfwkfk gyockgć yfş zk wvnfyfhqć yfkc zyhyfh lfgzvykk ãc gocj kŧ kh bkcoyhzvlvk# –H gkzk‒ cv bhk f, hwz ć qk, o ogvphŧ kf hzéz jfy ć wpécjk z ć ãcgéz wć m kf fcvc ŧ hz ć gh hzhyf, m ć y ć jfzhlkk# Jf gkzkz, bhk gkzkb gézf gf}h# Jhy gć y ŧ k cv pyfh bhk gkzkb# Pf jf hlz ć phyzf, gć y ŧ klf goczkcvć wć hphy ć , wć w fãcbvlŧ fhwgć fpkjfbkg, wć hlkb fc zfqf nhlophc z lkiy ć ykklf ş k ikilkozfgklf# Wf wgykf kbfcw# Jf hgffh, h }oyik cvbhk jf –jfglkcvl lfgzvykk‒ f h cfnlkah vc wzyhckv mfcobfcgobplfb fc zhy1 –kcmlh ŧ kh zf tzv lvk‒#

Ãc qkvh jf hqk, pkfyjfb goczhgzvl gv vck}fywvl gć y ŧ kk, cv johy pfczyv gć c v bh k

h}fb zkbp, cv johy pfczyv gć pyfmfy ć b gobpvzfyvl ş k zflf}kqoyvl, gk ş k pfczyv gć wvczfb ãcgocavyhŧ k jf pyfh bvlzf gć y ŧ k# Hihcjocć b, vcfoyk, bhk jfnyhić jkc ghvqhw hŧ kf z ćŧ kk, jfgéz j kc ghvq h w vi ŧ kfykk hpfzkzvlvk# Jhgć cv b hk gkzkb cv fwzf pfc zyv gć cvh}fb gf, cv pfczyv gć ikilkozfgklf w"hv nolkz, cv pfczyv gć h}fb hlzf zfczhŧ kk, gk,jkbpozyk}ć , pfczyv gć ikilkozfgklf w zhv wć pogcfhwgć , pfczyv gć omfyzh f kc d kikzoykf# U###R

Hphy, zykbfwzykhl, bkk jf phnkck cok1 yfoynhckqć yk hlf kcmoybh ŧ kfk, yfmoybvlć yk,jfwgopfykyk jf jfzhlkv whv jf hc}fynvy ć # Fmfgzvl f jfwgvyhahcz1 jhgć fş zk géz jf géz yfhlkwz, ş zkk, jf lh ivc ãcgfpvz, gć c"hk wć poŧ k hgopfyk ckgkojhz ć bhzfykh ghyf wfyf}hywć , hwmktkhcz, hwvpyh zh# Wgyvpvlvl kc}fwzknhŧ kfk ftdhvwzk}f f gocjhbchz lhvzopkf ş k ykjkgol# Ykş zk wć boyk ãc pyflkbkchykk whv w ć ghqk ãczy"vc wok jf jklfzhczkwb



60

fyokg# Ghczkzhzfh zf jfboiklkqfhqć # U###R Bvlŧ kbfh gć y ŧ kloy pyo}ohgć , cfgfwhybfczf,gykqh gykzfykkloy# F jkc gf ãc gf bhk nyfv w ć hlfnk, wć zf oykfczfqk, wć jfwphy ŧ k hpflf1jf}kk mkf vc gocwvbhzoy lhgob ş k jfgfyfiyhz, mkf vbiyh, kchgzvhlć , h pyopykkloy kjkowkcgyhqkk# U###R $Hcjyfk Plfşv , Gkz k zv l gć yŧ k loy , ãc Jklfbh }fgdf+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;9

Covć jkc qfgf yobéck cv bfyn jflog lh gkcfbhzonyhm, opfy ć whv zfhzyv# Ãc plvw,ghyzfh cv fwzf pykczyf pyfmfykc ŧ flf h avbć zhzf jkczyf fk# U###R Hgfwzfh wvcz johy o phyzfjkc gocglvqkklf vcvk wocjha yfhlkqhz jf Gfczyvl jf Wogkolonkf Vyihcć ş k Yfnkoch lć #

Pozyk}kz wzvjkvlvk, 4>& jkczyf yobéck cv pyfmfy ć wć lklf jf gkcfbhzonyhm pfczyv h}kqkoch vc mklb# ;& jkczyf f k gvb pć y ć vc iklfz lh gkcf b h o jh z ć whv j f jovć oyk pf hc# Yobéckk cv hgoyj ć pyfh bvlz zkbp jkc pyonyhbvl loy ckgk hgzk}kz ćŧ kloy gvlzvyhlf# 4;&jkczyf gfk gdfwzkochŧ k wvw ŧ kc gć cv bfyn ckgkojhz ć lh wpfgzhgolf jf zfhzyv, opfy ć w hvopfyfz ć , khy >:& jkczyf yobéck cv }kqkzfhqć bvqff ş k ckgk cv bfyn lh ftpoqkŧ kk# Gécj }kcf }oyih j f gkzkz, joh y :4& jkc gfk gdfw zkoch ŧ k wpvc gć pfzyfg gf}h zkbp ãc i kilkozfgć #

Hpyohpf vc wmfyz jkczyf yobéck hwgvlz ć bvqkgć , jhy hghwć , cv ãczy"o whlć j fgocgfyz whv lh jkwgozfgć # Pfwzf zohzf hgfwzfh yobéckk wvcz gyfjkcgkoş k# Wzvjkvl hyhz ć gć pfwzf ;0& jkczyf gfk kczfy}kf}hŧ k, ãc }éywz ć jf p fw zf 84 hc k bf yn lh ikw fykgć #

Wocjhavl h mowz yfhlkqhz ãc pfykohjh 8"96 wfpzfbiykf pf vc f ş hczkoc jf jovć b kkjf p fywohcf # Bhyah j f fyohyf fwzf j f %/ "9,9&#

$ Yhpoy z h l Gfc zyv l j f Wog ko lon kf Vyihc ć ş k Yfnkoch l ć +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;7

Jhzflf j f b hk wv w wv cz yfqv lzhzvl w zvj kvlvk –Boiklkzhzfh wogkhlć ãc w hzvl yobéc fwg‒hl gfygfz ć zoyvlvk Kohc h Pfzyf jf lh Kcw zkzvzv l jf W ogkolonkf j kc I vgv yfş zk#

Ãc hckk ‛40 gopkkk h}fhv bhk bvlz ć ş gohlć jfgéz pć ykc ŧ kk# Jkbkcvhyfh ş hcwfloy popvlhŧ kfk yvyhlf jf hggfw lh zyfpzflf wvpfykohyf jf pyfnć zkyf ş golhy ć ş k pyomfwkochlć ,bhk hlfw lh lkgfv, ş gohlć powzlkgfhlć ş k mhgvlzhzf, hyf jyfpz gocwfgkc ŧć yfjvgfyfhjyhbhzkgć h ş hcwfloy jf jfpćş kyf h ck}flvlvk jf pyfnć zkyf ş k hl gflvk pyomfwkochl hl

pć ykc ŧ kloy# Gv hlzf gv}kczf, mkkk havcn bvlz bhk nyfv w ć hkić vc w zhzvz w ogkhl bh k ykj kghz jfgéz hl pć ykc ŧ kloy loy# Ãc hckk ‛40, bhk bvlz jf >0& jkczyf mkk hv havcw lh vc ck}fl jf pyfnć zkyf ş k lh vc ck}fl pyomfwkochl wvpfykoy gflvk hl pć ykc ŧ kloy loy# Ãc pyfqfcz, hgfwz pyogfczha h wgć qvz lh =0&#

Wzvjkvl hyhz ć gć ;9 ,:& j kczyf gfk ghyf c v hv jf log pyfnć zkyf ş golhy ć w h v h v c v bh kglhwflf pykbhyf hv hgffhş k pyomfw kf gh ş k pć ykc ŧ kk loy lh wh zf, wp yf j fowfi kyf j f 49 ,4&lh oyhş # Jkczyf hgzvhlkk hiwol}fc ŧ k jf nkbchq kv w hv ş gohlć pyomfwkochlć , hpyohpf j ovć zyfkbk hv pć ykc ŧ k m ć y ć ş gohlć whv johy gv ş gohlć pykbhy ć # Gv bvlz bhk pv ŧ kck hv pć ykc ŧ k gv zyfpzf wvpfykohyf jf kcwzyvgŧ kf, lkgfv whv mhgvlzhzf# Hgzvhlkk hiwol}fc ŧ k j flkgfv ş k mhgvlzhzf hv ãc bhyfh loy bhaoykzhzf pć ykc ŧ k j kc zyfp zf kcm fykohyf jf kcw zyvgŧ kf#

Zozvş k, gfh bhk bhyf phyzf h gfloy ghyf jfpćş fw g ck}flvl jf pyfnć zkyf hl pć ykc ŧ kloy,hv johy o zyfhpz ć jf pyfnć zkyf ãc plvw# 40& jkczyf phzyockk jf lh whzf hv pć ykc ŧ kb vc gkzoyk whv ŧć yhck# Pyomfwkklf pf ghyf lf pć wzyfqć gfk bhk bvlŧ k ohbfck jf lh ŧ hy ć j f

lh o nfcfyh ŧ kf lh hlzh wvcz gfh jf hnykgvlzoy ş k jf bvcgkzoy# Gv ftgfp ŧ kh phzyockloy,ghzfnoykf ghyf cv ftkwzh ãch kczf jf ‛4; ãc Yob éc kh, zyhc wb kzfyfh pyomfw kfk jf lh pć ykc ŧ klh gopkk hyf log gfl bhk pv ŧ kc lh ghjyflf bfjkk ş k lh gfk gv wzvjkk wvpfykohyf# Gocmoybwzvjkvlvk, ohbfckk jf lh ŧ hy ć ã ş k wgdkbić bv lz bh k pv ŧ kc wzhzvzvl wogkhl gobphyhzk} gvgfk jf lh oyhş # Hgzvhlkk hnykgvlzoyk pyo}kc ãc pyopoy ŧ kk go}éy ş kzohyf jkc hnykgvlzoyk ş kbvcgkzoyk# Bvcgkzoykk pyo}kc ãc hgflfhş k pyopoy ŧ kk bhaoykzhyf jkc hnykgvlzoyk ş k bvcgkzoyk,gv hlzf gv}kczf b kş gć yklf wf j fw m ćş oh y ć b hk hlfw ãczyf –w zyhzvyk wogkhlf ş k pyomfw koch lf‒}fgkcf, whlzvyklf mkkcj bvlz bhk yhyf# $Joykc Fc gkv , gozkjkhc v l Nécjvl+



68

########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;:

Hyz# 4 # Jyfpzvl lh yfw pfgz hyfh }kfŧkk pyk}hzf şk mhbklkhlf 8# Oykgf pfywohcć hyf jyfpzvl lh yfwpfgzhyfh }kf ŧ kk whlf pyk}hzf ş k jf mhbklkf, h

jobkgklkvlvk wć v ş k h goyfw pocj fc ŧ fk whlf#

9# Cv fw zf hj bkw hb fwzfgvl vcfk hvzoykz ćŧ k pvilkgf ãc ftfgvzhyfh hgfwzvk jyfpz jfgéz ãc bć wvyh ãc ghyf hgfwz hbfwzfg fwzf pyf}ć qvz jf lfnf ş k jhgć gocwzkzvkf obć w v y ć ghyf, ãczy"o w ogkfzh zf j fb ogyhzkgć , fwzf c fgfwhy ć pfczyv wfgvykzhzfh chŧ kochlć ,wknvyhc ŧ h pvilkgć , ivcć wzhyfh fgocobkgć h ŧć ykk, hpć yhyfh oyjkckk ş k pyf}fckyfh mhpzfloy pfchlf, pyozfahyfh wć cć z ćŧ kk whv h boyhlfk, oyk pyozfahyfh jyfpzvykloy ş klkifyz ćŧ kloy hlzoyh#

Hyz# ; # Lkifyzhzf h jf néc jkyf, jf goc şz k kcŧć şk jf yflknkf 8# Oykgf pfywohcć hyf jyfpzvl lh lkifyzhzfh jf nécjkyf, jf gocş zkkcŧć ş k jf yflknkf5

hgfwz jyfpz kcglvjf lkifyzhzfh jf h"ş k wgdkbih yflknkh whv goc}kcnfyfh, pyfgvb ş klkifyzhzfh jf h"ş k bhc kmfw zh yflknkh w hv goc} kcnfyfh ãc b oj kcj k}kjv hl whv ãc golfgzk},ãc pv ilkg w hv ãc ph yzkgvlhy, pykc gvlz, ãc}ćŧć b éc z, pyhgzkgk ş k ãcj fp lkc kyfh ykzv hlv ykloy#

9# Lkifyzhzfh jf h"ş k b hc kmfw zh yflknkh w hv goc} kcnfyklf cv pohzf moyb h oikfgzvlhlzoy yfwzyécnfyk jfgéz hgflfh ghyf, pyf}ć qvzf jf lfnf, gocwzkzvkf bć wvyk cfgfwhyf,

ãczy"o wogkfzhzf jfbogyhzkgć , pfczyv wknvyhcŧ h pvilkgć , pyozfgŧ kh oyjkckk, h wć cć z ćŧ kkw hv h b oyhlfk pv ilkgf oyk pfc zyv p yozfahyfh j yfpzvykloy ş k lkif yz ćŧ kloy hlzoyh#

Hyz# 80# Lkifyzhzfh jf ftpykbhyf 8#Oykgf pfywohcć hyf jyfpzvl lh lkifyzhzfh jf ftpykbhyf# Hgfwz jyfpz gvpykcjf

lkifyzhzfh jf opkckf ş k lkifyzhzfh jf h pykbk whv jf h gobvckgh kcmoybh ŧ kk oyk kjfk m ć y ć hbfwzfgvl hvzoykz ćŧ kloy pvilkgf ş k m ć y ć h ŧ kcf wfhbh jf myoczkfyf# Pyfqfczvl hyzkgol cvãbpkfjkgć Wzhzflf wć wvpvcć wogkfz ćŧ klf jf yhjkojkmvqkvcf, jf gkcfbhzonyhmkf whv jfzflf}kqkvc f v cv k yfnkb jf hv zoykqh yf#

9# Ftfygkzhyfh hgfwzoy lkifyz ćŧ k gf gobpoyz ć ãcjhzoykyk ş k yfwpocwhiklkz ćŧ k pohzf mkw v p v wć vcoy moybhlkz ćŧ k, gocjkŧ kk, yfwzyécnfyk whv whcgŧ kvck pyf}ć qvzf jf lfnf, ghyfgocwzkzvkf bć wvyk cfgfwhyf, ãczy"o wogkfzhzf jfbogyhzkgć , pfc zyv w fgvykzhzfh c hŧ kochlć ,kczfnykzhzfh zfykzoykhlć whv wknvyhc ŧ h pvilkgć , hpć yhyfh oyjkckk ş k pyf}fckyfhkcmyhgŧ kvckloy, pyozfgŧ kh wć cć z ćŧ kk whv h boyhlfk, pyozfgŧ kh yfpvzhŧ kfk whv h jyfpzvykloy hlzoyh, pfczyv h ãbpkfjkgh j k}v lnhyfh j f kcmoyb hŧ kk gocmkjfc ŧ khlf whv pfczyv h nhyhczhhvzoykzhzfh ş k kb phy ŧ khlkzhzfh p vzf ykk avj fgć zoyfş zk#

$Goc}fcŧ kh Fvyopfhcć h Jyfpz vy k loy Obvlv k +########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;6

Gocwklkvl Fvyopfhc fwzf moyvl polkzkg wvpyfb hl VF ş k zozojhz ć kcwzkzv ŧ kh ghyf h pyobo}hz ãc boj jfgkwk} pyogfwvl jf kczfnyhyf fvyopfhcć # Gocwklkvl Fvyopfhc fwzfhlgć zvkz jkc ş fmkk jf wzhz ş k jf nv}fyc, pyfş fjkczflf ş k vc hlz bfbiyv hl GobkwkfkFvyopfcf ş k bkckş zykk jf ftzfycf# Bkckş zykk jf ftzfycf ş k bfbiyvl Gobkwkfk Fvyopfcfhv johy yol gocwvlzhzk}# Gocwklkvl Fvyopfhc fwzf o kcwzkzv ŧ kf kczfynv}fychbfczhlć , ãczkbp gf Gocwklkvl Vckvckk Fvyopfcf, Gvyzfh jf Avwzkŧ kf h Gobvckz ćŧ kloy Fvyopfcf,

Phylhbfczvl Fvyopfhc ş k Gvyzfh Fvyopfhcć jf Goczvyk wvcz oynhcf mvqkochzf hlfGobvckz ćŧ kk Fvyopfc f#

Hgzk}kzhzfh Gocwklkvlvk Fvyopfhc fwzf yfnlfbfczhz ć ãc hyz# : jkc Zyhzhzvl VF#Gocw klkvl w zhi klfş zf lkckklf ş k oikfgzk}flf polkzkgf mvcjhbfczhlf, h}écj jfgk gobpfzfc ŧ fjkyfgzohyf# Ãc ghqvyk ftgfpŧ kochlf, wolv ŧ kocfhqć pyoilfbflf ghyf cv hv pvzvz mkglhykmkghzf lh ck}fl bkckwzfykhl# Ãc gfh bhk bhyf phyzf ãcwć , Gocwklkvl wf ogvpć gv pyoilfbf pyk}kzohyf lh ghjyvl ş k pfywpfgzk}flf nfcfyhlf jf f}olv ŧ kf hlf VF# O hlz ć kbpoyzhcz ć w mfy ć jf hgzk}kzhzf o gocwzkzvkf polkzkgh ftzfycć ş k jf wfgvykzhzf gobvcć ,gooyjochz ć j f ş fmkk jf w zhz ş k jf nv }fyc lh ãc zélckyklf lh ck}fl ãchlz#



69

Gocwklkvl Fvyopfhc cv hyf jyfpzvl w ć kh jfgkqkk gv fmfgz avykjkg, jhy hyf vc jyfpz j kyfgzk}# Yfq vlzhzflf gocwv lz ć ykloy wvcz pvwf ãc pyhgzkgć jf gflflhlzf kcwzkzv ŧ kk fvyopfcf#Gocwklkvl Fvyopfhc wf ãczyvcfş zf jf gfl pv ŧ kc jovć oyk pf hc ãczy"vc hş h"cvbkz Wvbbkz VF# Pyfş fjkc ŧ kh Gocwklkvlvk Fvyopfhc wf wgdkbić ojhz ć lh ş hwf lvck, mkkcj hwknvyz ć j f ş fmkk jf wzhz ş k jf nv }fyc hk VF, gocmoyb v cv k pyogfjfv jf yozhŧ kf ãc ghyfw f ŧ kcf gocz j f oyjkcf h h lmhifzkgć , jf popvlh ŧ kh ş k jf bć ykbfh ŧć ykloy b fb iyf#

ũ hyh ghyf jfŧ kcf pyfş fjkc ŧ kh ãc Gocwklkv jf}kcf ş k nhqjh hgfwzvkh# Pyfş fjkc ŧ khGocwklkvlvk Fvyopfhc omfy ć wzhzfloy powkiklkzhzfh jf h gocmfyk polkzkgkk fvyopfcf vckbpvlw chŧ kochl pyopykv ş k jf h"l pvcf ãc pyhgzkgć pykc bkalohgf jkplobhzkgf# œ fjkc ŧ flfGocwklkvlvk cv wvcz pvilkgf# Zozvş k, hgfw zh yhpoyzfhq ć ãc wgykw Phylhbfczvlvk Fvyopfhcyfqvlzhzflf jkwgv ŧ kkloy# $Ndkjvl Gocwk l kv lvk Fvyopfhc + ########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;=

Jf gf fwzf kbpoyzhcz wć ş zkb bhk bvlzf jfwpyf }hloyklf fvyopfcf? VF wf ihqfhq ć pf }hloyklf yfwpfgz ć ykk jfbckz ćŧ kk vbhcf, lkifyz ćŧ kk, jfbogyhŧ kfk, fnhlkz ćŧ kk, wzhzvlvk jfjyfpz ş k h yfwpfgz ć ykk jyfpzvykloy obvlvk, kcglvwk} jyfpzvyklf pfywohcfloy hphy ŧ kcécj bkcoykz ćŧ kloy# Hgfw zf }hloyk w vc z gobv cf w zhzf loy b fb iyf ãczy"o w ogkfzh zf ghyhgzfykq hz ć pykc plvyhlkwb, cfjkwgykbkchyf, zolfyhc ŧć , avwzkŧ kf, w olkj hykzhzf ş k fnhlkzhzf ãczyf ić yihŧ k

ş k mfbf k# Yobéc kh h jfy ć lh VF gv pyopykvl wfz jf }hloyk# Fwzf jf h ş zfpzhz gh hgfwzh wć mkf kcmlvfcŧ hz, pf zfybfc bfjkv ş k lvcn, jhzoykz ć kczfcwkmkgć ykk goczhgzvlvk gv gfz ćŧ fckkjkc VF# Hlŧ k mhgzoyk wvcz wgdkbihyfh nfcfyh ŧ kkloy, hplkghyfh ãc Yobéckh h lfnkwlhŧ kf kfvyopfcf, jfq}olzhyfh polkzkgć , wogkhlć ş k fgocobkgć # Kczfnyhyfh ãc VF cv ãcwfhbc ć pkfyjfyfh }hloykloy kjfczkzkzhyf, gk goczykivŧ kh hgzk}ć ş k ãbpć yzhş kz ć lh jk}fywkzhzfh}hloykloy fvyopfcf#

Opkckk jfw pyf } hloyklf f vyopfcf1

–]hloyklf wvcz pykcgkpkk ghyf wzhv lh ihqh hgŧ kvckk kcjk}kqkloy, oykfczécjv"lf#]hlohyfh fwzf vc gykzfykv pfczyv o jfgkqkf pfywochlć # Cv ftkwz ć }hloyk ivcf ş k }hloykyflf# Ohb fc kk nécj fw g j kmfykz, jfohyfgf fk wv cz j kmfykŧ k# Lh mfl w vc z ş k wogkfz ćŧ klf ãc ghyfzy ć kfwg# ]hloyklf cv wvcz hgflfhş k ckgk gdkhy ãc kczfykoyvl vcfk gobvckz ćŧ k bhyk, gvb hy mk popvlhŧ kh vcfk ŧć yk5 flf jkmfy ć ãc mvcgŧ kf jf bvlzk mhgzoyk, pykczyf ghyf ck}flvl jffjvghŧ kf, }éywzh, b fj kvl jf yfqkjf c ŧć $w hz w hv oyhş +# ]hloyklf cv w vc z kbpv w f polkzkg, gkwf moybfhqć ãc zkbp ş k yfpyfqkcz ć hgflf pykcgkpkk lh ghyf hjfy ć b haoykzhzfh popvlhŧ kfk#Ojhz ć moyb hz vc w fz jf }h loyk, hgfw zh wf poh zf gocgyfzkq h ãczy"vc h gz omkgkhl, pyfgvbGocwzkzv ŧ kh Fvyopfhcć ãc ghqvl }hloykloy fvyopfcf‒# $Bćlkch ]okgv, Ionjhc ]okgv,gfygfzhzoyk, Hghjfb kh Yobé c ć+

–Hb mowz ãczyfihz hjfwfh vcjf wvcz myoczkfyflf Fvyopfk# Yć wpvcwvl bfv fw zf gć dhyzh Fvyopfk fwzf jfmkckz ć jf bkczfh fvyopfckloy# Nfonyhmkh mktfhqć ghjyvl, jhy, mvcjhbfczhl, }hloyklf wvcz gflf ghyf jfmkcfwg myoczkfyflf Fvyopfk# Ftzkcjfyfhãcwfhbcć lć ynkyfh h ykfk }hloykloy fvyopfcf , ãc gh yf gflf b hk kb poyzhc zf w vc z lkifyzhzfh ,woljhykzhzfh, zolfyhc ŧ h ş k jyfpzvyklf obvlvk, jfbogyhŧ kh ş k wzhzvl jf jyfpz# U###R Gocmoyb pyf}fjfykloy zyhzhzfloy ‗ ghyf wvcz ihqh lfnhlć ‗ poy ŧ klf Vckvckk wvcz jfwgdkwf zvzvyoy wzhzfloy fvyopfcf ghyf ãk yfwpfgz ć }hloyklf ş k wf hcnhafhqć wć lf pyobo}fqf‒# $OllkYdfc, b fbiyv hl Gobkw kfk Fvyopfcf, yfwpocwh ik l gv ftzkcj fyfh+

$Vckvcf h Fvyopfhcć ãc Yobéckh+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;>

Hb mowz kc}kzhz w ć }oyifwg jfwpyf Gf ãcw fhbc ć wć mkk fv yopfh c # ] ć bć yzvykwfwg gć cv ãbk fwzf vş oy wć j h v v c y ć wpvc w , pfczyv gć wvcz jfah fvyopfhc1 f o wzhyf mkyfhwgć , pf ghyf cv w kb z cf}okh w ć o jf mkcfw g# U…R

Khz ć jfgk gézf}h ghpghcf hlf jfmkckŧ kfk jf fvyopfhc# Jf hgffh, b"hş ãcjfpć yzh jfflf, pfczyv h j fmkck ghlkzhzfh jf fv yopfhc pykc ãbpć yz ćş kyfh vc vk wf z jf }hloyk# Gv h l zf



67

gv}kczf, h m k fvyopfhc ãcwfhbc ć h ãbpćy zćşk }hloyk fvyopfcf# Ghyf wvcz hgfwzf}hloyk? Gkcf şk gécj lf"h kc}fczhz? Wvcz flf şk }hloyklf }ohwzyf? Pfczyv h jh vcy ć wp vcw lh hgfwzf ãczyfić yk, }ć pyopvc wć cf v kz ć b pv ŧ kc lh kwzoykh Vckvckk Fvyopfcf#Vckvcfh h hpć yvz j kc c f}okh j f h c v b hk h}fh c kgkojhz ć vc y ć qiok bocjkhl# Plhcvl,}kwvl h mowz kczfnyhyfh }olvczhy ć h fgocobkkloy Fvyopfk hzéz jf wzyécw, ãcgéz y ć qiokvlwh cv bhk mkf o op ŧ kvcf# œ k h yfvş kz, khy wvggfwvl wf zyhjvgf ãczy"o }hlohyf fvyopfhcć glhy ć ş k phlphiklć 1 phgfh# Ãczyf wzhzflf bfb iyf cv hv b hk ftkw zhz y ć qiohkf jvpć 8 ; 6 0 #

O hlz ć }hlohyf, ghyf h }fckz gh vc pyojvw wfgvcjhy hl pykbfk fwzf pyowpfykzhzfh # Bojflvl fgocobkg kczfnyhŧ kockwz hl VF h jvw cv cvbhk lh jfq}olzhyfh fgocobkgć ãcvcflf ŧć yk bfbiyf, gk lh o gyfş zfyf ãc zohzf ŧć yklf bfbiyf, ş k, ãc zkbp, lh yfjvgfyfhjfghlhafloy jkczyf yfnkvcklf bhk ionhzf ş k gflf bhk wć yhgf hlf Vckvckk# Gvb w"h yfv ş kz hgfwz lvgyv? Pykc hplkghyfh gocgyfz ć h vcfk hlzf }hloyk fvyopfcf1 wolkjhykzhzfh# Wolkjhykzhzfh gflvk ghyf hyf bhk bvlz gv gfl ghyf hyf bhk pv ŧ kc, wolkjhykzhzfh gflvk bhkcoyogow gv gfl gv bhk pv ŧ kcf ş hcwf# W"h m ć gvz hwzmfl bhyflf whlz jf lh bojflvl jfjfq}olzhyf ãc}kcnć zoy"ãc}kcw lh bojflvl pykc ghyf zohz ć lvbfh hyf jf géş zknhz# Phgf,pyowpfykzhzf, wolkjhykzhzf # Khz ć johy zyfk }hloyk hlf Vckvckk Fvyopfcf ghyf gdkhy ş kwkcnvyf poz ftplkgh jf gf hgfhwzh h jf}fckz jf"h lvcnvl kwzoykfk whlf vc bhncfz pfczyvyfwzvl goczkcfczvlvk#

Zoz bhk bvlzf wzhzf ş k"hv joykz w ć hplkgf hgflhş k bojfl pfczyv h wf pvzfh ivgvyh

jf hgfwzf }hloyk# Jhy flf cv wvcz wkcnvyflf }hloyk fvyopfcf# O hlz ć }hlohyf, lh ghyfŧ kcfŧ k bhk hlfw }ok, zkcfykk fwzf l kifyzhzfh1 l kifyzhzfh jf ftpyfwkf, l kifyzhzfh jfhw ogkfyf, lkifyzhzfh jf h w zv jkh şk h b vcg k ãc oykgf hlz wzh z bf b iyv hl Vckvc kk# U…R

$Gocmfykcŧ h job c v lv k Aoc h zd h c W g d f f l f , 9> hp yklkf 900 6+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;4

Lh jhzh jf 8 khcvhykf 900>, Yobéckh h jf}fckz bfbiyv hl Vckvckk Fvyopfcf, gvzohzf jyfpzvyklf ş k oilknhŧ kklf gf ãk yf}kc gocmoyb Zyhzhzvlvk jf Hjfyhyf jkc 96 hpyklkf9006# Gfz ćŧ fckk yobéck hv jf}fckz hwzmfl gfz ćŧ fck hk Vckvckk Fvyopfcf ş k ifcfmkgkhqć ,

pf zfykzoykvl wzhzfloy bfbiyf hlf Vckvckk, jf jyfpzvyklf ş k lkifyz ćŧ klf gocmfykzf jfzyhzhzflf jf ihqć hlf Vckvckk Fvyopfcf# Jyfpzvl jf lkify ć gkygvlhŧ kf ş k j f ş fjfyf fwzf, pfczyv gfz ćŧ fckk VF, vch jkczyf gflf bhk kbpoyzhczf ş k bhk –}kqkiklf‒ yfhlkqć yk hlfj yfpzvlvk gobv ckzhy# Jyfpzv l vc vk gfz ćŧ fhc hl Vckvckk jf h wf jfplhwh, jkc bozk}ffgocobkgf whv jkc hlzf bozk}f, pf o pfykohj ć wgvyz ć , lvcnć w hv cflkbkzhz ć jf zkbp ãchlzf wzhzf VF, fwzf vckg ãc lvbf# Ckgko hlz ć moybć jf goopfyhyf kczfychŧ kochlć ãczyfw zhzf cv hw knvy ć , lh oyh h gzvh lć , vc jyfpz gobp hyhikl#

Gocjkŧ kklf ãc ghyf gfz ćŧ fckk Vckvckk ş k mhbklkklf loy ã ş k poz ftfygkzh jyfpzvl jf lkify ć gkygvlhŧ kf pf zfykzoykvl vcvk wzhz bfbiyv, jyfpzvl jf yfqkjfc ŧć pfybhcfcz ć , pyfgvb ş kyfwzykgŧ kklf pyk}kcj jyfpzvl jf h gkygvlh lkify ş k jf h yfqkjh pf zfykzoykklf wzhzfloy bfbiyf, jkc bozk}f jf oyjkcf pvilkgć , wfgvykzhzf pvilkgć ş k wć cć zhzf pvilkgć w v c z yfnlfbfc zhzf jf Jkyfgzk}h 90 0:/ 74/ GF# Zoŧ k gfz ćŧ fc kk Vckvc kk, j fgk ş k gfz ćŧ fckk yobéck, poz kfş k jf pf zfykzoykvl vcvk wzhz bfbiyv pfczyv h kczyh pf zfykzoykvl vcvk hlz wzhz bfbiyv hl Vckvckk, ãc ihqh gć y ŧ kk jf kjfczkzhzf whv h phş hpoyzvlvk, }hlhiklf, ghyfh zfw z ć gf z ćŧ fckh hgfw zoyh#

Bfbiykk jf mhbklkf hk gfz ćŧ fckloy Vckvckk ghyf cv hv gfz ćŧ fckh vcvk wzhz bfbiyv, poz kfş k jf pf zfykzoykvl vcvk wzhz bfbiyv pfczyv h gć lć zoyk pf zfykzoykvl vcvk hlz wzhz bfbiyv hl Vckvckk ãc ihqh vcvk phş hpoyz }hlhikl# Jhy, pfczyv h kczyh pf zfykzoykvl vcvkhlz wzhz bfbiyv, bfbiykk jf mhbklkf hk vcvk gfz ćŧ fhc hl Vckvckk, ghyf cv hv gfz ćŧ fckhvcv k wzhz b fbiyv, zyfivkf wć hkić hwvpyh loy mkf o }kqć j f ş fj fyf pf zfybfc wgvyz, mkfvc pfybkw jf yfqkjfc ŧć # Wzhzflf bfbiyf poz gfyf pfywohcfloy ghyf hv kczyhz pfzfykzoykvl loy, gv ãcjfplkckyfh gocjkŧ kkloy bfc ŧ kochzf, wć ã ş k wfbchlfqf pyfqfc ŧ h ãczy"o pfykohj ć jf zkbp yfqochiklć ş k cfj kwgykb kch zoykf# $hyz# :‗6 j kc Jkyfgzk}h 9 00 :/ 74 / GF+

$Ndkj v l gf zćŧ fhcvlv k yobé c ãc VF+



########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# ;;

Vc gfz ćŧ fhc hl Vckvckk , jfgk ş k vc gfz ćŧ fhc yobéc, pohzf y ć bécf pfczyv o pfykohj ć bhk bhyf jf 7 lvck pf zfykzoykvl vcvk hlz wzhz bfbiyv, jhgć ãcjfplkcfş zf vchjkczyf vybć zohyflf gocjkŧ kk1 h# fwzf hcnhahz w hv j fwm ćş oh y ć o hgzk}kzhzf kcjfpfcjfcz ć 5

i# hyf wvmkgkfczf yfwvywf ş k hwknvyhyf bfjkghlć , hwzmfl ãcgéz wć cv jf}kcć o po}hy ć pfczyv wfy}kgkklf wogkhlf hlf ŧć ykk ãc ghyf joyfş zf wć yfqkjfqf $cv fwzf wzhiklkz vcgvhczvb bkckb, jhy wf }h lvh ãc gocwkjfyhyf wkzvhŧ kh pfywochlć h gfz ćŧ fhcvlvk ãcghvqć +5 g# fwzf ãcwgykw ãczy"o kcwzkzv ŧ kf j f ãc}ćŧć bé cz w hv jf kcw zyvkyf }oghŧ kochlć w hvfw zf w zvjfcz ş k hyf o hwknvyhyf bfjkghlć ş k hwknvy ć hvzoykz ćŧ klf chŧ kochlf hlf wzhzvlvkãc ghyf }yfh w ć yfqkjfqf, pykczy"o jfglhyh ŧ kf whv pykc bkalohgf fgdk}hlfczf, gć cv }hjf}fck o po}hy ć pfczyv wfy}kgkklf wogkhlf hlf wzhzvlvk ãc ghvqć 5 j# fwzf bfbiyv hl mhbklkfk vcvk gfz ćŧ fhc h l Vckvckk , gdkhy jhgć cv hyf gfz ćŧ fckh vcvk wzhz bfbiyv, ş kgć lć zoyfş zf ãbpyfvcć gv hgfwzh, gv ãcjfplkckyfh vcfkh jkczyf gocjkŧ kklf pyf}ć qvzf lh pvc gzflf jf b hk wvw #

Gf z ćŧ fckloy Vckvckk cv lk wf gfyf w ć hkić jogvbfczf jf yfqkjfc ŧć # Zozvş k, ãc ghqv lvcfk yfqkjfc ŧ f pfczyv o pfykohj ć bhk bhyf jf 7 lvck, wzhzflf bfbiyf poz gfyfgf z ćŧ fckloy vcvk hlz wzhz bfbiyv hl Vckvckk wć wf ãcyfnkwzyfqf lh hvzoykz ćŧ klf

gobpfzfczf ãczy"o pfykohj ć ghyf cv pohzf mk bhk bkgć jf 7 lvck jf lh jhzh kczy ć ykk pfzfykzoykvl wzhzvlvk pf ghyf }oy w ć yfqkjfqf pfczyv o pfykohj ć bhk bhyf jf 7 lvck# $hyz#>‗86 j kc Jkyfgz k}h 900: / 74/ GF+ $Ndkjv l gf zćŧ fhcvlv k yob éc ãc VF+########################################################################################################################################

Iklfzvl cy# 80 0

Yobéckh }h ifcfmkgkh jf mocjvyk wzyvgzvyhlf jf gkygh 94 " 70 bklkhyjf jf fvyo jkc phyzfh VF ãc pfykohjh 900> " 9087# 4,6 bklkohcf jf fvyo }oy zyfivk gdflzvkŧ k qklckg,kcglvwk} wébić zh ş k jvbkckgh, jvpć 8 khcvhykf 900># Hgfwzf mocjvyk }oy zyfivkfnfwzkochzf fmkgkfcz ş k zyfivkf wć havcnć hgolo vcjf fwzf cf}okf pfczyv jfq}olzhyf,hlzmfl ftkwz ć pf ykgolv l pkfyjf ykk loy# Gdkhy j hgć ih c kk cv }oy mk gdflzvkŧ k, mkfghyf yobéc }hgozkqh zozvş k pfczyv wvbh gv ghyf Yobéckh }h goczykivk lh ivnfzvl VF# Mocjvyklf

wzyvgzvyhlf hlf VF hv gh jfwzkch ŧ kf mkchc ŧ hyfh bć wvykloy jf havzoy wzyvgzvyhl lh ck}flgobvckzhy, ãc wgopvl pyobo}ć ykk yfnkvckloy gv ãczéyqkfyk ãc jfq}olzhyf, yfgoc}fywkfk qocfloy hmfgzhzf jf jfglkc kcjvwzykhl, gobihzfykk ş obhavlvk jf lvcnć jvyhz ć , kcwfy ŧ kf k pyomfw koch lf h zkcf ykloy ş k pyobo}ć ykk jfq}olz ć ykk yvyhlf#

Ftkwz ć phzyv zkpvyk jf mocjvyk, mkfghyf jkczyf hgfwzfh hgopfykcj vc jobfckv pyfgkw#Mocjvl Fvyopfhc pfczyv Jfq}olzhyf Yfnkochlć wpykakcć gyfhyfh jf kcmyhwzyvgzvyk,kc}fwzkŧ kklf jfwzkchzf ogvpć ykk moy ŧ fk jf bvcgć , pyokfgzflf jf jfq}olzhyf loghlć ş khwkwzfc ŧ h kczyfpykcjfykloy bkgk# Mocjvl Wogkhl Fvyopfhc fwzf bfckz w ć pyobo}fqfyfkczfnyhyfh pf pkh ŧ h moy ŧ fk jf bvcgć h ş obfykloy ş k h nyvpvykloy jfmh}oykqhzf, ãcwpfgkhl pykc mkchc ŧ hyfh wkwzfbfloy jf kcwzyvkyf ş k h wkwzfbfloy jf hwkwzfc ŧć lhhc nhahyf# Kcwzyvb fczv l Mkch cgkhy jf Oykfc zhyf h Pfw gvkzvlvk goczykiv kf lh hj hpzh yfh ş kb ojfyckqhyfh hgfwzv k wf gzoy# Mocj vl Fvyopfh c jf Oykfczh yf ş k Nhyhczhyf Hnykgolć

mkchcŧ fhqć bć wv yk ãc }fjfyfh j fq }olz ć ykk yv yhlf ş k omfy ć w pykakc h nykgvlzoykloy, ãc w pf gkhlãc yfnkvcklf y ć bhwf ãc vybć # I v nf zv l z o zh l pf c z y v Y ob éc kh f w z f jf 94 " 70 bk l kh yjf j f fvyo1 Hnykgvlzvy ć ş k jfq}olzhyf yvyhlć ‗ 88 b klkhyjf j f fv yo5 Kcw zyvb fczfW zyvgzvyhlf ‗ 8> b klkhyjf jf fvyo# $ FvyHgzk}+

########################################################################################################################################

romana - proba orala - bilete 001-100 - an 2008

Documents