rolling circle.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Some common circular modes of replication
Mitochondrial DNA replication
Sigma (σ) replication (the rolling circle)
Looped rolling circle replication
Theta (θ) replication
Modes of replication 2.
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(From M. L. DePamphilis, 1999)
Mitochondrial DNAReplication - essentially a modification of bacterial theta replication that formscatenanes (however it is a continuously replicating system- Why?)
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Sigma replication: How many circular phage particles rapidly replicate their DNA (can be single- or double-stranded molecules) (From Genes VIII)
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Some critical aspects of rolling circle replication1. Leading strand is covalently linked to parental
template for the lagging strand (if double stranded)
2. Prior to precursor synthesis, the linear branch has a 5’ terminus (“A” protein must have acted there)
3. Rolling circle continues unabated forming concatemers (either as ds or ss products)
4. Circular template for leading strand synthesis neverleaves the circular part of the molecule
5. DNA can only be nicked to start the process if it is supercoiled
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Some critical aspects of rolling circle replication
1. Leading strand is covalently linked to parental template for the lagging strand (if double stranded)
2. Prior to precursor synthesis, the linear branch has a 5’ terminus (“A” protein must have acted there)
3. Rolling circle continues unabated forming concatemers (either as ds or ss products)
4. Circular template for leading strand synthesis neverleaves the circular part of the molecule
5. DNA can only be nicked to start the process if it is supercoiled
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Phage strategies I:Generating the minus strand in single-stranded phages
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Phage strategies II:Three different ways of primingduring replication of the minus strand
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Looped rolling circle replication:How a single stranded circular phage that has formed the minus (-) strand can end DNA synthesis andregenerate its plus (+) strand
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Theta replication: the mostcommon bacterial modeof DNA synthesis
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Eukaryotic Replication - another verycomplex process
Besides the numerous holoenzyme protein complexeslisted in the next slide, there are all of the subunits of each enzyme that must be organized together
Furthermore, one has to be able to replicate all of theDNA only a single time. This is problematic because of all of the origins of replication that are necessary;this requires considerable regulation about when/where replication will begin (we will deal with this aspect a bit later)
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This table is less than 10 years old and look at the paucity of DNA polymerases as compared to Table 8.2 in your text; there has literally been an entirely new group of eukaryotic DNA polymerases discovered, the TLS repair polymerases
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Eukaryoticreplication is characterized by switching of DNApolymerases
Combined Polα/primaseproduct is ~ 50-100 bpLow processivity
Further extension by Polε or Polδ is between100 and 10,000 bp
Fig. 8.16
RF-C replacesPrimase and attracts PCNA
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The critical natureof the sliding clamp(PCNA) in eukaryotic processivity
Without the PCNA clampthe polymerase woulddissociate and diffuse away from the template aboutevery 20-100 bases
Fig. 8.18
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
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Possible organization at a Eukaryotic replication fork
(From M. L. DePamphilis, 1999)
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Probably a more realisticapproximation of the eukaryotic replication fork and replisomestructure
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A probable Eukaryotic Replication Center in the nucleoplasm
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Recognizes an element in replicator to activate initiation of replication
Entire set of cis-acting sequencesthat is sufficient to direct initiationof replication (the origin is part of replicator)
Initiating Replication: The Replicon Model (Jacob, Brenner and Cuzin) and itsimplications for startingreplication
Fig. 8.23
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General model of thereplicon concept inprokaryotes
Fig. 8.25
Initiator is the onlysequence-specificDNA-binding proteininvolved in initiation
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Replication origins are generally similar in overall structure
4 pentamer sites that bind T antigen + a 20 bp palindromewhere DNA unwinds
B1 and A bind to initiator ORC; B2 facilitates unwinding and binding of other factors
We shall look at this in more detail
Fig. 8.24
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Single replicator in E. coli is called oriC; 9 mer (4X repeated) is binding site for DnaA (initiator); 13 mer (3X repeated) is initial site of ssDNA formation (melting)
TTATNCANABinding
GATCTNTTNTTTTUnwinding
Overview of Initiation of Replication in E. coli