role of newspaper in public awerness

8/12/2019 Role Of newspaper in public awerness

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Prepared for: Mahmood Hasan MOH)

Prepared by: Tazrin Rahman 0930336015

Jasmin Juthy 1130606030

Adnan Khan

Sohail Rafique

Asif Amin 1210092030

Section 5

Role of Newspapers in

Public Awareness

NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY


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Role of Newspaper in Public Awareness P a g e | 2

Executive Summary

A newspaper is one of the most important reading materials in the life of a literate people. In the

modern age, without a newspaper a person cannot think of his/her daily routine life. The need for

a proper marketing of the newspaper marketing has arisen because of the rapid change in the

communication process. An effective marketing strategy is required to retain the current

customers as well as to attract potential ones.

Public awareness was very important work for newspapers since before independence to till now.

No one can decline the role of newspapers in public awareness. If we see the present example ofAccording to Anna Hazare's newspapers has played an important role to spreading his message

to common people. While a free press is an important part of a democracy no country allows

absolute freedom of speech in newspapers. It is for example, illegal to publish things that you

know are not true. It is also illegal to promote hate speech or to publish child pornography. In

most cases these are not particularly controversial restrictions and society can agree on where the

line should be drawn. However there are some areas where this may start to become a problem.

One of the issues is that just what constitutes the press has become extremely hazy.

One of the issues that the freedom of the press is facing is that most of the rules were made for

newspapers. Unfortunately newspapers are falling out of favor and being replaced by other

mediums. In most cases these mediums have more restrictions on them than newspapers did. For

example television has restrictions because there is a limit to the number of channels that can

exist. That means that the government has to determine who gets a broadcasting license. To a

certain extent this does allow them control over what is being said. Censorship on the internet is

even more of a problem because of the fact that anybody can put anything they want online. Thismeans that the government has to shut down whole sites sometimes in order to protect other

rights.


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Content

1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

2. The origin of newspapers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------5

3. Newspaper and Public Opinion----------------------------------------------------------------6

4. Newspaper before use to build opinion-------------------------------------------------------8

5. Newspaper reflects public awareness---------------------------------------------------------9

6. The Role of Newspapers in Modern Age-----------------------------------------------------10

7. Newspaper in Social Development-------------------------------------------------------------13

8. Yellow Journalism--------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

9. Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

10. Recommendation----------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

11. Bibliography----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21

12. Appendices------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22


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Introduction Newspapers have become an essential part of modern life. They are printed and published in

each and every language known to man all over the world. Newspapers are called the mirrors ofthe world . They reflect and report the trends and happening from all parts of the world. Usually,

they cover every aspects of life- national, international, local, social, political, cultural etc. They

design in a complete picture of our day-to-day life. This is why from the all powerful presidents,

prime ministers and CEOs to the unemployed youth and job seekers, all begin their day by

reading the dailies.

Newspapers are the guardians of democracy. They keep the general peoples well-informed to the

world about the goings on. Well-informed public is essential for the success of a democracy.

People have to be made aware of all the important happenings. Newspapers perform the duty of

making people aware of everything. They form the public opinion and turn the people for or

against the moves of the rulers. This is why even the most fears one dictator is afraid of the

press. They picture every aspect including jokes, matrimonial, huddles, scientific facts, and

cinemas etc.

Besides, newspapers also add to the knowledge of the readers by informing them about the new

discoveries, inventions and products. The magazine selections of newspapers provide a colorful

bouquet of information and entertainment. The advertisement published in the newspapers also

serves a great purpose. Matrimonial advertisements help people to find suitable life partners.

Newspapers also help people to buy and sell property.

It is doubtless true that over the centuries media attention has helped the public to monitor and

challenge elites. In time, this attention has eroded the power of some of those elites, but only at

the point when the press itself became big business, elite with secrets of its own. What the

balance sheet would show the new distribution of power, and whether the public has a right to

feel included in the power structure because of its news consciousness, should get more attention

than it has.


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It is true of the past and the present and it is true of the future also. Neither the advent of the

television nor that of the Internet could affect the importance of the newspaper. The reason for

this is the width, breadth and the depth of the news provided by the newspaper, its low cost and

the ease of providing the news at our leisure and comfort as many times as we desire.

The Origin of Newspapers

Public officials in ancient Rome posted news of the day in a public space, but it was not until the

invention of the printing press in the late Middle Ages that mass-

produced printed matter became possible. One hundred fifty

years after the invention of printing from movable type byJohann Gutenberg in 1447, the first regular newspaper, Avisa

Relation oder Zeitung, appeared in Germany in the early 17th

century. The first English-language newspaper, the Weekly

Newes, began publishing in England in 1622.It was followed in

the 1640's and 1650's by a plethora of different titles in the

similar newsbook format. The first true newspaper in English

was the London Gazette of 1666. Over the next few generations,

small pamphlets and broadsheets were the primary source of printed information in both England

and the colonies of North America, although they were generally geared toward business

matters. One of the first newspapers in the U.S. was Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and

Domestick, which began appearing in Boston in 1690.

These early prototypes of the newspaper eventually developed into

publications that appeared on a more regular basis in localized

geographic areas. At the time of the American Revolution, 35newspapers were published in the 13 colonies. Many of these

papers and their successors over the next few generations were

concerned with political issues of the day and were rather

expensive. This changed during the 1830s, however, when
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technology and publicity popularized "penny papers." The New York Sun was one of the first of

these to gain wide spread readership.

The development of quicker, more efficient printing methods led to a rapid growth of

newspapers in the U.S. during the 19th century. As the country expanded and new metropolitan

centers sprang up, so did newspapers that served the interests of the region. A growing literacy

rate among the populace also helped make such printed matter more popular and profitable. In

the latter decades of the 20th century, papers such as the New York Times and the Wall Street

Journal have become esteemed sources of news in the U.S. and have wide distribution outside of

the cities where they are produced.

Until the 1980s, many cities had more than one newspaper, and it was not uncommon for a large

city to have three or four competing dailies. By the 1990s, many papers had disappeared or

merged so that only one or two noncompeting papers coexisted in major cities. Smaller regional

newspapers provide a mix of local news with national and international items. Such papers

usually have correspondents in New York, Washington, D.C., and the major cities of the world.

Tabloid newspapers, presenting more sensational news and features such as detailed crime

stories, first appeared in the U.S. in the 1920s. The word tabloid refers to the size of the printed

page, which is generally half the size of a standard newspaper.

Newspaper and Public Opinion

Napoleon Bonaparte said: "Public opinion is the thermometer a monarch should constantly

consult." Newspaper has played a very great role in the formation of opinion. Wilcox in 1899

made an analysis of the content of a large number of newspapers. In 1924 another analysis of a

similar nature was made. Certain changes in content were evident, especially, however, the

increased space given to advertisements and the decrease in space given over to editorial and

readers' opinions. The business department of the newspaper has come to overshadow all other

aspects of it. It is today more and more a great commercial concern interested in profits and

organized with an eye single to stock dividends.
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Since 1869 when the first edition came off a flatbed press in a Main Street building in downtown

Chambersburg Public Opinion has been a part of life in the Cumberland Valley, and the county's

most comprehensive source of local news and information.

Public Opinion began as a weekly newspaper and then became a daily first published in the

morning, and in 1921 it became an afternoon paper. By 1931, Public Opinion had bought two

other newspapers with long histories in Franklin County, The Franklin Repository and Valley

Spirit.

While other area media may provide a limited amount of Franklin County news, Public Opinion

is the sole news organization devoted 100 percent to covering Franklin County's diverse

communities. Moreover, we are continuing to expand our online efforts, to take advantage of

ever-evolving platforms and technology for gathering and delivering local news and information.

In all of these digital forms, and no doubt many more to come, Public Opinion's mission of

service to the community will remain the same. We have deep roots in Franklin County and an

historical standard to uphold.

Newspaper Circulation(per 100 households)

(See appendix 1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
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Newspaper before use to build opinion

While readers generally turn to newspapers for unbiased factual reporting, newspapers also

typically include a fair bit of opinion. Opinion may be woven into news articles, it may appear in

specific opinion pieces written by the editor or the editorial board it may appear in the writings

of individual columnists, or it may appear in editorial cartoons or other parts of the newspaper.

Historically, some newspapers have had a particular editorial bent, leaning in one political

direction or another. In some larger communities, there might be two or more newspapers, each

with a strong affiliation with a particular political party or set of political ideals. Readers could

then choose the newspaper that they wished to read based on their own interests. Journaliststoday typically strive to maintain objectivity presenting a story without bias but readers

can still choose from among many different media outlets, and there are still often distinct

differences in the ways in which different newspapers, television news channels, and radio

networks.

Examples of public opinion build by newspaper earlier on different vital issues are on World

War One, Russian revolution, Great Depression, World War Two, Decolonization, Soviet

Atomic Blast, Iranian Revolution, Chinese Revolution, Globalization , the war of liberation in

1971. Newspapers played a vital role during the Independence war of Bangladesh. All kinds of

brutally tortured & killing incidents were the lead news of all Bangladeshi newspapers During

the liberation war a number of newspapers were published from different parts of the country.

With the help of these newspapers, journalists brought out the latest information about the war &

made public unity against Pakistani militants. That time almost 36 newspapers were published.

Most of them were weekly & few of themes were daily s. Two newspapers were in English

edition. Public opinion in newspaper played a vital role to separate East Pakistan from West

Pakistan.
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Newspaper reflects public awareness

Newspaper plays a vital role in public awareness. In our country different public awareness role

played by the newspaper are about Autism, Reproductive Health, Disaster reduction ,Road safety

, environmental issues, Contamination of drinking water by arsenic ,Labor rights and safety etc.It

is due to newspaper public awareness that Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) had been

withdrawn from Bangladesh. Awareness about health care:

The status of men s knowledge of and awareness to maternal, neonatal and child health care are

largely unknown in Bangladesh and the effect of community focused interventions in improving

men s knowledge is largely unexplored. This study identifies the extent of men s knowledge and

awareness on maternal, neonatal and child health issues between intervention and control groups.

Here newspaper played a vital role for creating awareness about our health.

Public awareness about environmental issues:

Newspaper played a very important role in creating awareness about different environmental

issues such as Sanitation, pollution, wetland management, waste management, surface water

management, forest and protected area management, natural disaster, land degradation, some

local and regional concerns, environmental management, international issues related to

environment etc. While there is now widespread agreement that urban environmental issues are

important, there is little coherence in how international agencies and others define the urban

environment and identify its critical problems. This is not just a semantic question, as it is

intimately related to how and where funds are allocated and to who can expect to benefit from

the resulting environmental improvements. Most of the confusion arises from the qualifier

environmental and what it should mean in an urban context. If urban environmental problems

are defined and pursued too broadly, then almost all urban development initiatives can be labeled

environ mental. For example, Einstein s oft -cited definition of the environment as everything

that is not me , could be used to designate anything from better shopping facilities to better
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televisions as urban environmental improvement. Thus the newspaper can create much

awareness about environmental issues and can give us a better life to live in.

The Role of Newspapers in Modern Age

The world today is much smaller than what it originally was, thanks largely due to the

development of communication methods and skills. The history of mankind proves that every

event has its relevance and significance with respect to the time in which it has occurred. And

these communication skills have the unique distinction of contributing so much to the

development of society that no other single sphere of human activity can boast of the same.

Newspapers form the major means of vehicle of these communication systems which have

helped the society change for better, over the years.

The society during the course of its evolution all over the world has involved people in large

numbers irrespective of their proximity to the centre of events. The people at the same time

could actively participate and bring about the changes in society and thereby in their life styles

by responding to the events in proper time. This is largely attributable to the credit of media

especially the newspapers since they are effective, economically viable and readily available to

the large section of people. The mankind has a unique want of responding to the hardships of

their breather, crossing the national, linguistic, ethnic and socio-economic barriers in times of

crises and calamities. The newspapers have always played a significant role in arousing the

awareness amongst the people to such necessities.

In a democratic set up where freedom of speech is a vanguard of parliamentary institutions, the

newspapers have almost single handedly defended the rights of the citizens when the same were

threatened and the events have shown that the newspapers were instrumental in bringing thedownfall of governments who have systematically defied the democratic institutions. The

newspapers act as watch-dog of the government administration and officials ever on the vigil for

malpractices, corruption, lethargy and indolence on the part of the government services. No other

period of human history as the present one has seen the importance of the role played by

newspapers. The unification efforts of some countries, the exposure of corrupt leaders of some


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regimes, the downfall of some governments, the sufferings caused by natural calamities like

earthquakes, the pangs of separation caused by terrorist activities and the horrifying malaise of

famine in some other parts of the world are but a few example of events of every day nature that

were instantaneously brought to the millions of readership all over the world, evoking response,

arousing sympathy and paving way for emotional upheavals. The newspapers thus are the only

means of touching the hearts of mankind which is otherwise miles apart and has no palpable

impact on developments occurring in other parts of the globe. The newspapers bring the world

that much closer wherein one society responds to the needs of another, one country sympathizes

with the requirements of another thereby cultivating and installing a sense of belonging in the

process, quite imperceptibly though.

The newspapers have another unique distinction of having seen the times good, bad andturbulent, as the history unfolded past them. They have seen countries under slavery, win

freedom, developed in all spheres of society and became powerful developing countries in the

present day society. No other innovative cataloguing of human history can be paralleled to such a

systematic and continuous logging of events. This is how the newspapers act as conduit for a

meaningful continuity of human behavior in all respects from one generation to another. The

present day newspapers educate the readership of developments in a gamut of field's viz.,

Science, Engineering. They also act as intermediaries for social activities like matrimonial,

personal advertisements etc., thereby becoming an indispensable part of human life. The amount

of readership in any society is invariably taken as a yardstick to the awareness of those citizens

of the developments taking place around them.

The absence of such an umbilical cord to the society is like producing an ultra modem limousine

without incorporating the brake system. It will affect the human sensitivity to the sufferings of

their fellow humans. The absence of newspapers will be catastrophically to the survival of

fairness in public life and half the society would not know of the developments in the other's

half. It will lead to ignorance of events occurring in one region to the other, the relevance of all

modern developments in Science and Technology would be futile simply because they cannot

reach the large sections of the people effectively. Lastly it amounts to lack of service on on-line

encyclopedia of human history and doing away with a faithful witness of ail events of human

activity.


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A life without newspapers is hence a life frightfully unimaginable and incredibly hard in the

sense it takes the life styles of mankind to the pre medieval times, reducing life to a mere

existence.

However, in the new age of electronic media, the newspapers have lost significance to people

interested only in news and sports. Yet for avid readers of newspapers, these are as important as

their morning cup of tea or milk.

(See appendix 2)


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We are living in the age of communication and information explosion. The public media-Radio,

Television and press are banging and howling twenty four hours. The easy, cheap and quick

means of communication have brought the distant corners of the world closer. We can say that

world has shrunk; developing countries are in constant contact with the developed world. They

are benefiting from their experiences.

The newspaper is the main organ of communication. It contains both news and views on matters

of public and national importance. It now a day stands for mass communication it plays a

versatile role in national life and in promoting international understanding and friendship. The

newspapers enables the people to know about the happening and important events in the country,

states and the world at large. The more advanced country is the more organized and powerful in

the press. And the more educated and cultured are the people, the most they expect from the press, if developing societies want to march on the road of progress and prosperity they must

have healthy press and newspaper. Because developing societies need advancement in all sectors

of life and that would be possible through more education and knowledge and the newspapers

are the best source of knowledge.

The newspapers are very important for developing society because they have great influence on

national life. They express views on various matters like social, political, economic, educational,

recreational and even religious. Thus they create guide, educate and shape public opinion. Byraisin g their power full voice against any attempted invasion on people s rights and liberties they

act as the over watchful guardian of people.

Newspapers not only educate and enlighten public opinion but they also pay a role of educator

by publishing comments, criticism and review on various branches of knowledge. The readers

become conversant with the thought current of the world and it creates curiosity for knowledge

and love of learning. Everything is possible by knowledge and learning. The huge circulation of

daily newspaper proves what immense responsibilities the newspapers have and brings out their

versatile role in national life. In the third World and developing societies like Pakistan the

newspapers have additional responsibility since the majority of the people are illiterate and camp

followers, they depends up on the literate ones for their opinions on social issues and the press or

the journalists have to play the role of guiding and moulding the public opinion. The newspapers


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not only help the people to from opinions in political field, but also in other spheres of human

activities. Thus the newspapers have great responsibility and social obligation in developing

societies.

The information provided by newspaper has a great educative value for all. In its functioning the

newspapers not only educates the thinking of the people but also guides and channelize thinking

of people in right directions. Right and healthy functioning of democracy in developing countries

depends on enlightened views and nature opinion of the people. The Demos must know what are

their rights and duties and how to exercise them without fear and favour. The electorate must

know that vote is sacred trust and it must be exercised in the best interest of nation the present

political chaos in the third world countries in general and Pakistan in particulars is due to

ignorance and indolence of the masses. Newspapers need to play their due role in order to run thedemocracy smoothly.


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Yellow Journalism

Yellow journalism, in short, is biased opinion masquerading as objective fact. Moreover, the practice of yellow journalism involved sensationalism, distorted stories, and misleading images

for the sole purpose of boosting newspaper sales and exciting public opinion. It was particularly

indicative of two papers founded and popularized in the late

19th century- The New York World, run by Joseph

Pulitzer and The New York Journal, run by William Randolph

Hearst.

It all started, some historians believe, with the onset of the rapid

industrialization that was happening all around the world. The

Industrial Revolution eventually affected the newspaper

industry, allowing newspapers access to machines that could

easily print thousands of papers in a single night. This is

believed to have brought into play one of the most important characteristics of yellow journalism

- the endless drive for circulation. And unfortunately, the publisher's greed was very often put

before ethics.

Although the actual practice of what would later become known as yellow journalism came into

being during a more extended time period (between 1880-1890), the term was first coined based

on a series of occurrences in and following the year of 1895. This was the year in which Hearst

purchased the New York Journal, quickly becoming

a key rival of Pulitzer's. The term was derived,

through a series of peculiar circumstances, from a

cartoon by the famous 19th century cartoonist,

Robert Outcault called "The Yellow Kid". This

comic strip happened to use a new special, non-

smear yellow ink, and because of the significance of

the comic strip, the term "yellow journalism" was
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Conclusion

Newspaper is one of the initial communication tools of the society. They ve been the most usual

and a generally received medium to be used in conveying the local, regional, international and

national news to readers. Ever since the beginning of the society, the newspapers were published

to convey the latest happening in different parts worldwide.

Today the major dailies employ correspondents to collect news from all over the place and also

from agencies. They write about any and every event happening at all corners of the world. They

act as the guardian of the society. They help in developing public opinion. It acts as a mirror of

the society and informs everything in minute detail, thus helps in forming a collective opinion.

In this contemporary time the role of newspapers is very significant in the promotion of trade,

commerce, and business. Big corporate houses and business houses promote their products by

putting in giving roomy ads on papers. Advertisements like the classified advertisements,

significant community announcements and communal notices also make up the chief content &

substance of newspapers. Sporting, educational as well as campus news, cultural activities, dance

drama, and fine arts are a few of the indispensable features of every primary newspaper. The

readers get the knowledge of any and every activity happening in and around the area. They read

about the opinion and reviews, the editorials and feature articles to know about the incident in

detail.

The modern day paper also has a column, the letter to the editor section, in which the reader can

write about his grievances or appreciation about any report or incident in the society. The

newspaper also informs about the political activities, the new laws or the sports and activities

happening in the society.

Apparently after reading these paragraphs it seems that the role of news paper is to convey

information and help in developing public opinion only. In reality, it is not limited to this extent.

A modern day paper has done miraculous activity in recent years and shown that even in the age

of internet and news portal, the radio and television, newspaper can still change the life, the


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though and mind of the society. They can still help in creating a common opinion and work as a

corporate social responsible tool and fight for justice if needed. They can change the government

or help in punishing a criminal by simply acquiring public support and demanding justice. This is

one of the major tools of democracy.

Ever since the formation of society news paper has always helped people. Today they are doing

the same. In general level they inform people about the incidents or promote products of the

companies. It even informs about job vacancies and admission in school or colleges. You are not

sure about what to study or how to get admission just read the students corner and find all the

answers. It is easy, cheap and quickly available. The best part is it can be referred back any time

and can be documented for future reference.


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Recommendation

Newspaper publishers spend millions of dollars annually to ensure that the newspaper arrives at

the newspaper stand or the subscriber s doorstep every day. Reporters track down stories and

editors diligently maintain the editorial integrity of the newspaper. The production department

meticulously guarantees that advertisements make it onto the right page. It is no small feat that

this daily production process has continued for centuries across every city and town in the world.

Therein lays the rub. With a resolute focus on both the published newspaper and production

efficiencies, newspapers have become true stalwarts of the industrial age.

The last decade has ushered in a new era, the information age, which is characterized by anunwavering focus on custome rs. A newspaper s most valuable asset is customer acceptance.

Today, customer service means more than delivering the newspaper on time, every time. Many

newspapers are transforming their organizations from manufacturing-oriented enterprises to

customer-centric businesses and relying on customer relationship management solutions to help

catapult newspapers into the new age (Margaret 2002).In the early of the eighty s of the last

century the then government of Bangladesh had declared the newspaper sector as an industry.

Now a day it has become a wide and very important industry of the economy of our country. At

present there are about four hundreds national daily newspaper sand more than two thousand

magazines in the country [Siddique 2002]. This is one of t he most dynamic sectors of our

economy. A revolutionary change has been occurring in this industry especially from the last ten

years.

Journalists are the standard bearer of truth and justice and serve the truth regardless of any race

or political philosophy. They are completely unbiased and not influenced by the vested interest

groups. Because of the fearless and truthful journalism of bold and honest media men, the worldis getting the truth about incidents happening around us. Recently I have noticed with concern

that your esteemed newspaper is showing a complete biasness about the current crisis in

Bangladesh through depicting a particular political party and their student organization in a

derogatory and a monstrous way. You may not like their political philosophy but that should not

shake and destroy your ideology and moral fabric. In a pluralistic democratic society we respect


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freedom of expression and the right of every ideology to participate in the political process. It is

for the people to decide whether they would support their political agenda. In a civil society

journalists play a pivotal role to bring tolerance and understanding between opposing views. This

is more applicable under the prevailing situation in Bangladesh.

I have not seen a single newspaper article or an editorial about protecting the decision of the

judiciary about the recent war crime verdict. Journalists should not encourage any group of

youths to dictate and overstep on the decision of the country's judiciary.

Why the youth should be encouraged to hang an old man overriding the decision of the justice

system? We should learn to be compassionate not to be vindictive. Look at the history of SouthAfrican liberation. Nelson Mandela could have exacted the revenge after a brutal apartheid, but

he decided to forgive those inhuman criminals for the sake of national unity. We expect the

Bangladesh journalists to perform like that and for the truth.


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Bibliography

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Arblaster, Paul. Posts, Newsletters, Newspapers: England in a European system ofcommunications . In Raymond 2006. Pp. 19 -34.

Arblaster, Paul. Antwerp & the World: Richard Verstegan and the International Culture of Roman Catholicism . Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2004.

Sawyer, Jeffrey K. Printed Poison: Pamphlet Propaganda, Faction Politics, and the PublicSphere in Early Seventeenth-Century France . Berkeley: University of California Press,1990.

Shaaber, Matthias A. Some Forerunners of the Newspaper in England, 1476-1622 . Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1929.

Raymond, Joad. Irrational, Impractical and Unprofitable: Reading the News in Seventeenth -Century Britain , In Kevin Sharpe and Steven Zwicker, eds., Writing Readers in Early

Modern England . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Raab, Felix. The English Face of Machiavelli . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964.

McKenzie, D. F. The Staple of News and the Late Plays , in A Celebration of Ben Jonson , W.Blissett, J. Patrick and R. W. Van Fossen, eds. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973.Pp. 83-128.

Infelise, Mario. 'News networks between Italy and Europe', in B. Dooley, The Dissemination of News and the Emergence of Contemporaneity in Early Modern Europe . Aldershot:Ashgate, 2010, pp. 51-67.

Jardine, Lisa. Going Dutch: How England Plundered Hollands Glory . London: Harper Collins,2008.

Jardine, Lisa and Jerry Brotton. Global Interests: Renaissance Art between East and West .Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.

Johnson, A. F. The Exiled English Church at Amsterdam and its Press . The Library , 5th ser., 5(1951), 219-42.


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Appendices


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Appendix-1

Following an average drop of 10.6% in the last 12 months, daily newspaper circulation has fallen

to a pre-World War II low of an estimated 39.1 million, according to an analysis of industry data

released today. The first double-digit circulation decline in history means only 12.9% of the U.S.

population buys a daily newspaper. The analysis is based on data provided by the Audit Bureau

of Circulations, an industry-funded group.

Newspaper circulation now is lower than the 41.1 million papers sold in 1940, the earliest date

for which records are published by the Newspaper Association of America. Back in 1940,

newspapers were purchased by 31.1% of the population. Sunday circulation, which fell an

average of 7.5% in the last six months to an estimated 40.9 million copies per week, is at the

lowest point since 1945 when it was 39.9 million.

At that rate papers in the last six months reached only 13.5% of Americans, as compared with

28.5% in 1945, when the population was less than half the size it is today. Our circulation

estimates are calculated on the entire universe of some 1,400 dailies in the United States. In

announcing the most recent circulation decline, ABC put daily readership at 30.4 million for the

379 newspapers in its sample, which reflects most of the biggest papers. But a lot of smaller

properties are not counted in the ABC figure.

Appendix-2

The study, examining the attitudes of over 24,000 consumers, finds that the most-trusted medium

for news and information is newspapers (87% & 72%), television (85% & 81%), and then radio

(84% & 78%). Only (76% & 57%) respondents selected online news sources as most trusted .

When it comes to advertising influence, even though it falls outside the most -trusted territory,

respondents were more likely to turn to the internet for product research and recommendations

on brands to buy, with 61.1% saying it was the top source that influenced their brand-buying

decision.
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jk7B0MQWPDW4L7PRHMj53BX2cHZwD9BIQQH03http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jk7B0MQWPDW4L7PRHMj53BX2cHZwD9BIQQH03http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jk7B0MQWPDW4L7PRHMj53BX2cHZwD9BIQQH03http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jk7B0MQWPDW4L7PRHMj53BX2cHZwD9BIQQH03


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Traditional media lagged behind online in the realm of influence, yet still remained significant--

for example, over 28% of respondents noted TV commercials as holding the most influence.

Examining traditional media as a whole -- TV, radio, and newspapers combined influenced 64%

of consumers to buy a product or service after seeing it advertised.

role of newspaper in public awerness

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