role and responsibility of independent directors.docx

8/16/2019 ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS.docx

1/57

ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF INDEPENDENT

DIRECTORS UNDER COMPANIES ACT 2013

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO .....................

I N THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE R EQUIREMENT FOR

A DEGREE OF .....................

BY

.....................

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

1


2/57

CERTIFICATE

I have the pleasue t! "et#$% that .....................& a stu'e(t !$ .....................& .............

has pusue' h#s esea"h )!* a(' pepae' the D#ssetat#!( t#tle' ......................... u('e +%

supev#s#!( a(' ,u#'a("e. T! the -est !$ +% *(!)le',e the '#ssetat#!( #s the esult !$ h#s

!)( esea"h.

Th#s #s -e#(, su-+#tte' t! the ................. $! the 'e,ee !$ .....................s #( the pat#al

$ul$#l+e(t !$ the eu#e+e(ts !$ the sa#' 'e,ee.

2


3/57

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the !(set !$ th#s D#ssetat#!( t#tle' ...............................& the esea"he )!ul' l#*e t!

a"*(!)le',e the help a(' supp!t !$ a (u+-e !$ pe!ple.

I )!ul' l#*e t! e/pess +% heat#est ,at#tu'e t!)a's ............................... $!

#("ul"at#(, the "!("ept !$ pepa#(, a D#ssetat#!( a(' all!)#(, +e t! pese(t +% v#e)p!#(ts

#( a l#-eal +a((e0 a(' $! -el#ev#(, #( +e )#th su"h D#ssetat#!( a(' su,,est#(, +e su"h a

e+a*a-le t!p#". I )!ul' als! l#*e t! tha(* P!$ess! ...................$! he supp!t a('

valua-le a'v#"e as a supev#s! "u+ +e(t! 'u#(, th#s esea"h )!*. She helpe' +e

th!u,h!ut the se+este t! u('esta(' the eu#e+e(ts !$ the su-1e"t +atte& a(' ,u#'e +e

$! the su""ess$ul pepaat#!( !$ th#s P!1e"t.

I )!ul' als! l#*e t! tha(* the l#-a% sta$$ at the .................. $! pe+#tt#(, +e t! use

the# estee+e' L#-a#es $! esea"h.

O( a pes!(al level& I )!ul' l#*e t! e/te(' appe"#at#!( t!)a's +% $a+#l% a('

$#e('s )h! supp!te' +e #( th#s D#ssetat#!(.

Tha(*s&

.....................

.......................

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CHAPTER-1

PROVISIONS RELATING TO COMPANY DIRECTOR

1. A Dir!"#r

Se" 234567 A(% pes!( )h! !""up#es the p!s#t#!( !$ a D#e"t! 8 -% )hateve (a+e "alle'.

9ase stu'%7 Fe,us!( v:s ;#ls!(< Tul% spea*#(, the '#e"t! !$ a "!+pa(% #s a( a,e(t !$ the

"!+pa(%.

9ase stu'%7 S+#th v:s A('es!(< D#e"t!s ae tul% the tustees !$ the p!pet% !$ the

"!+pa(%.

2. D$% Dir!"#r

As pe Se". =& Se" 5>5& Se" 5?2A7 #$ '#e"t!s a"t !( a'v#"e !$ a pes!(& that pes!( #s "alle'

'ee+e' '#e"t!.

Se". ?7 #$ that pes!( #s ,#v#(, p!$ess#!(al a'v#"e 8 that pes!( )#ll (!t -e "alle' 'ee+e'

'#e"t!

3. A M&'&(i'( Dir!"#r

Se"2 32@67 a pes!( )h! has -ee( ,#ve( su-sta(t#al p!)es !$ +a(a,e+e(t #s "alle'

+a(a,#(, '#e"t!< he "a( -e app!#(te' 8 -%< -!a' es!lut#!( : at#"les : AGM :a,ee+e(ts.

). Mi'i$*$ '*$+r #, Dir!"#r

Se". 2=27 pu-l#" "!+pa(%7 5& p#vate "!+pa(%7 2. N! +a/#+u+ l#+#t #( la) these l#+#ts "a(

-e set #( at#"les !$ ass!"#at#!(

Se". 2=< )he( the (u+-es !$ '#e"t!s #("ease -e%!(' 42& #t +a% eu#e G!vt.

Pe+#ss#!(.

. Dir!"#r R/r'"i'( S$& S&r#%r

4


5/57

3O(l% !( pu-l#" "!+pa(#es )#th Rs. = "!e ! +!e6

As pe 9!+pa(#es 3app!#(t+e(t !$ s+all shaeh!l'es '#e"t!6 ules 2>>4 8 thee sh!ul'

'#e"t! : s epese(t#(, s+all shaeh!l'es.

S+all shaeh!l'es7 h!l'#(, upt! Rs. 2>>>> (!+#(al value 3$a"e value6 !$ shaes.

. Fir" Dir!"#r

Se" 2=C< Ma% -e app!#(te' -% at#"les !$ ass!"#at#!(& the $#st '#e"t!s ae app!#(te' -%

su-s"#-es !$ MOA AOA.

. S*+4*'" Dir!"#r

Se" 2==& Se" 2=@< The% ae app!#(te' -% AGM

2:5'#e"t!s ae et##(, '#e"t!s < 4:5+a%-e (!( et##(, '#e"t!s. Thus #$ %!u have 42

'#e"t!s& '#e"t!s have t! et#e -% !tat#!(

9ase stu'%7 S. a-h S#(,h v:s Pa(esa Me"h. ;!*s P. Lt'.

Se"2C


6/57

Se" 2@>< Yes 8 IF AOA auth!#e #t.

But th#s app!#(t+e(t )#ll -e t#ll (e/t AGM. I$ AGM #s (!t hel'& the '#e"t! )#ll et#e !( the

'ate !$ AGM.

10. C&*& A//#i'"$'"

Se" 2@2< I$ thee #s a va"a("%& the -!a' +a% app!#(t a '#e"t! as pe p!"e'ue #( A!A. Th#s

#s "asual app!#(t+e(t.

11. A"r'&" Dir!"#r

Se" 545< B!D +a% app!#(t alte(ate '#e"t! #( pla"e !$ a '#e"t! )h! #s ,!#(, $! a l!(,

va"at#!( < the alte(ate '#e"t! )#ll leave the p!s#t#!( )he( !#,#(al '#e"t! etu(s. It +ust -e $! 5 +!(ths ! +!e.

12. A//#i'"$'" +9 C'"r& G#:r'$'"

Se" C>< I$ 9!+pa(% La) B!a' th#(*s #t #s (e"essa%& the( 9e(tal ,!vt. Ma% app!#(t a

'#e"t! $! a pe#!' upt! 5 %eas.

Th#s '#e"t! )#ll (!t eu#e ual#$#"at#!( shaes 3+#(#+u+ (u+-e !$ shaes t! -e hel' -%

eve% '#e"t! t! -e el#,#-le t! -e"!+e a '#e"t!6.

;h#le "!u(t#(, 2:5'& )e )#ll (!t ta*e th#s '#e"t! #(t! a""!u(t.

13. A//#i'"$'" +9 3r%P&r"i

F#(a("#al #(st#tut#!(s l#*e IDBI:IF9I:I9I9I:SBI et". 9a( app!#(t a''#!(al (!+#(ee '#e"t!s

8

1). A//#i'"$'" i' AGM

The# pat#"ulas have t! -e su-+#tte' #( $!+ (!. 52.

Se". 2@5 8 a '#e"t! #s app!#(te' -% shaeh!l'es 8 -% s#+ple +a1!#t%. Ea"h '#e"t! )#ll

eu#e sepaate es!lut#!(.

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1. Pri'!i/ #, Pr#/#r"i#'& R/r'"&"i#'

Se" 2@= P&r" I

The pes!( -e#(, app!#(te' as MD +ust (!t have v#!late' a(% a"t l#*e 9e(tal E/"#se&

I("!+e Ta/& ;ealth Ta/& 9ust!+s& a(' FEMA et".

A,e 8 -et)ee( 2= a(' ?> 3A +a1! )#th less tha( 2= %eas a,e : +!e tha( ?> &"a( als!

-e"!+e& #$ spe"#al es!lut#!( ,!vt. Pe+#ss#!( #s !-ta#(e'6& +ust (!t have v#!late'

9OFEPOSA.

15. M&?i$*$ Pri#% #, Tr$

The +a/#+u+ pe#!' #s = %eas < eapp!#(t+e(t #s pe+#tte'.

16. M&?i$*$ R$*'r&"i#'

Se" 4< =J t!tal +a(a,e#al e+u(eat#!( !$ the "!+pa(% K 44J !$ p!$#t

3"!+pute' as pe se". 5C a('5=>6

$! pat t#+e '#e"t! 7 4J 3#$ MD #s thee& 5J& #$ thee #s (! MD6

20. Si""i'( F

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8/57

Se" 5>< Ma/#+u+ $ees7 2>>>> $! ea"h +eet#(, 3)he( tu(!ve #s a-!ve => "!e a('

"ap#tal eseves at least 4> "!es6.

Othe)#se +a/#+u+7 4>>>> : pe +eet#(,.

21. @*&i,i!&"i#' #, Dir!"#r

Se" 2?C< Qual#$#"at#!(s ae (!t +e(t#!(e'& -ut '#sual#$#"at#!(s ae +e(t#!(e' #( the la). A

pes!( !$ u(s!u(' +#('& #(s!lve(t& a pes!( #+p#s!(e' $! +!al tup#tu'e $! @ +!(ths !

+!e #s (!t el#,#-le $! '#e"t!sh#p.

9ase stu'% 7 O#e(tal Metal Pess#(, )!*s P. Lt' vs. Bhas*a ash#(ath<

The "!ut hel' that !(l% #('#v#'ual "a( -e '#e"t!& a $#+ ! ass!"#at#!( "a(t -e '#e"t!& as#t #s a p!s#t#!( !$ tust.

9ase stu'%7 Pe!ples Ba(* !$ N!the( I('#a<

At#"les !$ ass!"#at#!( +a% e/e+pt pes!(s !$ te"h(#"al : p!$ess#!(al ual#$#"at#!( $!+

hav#(, ual#$#"at#!( shaes. Othe)#se the at#"les +a% eu#e the '#e"t! t! have

ual#$#"at#!( shaes.

22. @*&i,i!&"i#' &r

Se" 2?>< D#e"t! +ust have ual#$#"at#!( shaes #( 2 +!(ths $!+ app!#(t+e(t the (!+#(al

value !$ ual#$#"at#!( shaes sh!ul' (!t -e +!e tha( Rs. =>>> -eae !$ shae )aa(t "a(t

-e sa#' t! -e h!l'#(, ual#$#"at#!( shaes.

23. P'&"9

Se" 2?2< I$ a '#e"t! '!es(t a"u#e ual#$#"at#!( shaes #( 2 +!(ths& he shall pa% pe(alt%

Rs. =>> pe 'a%. 3all these p!v#s#!(s ae appl#"a-le !(l% !( pu-l#" "!+pa(#es6.

2). N*$+r #, %ir!"#ri/ 7$&?.8

Se". 2?=< N! pes!( "a( -e"!+e '#e"t! !$ +!e tha( 4= "!+pa(#es 3pu-l#" "!+pa(#es6.

2. E?!*i#' ,r#$ 1 !#$/&'i

Se" 2?< F!ll!)#(, ae (!t "!u(te' #( 4= "!+pa(#es 7 p#vate "!+pa(% u(l#+#te' "!+pa(% a

"!+pa(% #( )h#"h the pes!( #s alte(ate '#e"t! ass!"#at#!( (!t $! p!$#t

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2. P'&"9

Se" 2?< Upt! =>>>> #$ %!u -e"!+e '#e"t! !$ +!e tha( 4= pu-l#" "!+pa(#es.

2. V&!&"i#' #, P#" #, Dir!"#r

Se" 25< A '#e"t! has t! va"ate #$7

He #s !$ u(s!u(' +#('& he '!es(t a"u#e ual#$#"at#!( shaes #( 2 +!(ths& he #s 1u',e'

#(s!lve(t& "!(v#"te' $! +!al tup#tu'e #+p#s!(e' $! @ +!(ths ! +!e& a-se(ts the 5

"!(se"ut#ve +eet#(,s ! $! 5 +!(ths 3)#th!ut leave6& he '!es(t '#s"l!se h#s #(teest #( a

"!(ta"t 3se". 26& -% "!ut 3se". 2>56& )he( he #s thee as a( e+pl!%ee& -ut he et#es.

25. R$#:& #, Dir!"#r

Se" 2C& se" 5-& Se" C>2< Shaeh!l'es "a( e+!ve a '#e"t! -% !'#(a% es!lut#!(. The%

have t! se(' a spe"#al (!t#"e 34C 'a% (!t#"e6 $! th#s +eet#(, a(' pass the es!lut#!(. The%

"a((!t e+!ve a '#e"t! app!#(te' -% G!vt.: F#(a("#al I(st#tut#!(.

26. R$#:& +9 G#:r'$'" i' C& #, Fr&*%

Se" 5 3-6& Se" 5 3e62< I( !'e t! peve(t !ppess#!( a(' +#s+a(a,e+e(t& 9LB "a(

e+!ve '#e"t! 8 that '#e"t! "a(t -e"!+e '#e"t! !$ a(!the "!+pa(% $! = %eas.

31. L#&' "# %ir!"#r

Se" 2=< ;#th!ut p#! pe+#ss#!( $!+ ,!ve(+e(t& (! "!+pa(% "a( ,#ve l!a( t! #ts

'#e"t! : $#+ 3)hee the '#e"t! !$ th#s "!+pa(% #s a pat(e : p!p#et! : "!+pa(% !$ #ts

'#e"t! 3#ts '#e"t! #s h!l'#(, 2=J v!t#(, p!)e #( that "!+pa(%6& h!)eve& these

p!v#s#!(s '!(t appl% t! p#vate : -a(*#(, : h!l'#(, "!+pa(%.

9ase stu'%7 MR ele"t!(#"s "!+p!(e(ts<

A'va("e sala% t! the )#$e !$ a '#e"t! )#ll (!t "!+e #( se". 2=.

9


10/57

9ase stu'%7 D. Fe'#e A'esh#<

Sale !$ $lat !( #(stall+e(t t! the '#e"t! )#ll (!t "!+e u('e se". 2=.

32. C#'"r&!"


11/57

Se". 25 est#"ts the p!)es !$ the -!a' 7 #t "a(t e+#t l!a( 'ue t! '#e"t! ! h#s $#+& #t

"a(t #(vest "!+pe(sat#!( e"e#ve' !the)#se tha( as pe la)& #t "a(t '#ve "ha#t% !$ +!e tha(

=J !$ p!$#t 3! =>>>>6 #t "a(t -!!) +!e tha( eu#t% eseves )#th!ut pe+#ss#!(.

35. Dir!"#r K/i'( A!!#*'" i' O"r P&! "&' R(i"r% O,,i!

Yes 8 the -!a' !$ '#e"t!s have t! ta*e a 'e"#s#!( a(' "!++u(#"ate #t #( ? 'a%s t! RO9

3e,#sta !$ "!+pa(#es6 #( $!+25 AA.

It "a( *eep #ts a""!u(ts !$ -a("h !$$#"es at -a("h !$$#"e 8 -ut a su++a#e' ep!t sh!ul'

-e se(t t! the e,#stee' !$$#"e at #(tevals !$ 5 +!(ths.

36. Dir!"#r I'/!"i'( &'9 B## #, A!!#*'"

Se". 2> 3C6 < Yes < 'u#(, -us#(ess h!us

)0. Dir!"#r G""i'( " A!!#*'" &'% R/#r" A//r#:% ,r#$ S&r#%r

Se" 24>< ;#th#( @ +!(ths !$ 'ate !$ "l!sue !$ $#(a("#al %ea& #t +ust -e a'!pte' -% AGM

F#(a("#al %ea "a( -e e/te('e' upt! 4= +!(ths a(' )#th pe+#ss#!( !$ RO9& upt! 4 +!(ths.

)1. Si('i'( #, A''*& A!!#*'"

A((ual a""!u(ts +ust -e s#,(e' -% 2 '#e"t!s : +a(a,e : se"eta% #$ %!u have MD& he +ust

s#,( #t.

Se". 24@7 P L as pe $!+at +ust -e atta"he' )#th -ala("e sheet.

Se". 24?7 -!a' !$ '#e"t! +ust a'' h#s ep!t !( )!*#(, !$ "!+pa(% )#th the a((ual

a""!u(ts.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE GUIDELINES

The B!a' !$ D#e"t!s #s ele"te' -% the st!"*h!l'es t! +a(a,e the -us#(ess !$ the

9!+pa(%. The B!a' !vesees the 9!+pa(%s se(#! +a(a,e+e(t& t! )h!+ #t has 'ele,ate'

the auth!#t% a(' esp!(s#-#l#t% $! the 'a%


12/57

seve& a(' all a((ual +eet#(,s !$ the 9!+pa(%s st!"*h!l'es at )h#"h the% ae sta('#(, $!

ele"t#!( ! e


13/57

tha( $!u "!+pa(#es )#th pu-l#"l% ta'e' eu#t%& #( a''#t#!( t! the 9!+pa(%. All D#e"t!s

sh!ul' "!(sult )#th the N!+#(at#(, a(' 9!p!ate G!ve(a("e 9!++#ttee p#! t! 1!#(#(,

the -!a' !$ a(!the pu-l#" "!+pa(%.

3-6 C&'( i' #+ R/#'i+ii"9

D#e"t!s )h! e/pe#e("e a +ate#al "ha(,e #( the# 1!- esp!(s#-#l#t%& !the tha( !( a""!u(t

!$ et#e+e(t& shall !$$e t! es#,( $!+ the B!a'. The N!+#(at#(,:9!p!ate G!ve(a("e

9!++#ttee& a$te ev#e)#(, the app!p#ate(ess !$ "!(t#(ue' B!a' sev#"e u('e these

"#"u+sta("es& a(' )#th #(put $!+ the 9h#e$ E/e"ut#ve O$$#"e& )#ll e"!++e(' )hethe the

B!a' sh!ul' a""ept su"h es#,(at#!(.

3"6 R"ir$'"

Pusua(t t! the 9!+pa(%s B%la)s& a '#e"t! #s eu#e' t! et#e $!+ the B!a' at the $#st

a((ual +eet#(, !$ st!"*h!l'es hel' a$te he ! she ea"hes a,e ?2& u(less the B!a'& up!(

e"!++e('at#!( !$ the N!+#(at#(,:9!p!ate G!ve(a("e 9!++#ttee& 'ete+#(es that #t #s

#( the -est #(teests !$ the 9!+pa(% a(' #ts st!"*h!l'es $! the '#e"t! t! "!(t#(ue t! seve

as a '#e"t! u(t#l a su-seue(t a((ual +eet#(,.

3'6 Ri('&"i#' #, E$/#9 Dir!"#r

The 9h#e$ E/e"ut#ve O$$#"e shall !$$e t! es#,( $!+ the B!a' )he( he ! she "eases t! -e

a( e+pl!%ee !$ the 9!+pa(%. A(% !the e+pl!%ee '#e"t! shall es#,( $!+ the B!a' )he(

he ! she "eases t! -e a( e+pl!%ee !$ the 9!+pa(%.

C&ir$&' #, " B#&r%

The B!a' ele"ts the 9ha#+a( !$ the B!a'.

COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD

G'r&

The B!a' )#ll at all t#+es have a( Au'#t 9!++#ttee& 9!+pe(sat#!( 9!++#ttee a('

N!+#(at#(,:9!p!ate G!ve(a("e 9!++#ttee& ea"h "!+p#se' e(t#el% !$ #('epe('e(t

'#e"t!s. The B!a' $!+ t#+e t! t#+e esta-l#shes su"h a''#t#!(al "!++#ttees as #t 'ee+s

13


14/57

app!p#ate. Ea"h "!++#ttee has a "hate sett#(, $!th #ts pup!se& auth!#t% a('

esp!(s#-#l#t#es& as )ell as the ual#$#"at#!(s $! "!++#ttee +e+-esh#p.

C#$$i"" M$+ri/

9!++#ttee +e+-es a(' 9ha#+e( ae app!#(te' -% the B!a'. The N!+#(at#(,:9!p!ate

G!ve(a("e 9!++#ttee& #( "!(sultat#!( )#th the 9h#e$ E/e"ut#ve O$$#"e a(' ta*#(, #(t!

a""!u(t the 'es#es& e/pe#e("es a(' e/pet#se !$ the #('#v#'ual '#e"t!s& e"!++e('s t! the

B!a' the +e+-esh#p a(' 9ha#+a( !$ ea"h "!++#ttee.

C#'%*!" #, M"i'(

M"i'( S!%* &'% A('%&

The 9ha#+a( !$ the B!a' )#ll esta-l#sh a s"he'ule !$ B!a' +eet#(,s. Spe"#al B!a'

+eet#(,s +a% -e "alle' at a(% t#+e #( the +a((e set $!th #( the B%la)s. The 9ha#+a( !$

the B!a' )#ll 'evel!p the a,e('a $! ea"h +eet#(,. A(% '#e"t! +a% pla"e a( #te+ !( the

B!a' a,e('a at a(% t#+e. The 9ha#+a( !$ ea"h "!++#ttee& #( "!(sultat#!( )#th the

"!++#ttee +e+-es a(' the app!p#ate +e+-es !$ +a(a,e+e(t& )#ll esta-l#sh a s"he'ule

!$ "!++#ttee +eet#(,s. Spe"#al "!++#ttee +eet#(,s +a% -e "alle' at a(% t#+e #( the +a((e

set $!th #( the "!++#ttee "hate. The 9ha#+a( !$ ea"h "!++#ttee& #( "!(sultat#!( )#th the

app!p#ate +e+-es !$ +a(a,e+e(t& )#ll 'evel!p the a,e('a $! ea"h "!++#ttee +eet#(,.

A(% '#e"t! +a% pla"e a( #te+ !( the a,e('a !$ a(% "!++#ttee at a(% t#+e

A%:&'! Di"ri+*"i#' #, M&"ri&

B!a' a(' "!++#ttee +eet#(, +ate#als )#ll& )he(eve p!ss#-le& -e '#st#-ute' t! the

'#e"t!s #( a'va("e !$ the +eet#(,s #( a+ple t#+e $! ev#e)& a(' '#e"t!s ae e/pe"te' t!

ev#e) these +ate#als p#! t! the +eet#(,.

E?!*"i: Si#' #, N#'-M&'&($'" Dir!"#r

The (!(


15/57

L&% Dir!"#r D*"i

The #('epe('e(t '#e"t!s shall 'es#,(ate a lea' #('epe('e(t '#e"t! )h! shall seve $! a

te+ -e,#((#(, at the $#st B!a' +eet#(, $!ll!)#(, a( a((ual +eet#(, !$ st!"*h!l'es at

)h#"h '#e"t!s ae ele"te'& a(' "!(t#(u#(, $! t)! %eas theea$te. It #s the p!l#"% !$ the

B!a' that (! #('epe('e(t '#e"t! shall seve as lea' '#e"t! $! +!e tha( t)! "!(se"ut#ve

te+s. The #('epe('e(t '#e"t!s shall have the auth!#t% t! 'epat $!+ th#s p!l#"% #$ the%

'ete+#(e that #t #s #( the -est #(teests !$ the 9!+pa(% t! '! s! #( spe"#$#" #(sta("es.

The lea' #('epe('e(t '#e"t!s 'ut#es #("lu'e7

#. Pes#'#(, !ve e/e"ut#ve sess#!(s0

##. 9ha##(, +eet#(,s !$ the B!a' !$ D#e"t!s #( the a-se("e !$ the 9ha#+a( !$ the

B!a'0

###. A"t#(, as a l#a#s!( -et)ee( the #('epe('e(t '#e"t!s a(' the 9ha#+a( !$ the B!a'0

#v. 9!!'#(at#(, )#th the 9ha#+a( !$ the B!a' e,a'#(, +eet#(, a,e('as a('

s"he'ules0

v. 9!!'#(at#(, )#th the 9ha#+a( !$ the B!a' e,a'#(, #($!+at#!( $l!) t! the

B!a'0

v#. Be#(, ava#la-le $! "!(sultat#!( a(' "!++u(#"at#!( )#th st!"*h!l'es& as

app!p#ate0 a('

v##. 9all#(, +eet#(,s !$ the #('epe('e(t '#e"t!s 3e/e"ut#ve sess#!(s6 as app!p#ate.

A!! "# M&'&($'" &'% I'%/'%'" A%:i#r

The B!a'& ea"h "!++#ttee a(' ea"h '#e"t! shall at all t#+es have "!+plete a(' '#e"t

a""ess t! +e+-es !$ +a(a,e+e(t. The B!a' a(' ea"h "!++#ttee ae e(t#tle' t! eta#(& at

the 9!+pa(%s e/pe(se& su"h #('epe('e(t "!u(sel a(' !the a'v#s!s as #t +a% 'ee+

(e"essa% ! a'v#sa-le t! "a% !ut #ts 'ut#es.

T R# #, B#&r% #, Dir!"#r i' C#r/#r&" G#:r'&'!

15


16/57

Pe!ple !$te( uest#!( )hethe "!p!ate -!a's +atte -e"ause the# 'a%


17/57

3e.,.& 'e"#s#!( t! '#s+#ss the 9EO )he( $#(a("#al pe$!+a("e #s p!!6 )#th '#$$ee(t at#!s

!$ !uts#'e t! #(s#'e '#e"t!s t! see )hethe "!('u"t va#es #( a stat#st#"all% s#,(#$#"a(t

+a((e a"!ss '#$$ee(t at#!s. ;he( "!('u"t #s (!t '#e"tl% !-seva-le 3e.,.& a'v#"e t! the

9EO a-!ut state,%6& !(e "a( l!!* at a $#+s $#(a("#al pe$!+a("e t! see )hethe -!a'

stu"tue +attes 3e.,.& the )a% a""!u(t#(, p!$#ts va% )#th the at#! !$ !uts#'e t! #(s#'e

'#e"t!s6.

O(e p!-le+ "!($!(t#(, su"h a( e+p##"al app!a"h #s that thee #s (! eas!( t! supp!se

-!a' stu"tue #s e/!,e(!us0 #('ee'& thee ae -!th the!et#"al a,u+e(ts a(' e+p##"al

ev#'e("e t! su,,est -!a' stu"tue #s e('!,e(!us 3see& e.,.& He+al#( a(' ;e#s-a"h& 4&

4& a(' 2>>56. Th#s e('!,e(e#t% "eates est#+at#!( p!-le+s #$ ,!ve(a("e "h!#"es ae

+a'e !( the -as#s !$ u(!-seva-les "!elate' )#th the e! te+ #( the e,ess#!( euat#!(s

-e#(, est#+ate'. I( $a"t& !(e !$ !u +a#( p!#(ts #( th#s suve% #s the #+p!ta("e !$

e('!,e(e#t%. G!ve(a("e stu"tues a#se e('!,e(!usl% -e"ause e"!(!+#" a"t!s "h!!se

the+ #( esp!(se t! the ,!ve(a("e #ssues the% $a"e2

Be%!(' the #+pl#"at#!(s e('!,e(e#t% h!l's $! e"!(!+et#" a(al%s#s& #t als! has #+pl#"at#!(s

$! h!) t! v#e) a"tual ,!ve(a("e pa"t#"e. I( pat#"ula& )he( )e !-seve )hat appeas t!

-e a p!! ,!ve(a("e stu"tue& )e (ee' t! as* )h% that stu"tue )as "h!se(. Alth!u,h #t #s

p!ss#-le that the ,!ve(a("e stu"tue )as "h!se( -% +#sta*e& !(e (ee's t! ,#ve at least s!+e

)e#,ht t! the p!ss#-#l#t% that #t epese(ts the #,ht& al-e#t p!!& s!lut#!( t! the "!(sta#(e'

!pt#+#at#!( p!-le+ the !,a(#at#!( $a"es. A$te all& "!+pet#t#!( #( $a"t!& "ap#tal& a('

p!'u"t +a*ets sh!ul' lea'& #( Da)#(#a( $ash#!(& t! the suv#val !$ the $#ttest. ;h#le

a'+#tte'l% $#ttest '!es (!t +ea( !pt#+al& a(%th#(, that )as su-

eas!(s )!ul' -e u($#t #(s!$a as thee )!ul' -e pessue t! a''ess these eas!(s $! su-<

!pt#+al#t%. I( !the )!'s& e/#st#(, su-

e('!,e(!us. Othes )h! have a#se' #t #("lu'e H#++el-e,etal. 346& Pal#a 32>>46& a(' 9!les et al. 32>>?6.

The p!#(t has als! -ee( '#s"usse' #( va#!us suve%s !$ the l#teatue0 "!(s#'e& e.,.& Bha,at a(' e$$e#s 32>>26a(' Be"ht et al. 32>>56& a+!(, !thes.

17


18/57

Th#s #(s#,ht a-!ut e('!,e(e#t% #s& h!)eve& eas% t! $!,et #( the $a"e !$ 'ata. F#,ue 4 sh!)s

a pl!t !$ t)! 'ata p!#(ts5. O( the h!#!(tal a/#s #s a( att#-ute !$ ,!ve(a("e 3e.,.& -!a'

s#e6. O( the vet#"al a/#s #s a +easue !$ $#(a("#al pe$!+a("e. O(e $#+ has +!e !$ the

att#-ute& -ut )ea*e pe$!+a("e0 )h#le the !the $#+ has less !$ the att#-ute& -ut -ette

pe$!+a("e. A e,ess#!( l#(e th!u,h the p!#(ts u('es"!es the appae(t (e,at#ve elat#!(

-et)ee( att#-ute a(' pe$!+a("e. ;#th!ut $uthe a(al%s#s& !(e +#,ht -e te+pte' t!

"!("lu'e that a $#+ )!ul' '! -ette #$ #t sha(* the s#e !$ #ts -!a'. The p!-le+ )#th su"h

a "!("lus#!( #s that #t $a#ls t! "!(s#'e )h% a la,e -!a' +#,ht have -ee( "h!se( #( the $#st

pla"e.

F#,ue 2 epl#"ates F#,ue 4& -ut #t als! sh!)s the !pt#+#at#!( p!-le+s $a"e' -% the t)!

$#+s #( uest#!(. O-seve that& $! a ,#ve( $#+& thee #s a (!(


19/57

'#$$ee(t s!lut#!(s. Al+!st eve% +!'el !$

sup#s#(,l%& ae '#ve( t! '#$$ee(t s!lut#!(s. Al+!st eve% +!'el !$ ,!ve(a("e sh!)s that

the eu#l#-#u+ !ut"!+e #s se(s#t#ve t! #ts e/!,e(!us paa+etes0 "!(seue(tl%& hete!,e(e#t%

#( th!se paa+etes )#ll lea' t! hete!,e(e#t% #( s!lut#!(s. M!e!ve& !("e !(e ta*es #(t!

a""!u(t va#!us s!u"es !$ (!(


20/57

S!+e help )#th the hete!,e(e#t% #ssue "!ul' -e $!th"!+#(, $!+ +!e the!et#"al a(al%ses.

Alth!u,h a "!++!(a(' (!t (e"essa#l% #(a""uate


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