Rocks, Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Rock Cycle, and

Watersheds

Rocks – Types and Characteristics

Igneous Rocks: Origin Texture Characteristics Mineral composition

State whether each is a characteristic of a plutonic or volcanic rock:• Large crystal size• Vesicular• Small crystal size• Batholith• Pumice• Solidified lava• Solidified magma

Which graph best represents the textures of granite, pegmatite, and rhyolite?

A

DC

B

Rocks – Types and Characteristics

Sedimentary: Types: Clastic, chemical, organic Environment of formation

Environment of Formation

• Sediments accumulate in streams, lakes, and oceans. Sediments deposit based upon water velocity.

Which graph best represents the correct relationship between the discharge of a river and the particle size that can be transported by that river?

Rocks – Types and Characteristics

Metamorphic Rocks:• Parent rocks• Heat and pressure• More dense; less porous• types of metamorphism regional

contact/localTexture

foliated vs. nonfoliated

Weathering

• Types:– Mechanical– Chemical

Measuring Weathering

• Mechanical:– Lab----Sugar Cubes: • 1. Solving for changes in mass and volume• 2. Calculating Rate of Change (ESRT Page 1)

• Chemical:– Lab----Acid Rain and Rock Types• 1. Solving for mass loss• 2. Calculating Rate of Change

Be able to predict future changes based on observations and measurements.

Rates of Weathering

Acid Rain and its Effects on Rocks: Exposure Time = 48 HoursRock Type Initial Mass (g) Final Mass (g) Rate of Change

(g/hour)Mass after 100 hours (g)

Marble 58.11 45.96

Sandstone 42.62 42.53

Calculate the rate of change for each rock type and predict the mass for each rock type if exposed for additional 52 hours.

Erosion = TransportAgents of erosion

WindWaterIce

Describe the agent oferosion in the picture.

Particle Size and Water VelocitySediments were analyzednear the shore of a nearby stream. The sediments weremostly between 0.2 – 1.2 cm indiameter. 1.Which sediment particle type has that diameter? 2. What velocity (cm/s) is required to move the sediment particle? 3.If the sediment was compacted and cemented together, what type of sedimentary rock will it form? 4. The velocity of a stream was measured to be 75 cm/s. What sediments could be transported at that velocity?

Characteristics of Sediments

• Porosity• Permeability• Water retention• Saturation

Describe the relationship between porosity and permeability

Describe the relationship between water retention and particle size

Describe the relationship between Particle size and porosity/permeability

The diagram below shows columns A, B, C, and D that contain different sediments.

Equal volumes of water were poured through each column.

• Which column of sediment retained the most water?

• Which retained the least?

• Which is most permeable?

• Which is least permeable?

Stream and Meander DynamicsThe greatest stream velocities are found closest to points:

A and BB and CC and DD and A

Erosion will occur at points:A and BB and CC and DD and A

Deposition will occur at points:A and BB and CC and DD and A

Which sediments will deposit first upon entering the lake?

The diagram below shows several different landscape features. Point X and Y indicate locations on the stream bank.

• Identify which point, X or Y, has more stream erosion and explain why the amounts of erosion are different.

• Explain why the stream meanders on the floodplain, but not in the mountains.

• The beach consists of particles with diameters from 0.01 cm to 0.1 cm. Identify the sedimentary rock that will form when burial and cementation of these sediments occur.

• Identify the feature at A.

A

ResistanceA cross-section of Niagara Falls

Which TWO rock units appear to be most resistant to weathering and erosion?

• Lockport dolostone and Whirlpool sandstone

• Rochester shale and Albion sandstone and shale

• Clinton limestone and shale and Queenston shale

• Thorold sandstone and Queenston shale

The block diagram shows a volcano

Which map shows the stream drainage pattern that most likely formed on the surface of this volcano?

Watersheds

Watershed boundaries,or divides, are typicallydefined by the highestelevation that drainsa stream.

Stream Order

Identify the correctStream Order for eachof the following locations.

Rock Cycle

Page 6 of ESRT