RocksRocks

Topic: Igneous Rocks

Objectives: I will know how to define a rock I will will know the 3 basic types of rocks I will know how the rock change from one

type to another using the rock cycle I will know how to identify Igneous Rocks

based on their physical characteristics

Here is

Granite

Granite is a

Mixture of

Different

minerals

It made up of

the minerals

Quartz,

Hornblende,

& Feldspar

What is a Rock?What is a Rock?

A rock is a _______of one or A rock is a _______of one or more mineralsmore minerals

Answer BankChange

SedimentaryMixturecooling

Rock ClassificationRock Classification

All rocks fit into 3 categories Igneous, Sedimentary, and MetamorphicIgneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

Rock CycleRock Cycle We just learned about the 3

types of rocks, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic

As it turns out, Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock.

Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.

The The Rock Rock CycleCycle

If we weather and

erode Igneous rocks,

sediments form

If you compact and

cement sediment,

sedimentary rock will form

Sand Sandstone

If we add heat and

pressure to sedimentary rock,

metamorphic rock will form

If we melt metamorphic rock,

it turn back in igneous rock

Igneous rocks forms

from the cooling

and hardening of magma

Now were back

to where we started!

Rock Cycle AnimationRock Cycle Animation

What is the Rock CycleRock Cycle??

The process by which over The process by which over many years rocks ______ many years rocks ______ back and forth between back and forth between igneous rocks, sedimentary igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks, and metamorphic rocksrocks

Answer BankChange

SedimentaryMixturecooling

Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks Igneous rocks, are rocks that

were once lava or magma and simply cooled into solid rock!

So, when volcanoes erupt, new igneous rocks are formed!

Or, when magma cools slowly underground, new rock is also formed!

Igneous Rock FormationIgneous Rock Formation

Most Igneous rocksForm below the

Surface

Some Igneous rocksMake it all the way

to the surface

What are Igneous What are Igneous Rocks?Rocks?

Rocks formed from the Rocks formed from the ______ and hardening of ______ and hardening of magma (hot molten liquid magma (hot molten liquid rock)rock)

Answer BankChange

SedimentaryMixturecooling

Igneous Rock Igneous Rock ClassificationClassification

Igneous rocks are classified by their color and crystal size

Igneous Rocks that form below ground are called intrusive (inside or interior) igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks that form above the ground are called extrusive igneous rocks

Finally, dark colored igneous rocks are called Mafic and lighter colored igneous rocks are called felsic

Extrusive Igneous Rock:

Outside the earth

Fast Cooling Small Crystals

Ex: Basalt

Intrusive Igneous Rock:Inside the earth

Slow Cooling Large Crystals

Ex: Granite

What’s the difference between What’s the difference between Intrusive & Extrusive Igneous Intrusive & Extrusive Igneous

Rocks?Rocks? Intrusive RocksIntrusive Rocks cooled cooled

_____ beneath or below _____ beneath or below the earth’s surface the earth’s surface resulting in ____ crystalsresulting in ____ crystals Ex: Granite & GabbroEx: Granite & Gabbro

Extrusive Igneous Extrusive Igneous Rocks cooled ____ above Rocks cooled ____ above the earth’s surface the earth’s surface resulting in small crystals resulting in small crystals

Ex: Rhyolite & BasaltEx: Rhyolite & Basalt

GraniteGranite GabbroGabbro

RhyoliteRhyoliteBasaltBasalt

Answer Banklargeabove

MixtureSlowlyquickly

Felsic & Mafic Igneous rocksFelsic & Mafic Igneous rocks

Felsic Igneous rocks are light in color & high in silica

Ex. Granite & Rhyolite Mafic Igneous

rocks are dark in color & low in silica

Ex: Gabbro and Basalt

GraniteGranite RhyoliteRhyolite

GabbroGabbroBasaltBasalt

What’s the difference What’s the difference between Felsic & Mafic between Felsic & Mafic

Igneous rocks?Igneous rocks? Felsic Igneous

rocks are ____ in color & high in silica

Ex. Granite & Rhyolite Mafic Igneous

rocks are ____ in color & low in silica

Ex: Gabbro and Basalt

GraniteGranite RhyoliteRhyolite

GabbroGabbroBasaltBasalt

Answer Bankdark

aboveMixtureSlowlylight

How do we identify How do we identify

Felsic Igneous rocks are ____ in color & high in silica

Ex. Granite & Rhyolite Mafic Igneous

rocks are ____ in color & low in silica

Ex: Gabbro and Basalt

GraniteGranite RhyoliteRhyolite

GabbroGabbroBasaltBasalt

Answer Bankdark

aboveMixtureSlowlylight

How do we identify How do we identify

Felsic Igneous rocks are ____ in color & high in silica

Ex. Granite & Rhyolite Mafic Igneous

rocks are ____ in color & low in silica

Ex: Gabbro and Basalt

GraniteGranite RhyoliteRhyolite

GabbroGabbroBasaltBasalt

Answer Bankdark

aboveMixtureSlowlylight

Draw Table: Felsic-Light in color, high in silica

Mafic-Dark in color, low in silica

Intrusive(slow cooling, large crystals)

Granite Gabbro

Extrusive(fast cooling, small crystals)

Rhyolite Basalt

SummarySummary Igneous rocks formed from the _____ and ______of

magma _____Igneous are dark and _____ igneous rocks are

lighter in color _____ igneous rocks cooled slowly and have large

crystals _____ igneous cooled quickly forming small crystals

Answer BankMafic

intrusivecooling

extrusivehardening

felsic

Topic: Sedimentary Rock

Objectives: I will learn about weathering, erosion

and deposition and how it affects rocks I will learn about clastic sedimentary

rocks and the conditions under which they formed

Weathering Erosion Deposition & Stratification

In order for us to learn about sedimentary rocks, we need to first learn about weathering, erosion deposition and stratification

Weathering is the breaking down of rock into smaller pieces by the action of water and wind

Erosion is the removal and transport of rocks by water and wind

Deposition is the dropping and accumulation of rock into layers

Stratification is the layering of sediment

Weathering is the

breaking down of rock

into smaller pieces by

of water, wind and gravity

Erosion is the removal

and transport of rocks

by water, wind and gravity

Deposition is

the dropping and

accumulation of rock

Stratification is

the layering of sediment

Erosion:Erosion is the removal and transport

of rocks by water, wind and gravity

Deposition:The dropping and accumulation

Of sediment over time

Stratification:The layering of

sediment

What is Weathering, Erosion, What is Weathering, Erosion, Deposition & Stratification?Deposition & Stratification?

Weathering – breaking down of rock

Erosion – wearing down and _____ of rock by water, wind, gravity

Deposition - The dropping and accumulation of _____ in low places such as a lake, or ocean bottom

Stratification - The layering of sediment

Answer BankOrganic

depositedsediment

MovementcompressWeatheredcompaction

SedimentsSediments

Small weathered and eroded Small weathered and eroded broken down pieces of rock and broken down pieces of rock and organic materialorganic material

Classified by their size Classified by their size Ex: sand, silt, pebbles, plants, and Ex: sand, silt, pebbles, plants, and

shellsshells

Pebble

Sand

Silt ClayInvisible

at this scale

Sediments are classified Sediments are classified by their sizesby their sizes

Sediment, It’s Everywhere! Even on the Moon? Sand or Silt? Neither, it’s called Regolith!!!!!

What are Sediments?What are Sediments?

Small weathered and Small weathered and eroded broken down eroded broken down pieces of rock and pieces of rock and _____ material_____ material

Classified by their size Classified by their size Ex: sand, silt, pebbles, Ex: sand, silt, pebbles,

plants, and shellsplants, and shells

Answer BankOrganic

depositedsediment

MovementcompressWeatheredcompaction

Sedimentary Sedimentary Rocks (clastic)Rocks (clastic)

Now that we have broken down rock into sediment, we can make sedimentary rock

Clastic Sedimentary Rock forms through deposition, stratification (layering) and lithification process

Lithification literally means “To make Rock”

The lithification involves compacting and cementing sediment

Sand

Sandstone

conglomerate sandstone siltstone shale

claysiltsandgravel

sediments

sedimentaryrocks

What is (Clastic) Sedimentary What is (Clastic) Sedimentary Rock?Rock?

Rock created through the Rock created through the deposition, stratification deposition, stratification (layering), and ______of (layering), and ______of sedimentsediment

Ex: Silt stone, sandstone, conglomerate

Answer BankOrganic

depositedsediment

MovementcompressWeatheredCompactionlithification

LithificationLithification How does sediment become

sedimentary rock???? The answer is

Lithification!!!!Lithification!!!! Lithification is the process

that involves compaction and cementation of sediment

CompactionCompaction occurs when layers of sediment compress the rock below it

CementationCementation is when sediments are glued together by minerals deposited between them

CompactionCompaction

CementationCementation

CompactionCompaction

CementationCementation

What is What is Lithification?Lithification?

Process by which Process by which sediment becomes sediment becomes sedimentary rock by sedimentary rock by compactioncompaction and and cementationcementation

CompactionCompaction occurs when layers of sediment ____the rock below it

CementationCementation is when is when sediments are glued sediments are glued together by minerals together by minerals ____ between them____ between them

Answer Bank

Organicdepositedsediment

MovementcompressWeatheredcompactionCementation

CompactionCompaction

CementationCementation

Organic Sedimentary RocksOrganic Sedimentary Rocks

Organic Sedimentary Organic Sedimentary Rocks are Rocks that Rocks are Rocks that have formed from once have formed from once living creatures or living creatures or OrganismsOrganisms– Ex: coal, a carbon rich rock Ex: coal, a carbon rich rock

that formed from the buried that formed from the buried and compacted remains of and compacted remains of dead plantsdead plants

– Ex: Limestone formed by Ex: Limestone formed by compacted and cemented compacted and cemented shells and coralshells and coral

Coal FormationCoal Formation

Coal form from the buried and compacted remains of plants over millions of years

Chemical Sedimentary RocksChemical Sedimentary Rocks Chemical Sedimentary rocks form when Chemical Sedimentary rocks form when

minerals precipitate or solidify out of waterminerals precipitate or solidify out of water – Ex: Gypsum formed when lakes evaporate leaving

behind the salt

What’s the difference between What’s the difference between Organic and Chemical Organic and Chemical Sedimentary rocks? Sedimentary rocks?

Organic Sedimentary Rocks Organic Sedimentary Rocks form from once _____ creatures form from once _____ creatures or Organismsor Organisms– Ex: Ex: CoalCoal, , a carbon rich rock a carbon rich rock

formed from buried and formed from buried and compacted remains of dead compacted remains of dead plantsplants

– Ex: Ex: LimestoneLimestone formed by formed by compacted and cemented shells compacted and cemented shells and coraland coral

Chemical Sedimentary rocks Chemical Sedimentary rocks form when minerals _____or form when minerals _____or solidify out of watersolidify out of water – Ex: Gypsum formed when lakes

evaporate leaving behind the salt

Answer BankAlign

Precipitate Living

PressureSolidifyshells

Summarize:

Sedimentary Rocks

Clastic Chemical Organic

Define: Define: Define:

Topic: Metamorphic Rocks

Objectives: I will know how metamorphic rocks form I will know how foliation forms in metamorphic

rocks as a result of pressure and temperature I will know what a protolith is and how it

becomes metamorphic rock

Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks

Igneous rocks are born of fire Sedimentary rocks are formed by

weathering and erosion But how do Metamorphic Rocks Form? The last type of rock we will study is

called metamorphic rock

Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks

The word “Metamorphic” or “Morph” means to change

So, how do rocks change? By HeatHeat and PressurePressure In order to understand Metamorphic

Rocks, we need to understand how heat and pressure can change a pre-existing rock

Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks Rocks, deep below

the earth’s surface are under a great deal of pressure from the over lying rock

These same rocks are also deep down where temperatures are much hotter

Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks

When rocks are subjected to extreme temperatures & pressures, their chemistry changes and they become a new rock M

etam

orphic

Rock Metamorphic Rock

What are Metamorphic What are Metamorphic Rocks ?Rocks ?

Rocks that have changed due to a Rocks that have changed due to a temperature or _____ increasetemperature or _____ increase

Ex: marble, slate, Quartzite, & Gneiss Ex: marble, slate, Quartzite, & Gneiss

Answer BankAlignLiving

PressureSolidify

Met

amorp

hic R

ock Metamorphic Rock

Pictured here is Pictured here is GraniteGranite

What happens if we What happens if we apply heat and apply heat and pressure to granite??pressure to granite??

Applying pressure Applying pressure will cause the will cause the minerals to flatten minerals to flatten and become alignedand become aligned

FoliationFoliation

Pressure and Heat

Pressure and Heat

GraniteGraniteGneissGneiss

FoliationFoliation When we apply pressure to rocks, the When we apply pressure to rocks, the

minerals flatten and align themselvesminerals flatten and align themselves

Heat &

Pressure

Foliation is when minerals align themselves due to heat & pressure

FoliationFoliation

FoliationFoliation Metamorphic rocks are classified as either Metamorphic rocks are classified as either

Foliated (having foliation) and Non-Foliated Foliated (having foliation) and Non-Foliated (no foliation)(no foliation)

FoliatedFoliated Metamorphic Rocks include Slate Metamorphic Rocks include Slate and Gneissand Gneiss

Non-foliated Rocks include Marble and Non-foliated Rocks include Marble and QuartziteQuartzite

What is Foliation?What is Foliation? When mineral grains flatten When mineral grains flatten

and ____ themselves as a and ____ themselves as a result of pressureresult of pressure

Foliated Rock = Foliated Rock =

Slate & GniessSlate & Gniess

Non-Foliated Rock = Non-Foliated Rock =

Marble & QuartziteMarble & Quartzite

Answer BankAlign Living

PressureSolidify

Pressure and Heat

Pressure and Heat

ProtolithProtolith Before they were Metamorphic Rocks, they Before they were Metamorphic Rocks, they

were either igneous or sedimentarywere either igneous or sedimentary For example, if we look at table 1 below, For example, if we look at table 1 below,

When we heat and pressure to limestone When we heat and pressure to limestone Marble formsMarble forms

AA protolithprotolith is is the original rock from which a the original rock from which a metamorphic rock formedmetamorphic rock formed

What is a Protolith?What is a Protolith? The _____ rock from which a The _____ rock from which a

metamorphic rock formedmetamorphic rock formed Draw table below:Draw table below:

Answer BankAlign

original Living

PressureSolidify

Rock IdentificationRock Identification Rocks have features that make Rocks have features that make

them easy to identifythem easy to identify For example, basalt has vesilcles For example, basalt has vesilcles

which are gas hole in the rockwhich are gas hole in the rock Granite, another igneous rock has Granite, another igneous rock has

interlocking crystalsinterlocking crystals Sedimentary rocks like sandstone Sedimentary rocks like sandstone

are stratified or have layersare stratified or have layers Many sedimentary rocks also Many sedimentary rocks also

contain fossilscontain fossils Metamorphic rocks have foliation Metamorphic rocks have foliation

VesiclesVesiclesInterlocking Interlocking

CrystalsCrystalsLayersLayers

(stratification)(stratification)

FossilsFossilsFoliationFoliation

Summarize:

______ rock forms from heat and pressure

_____ is when mineral grains flatten and align themselves in metamorphic rocks

A ______ is the original rock from which the metamorphic rock formed

Answer Bank

protolithFoliation

metamorphic