Rockets, Politics and Public perceptions

HI269Week 12

The uses of space

• Control (power)• Exploration (science)• Propaganda (prestige/hegemony)

• Technocracy?• Spin-offs?• National cohesion?

For whom did the propaganda machine whir?

• Soviets:– Western Europe (in an attempt to weaken or

dissolve NATO)– Non-Aligned nations– US public

• US:– The US public – Non-Aligned nations– Western Europe

Did the propaganda work?Year

1955 (pre Sputniks): 6 % Of Western Europeans though the West was weaker than the Soviets militarily

1957 (post Sputnik 1) 21% in UK, 20% in France, 12% in Italy, 10% in Germany felt that West as a whole was militarily weaker than USSR. 50% of British and 25% of French though US alone was weaker than USSR alone.

1960 Soviets ranked above US in military strength by 59 (to 15)% of British, 37 (to 16)% of French, 45 (to 15_% Norwegians and 47 (to 22%) of West Germans. Only 25% of French and British thought US would prevail over the course of the next 20 years.

1961 (post Gagarin’s manned orbit)

Western Europeans believed the USSR to lead in both military strength (41 to 19%) and scientific innovation (39 to 31 %).

USIA Office of Research Analysis IMPACT OF US AND SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMS ON

WORLD OPINION A Summary Assessment

July 7, 1959

“The Changed Soviet Image: The most significant and enduring result, for world public opinion, of the launching of the first earth satellite by the USSR was a revolutionary revision of estimates of Soviet power and standing. Prior to the launching of Sputnik I there was very general belief that the Soviet Union was a long way from offering a serious challenge to the US lead in science, technology, and productive power. … Sputnik worked a major modification in the world image of the USSR; at one stride it appeared to close the gap between the US and the USSR, in terms of relative power, and gave new dimensions and new formidableness to that power, a fact which the USSR has vigorously exploited in its propaganda and diplomacy, with greatly enhanced credibility.”

Latin American Responses to Soviet Space Advances•Santiago's El Siglo, 1957: Soviet success in launching the first man-made moon constitutes: "a triumph of the Marxist philosophy: the dialectic materialism which has now only permitted the workers to triumph over their oppressors, but now also brings them a growing domination over the forces of nature." •Santiago’s El Siglo, 1961: “The Soviet space feats, especially the last two, that of Gagarin and that of Titov, are only possible thanks to the vast development of the industrial and educational capacity of the Soviet Union and the political, economic and cultural system in effect over there. They are the result of man, confronted by a scientific fact . . . and working with it, free from the agonizing obstacles of economic poverty, and free from the antisocial desire for wealth.” •Havana’s Radio CQM, 1962: "the military importance of the two Soviet spaceships has not escaped anyone. The importance consists in the brilliant demonstration of precision given by Soviet rocketry … This precision is more than the Soviets need to drop an international rocket with a nuclear head on any point of the earth.”

Latin American Responses to Soviet Space Advances•Medellin’s El Colombiano , 1962: “The sensationalistic zeal will soon produce adverse results for the government of the Soviet Union, and certainly the loss of the space race, because the American scientists have approached the problem . .. through a series of successive experiments, with numerous failures but with more convincing results…they have in orbit more than fifty satellites of the most varied types, supplying in a continuous stream…data of the greatest importance for the better knowledge of outer space. We think that the space race has clearly been defined in favor of the scientists of the great country of the North.”•La Esfera of Caracas, 1962: "What would we think of a workman who stopped eating, dressing decently, taking anyone out, going to the movies, and living in a decent house in order to live in a broken-down one, all so he could buy himself a Cadillac? This is the case of Russia."

Latin American Responses to US Space Advances• Mexico’s El Universal, 1957: banner headlines announced

Sputnik as "THE HERALD OF THE PENETRATION OF MAN IN OUTER SPACE”

• Mexico’s Tiempo, 1957: Sputnik "has given the U.S.S.R. greater prestige among the countries of a neutralist tendancy in the struggle between Communism and democracy”

• Mexico’s government-run Nacional, 1957: "science should be above political systems, because one of the greatest possibilities for the common understanding of men and true friendship among nations is rooted in its universality.”

• Mexico’s El Popular (left-leaning), 1957 :"Perhaps the warlike neurosis and the exacerbation of racial conflict are subconsciously linked by a defective educational orientation, …[and US space lag signals] a grave national collapse.”

Latin American Responses to US Space Advances• Mexico’s El Popular, 1961: "What point would there be in using these space ships,

manned by human crews, for nuclear and thermonuclear bombings? If that were done ... it would simply negate forty-three years of socialistic progress."

• Mexico’s El Universal Graffico, 1961: “May God grant that this Russian triumph should not serve to let Khrushchev keep his accustomed ways of hurling threats. The conquest, achieved by the Soviet, should be used for the good of humanity, forgetting war, leaving aside the military applications of the feat.”

• Rio de Janeiro's Jornal do Comerci 1962 [After John Gelnn’s delayed flight to orbit] "All this [delay and confusion] is human, all too human. It is convincing. Moscow dramatizes. It gives notice of the fait accompli. It leaves a fog of unanswered questions in the exhaust of its own rockets.”

• Mexico’s El Universal 1962: “. . . at the edge of the mighty struggle in which the world is divided by ideological and economic questions, outside of the passions and blind partisanships which have made a banner out of enmity and hate, are the hundreds of millions of men, women and children, who want and have a right to a better life ... These enormous multitudes cannot understand the reason for which men who have reached the pinnacles of knowledge have not been able to scale the heights of genuine human feeling, with the purpose of leading people along the roads of concord and peace, towards that eternal dream which started with the birth of the human being: the brotherhood of man.”

Making the

World’s future(in the USSR)

‘The great battlefield for the defence and expansion of freedom today is the wholeSouthern half of the globe – Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East – the lands of the rising people.’ Kennedy, ‘Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs’, 1961

Kennedy, ‘Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs’, 1961

The American Response

‘No single space project …will be more impressive to mankind’: the

race to the moon

Failure and Success

Man in Space, Fragile Earth

American Moon