rocket motors. kerosene and o 2 must be pumped very fast and at a high pressure. pump turbines spin...
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Rocket Motors
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Kerosene and O2
• Must be pumped very fast and at a high pressure.
• Pump turbines spin at 35,000 rpm, which is twice as fast as a jet engine.
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Kerosene and O2
• Temperature• The temp inside the combustion chamber has
to be extreme in order to achieve maximum thrust.
• Temp raises pressure pressure raises temp.
• As a result, a motor can only be used once.
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O2 (Oxygen)
• As a gas it takes up a great deal of space.• To compress it, you need to supercool it so it
becomes a liquid. (-4000 F)• As a result, you need very strong tanks.
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O2 Continued
• The system must be kept very cold because as it will expand as it heats up.
• Must bleed-off this pressure or it will explode.
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O2 Drawbacks
• Tanks are very expensive because they need to be very strong but, at the same time, light.
• LOX can only be stored inside the rocket for a short period of time.
• LOX is very dangerous because it is so volatile.• (Supreme Oxidizer)
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Kerosene
• Remains a liquid at room temp.• Only buns in the presence of oxygen.• It is relatively heavy and not a very big “Bang
for the Buck”
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Russian R-7 (Little Seven)
• Aug. 3, 1957 flew a nuclear strike trajectory.• Two months later (Oct. 4) launched Sputnik.• Needed 3-4 hours to fill and prime• “Too Long!!”
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Hydrogen/O2
• When a liquid form it is lighter and more chemically energetic than kerosene.
• Was used in the Saturn V and the main engines of the Space Shuttle.
• Space Shuttle engines are reusable. (not really)
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Hydrogen/O2 Drawbacks
• Hydrogen is very difficult to keep in a liquid form.
• Since it is such a small molecule, it will leak out of even microscopic holes.
• No flaws in tank>>>>>BOOM• Welding these tanks is very difficult.• This is why the Russians lost the space race.
They could not handle H2.
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Hydrogen/O2
• If hydrogen ignites when you don’t want it to, you have the destructive energy of a small atomic bomb.
• Ex. Challenger in 1986
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Hypergolic Chemicals
• Chemicals that will ignite spontaneously on contact with each other.
• They are among the nastiest and most toxic substances on the planet.
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Hypergolic Fuels
• Can be stored. (Sort of!)• Very corrosive so they will eat away at
anything they come in contact with.
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Secret Missile R-16
• October 1960: Single Worst Rocket Disaster• Used Hypergolic Fuels (Nitric Acid &
Hydrazine) “Devil’s Venom”• On Oct. 23rd the missile was fueled for launch.• At this time, just like our launches, all
unessential personnel were supposed leave the area.
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Secret Missile R-16
• Nedelin ignored the safety rules and kept around 150 military and civilian people at the pad.
• Soon after fueling, it was discovered that fuel was oozing from dozens of pipe joints and tank seams.
• The supposed “storable” fuel was not storing.
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Secret Missile R-16
• Nedelin characterized the leak as acceptable.• The following day (Oct. 24) he sent even more
crew to the pad to fix the problem.• He himself, demanded a chair to sit in and sat
within 15-20 meters from the missile.• The membranes on the fuel and oxidizer lines
in the second stage had been activated to the self-igniting propellants were only one valve from the combustion chamber.
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Secret Missile R-16
• An estimated 250 unsuspecting people were still around the rocket when the valve was prematurely activated.
• Instantly, the roaring flame of the second stage engine burst through the fuel tank of the first stage directly below it causing an enormous explosion of the fully fueled rocket.
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Secret Missile R-16
• Many of the people close by were incinerated instantly.
• Next, the upper stage crashed down and spilled its fuel into the flames.
• The roadways and tarmac around it melted and also caught fire.
• The flames spread for 1000’s of meters engulfing everyone.
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Secret Missile R-16
• Over 190 people were killed including Nedelin who was perched on his chair watching the whole thing.
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Black Powder (China)
• Made from sulfur, charcoal and saltpeter (potassium nitrate).
• Clever feature is the chemical mix contains its own oxidizer as well as its own fuel.
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Black Powder/Advantages
• External source of oxidizer in not necessary once it is lit.
• No super cooling of liquid, no turbo pumps or complicated pipes and valves.
• Can be stored for months or even years.• World’s simplest rocket motor.• NASA uses them for to lift heavy satellites and
the space shuttle.
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Black Powder/Disadvantaages
• “All or Nothing” Once they are lit, they burn until their fuel is used up.
• They can not be throttled and can’t be shut down.
• 1986 Challenger; A solid booster sprang a small exhaust leak. It acted like a small flamethrower aimed at the shuttle’s massive hydrogen tank.
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The Ideal Propulsion System
• Must be simpler than a liquid engine yet more controllable than a solid one.
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Hybrid Engines
• Hybrids offer the best aspects of both.• The fuel grade is made from hydroxy-
terminated polybutatiene.• Very cheap and easy to produce.• Uses Nitrous oxide as an oxidizer which can
easily stored as a liquid as room temp.• Has the advantage of being “self pressurizing”.
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Hybrid
• Nitrous turns from a liquid to a gas jet by simply opening a valve.
• No need for any pumps or expensive plumbing.
• Relatively clean burning. Exhaust is mainly water vapor, carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
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Hybrid
• Virgin Galactic uses these engines in the Space Ship II and their new rocket the Launcher One
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Space Ship II
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Launcher One